Ottoman Albania - Knowledge

1574: 1520: 172: 1967: 1793: 1891: 1746:. The reforms angered the highland Albanian chieftains, who found their privileges reduced with no apparent compensation, and the authorities eventually abandoned efforts to control them. Ottoman troops crushed local rebellions in the lowlands, however, and conditions there remained bleak. The religious division of the northern Albanian tribes brought them into opposition. The Muslim northern Albanian tribes participated in the Ottoman campaigns against Christian Albanian tribes, such as in 1876 when they devastated the territory populated by the Mirditë Catholics. Large numbers of Tosks emigrated to join sizable Albanian émigré communities in Romania, Egypt, 1914:

converting to Islam, individuals among the conquered could elevate themselves to the privileged stratum of society. In the early years of the empire, all Ottoman high officials were the sultan's bondsmen the children of Christian subjects chosen in childhood for their promise, converted to Islam, and educated to serve. Some were selected from prisoners of war, others sent as gifts, and still others obtained through devshirme, the tribute of children levied in the Ottoman Empire's Balkan lands. Many of the best fighters in the sultan's elite guard, the

1236: 1987: 1099: 2109:, p. 772: "The term 'Arnavud' was used to denote persons who spoke one of the dialects of Albanian, came from mountainous country in the western Balkans (referred to as 'Arnavudluk', and including not only the area now forming the state of Albania but also neighbouring parts of Greece, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro), organized society on the strength of blood ties (family, clan, tribe), engaged predominantly in a mix of settled agriculture and livestock herding, and were notable fighters – a group, in short, difficult to control." 1859:. The Ottoman authorities did not stress conversion to Islam and the conversion was done initially by Albanian nobles in the end of the 14th century and beginning of 15th one and was gradually accepted by the mass.The Ottomans persecuted non Muslim Albanians and murdered their children and women in masses and those whom they did not murder they cut their tongues or eyes, or they burnt their eyes, as mentioned in Meshari of Gjon Buzuku additional by Gjon Buzuku, when he talked of the treatment of the Albanian people by Turk governance. 1667: 1566: 360: 3740: 3004: 1825:) in 1908 chose the Latin alphabet as a standard script. The Young Turks, however, were set on maintaining the empire and not interested in making concessions to the myriad nationalist groups within its borders. After securing the abdication of Abdül Hamid II in April 1909, the new authorities levied taxes, outlawed guerrilla groups and nationalist societies, and attempted to extend Constantinople's control over the northern Albanian mountain men. In addition, the Young Turks legalized the 5255: 3583: 3162: 3076: 1659:

the 18th century, many military fiefs had effectively become the hereditary landholdings of economically and politically powerful families who squeezed wealth from their hard-strapped Christian and Muslim tenant farmers. The beys, like the clan chiefs of the northern mountains, became virtually independent rulers in their own provinces, had their own military contingents, and often waged war against each other to increase their landholdings and power. The

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a 1911 uprising by the mountain tribes against the Young Turks regime that grew into a widespread revolt. Unable to control the Albanians by force, the Ottoman government granted concessions on schools, military recruitment, and taxation and sanctioned the use of the Latin script for the Albanian language. The government refused, however, to unite the four Albanian-inhabited vilayets into one,

2434:, "Flag, Albanian", p. 140: "The eagle was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages and came to be a symbol of the Albanians in general. It is also said to have been the flag of Skanderbeg.... As a symbol of modern Albania, the flag began to be seen during the years of the national awakening and was in common use during the uprisings of 1909-1912." 877:. They had some previous influence in some Albanian regions after the battle of Savra in 1385 but not direct control. The Ottomans placed garrisons throughout southern Albania by 1420s and established formal jurisdiction in central Albania by 1431. Even though The Ottomans claimed rule of all Albanian lands, most Albanian ethnic territories were still governed by medieval 2050:, Bektashism became the janissaries' official faith in the late 16th century. The Bektashi sect contains features quite distinct from normative Islam and emphasizes man as a reflection of the Divine. Women, veiled, participate in Bektashi ceremonies and the celebrants use wine despite the ban on alcohol in most Islamic interpretations of the 1263:(1403–68), who would become the Albanians' national hero, captured the sultan's attention. Renamed Iskander when he converted to Islam, the young man participated in military expeditions to Asia Minor and Europe becoming one of the main Ottoman generals. When appointed to administer a Balkan district, Iskander became known as 1056:, would seize power in Egypt in 1805 through his Albanian mercenaries by establishing a dynasty lasting up to 1954. He would take over Sudan and many regions of Saudi Arabia by 1824 and would take over Levant later on in 1831 by even defeating Ottomans in 1833. The conflict would rise again in what is known as 2002:

Four centuries of Ottoman rule grouped the Albanian people along religious, regional, and tribal lines. In the 16th century and early 17th century, Albanians converted to Islam in large numbers. Within a century, the Muslim Albanian community was the largest religious community in the country, losing

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began in Kosovo and the northern mountains in early April 1910. Ottoman forces quashed these rebellions after three months, outlawed Albanian organizations, disarmed entire regions, and closed down schools and publications. Montenegro, preparing to grab Albanian-populated lands for itself, supported

1829:, or beating with a stick, even for misdemeanors, banned carrying rifles, and denied the existence of an Albanian nationality. The new government also appealed for Islamic solidarity to break the Albanians' unity and used the Muslim clergy to try to impose the Arabic alphabet, while also banning the 1816:

escalated into widespread insurrection and mutiny within the imperial army, Sultan Abdül Hamid II agreed to demands by the Young Turks to restore constitutional rule. Many Albanians participated in the Young Turks uprising, hoping that it would gain their people autonomy within the empire. The Young

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of the lowlands, however, were easy for the Ottoman authorities to control. The Albanian tribal system disappeared there, and the Ottomans imposed a system of military fiefs under which the sultan granted soldiers and cavalrymen temporary landholdings, or timars, in exchange for military service. By

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Taxes on the northern tribes were difficult if not impossible for the Ottomans to collect because of the rough terrain and fierceness of the Albanian highlanders. Some mountain tribes succeeded in defending their independence through the centuries of Ottoman rule, engaging in intermittent guerrilla

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Albanians would enter later on in the 15th and especially 16th and 17th centuries, a period of Islamization. Albanians through converting to Islam would eventually dominate the Ottoman power structures disporportinally to their small population considering the large territory and huge population of

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The Ottomans allowed Albanian clan chiefs to maintain their positions, rule and property, but they had to pay tribute, and sometimes send their sons to the Ottoman court as hostages, and provide the Ottoman army with auxiliary troops. However many Albanian clans and Principalities did not recognize

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small population considering the large territory and huge population of the Ottoman Empire. They would become one of the most important and prestigious nations in the Empire playing an important role in the 15th and 16th centuries and especially a striking role in the 17th,18th and 19th centuries.

