Knowledge

6926:, p. 137 "Das Dorf Borakaj (Borak/Borake), zwischen Durrës und Tirana in der Nähe der Kleinstadt Shijak gelegen, wird fast vollständig von Bosniaken bewohnt. Zu dieser Gruppe gehören auch die Bosniaken im Nachbarort Koxhas."; p. 137. "Die Bosniaken sind wahrschlich nach 1875 aus der Umgebung von Mostar, und zwar aus Dörfern zwischen Mostar und Čapljina, nach Albanien gekommen... Einzelne bosnische Familien wohnen in verschiedenen Städten, vie in Shijak, Durrës. Die 1924 nach Libofsha in der Nähe von Fier eingewanderte Gruppe ist inzwischen sprachlich fast vollständig assimiliert, SHEHU-DIZDARI-DUKA (2001: 33) bezeichnet sie ehenfalls als bosniakisch."; p. 139. "Die von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen 1916 durchgeführte Volkszählung in Albanien verzeichnet für Borakaj 73 Häuser mit 305 muslimischen Einwohnern. Von ihnen werden 184 als Albaner und 121 als Serbokroaten bezeichnet. In Koxhas werden 109 Häuser mit 462 muslimischen Einwohnern erfasst, von denen 232 Albaner und 230 Serbokroaten waren, Ferner werden in Shijak 17 Serbokroaten und einer in Sukth registriert (SENER 1922: 35, 36), Für Borakaj sind die Angaben zur ethnischen Zusammensetzung problematisch. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass innerhalb von vierzig Jahren die Hälfte der Einwohner in Borakaj albanisiert wurde. Dem widerspricht vor allem auch die ethnische Homo-genität des Ortes bis zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre. Andererseits gibt es keine Hinweise, dass die fraglichen Albaner zwischenzeitlich wieder weggezogen sind oder von den Bosniaken assimiliert wurden. Wahrscheinlich hat sich ein Teil aus irgendwelchen Gründen nur falsch deklariert."; p. 139. "Anders stellt sich die Situation in Koxhas dar. Die Albaner dort bilden bis heute die Mehrheit, d.h. der Anteil der Bosniaken war immer kleiner und hat weiter abgenommen, sodass dieses Dorf in der unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft nicht bosniakisch geprägt ist. Weiterhin dubios bleibt jedoch für beide Ortschaften die Beizeichnung der Einwohner als ,,Serbokroaten", weil die muslimischen Slavophonen von Seiner sonst immer in die Rubrik ,,Sonstige" eingeordnet werden." 6968:, p. 9. "Am östlichen Ufer des Shkodrasees gibt es heute auf dem Gebiet von Vraka vier Dörfer, in denen ein Teil der Bewohner eine montenegrinische Mundart spricht. Es handelt sich dabei um die Ortschaften Boriçi i Madh (Borić Veli), Boriçi i Vogël (Borić Mali/Borić Stari/Borić Vezirov), Gril (Grilj) und Omaraj (Omara), die verwaltungstechnisch Teil der Gemeinde Gruemira in der Region Malësia e Madhe sind. Ferner zählen zu dieser Gruppe noch die Dörfer Shtoji i Ri und Shtoji i Vjetër in der Gemeinde Rrethinat und weiter nordwestlich von Koplik das Dorf Kamica (Kamenica), das zur Gemeinde Qendër in der Region Malësia e Madhe gehört. Desgleichen wohnen vereinzelt in der Stadt sowie im Kreis Shkodra weitere Sprecher der montenegrinischen Mundart. Nach ihrer Konfession unterscheidet man zwei Gruppen, d.h. orthodoxe mid muslimische Slavophone. Die erste, kleinere Gruppe wohnt in Boriçi i Vogël, Gril, Omaraj und Kamica, die zweite, größere Gruppe in Boriçi i Madh und in Shtoj. Unter den in Shkodra wohnenden Slavophonen sind beide Konfessionen vertreten... Die Muslime bezeichnen sich gemeinhin als Podgoričani ‘Zuwanderer aus Podgorica’ und kommen aus Zeta, Podgorica, Tuzi usw."; p. 19. "Ohne genaue Quellenangabe bringt ŠĆEPANOVIĆ (1991: 716–717) folgende ,,aktuelle" Zahlen:... Veliki (Mladi) Borić 112 Familien, davon 86 podgoričanski, 6 crnogorski und 20 albanische Familien. STOPPEL (2012: 28) sagt Folgendes über die Montenegriner in Albanien: ,,hierbei handelt es sich um (nach Erhebungen des Helsinki-Komitees von 1999 geschätzt,, etwa 1800–2000 serbisch-sprachige Personen in Raum des Shkodra-Sees und im nördlichen Berggrenzland zu Montenegro, die 1989 eher symbolisch mit ca. 100 Personen angegeben und nach 1991 zunächst überwiegend nach Jugoslawien übergewechselt waren". p. 20. "Außer in Boriçi i Madh und auch in Shtoj, wo die Slavophonen eine kompakte Gruppe innerhalb des jeweiligen Ortes bilden, sind sie in anderen Dorfern zahlenmäßig bedeutunglos geworden."; p. 131. "In Shtoj i Vjetër leben heute ungefähr 30 und in Shtoj i Ri 17 muslimische Familien, d.h Podgoričaner." 7050:, p. 115."It is frequently said that how there is no difference between the religions in Albania. While it is true that there is a considerable degree of toleration, indications deriving from this study suggest that religious affiliations plays a significant part in identity formation and therefore in social relations... However the story from the Catholics was very different... there was varying mistrust of the Muslims. Many Catholics expressed resentment of the dominant position of the Muslims during communism and subsequently. Some expressed and underlying dislike of Islam and what they perceived to be its philosophy."; p. 116. "However the Muslim position was that Islam had proved to be a vital force in uniting and maintaining the independence of Albania. Without it they would have been subsumed by the Greeks, Serbs or Italians. From this perspective, they believed, Islam formed the basis of Albanian national identity and should provide the foundation upon which its state was constructed... Yet not far below the surface there was a degree of disdain for the Catholics. In Gura, Catholic migrants reported that Muslims called them kaur, a most unpleasant derogatory term used by the Turks to describe Christians."; pp. 116–117. "So whatever might be said to the contrary, tensions were observable between Catholics and Muslims. At most basic of levels Gura was segregated into Muslim and Catholics areas. The same situation existed in Shkodër where the city was broadly split into neighbourhoods defined by faith with the Roma living on the southern outskirts of town. Yet there were many in the younger generation who did not see religion as being important." 3746:(1914) in central Albania that sought to restore Ottoman rule. During World War one, northern, central and south-central Albania came under Austro-Hungarian occupation. In the census of 1916–18 conducted by Austro-Hungarian authorities, the results showed that Muslims in the regions of Dibër, Lumë and Gorë were over 80% of the population. In the western part of the mountainous areas, Shkodër and in the mountains east of the lake were areas that contained a large Muslim population. In central Albania, the area from the Mat region to the Shkumbini river mouth toward Kavajë encompassing the districts of Tiranë, Peqin, Kavajë and Elbasan the population was mainly Muslim. In the area of Berat Muslims were a majority population with an Orthodox minority, while south of Elbasan Muslims were a plurality alongside a significant Orthodox population. In the region of Gramsh Muslims were a majority except for two people and in the southern Peqin area only Muslims were present. Muslims also were a majority population in the Mallakastër region alongside a small Orthodox minority. The experience of World War One, concerns over being partitioned and loss of power made the Muslim Albanian population support Albanian nationalism and the territorial integrity of Albania. An understanding emerged between most Sunni and Bektashi Albanians that religious differences needed to be sidelined for national cohesiveness. Whereas an abandonment of pan-Muslim links abroad was viewed in the context of securing support internationally for and maintaining independence, though some Muslim Albanian clergy were against disavowing ties with the wider Muslim world. 6430:, p. 340. "Another crucial dimension of the post-Communist format of secularism is the imprint of decades of Communist-style propaganda in the perceptions and practices of Muslim believers. Almost everywhere in the post-Communist world, forced Communist-style modernization and eviction of religion from the public arena, has led to a certain secularization of the society and a sharp decline in religious practice. Post-Communist citizens seem to embrace religion more as an aspect of ethnic and social identity rather than a belief in the doctrines of a particular organized spiritual community. This is reflected in the gap between the great number of Albanians who choose to identify with religion and the few who attend religious services and serve religious commandments: 98% of Albanians respond that they belong to one of the religious communities; but only 5.5% attend weekly religious services and 50% only celebrate religious ceremonies during poignant moments in life such as birth, marriage and death (University of Oslo 2013). Additionally, post-Communist Albanians appear strongly committed to institutional arrangements that confine religion strictly within the private sphere—away from state institutions, schools, the arts and the public sphere more generally (ibid). Such secular attitudes show that post-Communist citizens are in general little receptive to concepts of religion as a coherent corpus of beliefs and dogmas collectively managed by a body of legitimate holders of knowledge, and even less receptive to rigid orthodox prescriptions thereof." 6896:, p. 10. "Heute umfaßt das Gebiet von Golloborda in Albanien 22 Dörfer, die verwaltungstechnisch auf drei verschiedene Gemeinden aufgeteilt sind: 1. Die Gemeinde Ostren besteht aus dreizehn Dörfern, und Südslavisch wird in den folgenden neun Dörfern gesprochen: Ostreni i Madh (Golemo Ostreni/Ostreni Golemo), Kojavec (Kojovci), Lejçan (Lešničani), Lladomerica (Ladomerica/Ladimerica/Vlademerica), Ostreni i Vogël (Malo Ostreni/Malastreni/Ostreni Malo), Orzhanova (Oržanova), Radovesh (Radoveš/Radoeš/Radoešt), Tuçep (Tučepi) und Pasinka (Pasinki). 2. Die Gemeinde von Trebisht umfaßt die vier Dörfer Trebisht (Trebišta), Gjinovec (G'inovec/G'inec), Klenja (Klen'e) und Vërnica (Vărnica), und in allen wird Südslavisch gesprochen. 