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Skanderbeg's long struggle to keep Albania free became highly significant to the Albanian people, as it strengthened their solidarity, made them more conscious of their national identity, and served later as a great source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom, and national

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The Ottoman sultan considered himself God's agent on Earth, the leader of a religious—not a national—state whose purpose was to defend and propagate Islam. Non-Muslims paid extra taxes and held an inferior status, but they could retain their old religion and a large measure of local autonomy. By

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against the Sublime Porte. Seizing an opportunity, Kara Mahmud sent the sultan the heads of an Austrian delegation in 1788, and the Ottomans appointed him governor of Shkodër. When he attempted to wrest the final lands from the last free tribes in Montenegro in 1796, however, he was killed by an

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and proclaimed Skanderbeg commander of the Albanian resistance. All of Albania accepted his leadership against the Ottomans, but local leaders kept control of their own districts. Under a red flag bearing Skanderbeg's heraldic emblem, an Albanian force of about 10,000-15.000 men held off Ottoman

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Albanians would enter later on in a period of Islamization, starting in the late 14th century and early 15th century, and increasing especially in the 16th and 17th centuries. Albanians through converting to Islam would eventually dominate the Ottoman power structures disproportionally to their

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admired Ali Pasha's governance, stating: "There is law — for everyone admits his impartiality as compared with that of rulers in other parts of Turkey — and there is commerce. He has made roads, fortified the borders, put down brigandage, and raised Albania into a power of great importance in

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In the 19th century, the Ottoman sultans tried in vain to shore up their collapsing empire by introducing a series of reforms aimed at reining in recalcitrant local officials and dousing the fires of nationalism among its myriad peoples. The power of nationalism, however, proved too strong to

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In the 15th and especially 16th and 17th centuries, many Albanian converts to Islam migrated elsewhere to escape the Ottoman Empire. Some attained powerful positions in the Ottoman administration, which severely disadvantaged the Catholic community since conversion to Islam came with numerous

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provided 6 grand viziers, who fought against corruption, temporarily shored up eroding central government control over rapacious local beys, and won several military victories by max expanding the Ottoman states to the gates of Vienna and middle Ukraine..

1947:), a collection of tribal laws transcribed in the 14th century by a Roman Catholic priest. The code regulates a variety of subjects, including blood vengeance. Even today, many Albanian highlanders regard the canon as the supreme law of the land. 1926:

According to historian Zija Shkodra, Albania was developed as much as the rest of the Balkans . In the mountains north of the Shkumbini River, Geg herders maintained their self-governing society base on clans. An association of clans was called a

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in 1478 that ended with Venice ceding Shkodra to the Ottomans. The Venetians then evacuated Durrës, in 1501. The conquests triggered a great exodus of Albanian nobles to Venice and Italy, especially to the kingdom of Naples, as well as to

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Three times the Albanians overcame sieges of Krujë. In 1450, the Albanians routed Sultan Murad II himself. Later, they repulsed attacks led by Sultan Mehmed II in 1466 and 1467. In 1461, Skanderbeg went to the aid of his suzerain, King

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under which the Albanian national movement rallied centuries later. 11 years after the death of Skenderbeg and the fall of Krujë, the Ottoman Empire gained control of the ethnic Albanian territories and made many political changes.

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Until recent times, Geg clan chiefs, or bajraktars, exercised patriarchal powers, arranged marriages, mediated quarrels, and meted out punishments. The tribesmen of the northern Albanian mountains recognized no law but the Code of

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During the ending of the 1700s century and beginning of the 19th century Albanian Pashaliks extended from Bosnia to the south of today's Greece in Peloponnese matching a climax of power which Albanians would never achieve again.

2054:. The Bektashis became a fringe zealous religious group in southern Albania after the sultan disbanded the janissaries in 1826. Bektashi leaders played key roles in the Albanian nationalist movement of the late 19th century. 893:

with the country (including areas of today's Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia) being mostly free in the period of 1443–1481. Albanians revolted again in 1481 but the Ottomans finally controlled Albania by 1488.

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attempted to establish a de juro independent principality and expand the lands under his control by playing off Austria and Russia against the Sublime Porte. In 1785, Kara Mahmud's forces attacked and conquered

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was one of the Albanian nobles and clan leaders who submitted to Ottoman suzerainty in 1425. He was compelled to send his four sons to the Ottoman capital to be trained for military service. The youngest,

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The division of the Albanian-populated lands into small, quarreling fiefdoms ruled by independent feudal lords and tribal chiefs made them easy prey for the Ottoman armies. In 1385, the Albanian ruler of

979:. These Albanian victories opened the way for the coming of Skanderbeg in 1443 in Kruja. Independence for most of the Albanian regions was maintained during 1443–1479, with the uprising under the lead of 1380:

the Ottoman Empire. They would become one of the most important and prestigious nations in the Empire playing a stringing role since the 15th century, but especially in the 17th,18th and 19th centuries.

1808:, which proposed restoring constitutional government in Constantinople, by revolution if necessary. In July 1908, a month after a Young Turk rebellion in Macedonia supported by an Albanian uprising in 1275:

in 1443, Skanderbeg rushed to Krujë and tricked a Turkish pasha into surrendering the Albanian fortress. Skanderbeg then embraced Roman Catholicism and declared a holy war against the Ottoman Empire.