3. Die übrigen Dörfer von Golloborda gehören zur Gemeinde Stebleva, und zwar Stebleva, Zabzun, Borova, Sebisht, Llanga. Südslavisch wird in Stebleva (Steblo) sowie von drei Familien in Sebisht (Sebišta) gesprochen. Wie aus den bisherigen Ausführungen und den Erhebungen vor Ort hervorgeht, gibt es nur noch in fünfzehn der insgesamt Dörfer, die heute zu Golloborda gehören, slavophone Einwohner. Die Zahl der Dörfer in Golloborda wird manchmal auch mit 24 angegeben. Dann zählt man die Viertel des Dorfes Trebisht, und zwar Trebisht-Bala, Trebisht-Çelebia und Trebisht-Muçina separat. Zu Golloborda rechnete man traditionell ferner die Dörfer Hotišan, Žepišt, Manastirec, Drenok, Modrič und Lakaica, die heute in Makedonien liegen." 7764:, p. 250. "Myths of martyrdom and "unjust treatment" in the sense that the national and/or the religious community is a "victim of aggression", run like a thread through the clerics’ discourse. These are partly based on the historical fact that in one way or another each community is or has been under threat: since the second half of the 19th Century, Albania and Albanians in the Balkans have been in the firing line of Christian neighbours with territorial claims, which have made efforts to assimilate, expel or even kill the population in disputed areas. This is reflected in the Communities’ constructions of the national community. Orthodox and Catholic identities are shaped by the fact that Christianity is a minority religion in Albania, and that the country’s Christians have a long history as second class citizens under various forms of Muslim pressures, either as imperial, Islamist polity or under authoritarian leadership dominated by leaders with a Muslim background (Zogu and Hoxha). Conversely, the Muslim clerics focus on how the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire has given the Balkans’s Christians the upper hand politically. Islam is also a minority religion in Europe with a historical reputation as demonic and with a modern image problem in the West related to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and global terrorist networks." 4303: 6869:, p. 11. "In den 17 Dörfern des Kosovo wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen, und sie gehören zu einer Gemeinde mit dem Verwaltungszentrum in Dragaš. Die 19 Dörfer in Albanien sind hingegen auf drei Gemeinden des Bezirks Kukës aufgeteilt, und zwar auf Shishtavec, Zapod und Topojan. Slavophone findet man freilich nur in den ersten beiden Gemeinden. Zur Gemeinde Shishtavec gehören sieben Dörfer und in den folgenden vier wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Shishtavec (Šištaec/Šišteec), Borja (Borje), Cërnaleva (Cărnolevo/Cărneleve) und Oreshka (Orešek). Zur Gemeinde Zapod gehören ebenfalls sieben Dörfer, und in den folgenden fünf wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Orgjost (Orgosta), Kosharisht (Košarišta), Pakisht (Pakiša/Pakišča) Zapod (Zapod) und Orçikla (Orčikl’e/Očikl’e)’. In der Gemeinde Topojan gibt es inzwischen keine slavophone Bevölkerung mehr. Die Einwohner selbst bezeichnen sich gewöhnlich als Goranen ‘Einwohner von Gora oder Našinci Unsrige, und ihre Sprache wird von ihnen als Našinski und von den Albanern als Gorançe bezeichnet." 5371:, p. 32. "As state policy, post- Ottoman "nations" continue to sever most of their cultural, socioeconomic, and institutional links to the Ottoman period. At times, this requires denying a multicultural history, inevitably leading to orgies of cultural destruction (Kiel 1990; Riedlmayer 2002). As a result of this strategic removal of the Ottoman past—the expulsion of the "Turks" (i.e., Muslims); the destruction of buildings; the changing of names of towns, families, and monuments; and the "purification" of languages—many in the region have accepted the conclusion that the Ottoman cultural, political, and economic infrastructure was indeed an "occupying," and thus foreign, entity (Jazexhi 2009). Such logic has powerful intuitive consequences on the way we write about the region's history: If Ottoman Muslims were "Turks" and thus "foreigners" by default, it becomes necessary to differentiate the indigenous from the alien, a deadly calculation made in the twentieth century with terrifying consequences for millions." 3970: 6245:, p. 31. "Many Greek Orthodox clergy privately relished the downfall of the northern predominantly Muslim government. As always in Balkan conflicts, religion is a major factor under the surface and the no doubt that the Greek Orthodox Church was privately very happy to see the departure of the DP government. It was also clear to Athenian politicians that if they gave a certain amount of tacit diplomatic help to the rebellion, they could expect a post-conflict government in Tirana that was likely to be much more sympathetic to Greece and its regional priorities than the Berisha administration." p. 41. "Islam as a political factor did not emerge at all throughout the crisis, even though most of the Berisha government was nominally Muslim. The presence of prominent northern Catholics such as Pjeter Arbnori, as Speaker of the Parliament and someone close to the government, assisted this perception while on the rebel side Orthodox links with Greece were certainly useful." 6985:, p. 191. "It is common in Albania to say that all Albanians, whether Christian or Muslim, are brothers, and that their only religion is their common Albanian nationality. The dogma of national unity as against religious differentiation is at the core of the most widely-spread Albanian national rhetoric. However, this rhetoric is challenged when local society is underpinned by, and conceptualised in terms of, religious differentiation. This is the case in mixed areas, where Muslims and Christians live in separate villages (or in separate neighbourhoods), and both have strong identities as religious communities – as in Devoll. In this specific context, religion cannot consist of just being Albanian. On the contrary, people are very well aware of their belonging to a specific religious community, and national identity is rarely thought of outside the basic opposition between Muslims and Christians." 5969:, p. 192. "The sophisticated culture, literature and art of Islam were ignored by the generality of historians who hardly even tried to conceal their anti-Muslim bias. Their ferociously anti-Islamic and anti-Turkish attitude not only obscured and distorted the amazing process of mass conversion of entire Christian communities to Islam, but also provided an intellectual prop for the ultra nationalist policy of ethnic and religious cleansing in Bosnia, Hum (Herzegovina), Albania, Bulgaria and Greece. For against the backdrop of the history of the Balkans, as generally portrayed, what appeared as a kind of historical exoneration and an act of retaliation for the 'betrayal' of Christianity in the Middle Ages. The policy of destroying Islamic culture and way of life in Albania after the World War II is the primary reason why the history of medieval Islam in this land has not been properly studied." 5496:. para. 14. "The fact that the Christian communities within the territory which was claimed by Greece from the mid 19th century until the year 1946, known after 1913 as Northern Epirus, spoke Albanian, Greek and Aromanian (Vlach), was dealt with by the adoption of two different policies by Greek state institutions. The first policy was to take measures to hide the language(s) the population spoke, as we have seen in the case of "Southern Epirus". The second was to put forth the argument that the language used by the population had no relation to their national affiliation... As we will discuss below, under the prevalent ideology in Greece at the time every Orthodox Christian was considered Greek, and conversely after 1913, when the territory which from then onwards was called "Northern Epirus" in Greece was ceded to Albania, every Muslim of that area was considered Albanian." 4610: 4622: 5730:, pp. 2–5, 37. "Between 1942 (date of the last census taking into account the denominational belonging) or 1967 (date of religion's banning) and 2001, the geographical distribution of the religious communities in Albania has strongly changed. The reasons are first demographic: groups of population, mainly from Southern Albania, came to urban settlements of central Albania in favour of the institution of the Communist regime, during the 1970s and 1980s, Northern Catholic and Sunni Muslim areas have certainly experienced a higher growth rate than Southern Orthodox areas. Since 1990, there were very important population movements, from rural and mountain areas towards the cities (especially in central Albania, i.e. Tirana and Durrës), and from Albania towards Greece, Italy and many other countries". 1692: 452: 4076:, (1921–2004) an imam imprisoned by the communist regime and who led the first prayer service in Shkodër 1990 became the grand mufti of the Muslim Community of Albania. During this time the restoration of Islam in Albania appealed to older generations of Muslim Albanian adherents, those families with traditional clerical heredity and limited numbers of young school age people who wished to qualify and study abroad in Muslim countries. Most mosques and some madrassas destroyed and damaged during the communist era had by 1996 been either reconstructed or restored in former locations where they once stood before 1967 and in contemporary times there are 555 mosques. Muslim religious teachers and prayer leaders were also retrained abroad in Muslim states or in Albania. The 7737:, p. 241. "The Christians’ view that the historical conversion to Islam presents a kind of falsification of national identity has interesting similarities with Serbian nationalist interpretations of Slavic conversions to Islam, though the Albanian clergy distinguish between Islam and local Muslims and not consider their compatriots’ conversion as treason to the same extent. While the Christian leaders do place Islam on the wrong side of history, its Albanian adherents are portrayed as innocent victims of the cruel polities of foreign intruders. Moreover, the Christian clergy do not exclude Albanian Muslims from the national community, and by the same token none of the Muslim leaders seem to nurture any resentment towards those who did not embrace Islam." 