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identity. The memory of the mid-15th century resistance under Skanderbeg continues to be important to Albanians, and his family's banner, bearing a black two-headed eagle on a red field, became the

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A period of the semi-independence started for local Albanian rulers in Balkans in the 1750s with the era of the so called Independent Albanian Pashas. In 1754 the autonomous Albanian Pashalik of

1376:(in many cases sons of Albanian nobles) and later on through becoming Muslims they opened their path for very successful military and political carriers, persuading other Albanians to do so 1161:

in the middle of the 14th century. They entered European territory in 1352, and they defeated a Balkan coalition army led by Serbs, that also included some Albanians and Bosnians in the

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played an instrumental role in late Ottoman-Albanian history. At its peak, his rule extended within the Ottoman Empire over most of central and southern Albania, as well as most of

1337:. Most of the Albanian refugees belonged to the Orthodox Church. The Albanians of Italy significantly influenced the Albanian national movement in future centuries, and Albanian 1634:

and rebel pashas. He cooperated with the mountain tribes and brought a large area in Balkans under his control like Kara Mahmud Bushati. Visiting Albania and Ali Pasha in 1814,

1169:(Tamerlane) attacked Anatolia from the east, killed the Sultan, and sparked a civil war. When order was restored, the Ottomans renewed their westward progress. In 1453, Sultan 1060:

and only European Powers would stop Mehmet Ali and his son Ibrahim Pasha to seize Constantinople and replace the Ottoman dynasty with the Albanian one by thus resolving the

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The Bushati family initially dominated the Shkodër region through a network of alliances with various highland tribes and later expanded in huge areas in today's

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their previous entirely Orthodox and Catholic religious identity. Albanians in this time were divided into two distinct tribal and dialectal groupings: the

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officially became large individual landholdings, especially in the lowlands. In 1835, the Sublime Porte divided the Albanian-populated lands into the

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attempted to press a divide-and-rule policy to keep the local beys from uniting and posing a threat to Ottoman rule itself, but with little success.

2015:). In the rugged northern mountains, Geg shepherds lived in a tribal society often completely independent of Ottoman rule. In the south, Muslim and 1817:

Turks lifted the Ottoman ban on Albanian-language schools and on writing the Albanian language. As a consequence, Albanian intellectuals meeting in

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In 1906, opposition groups in the Ottoman Empire emerged, one of which evolved into the Committee of Union and Progress, more commonly known as the

5091: 4364: 1368:, which offered considerable material advantages in Ottoman trade networks, bureaucracy and army. Many Albanians were recruited initially into the 17: 2913: 1341:, most of whom were descended from émigrés to Italy, played a significant role in the preservation of Catholicism in Albania's northern regions. 713: 3210: 1501:

Ottoman Empire would be heavily dependent on Albanian Mercenaries in its warfare between the early 1600s to middle 1800s until the reforms of

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were of Albanian origin who managed the Ottoman state approximately 190 years. Some of the most prominent Albanians during Ottoman rule were:

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Sometimes the government under Skanderbeg was unstable, however, and at times local Albanian rulers cooperated with the Ottomans against him.

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in 1420. and than Kruja was established as the center of Sanjak of Albania after Gjergj Arianiti defeated the Ottomans between 1431 and 1435.

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and official secession from the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The Ottomans first entered Albania in 1385 upon the invitation of the Albanian noble

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was established in 1420 or 1430 controlling mostly central Albania, while Ottoman rule became more consolidated in 1481, after the fall of

841: 4357: 2963: 627: 4788: 4256: 4108: 2938: 1918:, were conscripted as young boys from Christian Albanian families, and high-ranking Ottoman officials often had Albanian bodyguards. 1287:

campaigns against their lands for twenty-four years when Skanderbeg was commander in chief and for another 11 years after his death.

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The Albanians' resistance to the Ottomans in the 14th century and especially in the 15th century won them acclaim all over Europe.

1131: 937: 2125:... included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia"; see also 1573: 4837: 3914: 3899: 3743: 3678: 3126: 437: 4489: 3538: 2061:

Nowadays, Albanians tend to not have strong affiliations to their varied religious identities as a result of about 50 years of

1130:, Prince of Albania, invited the Ottomans to support him in his conflict with Balsha II. Thopia's invitation was accepted and 936:, Prince of Albania, invited the Ottomans to support him in his conflict with Balsha II. Thopia's invitation was accepted and 100: 5366: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 3636: 3576: 3548: 3482: 2570: 2543:

The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands: Toward a social and economic history: Studies in honor of John C. Alexander

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The Albanian resistance and war against Ottomans continued for 48 years. The last towns captured by the Ottomans were

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system brought anarchy to the Albanian-populated lands. In the 18th century, two Albanian centers of power emerged:

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independent Albanian Pashaliks would extend from Bosnia to south of Morea (Peloponnese) in today's southern Greece.

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living in settlements high in the mountains maintained their independence and often escaped payment of taxes. The

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by practically defeating all his rivals in southern Italy. Albanians also defeated Venice in 1449 in 3 battles in

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hailed from Albania, and were appointed to their posts long before the majority of Albanians professed Islam.

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territory, and Austria offered to recognize him as the ruler of all Albania if he would ally himself with

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which resulted in defeat of Gjon Kastrioti but victory in 4 battles for Gjergj Arianiti and 1 victory for

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The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403

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Administratively, the Ottomans divided the Albanian-inhabited lands among a number of districts, or

5460: 5258: 5139: 4437: 4292: 3611: 3041: 2928: 2787: 2541: 1991: 1635: 733: 728: 543: 4725: 4720: 4710: 3924: 2525:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group Incorporated). 2046:, spread into the empire's Albanian-populated lands. Probably founded in the late 13th century in 1630:, proved to be recalcitrant despite important participation in Ottoman military campaigns against 1555: 1408: 5059: 5054: 4740: 4610: 4585: 4580: 4462: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4329: 4234: 4159: 3950: 3837: 3781: 3456: 3337: 3223: 3069: 2979: 2933: 2873: 2822: 2807: 2767: 2711: 2700: 2588: 2016: 1961: 1837: 1359: 1061: 790: 723: 698: 638: 583: 573: 568: 553: 548: 480: 470: 442: 422: 374: 225: 46: 4867: 4641: 4570: 4555: 4251: 4227: 3842: 3498: 3386: 3360: 3170: 3056: 2878: 1448: 648: 2184: 2154: 2032: 683: 5214: 5160: 4732: 4246: 4189: 3960: 3945: 3503: 3381: 3310: 3228: 2406: 2250:

The Sons of Bayezid: Empire building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413

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The Albanians refused to submit to the Young Turks' campaign to "Ottomanize" them by force.

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as a source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom and independence.

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The Albanian population gradually began to convert to Islam through the teachings of

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after funding an expedition in Albania to locate his family's origins. 2) Map of the

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Krujë fell to the Ottomans only in 1478, ten years after the death of Skanderbeg;

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and dispatched officials from Constantinople to administer them. This provoked a

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Britain, the Albanian Question and the Demise of the Ottoman Empire 1876-1914

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warfare with the Ottomans, who never deemed it worthwhile to subjugate them.