4106: 4438:". Some young Muslim Albanians educated in Islamic Universities abroad have viewed their role as defending Islam in the public sphere over issues such as wearing of the veil, organising themselves socially and criticised the Muslim Albanian establishment. Following the lead mainly of Albanian Christians obtaining visas for work into Greece there have been instances where Muslim Albanian migrants in Greece converted to Orthodoxy and changed their names into Christian Greek forms in order to be accepted into Greek society. Some other Muslim Albanians when emigrating have also converted to Catholicism and conversions in general to Christianity within Albania are associated with belonging and interpreted as being part of the West, its 4497: 4179: 4598: 5469:, p. 53."Με εξαίρεση τις ολιγομελείς κοινότητες των παλιών Ρωμανιωτών Εβραίων της Αρτας και των Ιωαννίνων, και την ακόμη ολιγομελέστερη ομάδα των Καθολικών της Αυλώνας, οι κάτοικοι της Ηπείρου χωρίζονται με το κριτήριο της θρησκείας σε δύο μεγάλες ομάδες, σε Ορθόδοξους και σε Μουσουλμάνους. "; p. 54. "Η μουσουλμανική κοινότητα της Ηπείρου, με εξαίρεση τους μικρούς αστικούς πληθυσμούς των νότιων ελληνόφωνων περιοχών, τους οποίους προαναφέραμε, και τις δύο με τρεις χιλιάδες διεσπαρμένους «Τουρκόγυφτους», απαρτιζόταν ολοκληρωτικά από αλβανόφωνους, και στα τέλη της Τουρκοκρατίας κάλυπτε τα 3/4 περίπου του πληθυσμού των αλβανόφωνων περιοχών και περισσότερο από το 40% του συνόλου. ", pp. 370, 374. 4052:, who later served multiple terms as president and prime minister were prominent leaders in the movement for democratic change and between 1992 and 1997 people part of the Albanian government were mostly of a Muslim background. Areas that had been traditionally Muslim in Albania prior to 1967 reemerged in a post-communist context once again mainly as Muslim with its various internal complexities. Due in part to the deprivation and persecution experienced during the communist period, Muslims within Albania have showed strong support for democracy and its institutions including official Muslim religious organisations. Within this context Muslim Albanians have also supported the separation of 4586: 3856: 4213: 7104:, p. 33. "According to the mainstream public opinion in Greece the Greek speaking people of Orthodox religion living in Southern Albania are called Northern Epirots (Vorioepirotes) (see Triandafyllidou and Veikou 2002: 191). According to the public opinion in Albania they are often referred to by Greeks or Greku or pejoratively Kaure (non-believers) or Kaur i derit (non-believer-pigs, i.e. Greek pigs)."; p. 57. "The locals also use pejorative names such as Turkos or Alvanos, which according to them mark the differences in language skills, religion, financial position, social status and the possibility of unrestricted crossing of the Albanian – Greek border. 4338: 6941:, pp. 394–395."As noted above, the vernacular mobility term ‘Podgoriçani’ (literally meaning ‘people that came from Podgoriça’, the present-day capital of Montenegro) refers to the progeny of Balkan Muslims, who migrated to Shkodra in four historical periods and in highest numbers after the Congress of Berlin 1878. Like the Ulqinak, the Podgoriçani thus personify the mass forced displacement of the Muslim population from the Balkans and the ‘unmixing of peoples’ (see e.g. Brubaker 1996, 153) at the time of the retreat of the Ottoman Empire, which has only recently sparked renewed scholarly interest (e.g. Blumi 2013; Chatty 2013)." 5211:, p. 56. "The Orthodox Christian Albanians, who belonged to the rum millet, identified themselves to a large degree with the rest of the Orthodox, while under the roof of the patriarchate and later the influence of Greek education they started to form Greek national consciousness, a process that was interrupted by the Albanian national movement in the 19th century and subsequently by the Albanian state."; p. 153. "The influence of Hellenism on the Albanian Orthodox was such that, when the Albanian national idea developed, in the three last decades of the 19th century, they were greatly confused regarding their national identity." 4146: 4018: 4246:. The Bektashi though are selective of outside influence, with sometimes for example editing texts of Iranian Shia thinkers in Bektashi literature or borrowing from others. The Bektashi during most of the 1990s had no privileged links with the political establishment until 1997 when the Socialists came to power. Members from the then Albanian government, some with Bektashi heritage in the late 1990s onward have favoured Bektashism as a milder form of Islam for Albanian Islam and it playing a role as a conduit between Islam and Christianity. Bektashis also highlight and celebrate figures such as 3682:, Skrapar, Tomorr and Dishnicë regions. There were intervening areas where Muslims lived alongside Albanian speaking Christians in mixed villages, towns and cities with either community forming a majority or minority of the population. In urban settlements Muslims were almost completely a majority in Tepelenë and Vlorë, a majority in Gjirokastër with a Christian minority, whereas Berat, Përmet and Delvinë had a Muslim majority with a large Christian minority. A Muslim population was also located in Konispol and some villages around the town. The Ottoman administrative sancaks or districts of 3934:(1913–1981) and others. Albanian society was still traditionally divided between four religious communities. In the Albanian census of 1945, Muslims were 72% of the population, 17.2% were Orthodox and 10% Catholic. The communist regime through Albanian Nationalism attempted to forge a national identity that transcended and eroded these religious and other differences with the aim of forming a unitary Albanian identity. Albanian communists viewed religion as a societal threat that undermined the cohesiveness of the nation. Within this context, religions like Islam were denounced as 8012:, pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made." 1666: 3909: 4355: 4161: 5508:, p. 56. "Η διαδικασία αυτή του εξελληνισμού των ορθόδοξων περιοχών, λειτουργώντας αντίστροφα προς εκείνη του εξισλαμισμού, επιταχύνει την ταύτιση του αλβανικού στοιχείου με το μουσουλμανισμό, στοιχείο που θ' αποβεί αποφασιστικό στην εξέλιξη των εθνικιστικών συγκρούσεων του τέλους του 19ου αιώνα. "; p. 84. "Κύριος εχθρός του ελληνισμού από τη δεκαετία του 1880 και ύστερα ήταν η αλβανική ιδέα, που αργά μα σταθερά απομάκρυνε την πιθανότητα μιας σοβαρής ελληνοαλβανικής συνεργασίας και καθιστούσε αναπόφευκτο το μελλοντικό διαμελισμό της Ηπείρου. " 4634: 4810: 4230: 3755: 5547:, p. 91. "Περιορίζοντας τις αρχικές του ισλαμιστικές εξάρσεις, το αλβανικό εθνικιστικό κίνημα εξασφάλισε την πολιτική προστασία των δύο ισχυρών δυνάμεων της Αδριατικής, της Ιταλίας και της Αυστρίας, που δήλωναν έτοιμες να κάνουν ό,τι μπορούσαν για να σώσουν τα Βαλκάνια από την απειλή του Πανσλαβισμού και από την αγγλογαλλική κηδεμονία που υποτίθεται ότι θα αντιπροσώπευε η επέκταση της Ελλάδας. Η διάδοση των αλβανικών ιδεών στο χριστιανικό πληθυσμό άρχισε να γίνεται ορατή και να ανησυχεί ιδιαίτερα την Ελλάδα." "." 4060: 4458: 7077:, p. 181. "The Muslims from Erind – the only village in Lunxhëri to be Muslim in majority – are not perceived as the descendants of migrants from other Muslim areas, but they are nonetheless definitely different, and the relations between Erind and the neighbouring villages are marked by the same stereotypes as the relations between Muslims and Christians usually are: people from Erind are said to be violent and dirty, to have no culture, and to be responsible for anything bad happening in the area." 4866: 4279: 4485:) are viewed as part of a set of distinctly Albanian national ideals, and said to serve an important part in Albania's civic framework where sectarian communities ideally set aside their difference and work together in the pursuit of national interest. Although considered a "national myth" by some, the "Albanian example" of interfaith tolerance and of tolerant laicism has been advocated as a model for the rest of the world by both Albanians and Western European and American commentators, including 3900: 4095: 2924: 3814: 5693:, p. 337. "Most Muslims and Bektashis understood that religious differences had to be played down in the name of common ethnicity and that pan-Islamic ideas had to be rejected and fought, even if some so-called 'fanatical' (Sunni) Muslim leaders in Shkoder and elsewhere preferred solidarity with the rest of the Islamic world. Such an attitude was not conducive to Albanian independence to which the international situation was favourable in 1912 and even after World War I." 4194: 19: 4886:(OIC). In 1992 Albania became the only entirely European member of the OIC, generating intense controversy within Albania due to concerns that Albania might deviate from a secular and Western-aligned political direction. The Albanian government viewed membership in the OIC as being a bridge between the Muslim-Christian worlds and also as having a "civilising mission" role within the Islamic world due to the Western orientation of Albania. The government of 4839:. In the 1990s, small groups of militant Muslims took advantage of dysfunctional government, porous borders, corruption, weak laws and illegal activities occurring during Albania's transition to democracy. These Muslim militants used Albania as a base for money laundering and as a transit route into the West with at times the assistance of corrupt government employees. There were claims by critics of the Albanian government that high-profile militants like 4086: 5199:, p. 174. "The political thinking of the Orthodox Albanians was divided into two categories. Those who lived in Albania were dominated by Greek influence. The majority of them- especially the notables-desired union with Greece. The Orthodox Christians in general had an intense hatred of Ottoman rule. Although this feeling was shared by their co-religionists who lived in the colonies abroad, their political thinking was different." 4081: 4446:. A 2015 study estimated some 13,000 Christians exist in Albania who had converted from a Muslim background, though it is not clear to which Christian churches these people were affiliated. Among Albanians and in particular the young, religion is increasingly not seen as important. In a Pew research centre survey of Muslim Albanians in 2012, religion was important for only 15%, while 7% prayed, around 5% went to a mosque, 43% gave 3771: 4493:, who marched with Christian and Muslim clergy on either side in a demonstration in response to religious motivated violence in Paris. Meanwhile, Albania's "example" has also drawn interest recently in the West, where it has been used to argue that "religious freedom and Islamic values not only can co-exist, but also can flourish together", and is seen as a positive argument in favor of accelerating Albania's accession to the EU. 4009: 4780:, frequently calling individuals arrested as 'jihadists' and 'terrorists' before they have been sentenced and perpetuating a "clash of civilizations" narrative between Muslim Albanians and the rest of Europe. Legal experts noted a "violation of legal procedures, and the application of psychological pressure on and family members with medical conditions" following the arrests of 150 people suspected of perpetrating the 4746: 4734: 7152:, p. 6. "We have seen for instance the case of a Muslim villager building a shrine of a Christian type in his own courtyard, in clear relation to the expectations of some of the people who visit the place before crossing the border to work in Greece. One might draw a parallel between such cases and the conversion of Muslim Albanian migrants to Orthodoxy, in order to facilitate their acceptation in Greek society. 3612:, Muslim Albanians became torn between loyalties to the Ottoman state and the emerging Albanian nationalist movement. Islam, the Sultan and the Ottoman Empire were traditionally seen as synonymous in belonging to the wider Muslim community. the Albanian nationalist movement advocated self-determination and strived to achieve socio-political recognition of Albanians as a separate people and language within the state. 3696: 2862: 1622: 4697: 3965:" and implemented it literally as state policy. In 1967 therefore the communist regime declared Albania the only non-religious country in the world, banning all forms of religious practice in public. The Muslim Sunni and Bektashi clergy alongside their Catholic and Orthodox counterparts suffered severe persecution and to prevent a decentralisation of authority in Albania, many of their leaders were killed. 4221:. In post communist Albania competition between the Sufi orders has reemerged, though the Bektashi remain the largest, most dominant, have 138 tekes and have on occasion laid claims to Sufi shrines of other orders. The Bektashi as the main Sufi order within Albania have attempted to appeal to a younger, urban and also intellectual demographic and placing itself within the wider socio-political space. 4364: 5400:, p. 183."Nineteenth-century Albanianism was not by any means a separatist project based on the desire to break with the Ottoman Empire and to create a nationstate. In its essence Albanian nationalism was a reaction to the gradual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and a response to the threats posed by Christian and Balkan national movements to a population that was predominantly Muslim." 3700:) of whom many were Catholic with others being Muslim residing in mountainous terrain that Ottomans often had difficulty in maintaining authority and control. When religious conflict occurred it was between clans of opposing faiths, while within the scope of clan affiliation, religious divisions were sidelined. Shkodër was inhabited by a Muslim majority with a sizable Catholic minority. 3723: 7029:, p. 209. "On their part, the Muslims believe that they are the purest Albanians, because they constituted the nucleus of the national renaissance and as great patriots resisted the Serbs, who tried to penetrate and conquer Albanian territories. In reference to Christians, they claim that the Orthodox identified with the Greeks and the Catholic with the Italians." 3431:, which ended in 1991, brought a decline in the religious practice of all traditions. The post-communist period and the lifting of legal and other government restrictions on religion allowed Islam to revive through institutions that generated new infrastructure, literature, educational facilities, international transnational links and other social activities. 4139:) have also helped finance the restoration of Ottoman era mosques, of which only nine survived the communist dictatorship. In a post-communist environment the Muslim Community of Albania has been seeking from successive Albanian governments a return and restitution of properties and land confiscated by the communist regime though without much progress. 4926: 7720:, p. 237 "The Muslim leaders advocate the view that the Albanians' embracing of Islam was voluntary. The Christians, conversely, characterise the Ottoman rule as anti-Christian and oppressive."; pp. 238–239; p. 241. "In Christian narratives, by contrast, Islam represents a foreign element disrupting Albanian unity and tradition."; pp. 240–241. 4312: 6956:, p. 142. "Migration to Shkodra was mostly from the villages to the south-east of the city and from the cities of Podgorica and Ulcinj in Montenegro. This was connected to the independence of Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire in the year 1878 and the acquisition of additional territories, e.g. Ulcinj in 1881 (Ippen, 1907, p. 3)." 4899: 6121:, p. 129. "The capital's Et’hem Bey Mosque was recognized as a monument. This place later served as a place of prayer for diplomats working in Tirana, but Albanians were forbidden from praying in this place. A few Bektashi temples, including the sacral buildings were changed into cultural centres, warehouses and restaurants." 5484:, pp. 9–10."In den südlichen Landesteilen hielten sich Muslime und Orthodoxe stets in etwa die Waage: So standen sich zB 1908 in den Bezirken (damals türkischen Sandschaks) Korca und Gjirokastro 95.000 Muslime und 128.000 Orthodoxe gegenüber, während 1923 das Verhältnis 109.000 zu 114.000 und 1927 116.000 zu 112.000 betrug. " 3875:. Of the Muslim Albanian population, the Italians attempted to gain their sympathies by proposing to build a large mosque in Rome, though the Vatican opposed this measure and nothing came of it in the end. The Italian occupiers also won Muslim Albanian sympathies by causing their working wages to rise. Mussolini's son in law 4346:, due to their origins from Podgorica in Montenegro. Podgoriçani inhabit the villages of Boriç i Madh where they form a majority alongside a few Orthodox Montenegrins and some Albanians, while they live compactly in both Shtoj i Vjetër with 30 families and in Shtoj i Ri with 17 families and some families in Shkodër city. 4784:. The majority of those arrested had no connection to the incident and were promptly released, but authorities at the time "did not present arrest warrants" and questioned suspects without the presence of an attorney. On 7 August 2016, a Muslim woman wearing a headscarf was beaten on a bus and called a "terrorist." 4776: 3608: 5306:, p. 197."Christians in ex-Ottoman domains have frequently and strategically conflated the terms Muslim and Turk to ostracize Muslim or Muslim-descended populations as alien (as in the current Serb-Bosnian conflict; see Sells 1996), and Albanians, though of several religions, have been so labeled." 4913: 4877: 4745: 4658: 4368: 4241: 4212: 4085: 3813: 3741: 4653: 4043: 4925: 4809: 4792: 4753: 4667: 4311: 4080: 3695: 3531: 4898: 4571:, a day commemorating the massacre at Karbala is also held and multiple local festivals in various areas, some also observed as pilgrimages are held throughout the year at Sufi saints tombs and shrines like that of Sari Salltëk in Krujë. Most prominent of these is the pilgrimage on 20–25 August to 4556: 4496: 4385: 4302: 4134: 4117: 3879: 3770: 4775: 4692: 4337: 3969: 3690: 3657: 7065:, pp. 200–201. "Traces of this historical differentiation are still evident in South Albania today between Christian and Muslim Albanians. Very often on hears Christians call Muslim Albanians "Turks"; they, in their turn, often attribute pro-Greek sentiments to Orthodox Christian Albanians." 4363: 3607: 4908: 4818: 4422: 4105: 7776:, p. 355. "This relative tolerance is tested daily by the anti-Islamic attitude of Western-minded laic democrats, various foreign Christian proselytizers, and especially by a section of the Greek Orthodox whose aggressive campaigns are often coordinated with official Greek policies." 4758: 4324: 3523:'s justiciary, Guy d'Allemagne, to go to Durrës. As usually happens in the recruitment process, the advice of Muslim military leaders was sought. Ibrahim had to approve the selections. Orders were given that Ibrahim could take four horses with him as he crossed from Brindisi to 4377:. Some Muslim Albanians hold and have expressed negative views of Catholic Albanians, while some Catholic Albanians resent past political dominance held by Muslims in Albania and have expressed dislike of Islam and what they have interpreted to be its tenets, mores and values. 4654: 4847: 3880: 3830: 4434:. A rejection of Islam has also been attributed to a divide that has opened up between older city dwellers and rural Muslim Albanian and somewhat conservative newcomers from the north-east to cities like Tiranë, where the latter are referred to pejoratively as " 4938: 3775: 3637:, with often pejorative connotations and historic negative socio-political repercussions. These geo-political events nonetheless pushed Albanian nationalists, many Muslim, to distance themselves from the Ottomans, Islam and the then emerging pan-Islamic 4423: 3494:. Within a year, Charles began to use the title "rex Albaniae", a title that was later recognized by the king of Serbia and the tsar of Bulgaria. In 1273 both Muslim and Christian contingents sailed across the Adriatic. In April 1273, a Muslim from 4358: 4118: 4750:" to mean "De-Islamisation", making Muslim Albanians feel alienated from their Muslim traditions instead of celebrating them and embracing their Ottoman heritage. These views, however, are rare and often depicted as extremist in Albanian society. 