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After 1865, the central authorities redivided the Albanian lands between the

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upper-class affiliations. About 48 Albanians rose to the position of grand

785: 267: 4046: 2384: 2343: 2272: 2121:, p. 41: "Anscombe (ibid., 107 n. 3) notes that Ottoman "Albania" or 2066: 1805: 1694:

causing a new wave of revolts and instability in the gradually weakening

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Ottoman-Albanian relations worsened in the year 1826 during the reign of

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achieved remarkable result of 30+ victories against the Ottoman Empire.

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would end in 1831 with the last one being the Bushati Pashalik. These

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and the turmoil that followed caused the violent dissolution of the

1182: 1138:(modern-day Macedonia)A combined Ottoman-Albanian army defeated the 1003: 944:(modern-day Macedonia)A combined Ottoman-Albanian army defeated the 35: 4018: 4003: 3233: 2685: 2680: 2660: 2655: 2580: 2047: 2040: 1975: 1818: 1768: 1747: 1706: 1551: 1535: 1502: 1314: 1154: 182: 1279: 1278:

On 1 March 1444, Albanian chieftains gathered in the cathedral of

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in 1389. Ottoman pressure lessened in 1402 when the Mongol leader

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led a successful resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe.

1189:, appealed to the sultan for support against his rivals, the 1166: 1135: 941: 263: 1994:

was one of the most important Ottoman commanders during the

1788:, proposed by Albanians to form the united Albanian Vilayet. 1760:

Albanian National Awakening § 1911 Highlanders Uprising

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in 1843–1844, but they were suppressed by the Ottoman army.

27:

Period in Albanian history from the 14th to the 20th century

3238: 2385:"Albania: A Country Study ("Albanians under Ottoman Rule")" 2008: 1317:, resistance to the Ottoman Empire continued for 36 years. 1139: 945: 1193:. An Ottoman force quickly marched into Albania along the 861:

from the Ottoman conquest in the late 15th century to the

4266: 2039:

As early as the 18th century, a mystic Islamic sect, the

2020: 2004: 271: 2133:. 31.33, 39-40. For the Byzantine period. see Psimouli, 2129:. s.v. "Arnawutluk. 6. History" (H. İnalcık) and Arsh, 1033:

would be established and culminating with the Albanian

4379: 1622:

ambush in northern Montenegro. Kara Mahmud's brother,

1650:

lived in compact villages under elected rulers. Some

897:

The term used in Ottoman sources for the country was

2337: 2335: 2333: 2156:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936

193:

1) Location of Ottoman Albania, Map commissioned by

3188: 2357: 1898:) mercenaries in the Ottoman Army in the year 1857. 1542:The weakening of Ottoman central authority and the 1324:succumbed in 1479 after a failed siege in 1474 and 1309:With political and minor material support from the 1075:until it declared independence in 1912, during the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 905:: آرناوودلق), including areas such as present-day 2330: 1646:South of the Shkumbini River, the mostly peasant 1282:with the prince of Montenegro and delegates from 5452: 2213:. Central Intelligence Agency. 13 February 2024. 1486:Albanians also played a crucial role during the 2565:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2255: 1701:After crushing the Bushatis and Ali Pasha, the 1221:the Ottoman authority and did not pay tribute. 1538:, and parts of northern Peloponnese in Greece. 1509:18th–19th centuries and the Albanian Pashaliks 983:that together with other Albanian nobles such 141: 5285: 4365: 2596: 2383:Raymond Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw (1994). 2342:Raymond Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw (1994). 2271:Raymond Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw (1994). 2178: 2176: 2145: 2143: 1705:introduced a series of reforms, known as the 1021:would be established with center the city of 835: 5300:Administrative regions and provinces of the 2369: 2398: 1885: 1690:and the entire Balkan Muslim leadership in 143:Historia e Shqipërisë në Perandorinë Osmane 5292: 5278: 5135:Ottoman – Albanian nobility 4372: 4358: 2603: 2589: 2560: 2173: 2140: 1874:, was under Ottoman suzerainty. Prominent 842: 828: 4789:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 2425: 2217: 1800:and by early 20th century Albanian rebels 1067:The territory which today belongs to the 1052:Meanwhile, an Ottoman Albanian commander 955:In 1431, Many Albanian princes including 948:army mostly composed of Albanians in the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3671: 3526: 2448: 2183:Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). 2106: 1985: 1965: 1889: 1862:By 1479, the entire country, except for 1791: 1767: 1665: 1572: 1564: 1518: 1234: 1097: 2934:Albanian resistance during World War II 2539: 2404: 2182: 2149: 2118: 1177:and killed the last Byzantine emperor. 14: 5453: 3920: 1353: 1224: 1134:brought his forces from the region of 940:brought his forces from the region of 5273: 4353: 2584: 2518: 2507: 2431: 2363: 2065:rule (especially under the regime of 1772:The four Ottoman vilayets, including 1106:served as the noble residence of the 2610: 2292: 1670:The Albanian pashaliks in 1815-1821. 869:to suppress the forces of the noble 863:Albanian declaration of Independence 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 2295:"Ethnographic and open-air museums" 2225:"Albania::The decline of Byzantium" 1978:was designed by Albanian architect 1271:(intentionally by him) present-day 881:who were free of Ottoman rule. The 628:International Commission of Control 24: 4380:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire 1678:, he had instigated the notorious 1118:and served centuries later in the 25: 5482: 2874:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 2859:Provisional Government of Albania 2019:Tosks worked the land for Muslim 5254: 5253: 4036: 3919: 3738: 3582: 3581: 3161: 3160: 3075: 3074: 3002: 2522:Historical Dictionary of Albania 2458:The International History Review 1550:, under the Bushati family; and 1488:Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) 1058:Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841) 358: 181: 170: 34: 18:Albania under the Ottoman Empire 2563:Mirdita House of Gjomarku Kanun 2508:Dauti, Daut (30 January 2018). 2441: 2408:The Albanians: A Modern History 2312: 2071:banned the practice of religion 1753: 1569:The Albanian pashaliks in 1789. 1093: 1029:. Later on the same autonomous 669:Italian protectorate (southern) 45:needs additional citations for 4257:Orders, decorations and medals 2864:Albania during the Balkan Wars 2286: 2242: 2211:"Albania - The World Factbook" 2203: 2112: 2100: 13: 1: 4485:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 2904:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 2778:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 2470:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103 2093: 1848: 1578:Audience chamber of Ali Pacha 1498:before gaining Independence. 2909:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 2884:Autonomous Province of Korçë 2449:Anscombe, Frederick (2006). 1153:expanded their control from 719:German occupation of Albania 7: 5466:Medieval history of Albania 4796:Declaration of Independence 2944:Orthography Congress (1972) 2939:Communist Albania (1946–91) 2919:Italian invasion of Albania 2869:Republic of Central Albania 2849:Declaration of Independence 2793:Albanian National Awakening 2514:(phd). University of Leeds. 2076: 1955: 1921: 1798:Albanian National Awakening 1582:George de la Poer Beresford 1389:George Kastrioti Skanderbeg 1240:Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu 654:Republic of Central Albania 594:Declaration of Independence 10: 5487: 2914:Union with Italian kingdom 2411:. I.B.Tauris. p. 30. 2189:. Routledge. p. 159. 2083:Albania in the Middle Ages 1959: 1950: 1757: 1512: 1357: 1228: 1089:Albania in the Middle Ages 1086: 1082: 971:started a war against the 762:1997 Albanian civil unrest 539:Revolts of 1833–1839 428:Angevin Kingdom of Albania 5377: 5339: 5308: 5249: 5148: 5090: 5047: 5040: 4907: 4766: 4700: 4624: 4508: 4500:Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion 4403: 4396: 4385: 4309: 4275: 4208: 4177: 4122: 4091: 4084: 4027: 3984: 3938: 3861: 3823: 3814: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3662: 3594: 3570: 3517: 3491: 3470: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3374: 3336: 3298: 3252: 3179: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3055: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3000: 2972: 2836: 2735: 2699: 2631: 2622: 2561:Gjon Marku, Ndue (2017). 2405:Vickers, Miranda (1999). 544:Revolt of 1843–1844 322: 318: 305: 292: 288: 280: 258: 253: 240: 216: 206: 163: 158: 136: 4751:1912 – 13 4746:1478 – 79 4726:1477 – 78 4716:1466 – 67 4438:1843 – 44 4433:1432 – 36 2929:The Holocaust in Albania 2788:Uprising of Dervish Cara 2546:. Istanbul: Isis Press. 2248:Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 1992:Abdurrahman Abdi Arnavut 1945:Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit 1886:Administrative divisions 1636:Charles Robert Cockerell 729:Second League of Prizren 2768:Islamization of Albania 2758:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 2712:Principality of Arbanon 2540:Kolovos, Elias (2007). 2324:Encyclopædia Britannica 2229:Encyclopædia Britannica 1962:Millet (Ottoman Empire) 1360:Islamization of Albania 1062:Oriental Crisis of 1840 724:World War II in Albania 481:Islamization of Albania 471:Principality of Mirdita 433:Principality of Albania 423:Principality of Arbanon 375:Origin of the Albanians 5390:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5156:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4411:Skanderbeg's rebellion 2949:Post-Communist Albania 2924:German Nazi occupation 2879:World War I in Albania 2748:Skanderbeg's rebellion 2519:Elsie, Robert (2010). 