4369: 4856: 3994: 4332: 4122:, Albania's first Muslim university was opened in Tiranë and is administered by the Gülen movement. The presence and influence of the Gülen movement in Albania has recently been a source of tension with the Turkish government headed by 9531: 5359:, p. 8. "The attitude of non Muslim Balkan peoples was similar. In most of the Balkans, Muslims were "Turks" regardless of their ethno-linguistic background. This attitude changed significantly, but not completely, over time." 3780: 4659: 8721: 9679:"Shkëlzen ou Giannis? Changement de prénom et stratégies identitaires, entre culture d'origine et migration [Shkëlzen or Giannis? Change of Name and Identity strategies, between Culture of Origin and Migration]" 9880: 4754: 9146: 3653:. During this time Albanian nationalists conceived of Albanians as a European people who under Skanderbeg resisted the Ottoman Turks that later subjugated and cut the Albanians off from Western European civilisation. 9598:Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)] 3677: 8636: 3789: 3498: 4718:, while Qosja contended that Albanian identity was both a blend of Western (Christian) and Eastern (Islam) cultures and often adaptable to historical contexts. In a 2005 speech given in Britain by president 3540: 3490:, which was the main port of disembarkation. Charles claimed rights in Albania, as Manfred's successor, since 1267 when the Treaty of Viterbo was drawn up. During the winter of 1271, the Angevin forces took 6133:, p. 220. "Of the 1,127 mosques in Albania before the communist takeover, only fifty survived that era, most of them dilapidated. As of 1991, only two mosques in Tiranë were fit for use by worshipers." 8409: 4730:" and were "deeply offensive". Following trends dating back from the Communist regime, the post-Communist Albanian political establishment continues to approach Islam as the faith of the Ottoman invader. 4242: 3926: 3809: 3627:, despite preferring to distance themselves from ethnic Turks. This practice has somewhat continued amongst Balkan Christian peoples in contemporary times who still refer to Muslim Albanians as 8420: 4430: 9371: 3532: 4722: 4373: 3615: 5523:, pp. 60–61. "The Greeks too sought to curtail the spread of nationalism amongst the southern Orthodox Albanians, not only in Albania but also in the Albanian colonies in America." 3691: 7200:, pp. 8, 11, 16–17, 25, 30–33, 35–36, 38–41, 43, 46–48, 50, 52–55, 57, 59–63, 65, 67, 69, 71–73, 75, 77, 79–80, 82, 85, 87–89, 91, 96–98, 100–103, 119–121, 128, 131–148, 150–164. 4894:(organizational heirs of the ultra-secularist Communists) when it came to power in 1997. By 1998–99 Albania's OIC membership was suspended and temporarily withdrawn by prime-minister 8153: 4741: 4681: 4072: 8090: 3511: 10486: 8114: 6626: 4342: 4882: 9859: 5957:, p. 120. "The census of 1945 showed that the vast majority of society (72%) were Muslims, 17.2% of the population declared themselves to be Orthodox, and 10% Catholics." 9125: 8609: 4597: 10591: 10373: 4621: 10136: 7830: 7269: 4714:, an Albanian from Kosovo in the mid-2000s. Kadare asserted that Albania's future lay with Europe due to its ancient European roots, Christian traditions, and being a 10618: 4723: 4548:. During the month of Ramadan practicing Sunni Muslims in Albania fast and 5 nights are held sacred and celebrated. These dates change per year as they follow the 4136: 6582: 3593:. As Muslims, many Albanians attained important political and military positions within the Ottoman Empire and culturally contributed to the wider Muslim world. 9737: 7297: 4609: 4406:, for Orthodox Albanians, Catholic Albanians, Greeks, Vlachs and Orthodox Macedonians. Among Muslims in Albania the term used for their religious community is 4254: 3889: 4262:'s family that adorn the interiors of turbes and tekkes. The Bektashis have a few clerical training centres though no schools for religious instruction. The 10979: 5347:: 893. "The memorandum of the Albanian government… The memorandum complains that the Pan-Epirotic Union misnames the Moslem Albanians as "Turco-Albanians"" 3946: 8485: 3978: 10374:"The Albanian Greek-Orthodox Intellectuals: Aspects of their Discourse between Albanian and Greek National Narratives (late 19th - early 20th centuries)" 9221: 4849: 9641: 4585: 10156:"From Southern Italy to Istanbul: Trajectories of Albanian Nationalism in the Writings of Girolamo de Rada and Shemseddin Sami Frashëri, ca. 1848–1903" 10565: 4450:(alms), 44% fasted during Ramadan and 72% expressed a belief in God and Muhammad. The same Pew survey also estimated that 65% of Albanian Muslims are 11004: 4386: 4039: 9291: 5775: 5330:, p. 299. "Instead of the term "Muslim Albanians", nationalist Greek histories use the more known, but pejorative, term "Turkalbanians". 4294: 1770: 530: 6692:, p. 133. "Out of the 60 Bektashi temples (tekke) open before 1967, at the beginning of the 1990s only six were successfully reopened." 7786: 6726: 8150: 7892: 4909: 4823: 4145: 4056: 2793: 1553: 10022: 8945: 8558: 8087: 11366: 10179:"The Religious and Ethnographic Synthesis of the Population of Southern Albania (Northern Epirus) in the Beginning of the 20th Century" 6648: 4922: 4516: 4178: 2890: 1650: 10493: 8111: 4668: 4633: 10913: 10829: 9265: 9169: 3420: 2444: 1204: 4797: 10872: 6532: 4313: 3564: 3519:, who took the place of Musa. On 19 April 1279, Charles I ordered 53 of the best Muslim archers from Lucera to be selected by the 3396: 10598: 9656:"Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania" 9552: 8441: 11055: 11045: 10093:"Resilience at the border: traditional botanical knowledge among Macedonians and Albanians living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania" 5287: 10544: 10317: 1691: 451: 10948: 10385: 9226: 9174: 9151: 7281: 9922: 8742: 4029: 3563:, Prince of Albania, invited the Ottomans to support him in his conflict with Balsha II. Thopia's invitation was accepted and 1932: 692: 10724: 10701: 10680: 10659: 10534: 10475: 10454: 10435: 10414: 10362: 10143: 9716: 9618:"On the Asphalt Path to Divinity: Contemporary Transformations in Albanian Bektashism: The Case of Sari Saltik Teqe in Kruja" 9606: 8643: 8526: 8464: 5137: 2813: 1755: 1573: 515: 8581: 7838: 7234: 6561: 4414: 10882: 10630: 9838: 9478: 8825:"Better than Muslims, Not as Good as Greeks: Emigration as Experienced and Imagined by the Albanian Christians of Lunxhëri" 8702: 8654: 2763: 1523: 9391: 9244: 8286: 9901: 8519: 4934: 4883: 3375: 8514: 8263: 10963: 10862: 9432: 7257: 6766: 4763: 4160: 3536: 1775: 535: 4126: 10325: 10304: 10281: 10260: 10239: 10218: 10167: 10061: 10040: 9990: 9934: 9911: 9890: 9869: 9848: 9752: 9726: 9667: 9585: 9562: 9541: 9517: 9490: 9467: 9444: 9381: 9331: 9310: 9275: 9254: 9233: 9181: 9158: 9135: 8955: 8901: 8880: 8859: 8836: 8813: 8764:"The son of three fathers has no hat on his head. Life and social representations in a Macedonian village of Albania" 8752: 8731: 8710: 8689: 8666: 8593: 8570: 8547: 8474: 8453: 8430: 8369: 8296: 8275: 8252: 7787: 5110: 5073: 5035: 4755: 2259: 1019: 9191: 4328: 11186: 10091: 10051: 9574:"Albanian Immigrants in the Greek City: Spatial 'Invisibility' and Identity Management as a Strategy of Adaptation" 8358:"The Politics of 'Religious Tolerance' in Post-Communist Albania: Ideology, Security and Euro-Atlantic Integration" 9978: 11116: 10999: 8357: 7258: 4935: 4127: 3649:(Rilindja) period were thoughts that Western powers would only favour Christian Balkan states and peoples in the 3077: 2514: 2359: 1274: 1119: 100: 10487: 8242: 12002: 11359: 11050: 8494: 8341:"The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community" 4053: 3302: 3297: 3113: 3082: 2883: 2434: 1643: 1194: 9300: 3582: 10877: 10822: 3920: 2788: 1548: 10572: 10178: 9772: 9455: 8678:"Behind the veil The reform of Islam in Inter-war Albania or the search for a "modern" and "European" Islam" 3415: 11964: 10867: 10852: 10336: 9533: 6346: 4987: 4962: 4321: 4040: 3709: 3602: 2980: 2454: 2294: 1214: 1054: 6752: 11311: 11136: 11040: 8870: 4952: 4879: 4781: 4077: 3872: 3646: 3412: 3233: 3189: 2711: 2529: 1471: 1289: 362: 223: 12007: 11890: 11843: 11161: 9341: 7321:"Albania – Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 13 November 2012 " 5291: 4967: 4891: 4706: 4506: 4451: 4419: 3458: 3047: 2459: 2072: 1790: 1219: 832: 550: 152: 5129: 3855: 3802:) by women in public. A new form of prayer was also implemented (standing, instead of the traditional 11997: 11594: 11352: 11321: 10994: 10933: 9923:"The rise and destruction of Ottoman Architecture in Albania: A brief history focused on the mosques" 8487: 5066: 4354: 3743: 3475: 2876: 2823: 2768: 2758: 2721: 1636: 1583: 1528: 1518: 1481: 8792: 4151: 3454:, 3 670 (0.15%) of other religions, 332,155 (13.82%) believers without denomination, 85,311 (3.55%) 3148: 12012: 11433: 11241: 11236: 10815: 9946:"Between emigration, de-Islamization and the nation-state: Muslim communities in the Balkans today" 9882: 9783: 7309: 6537: 4997: 4819: 4193: 3062: 2907: 2833: 2634: 2629: 2204: 1593: 1394: 1389: 964: 213: 121: 7310: 4873: 4489: 3819: 11560: 11545: 11388: 10958: 10923: 10918: 4977: 4836: 4295: 3554: 3368: 3349: 3287: 3119: 2975: 1895: 655: 10032: 10026: 9509: 6730: 5318:, p. 28."Muslim Albanians have been called "Turkalvanoi" in Greek, and this is pejorative." 4266: 4026: 3823: 11440: 11206: 10928: 10512: 10210: 10203: 9771: 8912: 8891: 8847: 8801: 8763: 8677: 4901: 4832: 4466: 4131: 4098: 3292: 3007: 2803: 2594: 2374: 1830: 1563: 1354: 1134: 590: 208: 10427: 10403:"I am Europe! The meaning of Europe in the discourse of Intellectuals in transitional Albania" 10229: 10155: 9321: 8537: 5127: 5100: 4089: 3623: 11455: 10712: 10691: 10670: 10647: 10524: 10402: 10352: 10292: 10198: 8779: 6347:"1.1.14 Resident population by religious affiliation by Religious affiliation, Type and Year" 5640: 5002: 4982: 4805: 3860: 3260: 3194: 3104: 3012: 2970: 2287: 2254: 2214: 1957: 1947: 1735: 1047: 1014: 974: 717: 707: 495: 9147:""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion" 8824: 8631: 7331: 6656: 4017: 12017: 11954: 11296: 11009: 4992: 4831: 4218: 4123: 3798:(most of the Muslim Albanian population was monogamous) and the mandatory wearing of veil ( 3654: 3307: 3265: 3144: 3072: 3042: 3032: 3027: 3017: 2960: 2808: 2701: 2439: 2369: 2304: 2132: 2127: 2017: 1962: 1835: 1765: 1568: 1461: 1199: 1129: 1064: 892: 887: 777: 722: 595: 525: 218: 10513: 9979:"Counting Muslims: Censuses, Categories, Policies and the Construction of Islam in Europe" 3730: 3250: 8: 11231: 11216: 11101: 10989: 10943: 7298:"‘A Hardliner’s Nightmare’: Religious Tolerance in Europe’s Only Majority-Muslim Country" 4972: 4474: 4287: 4036: 3908: 3734: 3255: 3169: 3067: 3057: 3037: 2997: 2985: 2671: 2624: 2604: 2344: 2264: 2239: 2144: 2117: 2067: 2037: 2027: 1942: 1902: 1875: 1860: 1815: 1750: 1431: 1384: 1364: 1104: 1024: 999: 904: 877: 827: 797: 787: 702: 662: 635: 620: 575: 510: 422: 280: 157: 48: 8466: 7222: 4427: 4278: 4119: 4073: 3871: 1922: 1665: 682: 11929: 11838: 11821: 11764: 11211: 10953: 10119: 10092: 10072: 9965: 9502: 9419: 9358: 9285: 9208: 9095: 9052: 9019: 8986: 8932: 8396: 8327: 6583:"Mosqued objectives:Turkey is sponsoring Islam abroad to extend its prestige and power" 5007: 4915: 4267: 3508: 3479: 3361: 3344: 3331: 3052: 3022: 3002: 2753: 2664: 2599: 2469: 2414: 2384: 2299: 2224: 2219: 2199: 2087: 2077: 1880: 1513: 1424: 1359: 1229: 1174: 1144: 1059: 984: 979: 959: 847: 837: 640: 392: 9837: 9715: 8967:"Islam and Democracy at the Fringes of Europe: The Role of Useful Historical Legacies" 8682: 4843: 4114: 3957: 3667: 11944: 11880: 11833: 11500: 11326: 11281: 11276: 11256: 11121: 11014: 10772: 10720: 10697: 10676: 10655: 10530: 10471: 10450: 10431: 10410: 10358: 10321: 10300: 10277: 10256: 10252: 10235: 10214: 10163: 10124: 10057: 10036: 9986: 9969: 9945: 9930: 9907: 9886: 9865: 9844: 9785: 9722: 9663: 9617: 9602: 9581: 9578: 9558: 9537: 9513: 9486: 9463: 9440: 9423: 9377: 9327: 9306: 9271: 9250: 9229: 9212: 9177: 9154: 9131: 9108: 9099: 9056: 9023: 8990: 8951: 8897: 8876: 8855: 8832: 8809: 8748: 8727: 8706: 8685: 8662: 8639: 8589: 8566: 8543: 8522: 8470: 8449: 8426: 8400: 8365: 8331: 8307: 8292: 8271: 8248: 5133: 5106: 4824: 4664: 4255: 3863: 3742: 3447: 3443: 3216: 3184: 3154: 2798: 2783: 2726: 2686: 2681: 2649: 2519: 2449: 2424: 2399: 2354: 2339: 2309: 2244: 2194: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2052: 1997: 1972: 1805: 1800: 1780: 1745: 1730: 1558: 1543: 1486: 1446: 1441: 1409: 1279: 1209: 1184: 1159: 1114: 1099: 1069: 1004: 954: 934: 929: 924: 812: 757: 732: 565: 560: 540: 505: 490: 427: 412: 290: 142: 10713:"Contradictory Inclinations? The role of 'Europe' in Albanian Nationalist Discourse" 8936: 8632:"God in the 'Land of the Mercedes.' The Religious Communities in Albania since 1990" 4110: 3883: 11949: 11739: 11632: 11555: 11550: 11540: 11423: 11316: 11306: 11261: 11226: 11181: 11176: 11166: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11126: 11111: 11106: 11096: 11091: 11086: 10743: 10553: 10114: 10104: 10009: 9957: 9806: 9703: 9629: 9411: 9350: 9200: 9085: 9077: 9044: 9011: 8978: 8924: 8618: 8584:. In Clarke, Peter; Friedhelm, Hardy; Houlden, Leslie; Sutherland, Stewart (eds.). 8388: 8319: 4927: 4844: 4549: 4229: 4166: 3868: 3754: 3609: 3515:, in 1275. In September of that year, Ibrahim became the captain of the Muslims of 3238: 3228: 3124: 3097: 2848: 2746: 2716: 2706: 2654: 2614: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2464: 2404: 2379: 2364: 2319: 2269: 2179: 2154: 2032: 2022: 1982: 1952: 1937: 1917: 1907: 1890: 1885: 1850: 1845: 1795: 1740: 1715: 1683: 1608: 1506: 1476: 1466: 1414: 1374: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1284: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1224: 1164: 1139: 1124: 1079: 1029: 939: 914: 792: 782: 742: 712: 697: 677: 667: 650: 645: 610: 605: 555: 500: 475: 443: 417: 397: 382: 377: 372: 367: 357: 352: 347: 326: 321: 316: 233: 198: 193: 183: 10557: 9081: 9048: 9015: 4290: 4247: 2934: 11811: 11724: 11714: 11709: 11657: 11637: 11565: 11428: 11301: 11291: 11271: 11266: 11251: 11246: 11201: 11196: 11171: 11156: 11131: 11030: 10938: 10838: 10465: 10425: 10315: 10271: 10250: 9961: 9655: 9596: 9415: 9204: 8157: 8118: 8094: 4853: 4840: 4820: 4443: 4439: 4317: 4059: 3917: 3633: 3576: 3427:, as with all other faiths in the country, underwent radical changes. Decades of 3199: 3129: 2843: 2696: 2676: 2659: 2644: 2639: 2619: 2589: 2584: 2559: 2549: 2482: 2419: 2409: 2389: 2329: 2324: 2314: 2249: 2234: 2139: 2112: 2102: 2062: 2047: 2042: 1992: 1987: 1927: 1865: 1825: 1720: 1708: 1603: 1456: 1436: 1419: 1404: 1399: 1379: 1349: 1344: 1319: 1309: 1242: 1179: 1169: 1149: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1009: 994: 899: 872: 862: 822: 807: 802: 752: 747: 687: 625: 585: 480: 468: 407: 402: 387: 259: 228: 203: 188: 162: 147: 74: 53: 25: 10526: 10000: 8323: 7803: 4457: 11924: 11917: 11900: 11782: 11744: 11647: 11622: 11535: 11505: 11488: 11465: 11401: 11331: 11286: 11221: 11191: 11065: 11035: 9981:. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). 9840: 9481:. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). 9458:. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). 9435:. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). 5096: 4957: 4919: 4914: 4870: 4865: 4214: 3979: 3832: 3759: 3671: 3451: 3439: 3416: 3408: 3174: 3139: 3134: 2838: 2828: 2818: 2731: 2691: 2609: 2579: 2394: 2334: 2274: 2229: 2209: 2184: 2159: 2122: 2107: 2082: 2057: 1967: 1912: 1855: 1840: 1820: 1810: 1785: 1725: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1491: 1451: 1369: 1339: 1154: 1094: 1034: 989: 969: 944: 919: 882: 867: 842: 817: 727: 672: 615: 600: 580: 570: 545: 485: 295: 285: 254: 10747: 10297: 10013: 9811: 9794: 9707: 8982: 8928: 7989: 7320: 4726: 4693: 4094: 3687: 3679: 3280: 11991: 11907: 11885: 11704: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11652: 11642: 11577: 11450: 11413: 9633: 9354: 8848:"Religion on the Border: sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania" 8622: 8392: 5779: 4760: 4747: 4742: 4719: 4707: 4700: 4576: 4545: 4329: 3962: 3899: 3726: 3692: 3663: 3642: 3537: 3428: 3245: 3223: 3179: 2778: 2773: 2429: 2349: 2189: 2149: 2097: 2092: 2010: 1977: 1870: 1760: 1538: 1533: 1189: 1109: 949: 909: 857: 852: 770: 737: 630: 520: 10109: 9903: 9576:. In Vermeulen, Hans; Baldwin-Edwards, Martin; Van Boeschoten, Riki (eds.). 9373: 8852: 6770: 4567:) on 22 March is an official holiday that celebrates the birth of Imam Ali. 3749: 3589: 11976: 11969: 11749: 11734: 11719: 11627: 11612: 11572: 11525: 11493: 11473: 11060: 10128: 9402: 8515:"Involvement of Central European states in the military operations of NATO" 4890: 4887: 4777: 4727: 4715: 4711: 4572: 4486: 4090: 4049: 4045: 3987: 3931: 3659: 3109: 2866: 1626: 9033:"State-organised Religion and Muslims' Commitment to Democracy in Albania" 2923: 11754: 11674: 11667: 11617: 11584: 10984: 10892: 10293:"A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system" 8539: 4676: 4540: 4522: 4299: 3950: 3942: 3927: 3876: 3715: 3560: 3435: 1669: 10798: 10073:"Turkish interests and involvement in the Western Balkans: A score-card" 8872: 8521:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 105–118. 5086: 4339: 11939: 11912: 11772: 11699: 11607: 10897: 10857: 10467: 8827:. In King, Russell; Mai, Nicola; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.). 7270: 4895: 4689:, which has placed the secular part of Albanian identity under strain. 3966: 3844: 3826: 3683: 3638: 3520: 3324: 3159: 18: 10734: 10717: 9927: 9362: 9090: 9066:"Albanian-style laïcité: A Model for a Multi-religious European Home?" 4170: 1676: 11895: 11790: 11510: 11396: 9678: 7833:[Why is the Orthodox Church against "homosexual" marriage?]. 4263: 3836: 3791: 3674: 3596: 3504: 3400: 2965: 2915: 11850: 11344: 10273: 10160: 10090: 9821: 9573: 8604: 6908: 4835: 4787: 4200: 4185: 3983: 3714: 3571:(modern-day Macedonia)A combined Ottoman-Albanian army defeated the 3528: 3524: 3516: 3491: 11875: 11662: 11483: 11408: 10887: 10028: 9714: 9065: 9032: 8999: 8966: 8700: 8422: 7642: 4490: 4435: 4259: 3795: 3794: 3487: 1673: 10807: 9554: 9000:"Islam in the post-Communist Balkans: Alternative pathways to God" 8804:. In Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (eds.). 4234: 3971: 11934: 11870: 11828: 11729: 11679: 11602: 11515: 11478: 4801: 4772: 4733: 4527: 4008: 3884: 3827: 3471: 3455: 3392: 3319: 2947: 1697: 457: 7831:"Përse Kisha Orthodhokse është kundër martesave "homoseksuale"?" 5279:, p. 342."After 1856, and especially after 1878, the terms 4696: 11959: 11530: 11520: 11445: 9822:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 6627:"Turkey's mosque project in Albania on schedule, says engineer" 4940: 4813: 4563: 4553: 4465:, France, in a demonstration for interfaith harmony, after the 4291: 3975: 3958: 3815: 3810: 3782: 3763: 3495: 3483: 3164: 2954: 9929:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–207. 9127: 8362: 8340: 4860: 4469:. From left to right: Sunni, Orthodox, Bektashi, and Catholic. 11816: 11806: 11418: 10590: 10231: 8610: 8151: 7366: 7354: 7342: 5031: 4650: 4500: 4462: 4447: 4349: 3991: 3939: 3840: 3803: 3799: 3590: 3583: 3568: 3542: 3512: 3434: 3424: 3404: 3388: 10771: 10409:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 63–74. 9861: 8288: 4603: 10790: 10780: 9836: 8605:"Muslim Identity in the Balkans in the Post-Ottoman Period" 7976: 4910: 4828: 3954: 3722: 3572: 3533: 3500: 9795:"Introduction: Identity, confessionalism, and nationalism" 9658:. In King, Russell; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.). 8659: 8308:"The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism" 6649:"Namazgja mosque, Berisha: The denied right was made just" 5032:"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center" 10652: 9770: 9738:"Observations on the existing Ottoman mosques in Albania" 8869: 8411: 7348: 7332: 4243: 3750: 8831:. Brighton-Portland: Sussex Academic. pp. 173–194. 