2159:. BRILL. p. 556. 1999: 1996:War of the Holy League 1990:The Ottoman-Albanian, 1983: 1899: 1838:New Albanian uprisings 1831:Albanian national flag 1801: 1789: 1671: 1585: 1570: 1539: 1492:Ottoman–Hungarian Wars 1449:Ibrahim Pasha of Berat 1247: 1231:Skanderbeg's rebellion 1123: 925:and parts of northern 699:Principality (Regency) 649:World War I in Albania 617:Provisional Government 142: 4475:Ali Pasha's Rebellion 4470:Albanian–Venetian War 4247:Epitaph of Gllavenica 2252:, (BRILL, 2007), 1–3. 1989: 1969: 1960:Further information: 1893: 1821:(present day town of 1796:Flag used during the 1795: 1771: 1758:Further information: 1669: 1632:Greek revolutionaries 1628:Mustafa Pasha Bushati 1576: 1568: 1556:Ali Pasha of Tepelenë 1524:Ali Pasha of Tepelenë 1522: 1513:Further information: 1496:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1457:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1409:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha 1301:Albanian–Venetian War 1238: 1101: 1071:remained part of the 207:Common languages 4845:Partition of Albania 4774:Albanian Renaissance 4490:Mehmed II's campaign 3679:Archaeological sites 3189:Vetting Institutions 2889:Italian protectorate 2803:Congress of Manastir 2783:Revolts of 1833–1839 2495:on 24 September 2019 2088:Albanian Renaissance 1980:Sedefkar Mehmed Agha 1481:Sedefkar Mehmed Agha 1421:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha 1120:Albanian Renaissance 689:Italian protectorate 54:improve this article 4480:Ballaban's campaign 4421:Macedonian campaign 3900:Research institutes 3462:State Supreme Audit 2899:Republic of Mirdita 2326:. 16 February 2024. 2293:Riza, Emin (1992). 1680:Auspicious Incident 1610:Kara Mahmud Bushati 1461:Kara Mahmud Bushati 1453:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed 1354:16th–17th centuries 1293:Alfonso I of Naples 1225:Albanian resistance 1191:Balsha noble family 1069:Republic of Albania 1054:Mehmet Ali of Egypt 1027:Pashalik of Shkodra 767:Republic of Albania 714:Albania under Italy 684:Congress of Lushnjë 664:Republic of Mirdita 622:Congress of Trieste 612:Independent Albania 4416:Italian expedition 3717:Adriatic Sea Coast 3644:Telecommunications 3351:Capital punishment 3244:Prosecutor General 2813:Malissori uprising 2773:Albanian Pashaliks 2727:House of Kastrioti 2717:Kingdom of Albania 2000: 1984: 1908:State Organization 1900: 1802: 1790: 1672: 1586: 1571: 1540: 1515:Albanian Pashaliks 1445:Ali Pasha of Gucia 1339:Franciscan priests 1248: 1244:House of Kastrioti 1173:'s forces overran 1124: 1043:Albanian Pashaliks 1039:Ali Pashe Tepelena 674:Congress of Durrës 534:National Awakening 5448: 5447: 5267: 5266: 5245: 5244: 4903: 4902: 4347: 4346: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4173: 4172: 4080: 4079: 4072:Cognac Skënderbeu 3879: 3831: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3744:Images of Albania 3712: 3711: 3571:Natural resources 3562:Hydropower plants 3557: 3556: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3219: 3218: 3156:Political parties 3151:Foreign relations 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 2998: 2997: 2954:1997 Civil Unrest 2798:League of Prizren 2722:Despotate of Arta 2572:978-1-5425-6510-3 2532:978-0-8108-6188-6 2418:978-1-86064-541-9 2196:978-1-135-02982-1 2013:Albanian language 1725:series of revolts 1311:Kingdom of Naples 1215:Sanjak of Albania 1116:national identity 1104:fortress of Krujë 1031:Pashalik of Berat 883:Sanjak of Albania 879:Albanian nobility 852: 851: 739:Socialist Albania 704:Albanian Republic 659:Republic of Korçë 559:League of Prizren 491:Sanjak of Scutari 486:Sanjak of Albania 332: 331: 234:Roman Catholicism 130: 129: 122: 104: 69:"Ottoman Albania" 16:(Redirected from 5478: 5471:Islam in Albania 5294: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5045: 5044: 4428:Albanian revolts 4401: 4400: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4089: 4088: 4040: 3923: 3922: 3875: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3742: 3722:Ionian Sea Coast 3669: 3668: 3585: 3584: 3524: 3523: 3478:Shopping centers 3447: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3402:Border crossings 3276:Cities and towns 3186: 3185: 3164: 3163: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3078: 3077: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3006: 2828:Kimza Government 2629: 2628: 2605: 2598: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2557: 2536: 2515: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2494: 2488:. Archived from 2455: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2380: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2339: 2328: 2327: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2147: 2138: 2116: 2110: 2104: 1843:Albanian vilayet 1814:Vardar Macedonia 1594:Northern Albania 1580:, lithograph by 1469:Ahmet Kurt Pasha 1465:Kara Murad Pasha 1397:Koca Davud Pasha 1383:For example, 48 1326:a stronger siege 1261:George Kastrioti 1163:Battle of Kosovo 1108:Kastrioti family 859:Albanian history 857:was a period in 844: 837: 830: 709:Albanian Kingdom 630: 589:Albanian Vilayet 526:Massacre of the 511:Manastir Vilayet 453:Venetian Albania 362: 352: 334: 333: 296:Siege of Shkodra 230:Eastern Orthodox 199:Albanian Vilayet 185: 174: 153: 145: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5461:Ottoman Albania 5451: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5430:North Macedonia 5373: 5335: 5304: 5298: 5268: 5263: 5241: 5144: 5086: 5036: 4899: 4895:Vithkuqi script 4880:Skanderbeg myth 4854:Principalities 4838:North Macedonia 4762: 4696: 4620: 4504: 4392: 4381: 4378: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4297: 4283:Public holidays 4271: 4204: 4169: 4118: 4076: 4023: 3980: 3934: 3857: 3810: 3748: 3708: 3658: 3649:Posta Shqiptare 3590: 3566: 3553: 3513: 3487: 3466: 3445: 3406: 3392:Organized crime 3370: 3332: 3294: 3248: 3215: 3175: 3089: 3085:Protected areas 3051: 3007: 2994: 2968: 2959:NATO membership 2842: 2840: 2832: 2753:League of Lezhë 2741: 2739: 2731: 2705: 2703: 2695: 2618: 2609: 2579: 2573: 2554: 2533: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2453: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2381: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2300:. UNESCO, Paris 2297: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2151:Houtsma, M. Th. 2148: 2141: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2079: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1924: 1888: 1851: 1766: 1764:1914 Vlorë Raid 1756: 1624:Ibrahim Bushati 1606:southern Serbia 1517: 1511: 1477:Ibrahim Bushati 1473:Mustafa Bushati 1401:Hamza Kastrioti 1393:Ballaban Badera 1362: 1356: 1297:kings of Sicily 1233: 1227: 1203:Battle of Savra 1144:Battle of Savra 1132:Hayreddin Pasha 1096: 1091: 1085: 985:Gjergj Arianiti 961:Zenevisi family 957:Gjergj Arianiti 950:Battle of Savra 938:Hayreddin Pasha 915:North Macedonia 903:Ottoman Turkish 891:League of Lezhe 875:Battle of Savra 855:Ottoman