8244: 6848: 6836: 4905:(KLA) as interested in creating a Balkan Islamic state. 3442:; the remaining population consisted of 201,530 (8.38%) 10789: 10763: 10205: 9267: 9246: 8802:"Culture and the Reinvention of Myths in a Border Area" 8634:. In Jordan, Peter; Kaser, Karl; Lukan, Walter (eds.). 8379: 7893:"Albania Faces 'Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows' Threat" 6812: 3548: 10762: 10518:(Report). European Council on Foreign Relations. 2015. 10447: 9305:. London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press. 8893: 8022: 8020: 8018: 7360: 7336: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6317: 6315: 6238: 6236: 6234: 4677: 4557: 3645:. Another factor overlaying these concerns during the 3474: 10792: 10774: 8868: 8565:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 437–446. 8517:. In Czechowska, Lucyn; Olszewski, Krzysztof (eds.). 8448:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 475–516. 8088: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6824: 6818: 5669: 4418: 4380: 10654:. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 49–70. 10158:. In Maurizio, Isabella; Zanou, Konstantina (eds.). 7282:"Pope Francis Praises Albania’s Religious Tolerance" 6993: 6991: 6067: 6065: 5102: 4461: 3998: 10597:(Report). Pew Research Center. 2013. Archived from 10592: 10571:(Report). Pew Research Center. 2012. Archived from 10492:(Report). Cologne: Universität Köln. Archived from 9222:"Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)" 9170:"Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania" 9153:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. 8638:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 277–314. 8133: 8131: 8015: 7058: 7056: 6433: 6312: 6231: 3890: 10202: 10031:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.  9501: 9397:(Report). Institute for Economics and Peace. 2015. 8493:(Ph.D.). University of Nova Gorica. Archived from 8068: 7960: 7958: 7943: 7919: 7890: 7499: 7497: 7397: 7395: 7003: 4135:International Cooperation and Development Agency ( 3597:National Awakening (19th and early 20th centuries) 9826:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 9508:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.  9228:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. 7648: 7636: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7239: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 6988: 6785: 6671: 6062: 4788:Religious establishment views of Islam in Albania 4639:Banner hailing fasting month of Ramadan, Shkodër. 3482:was made possible in part by Muslim involvement. 11989: 10405:. In Beshku, Klodiana; Malltezi, Orinda (eds.). 9906:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 9390: 8194: 8128: 7878: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7526: 7524: 7203: 7053: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6919: 6917: 6562:"Erdogan Takes War on Gulen Movement to Albania" 6141: 6139: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 5759: 5757: 5049: 5047: 5045: 4930:conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a 10689: 10337:"Islamophobia in Albania. National Report 2016" 9819: 8947:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo 8462: 8264:"Islamophobia in Albania. National report 2015" 8026: 7955: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7713: 7711: 7580: 7568: 7509: 7494: 7191: 7173: 7009: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6934: 6932: 6515: 6513: 6385: 6242: 6071: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5594: 5526: 5439: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5321: 5257: 5255: 5253: 4644: 4575:to commemorate and celebrate the Shi'ite saint 4306: 4044:this time mainly from northern Albania such as 3729:on the first anniversary of the session of the 3545:castle, and were repulsed by Byzantine forces. 3486:is located only about 240 km northwest of 10715:. In Sanghera, Balihar; Amsler, Sarah (eds.). 10070: 8917:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 8913:"A Political History of Bektashism in Albania" 8200: 8137: 8080: 7872: 7626: 7624: 7536: 7470: 7372: 7032: 6559: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6263: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5555: 5553: 5516: 5514: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 11360: 10823: 10522: 9735: 9662:. Brighton: Sussex Academic. pp. 64–92. 9302:The Spread of Islam: The Contributing Factors 9242: 8655:"Saints and Sufi's in post-Communist Albania" 8603:Clayer, Nathalie; Popovic, Alexandre (1997). 8602: 8439: 8044: 7592: 7558: 7556: 7521: 7482: 7412: 7410: 7085: 7083: 7015: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6914: 6877: 6875: 6707: 6683: 6677: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6519: 6456: 6391: 6321: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6136: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5814: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5686: 5684: 5606: 5499: 5477: 5475: 5445: 5415: 5339:League of Nations (October 1921). "Albania". 5180: 5178: 5176: 5151: 5149: 5042: 3369: 2884: 1644: 10710: 10693:The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans 10314:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). 10290: 10153: 10025:. In Dawisha, Karen; Parrott, Bruce (eds.). 9857: 9781: 9694:Lederer, Gyorgy (1994). "Islam in Albania". 9622:Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 9063: 8875:. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications. 8206: 8003: 7853: 7752: 7723: 7708: 7547: 7245: 7235:"Tolerance tek Shqiptaret: Mit Apo Realitet" 6971: 6929: 6904: 6902: 6577: 6575: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6112: 6011: 5984: 5948: 5927: 5882: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5696: 5487: 5403: 5397: 5374: 5327: 5315: 5309: 5272: 5270: 5250: 5214: 4814:Conservative Islam and Muslim fundamentalism 10463: 10444: 10423: 10135: 10023:"The process of democratization in Albania" 8997: 8355: 8182: 8074: 8032: 7970: 7964: 7949: 7925: 7907: 7767: 7684: 7672: 7621: 7586: 7574: 7515: 7434: 7143: 7131: 6965: 6923: 6893: 6866: 6802: 6800: 6791: 6462: 6416: 6397: 6327: 6287: 6253: 6251: 6077: 5960: 5915: 5894: 5848: 5846: 5618: 5577: 5550: 5538: 5511: 5451: 5427: 5238: 5226: 5202: 4861:Islam and Albanian geopolitical orientation 4130:has funded and started construction of the 4113:based on Muslim values of Turkish preacher 3478:expansion into Albania during the reign of 11367: 11353: 10830: 10816: 10690:Vickers, Miranda; Pettifer, James (2007). 10650:. In Rubin, Barry; Kirişci, Kemal (eds.). 10511: 10400: 10342:. In Bayraklı, Enes; Hafez, Farid (eds.). 10269: 10196: 10049: 9925:. In Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (eds.). 9820:Miller, Duane; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). 9745:ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture 9615: 9290:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9070:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 8744:The changing geopolitics of Eastern Europe 8740: 8338: 8266:. In Bayraklı, Enes; Hafez, Farid (eds.). 8050: 7931: 7609: 7553: 7503: 7476: 7446: 7440: 7422: 7407: 7179: 7119: 7080: 7047: 6944: 6887: 6872: 6860: 6613: 6602: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6206: 6151: 5826: 5820: 5733: 5721: 5681: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5493: 5472: 5299: 5297: 5173: 5146: 5119: 5089: 5059: 4627:Pilgrims at Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr. 4501:Religious observances, customs and culture 4350:Ethno-cultural Albanian identity and Islam 3850: 3376: 3362: 2891: 2877: 1651: 1637: 10914:Reception of Islam in early modern Europe 10523:Takeyh, Ray; Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2004). 10371: 10357:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10320:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10118: 10108: 10097:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9878: 9864:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 9810: 9653: 9594: 9580:. Cham: Springer Open. pp. 123–142. 9089: 8943: 8845: 8822: 8808:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 8799: 8705:. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. 8698: 8684:. New York: Routledge. pp. 231–251. 8556: 8172: 8170: 8101:. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2015. 8056: 8009: 7696: 7660: 7167: 7149: 7107: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7026: 6982: 6899: 6695: 6689: 6572: 6493: 6118: 6050: 6044: 6005: 5954: 5942: 5785: 5600: 5544: 5505: 5466: 5421: 5267: 5220: 5208: 5190: 5161: 4591:Sufi tyrbe within citadel of Gjirokastër. 4067: 4063:Distribution of Muslims in Albania (2011) 3963:the faith of the Albanians is Albanianism 10781:Official Homepage of Bedër University – 10648:"The Balkans: Turkey's Stabilizing role" 10566:The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity 10564: 10546:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 10407:Albania and Europe in a Political Regard 10313: 10154:Puto, Artan; Maurizio, Isabella (2015). 9950:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 9640: 9499: 9263: 9243:Esposito, John; Yavuz, M. Hakan (2003). 9190: 9167: 9144: 9030: 9004:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 8964: 8719: 8463:Bogdani, Mirela; Loughlin, John (2007). 8240: 8112:Albanian awakening: The worm has turned! 7884: 7866: 7761: 7746: 7734: 7717: 7654: 7603: 7458: 7209: 7197: 7155: 6797: 6619: 6487: 6427: 6333: 6269: 6248: 6124: 6100: 5966: 5921: 5843: 5630: 5433: 5385: 5167: 5126:Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). 5053: 4864: 4732: 4695: 4456: 4353: 4277: 4228: 4207: 4093: 4058: 3854: 3753: 3721: 1664: 17: 11056:Hijab and burka controversies in Europe 11046:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe 10711:Welton, George; Brisku, Adrian (2007). 10668: 10484: 10350: 10299:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 13–30. 10071:Petrović, Žarko; Reljić, Dušan (2011). 9983:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 6 9792: 9736:Manahasa, Edmond; Kolay, Aktuğ (2015). 