Albania 848: 812: 811: 810: 780: 772: 771: 752: 744: 743: 694:June Revolution 626: 607: 599: 598: 579:Battle of Deçiq 501:Scutari Vilayet 496:Sanjak of Dibra 476:Ottoman Albania 466: 458: 457: 448:League of Lezhë 408: 400: 399: 370: 350: 343: 311: 298: 224: 202: 195:Pope Clement XI 191: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 177: 176: 175: 154: 147: 139: 138:Ottoman Albania 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5484: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5362:Southern Syria 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5302:Ottoman Empire 5297: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5203:Western Thrace 5200: 5195: 5190: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4852: 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4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3867: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3797:Noble families 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3731: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3595:Infrastructure 3592: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3356:Assassinations 3353: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3271:Municipalities 3268: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3146:Prime Minister 3143: 3131: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2841:(1912–present) 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2823:Revolt of 1912 2820: 2818:Taksim meeting 2815: 2810: 2808:Revolt of 1910 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2763:Arbëni Council 2760: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2737:Ottoman period 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2558: 2552: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2505: 2464:(4): 758–793. 2445: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2424: 2417: 2397: 2368: 2356: 2329: 2311: 2285: 2254: 2241: 2216: 2202: 2195: 2172: 2165: 2139: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2033:Köprülü family 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1941:Lekë Dukagjini 1923: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1904:For details of 1887: 1884: 1850: 1847: 1755: 1752: 1719:of Janina and 1696:Ottoman Empire 1510: 1507: 1441:Haxhi Shehreti 1417:Nezim Frakulla 1355: 1352: 1333:, Romania and 1295:, against the 1252:Gjon Kastrioti 1226: 1223: 1175:Constantinople 1095: 1092: 1084: 1081: 1073:Ottoman Empire 1019:Bushati family 973:Ottoman Empire 969:Gjon Kastrioti 850: 849: 847: 846: 839: 832: 824: 821: 820: 814: 813: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 782: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 764: 759: 757:Post-communism 753: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 736: 734:Liberation Day 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 644:Peasant Revolt 641: 636: 631: 624: 619: 614: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 591: 586: 584:Revolt of 1912 581: 576: 574:Revolt of 1911 571: 569:Revolt of 1910 566: 564:League of Peja 561: 556: 554:Revolt of 1847 551: 549:Revolt of 1845 546: 541: 536: 531: 523: 518: 516:Kosovo Vilayet 513: 508: 506:Janina Vilayet 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 450: 445: 443:Principalities 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 418:Bulgarian rule 415: 413:Byzantine rule 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 355: 354: 345: 344: 337: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 306: 303: 302: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 274: 256: 255: 251: 250: 244: 238: 237: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 192: 180: 179: 178: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 161: 160: 156: 155: 140: 137: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5483: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Grand Viziers 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625:Congregations 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4384: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4294: 4293:Copyright law 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:Sign language 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178:Entertainment 4176: 4166: 4165:Indoor arenas 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Weightlifting 4128: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099:National team 4097: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3976:Sworn virgins 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3134:Head of state 3132: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2553:9789754283464 2549: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2366:, p. 37. 2365: 2360: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2296: 2289: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2245: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2166:90-04-09791-0 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2107:Anscombe 2006 2103: 2099: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1919: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:Sublime Porte 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1661:Sublime Porte 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1560:Sublime Porte 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:Patrona Halil 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Grand Viziers 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1041:in 1787. The 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 993:Lek Dukagjini 990: 989:Andrea Thopia 986: 982: 978: 977:Andrea Thopia 974: 970: 966: 965:Andrea Thopia 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 845: 840: 838: 833: 831: 826: 825: 823: 822: 819: 816: 815: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 776: 775: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 748: 747: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 629: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 603: 602: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 404: 403: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 369:Early History 366: 365: 361: 357: 356: 353: 347: 346: 341: 336: 335: 328: 325: 323:Today part of 321: 317: 313: 310: 304: 300: 297: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 248: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 219: 215: 212: 209: 205: 200: 196: 184: 173: 162: 157: 151: 144: 135: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 5384: 5326:Tripolitania 5125:20th century 5120:19th century 5115:18th century 5110:17th century 5105:16th century 5100:15th century 5060:Islamization 4818:Mësonjëtorja 4806:Bashi-Bazouk 4767:Other events 4495:Morea revolt 4387: 4330:Bibliography 4237: 4235:Coat of arms 4225: 4123:Other sports 3946:Folk beliefs 3910:Universities 3838:Architecture 3782:Demographics 3724: 3634: 3483:Supermarkets 3457:Trade unions 3338:Human rights 3313: 3254:Subdivisions 3224:Constitution 3136: 3124: 3070:Biodiversity 2964:EU Accession 2838:Independence 2562: 2542: 2521: 2510: 2497:. Retrieved 2490:the original 2461: 2457: 2442:Bibliography 2427: 2407: 2400: 2388:. Retrieved 2359: 2347:. Retrieved 2323: 2314: 2302:. Retrieved 2288: 2276:. Retrieved 2249: 2244: 2232:. Retrieved 2228: 2219: 2205: 2185: 2155: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119:Kolovos 2007 2114: 2102: 2060: 2058:counteract. 2056: 2038: 2025: 2001: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1912: 1903: 1879: 1875: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1835: 1803: 1754:20th century 1731: 1729: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1673: 1645: 1641: 1587: 1577: 1541: 1500: 1485: 1382: 1378: 1363: 1343: 1319: 1308: 1305: 1289: 1277: 1249: 1219: 1179: 1148: 1142:army in the 1125: 1094:14th century 1066: 1051: 1046: 1016: 1012: 1006:in 1501 and 997: 954: 931: 898: 896: 854: 853: 791:Constitution 751:Contemporary 639:Principality 527: 465:Early modern 438:Serbian rule 309:Independence 226:Christianity 131: 116: 110:October 2023 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 5149:Communities 4823:Nationalism 4784:Balkan Wars 4672:Manastir II 3843:Photography 3829:(galleries) 3704:Lighthouses 3577:Oil and gas 3499:Agriculture 3299:Legislature 3171:Visa policy 3057:Environment 2740:(1385–1912) 2704:(1190–1385) 2701:Middle Ages 2234:16 November 2067:Enver Hoxha 1972:Blue Mosque 1916:janissaries 1806:Young Turks 1615:Montenegrin 1433:Omer Vrioni 1429:Edhem Pasha 1413:Mimar Sinan 1405:Iljaz Hoxha 1211:county town 1209:became the 1207:Gjirokastra 1197:and routed 1195:Via Egnatia 1187:Karl Thopia 1128:Karl Thopia 1077:Balkan Wars 934:Karl Thopia 921:, southern 917:, southern 873:during the 867:Karl Thopia 634:Balkan Wars 606:Late modern 349:History of 221:Sunni Islam 5455:Categories 5425:Montenegro 5065:Bektashism 4875:Rum Millet 4667:Manastir I 4389:Background 4190:Television 4150:Volleyball 4145:Basketball 3999:Fustanella 3961:Secularism 3930:Albanology 3915:Publishers 3895:Literature 3637:structures 3504:Healthcare 3446:(currency) 3328:Opposition 3229:Corruption 3122:Government 2671:Dassaretii 2499:15 October 2432:Elsie 2010 2364:Dauti 2018 2131:He Alvania 2123:Arnavudluk 2094:References 1894:Albanian ( 1849:Governance 1590:Montenegro 1530:, western 1366:Bektashism 1358:See also: 1265:Skanderbeg 1229:See also: 1112:Skanderbeg 1087:See also: 1010:in 1509. 981:Skanderbeg 923:Montenegro 913:, western 899:Arnavudluk 254:Government 242:Demonym(s) 223:(official) 80:newspapers 5215:Arbëreshë 5198:Souliotes 5188:Arvanites 5006:Vilayets 4930:Pashaliks 4908:Geography 4890:Stratioti 4863:Kastrioti 4858:Dukagjini 4811:Devshirme 4801:Janissary 4779:Armatoles 4758:Svetigrad 4586:Oranik II 4546:Martinići 4404:Rebellion 4135:Athletics 4047:Tavë kosi 3939:Tradition 3905:Libraries 3863:Education 3672:Monuments 3654:Squatting 3632:Highrises 3527:Operators 3509:Companies 3366:Ombudsman 3306:Elections 3181:Judiciary 3115:Executive 3032:Mountains 3025:Landscape 3013:Geography 2894:Vlora War 2691:Taulantii 2666:Bylliones 2633:Illyrians 2486:154724667 2063:Communist 2044:dervishes 1827:bastinado 1684:Janissary 1676:Mahmud II 1639:Europe." 1602:Macedonia 1532:Macedonia 1425:Ali Pasha 1370:Janissary 1242:from the 1199:Balsha II 1171:Mehmed II 1002:in 1480, 679:Vlora War 521:Pashaliks 395:Illyricum 390:Macedonia 385:Illyrians 260:Beylerbey 217:Religion 159:1479–1912 5395:Bulgaria 5259:Category 5171:Arbanasi 5161:Bulgaria 5077:Nobility 5025:Manastir 4990:Monastir 4985:Ioannina 4951:Sanjaks 4918:Ioannina 4914:Eyalets 4737:Shkodër 4642:Dukagjin 4606:Torvioll 4581:Oranik I 4561:Mokra II 4516:Albulena 4339:Category 4262:Passport 4240:armorial 4218:Heraldry 4160:Olympics 4155:Swimming 4114:Stadiums 4092:Football 4019:Xhamadan 4004:Xhubleta 3986:Costumes 3966:Religion 3925:Proverbs 3890:Language 3871:Alphabet 3853:Theatres 3802:Diaspora 3699:Churches 3617:Railways 3607:Aviation 3602:Highways 3492:Industry 3452:Taxation 3382:Military 3375:Security 3346:Abortion 3316:speakers 3311:Assembly 3286:Villages 3281:Communes 3266:Counties 3234:EURALIUS 3166:Treaties 3127:agencies 3103:Politics 2990:Archives 2985:Timeline 2973:See also 2686:Parthini 2681:Labeatae 2661:Balaites 2656:Amantini 2616:articles 2478:40109813 2304:18 March 2153:(1993). 2077:See also 2048:Anatolia 2041:Bektashi 2017:Orthodox 1976:Istanbul 1956:Religion 1922:Taxation 1906: : 1856:vilayets 1819:Manastir 1782:Monastir 1748:Bulgaria 1744:Monastir 1732:vilayets 1716:vilayets 1707:tanzimat 1688:Devşirme 1554:, under 1552:Ioannina 1536:Thessaly 1503:Tanzimat 1374:Devşirme 1313:and the 1155:Anatolia 1151:Ottomans 1126:In 1385 1047:de facto 1035:Pashalik 932:In 1385 871:Balša II 818:Timeline 801:Military 407:Medieval 340:a series 338:Part of 249:(ارناود) 211:Albanian 150:Albanian 5440:Ukraine 5415:Hungary 5400:Croatia 5385:Albania 5367:Lebanon 5331:Tunisia 5316:Algeria 5237:Ukraine 5222:Romania 5166:Croatia 5048:Culture 5041:Society 5030:Scutari 5010:Albania 5000:Scutari 4975:Elbasan 4965:Delvina 4955:Albania 4940:Scutari 4923:Rumelia 4828:Albania 4692:Prizren 4687:Preveza 4652:Frashër 4647:Elbasan 4591:Otonetë 4571:Novšiće 4556:Mokra I 4509:Battles 4397:History 4316:Outline 4288:Smoking 4210:Symbols 4140:Cycling 4109:Players 4029:Cuisine 3994:Qeleshe 3885:Abetare 3877:scripts 3848:Museums 3816:Culture 3762:Society 3734:Beaches 3727:riviera 3689:Mosques 3684:Castles 3664:Tourism 3627:Tunnels 3622:Bridges 3439:Banking 3432:Finance 3420:Economy 3397:Prisons 3323:Members 3080:Habitat 3065:Climate 3047:Islands 2980:Origins 2676:Enchele 2651:Amantes 2646:Albanoi 2641:Ardiaei 2624:History 2612:Albania 2390:9 April 2349:9 April 2278:9 April 2069:) that 1951:Culture 1876:viziers 1778:Scutari 1736:Scutari 1721:Rumelia 1692:Rumelia 1584:, 1855. 1548:Shkodër 1322:Shkodër 1315:Vatican 1213:of the 1201:in the 1159:Balkans 1157:to the 1083:History 1025:called 1023:Shkodra 1000:Shkodër 907:Albania 887:Shkodra 796:Economy 380:Illyria 351:Albania 327:Albania 307:• 294:• 281:History 94:scholar 5435:Serbia 5420:Kosovo 5410:Greece 5405:Cyprus 5378:Europe 5347:Arabia 5309:Africa 5232:Turkey 5183:Greece 5140:Pashas 5092:People 5082:Tribes 5020:Kosovo 5015:Janina 4980:Görice 4960:Avlona 4945:Yanina 4885:Spahiu 4868:Muzaka 4850:Piracy 4833:Kosovo 4707:Krujë 4701:Sieges 4616:Vaikal 4611:Ulcinj 4566:Murino 4536:Lopate 4531:Kosovo 4521:Ankara 4200:Cinema 4085:Sports 4052:Kabuni 4042:Gjellë 4014:Opinga 3971:Nevruz 3792:Tribes 3787:Census 3775:People 3694:Tekkes 3587:Mining 3519:Energy 3471:Retail 3387:Police 3037:Rivers 2854:Anthem 2614: 2569: 2550: 2529: 2484: 2476: 2415: 2193: 2163: 2137:. 28." 2052:Sharia 2029:vizier 1929:bajrak 1896:Arnaut 1880:pashas 1868:Ulcinj 1864:Durrës 1823:Bitola 1810:Kosovo 1786:Janina 1774:Kosovo 1762:, and 1742:, and 1740:Janina 1711:timars 1619:Vienna 1598:Kosovo 1528:Epirus 1331:Sicily 1284:Venice 1273:Serbia 1183:Durrës 1008:Himara 1004:Durrës 927:Greece 919:Serbia 911:Kosovo 779:Topics 342:on the 284: 276: 247:Arnaut 146: 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 5357:Syria 5321:Egypt 5227:Syria 5210:Italy 5178:Egypt 5072:Kanun 4995:Ohrid 4970:Dibra 4935:Berat 4733:Berat 4662:Lezhë 4637:Dibra 4632:Dibër 4601:Savra 4596:Polog 4576:Ohrid 4551:Meçad 4526:Deçiq 4323:Index 4276:Other 4195:Radio 4185:Music 4104:Clubs 3807:Women 3612:Ports 3544:OSHEE 3042:Lakes 2493:(PDF) 2482:S2CID 2474:JSTOR 2454:(PDF) 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