9693: 9571: 9550: 9483:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 6 9476: 9460:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 5 9453: 9437:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 4 9430: 9369: 9319: 9249:. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 8998:Elbasani, Arolda; Roy, Olivier (2015). 8889: 8761: 8675: 8588:. London: Routledge. pp. 498–519. 8512: 8218: 8164:. 14 Mars 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. 8038: 7773: 7615: 7464: 7452: 7416: 7401: 7185: 7161: 7125: 7089: 6997: 6881: 6755:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 6504: 6475: 6410: 6364: 6306: 6145: 5909: 5888: 5808: 5763: 5715: 5690: 5646: 5624: 5612: 5588: 5565: 5559: 5532: 5520: 5481: 5409: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5294: 5261: 5244: 5232: 5196: 5184: 5155: 5125: 5095: 11990: 10949:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina 10334: 10176: 10142:(Report). INSTAT. 2012. Archived from 9899: 9676: 9529: 9401: 9298: 9176:. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 37–52. 9064:Elbasani, Arolda; Puto, Artan (2017). 8741:Dawson, Andrew H.; Fawn, Rick (2002). 8723:The Balkans since the Second World War 8652: 8629: 8535: 8378: 8305: 8284: 8261: 8224: 8212: 8188: 8167: 8104: 8062: 7937: 7913: 7793:. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016. 7702: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7630: 7562: 7530: 7488: 7137: 7095: 6953: 6845:, pp. xxi–xxii, xxv, xxvii–xxxxi. 6713: 6701: 6257: 6225: 6200: 6056: 5837: 5796: 5748: 5727: 5675: 5636: 5276: 4473:Despite occasional issues, Albania's " 3567:brought his forces from the region of 3421:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 3413:Albanian National Awakening (Rilindja) 11374: 11348: 10811: 10777:(Albanian, Turkish, Bosnian, English) 10733: 10719:. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 87–110. 10645: 10619:"The Resurfacing of Islam in Albania" 10543: 10464:Steinke, Klaus; Ylli, Xhelal (2013). 10445:Steinke, Klaus; Ylli, Xhelal (2010). 10424:Steinke, Klaus; Ylli, Xhelal (2008). 10248: 10227: 9999: 9976: 9943: 9920: 9123: 9106: 8806:Albanian Identities. Myth and History 8762:De Rapper, Gilles (14–16 June 2001). 8661:. London: Routledge. pp. 33–42. 8579: 8446:The Oxford Handbook of European Islam 8418: 8407: 8176: 7428: 7268:Schwartz, Stephen. 28 November 2012. 7113: 6938: 6806: 6753:"Table: Muslim Population by Country" 6281: 6275: 6130: 6106: 6094: 5876: 5864: 5858: 5663: 5368: 3718:(1912–13) and World War One (1914–18) 10883:Medieval Christian views on Muhammad 10804:(Albanian, Turkish, Arabic, English) 10616: 10020: 9777:(Report). Pew Research Center. 2015. 9340: 9219: 9193:Islam and Christian Muslim Relations 8910: 8440:Blumi, Isa; Krasniqi, Gëzim (2014). 7891:Aleksandra Bogdani (18 March 2016). 7828: 6533:"Islamic university opens in Tirana" 6379: 5978: 5972: 5852: 5571: 5303: 5067:"Population and Housing Census 2023" 4258:and other revered Muslim figures of 3549:Ottoman Period (14th–18th centuries) 3419:policy, most aggressively under the 10837: 9551:King, Russell; Mai, Nicola (2008). 9536:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8483: 8345:European Journal of Turkish Studies 7804:"Albania 'to approve gay marriage'" 7280:Likmeta, Besir. 22 September 2014. 7221:Hamiti, Xhabir. 30 September 2009. 7101: 6855:De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005 6843:De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005 6831:De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005 6819:De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005 5341:League of Nations –Official Journal 4884:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 4710:of Gjirokastër and literary critic 4420:socio-political and economic crisis 31:by percentage of country population 13: 10964:Orientalism in early modern France 10529:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing. 10137:Population and Housing Census 2011 10053:A History of the Balkans 1804–1945 9843:. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. 9721:. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. 8270:. Istanbul: SETA. pp. 11–19. 4852:by joining various fundamentalist 4526:) celebrated at the conclusion of 4381:Islam and Interreligious relations 14: 12029: 10783:Universiteti Bedër (Hëna e Plotë) 10756: 10346:. Istanbul: SETA. pp. 11–27. 10344:European Islamophobia Report 2016 10255:. Durham: Duke University Press. 10234:. Durham: Duke University Press. 10162:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 9485:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–34. 9462:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 21–36. 9224:. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). 9172:. In Hartmuth, Maximilian (ed.). 9149:. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). 9109:"The Christian Saints of Albania" 8854:. Istanbul: Istanbul ISIS Press. 8563:Global religions: An introduction 8268:European Islamophobia Report 2015 5678:, pp. 263–264, 272, 280–281. 4766: 4425:Interreligious Council of Albania 3999:Republic of Albania (1992 onward) 3867:On 7 April 1939, Italy headed by 10765:Komuniteti Mysliman i Shqipërisë 10736:Journal of Contemporary Religion 9985:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–18. 9900:Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993). 9782:Megalommatis, M. Cosmas (1994). 9439:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–16. 8657:. In Kisaichi, Masatoshi (ed.). 8561:. In Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.). 8425:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 8143: 7982: 7822: 7796: 7779: 7325: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7274: 7262: 7251: 7233:Halili, Nijazi. 7 January 2017. 7227: 7215: 6833:, pp. 9–10, 18–19, 115–132. 6759: 6745: 6719: 4671: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4192: 4177: 4159: 4144: 4016: 4007: 3907: 3898: 2922: 2860: 2445:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1771:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1690: 1620: 1205:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 531:Democratic Republic of the Congo 450: 11005:Nazi Germany and the Arab world 11000:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 10672:The Albanians: a modern history 10354:The Albanian national awakening 10209:. Berlin: Peter Lang. pp.  9858:Nikolopoulou, Kalliopi (2013). 9326:. London: Hurst & Company. 9130:. London: Hurst & Company. 8950:. London: Hurst & Company. 8850:. In Valtchinova, Galia (ed.). 8110:Tabak, Hüsrev (3 March 2013). " 7308:Melady, Thomas Patrick (2010). 7296:Tanner, Marcus. 31 March 2015. 7223:Toleranca fetare dhe shqiptarët 6655:. 20 April 2013. Archived from 6641: 6553: 6525: 6339: 5870: 5769: 5333: 4552:. In recent times during April 4467:Charlie Hebdo attacks from 2015 4396:muhamedan/followers of Muhammad 4320:and those who self identify as 4273: 4101:under construction, August 2018 3703: 3466: 11051:Religion in the European Union 10799:The Muslim Forum of Albania – 10470:. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. 10449:. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. 10430:. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. 10291:Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014). 10201:. In Petricioli, Marta (ed.). 9320:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). 8944:Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). 8680:. In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.). 8582:"Islam in contemporary Europe" 8364:. Springer. pp. 140–160. 6560:Likmeta, Besar (14 May 2015). 5080: 5034:. 10 July 2024. Archived from 5024: 4615:Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr. 4392:tourko-alvanoi/Turco-Albanians 3303:Albanian Greek-Catholic Church 1: 10878:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture 10558:10.1080/14683857.2015.1091182 9654:Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). 9082:10.1080/19448953.2016.1201994 9049:10.1080/09668136.2015.1136596 9016:10.1080/14683857.2015.1050273 8720:Crampton, Richard J. (2014). 8484:Bon, Nataša Gregorič (2008). 8444:. In Cesari, Jocelyne (ed.). 7990:"Official website of the OIC" 5013: 4918:. Albania is an aspirant for 4534:(Bayram of the sacrifice) or 4224: 11965:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 10868:Transmission of the Classics 10801:Forumi Musliman i Shqipërisë 10629:(4): 533–549. Archived from 10295:. In Pichler, Robert (ed.). 10270:Saltmarshe, Douglas (2001). 10197:Ragionieri, Rodolfo (2008). 9962:10.1080/14683857.2011.587249 9879:Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). 9557:. New York: Berghahn Books. 9416:10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.05.002 9205:10.1080/09596410.2014.961765 8747:. London: Psychology Press. 8542:. New York: Berghahn Books. 8339:Baltsiotis, Lambros (2011). 6792:Albanian Census (2011). 2012 5018: 4988:Roman Catholicism in Albania 4963:Bektashism and folk religion 4645:Food, dress, law and burials 4307:Ethno-linguistic composition 3710:Islam in Albania (1913-1944) 3603:Islam in Albania (1800-1912) 7: 10795:(Albanian, Arabic, English) 10768:(Albanian, Arabic, English) 10199:"Mediterranean Geopolitics" 10050:Pavlowitch, Stevan (2014). 9595:Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003). 9572:Kokkali, Ifigeneia (2015). 9392:Global Terrorism Index 2015 9270:. Oxford University Press. 8766:. University College London 8699:Czekalski, Tadeusz (2013). 8513:Borodij, Sebastian (2012). 8360:. In Pace, Michelle (ed.). 8356:Barbullushi, Odeta (2010). 8324:10.1080/0090599042000230250 8027:Bogdani & Loughlin 2007 7879:Global Terrorism Index 2015 7829:Çako, Miron (17 May 2016). 7174:Miller & Johnstone 2015 7010:Bogdani & Loughlin 2007 6243:Vickers & Pettifer 2007 6072:Bogdani & Loughlin 2007 4953:Muslim Community of Albania 4946: 4782:2016 Balkans terrorism plot 4511: 4481:) and "religious harmony" ( 4078:Muslim Community of Albania 4041:communist regime collapsing 3647:Albanian National Awakening 3538:Hugues le Rousseau de Sully 10: 12034: 10485:Stoppel, Wolfgang (2001). 9751:(2): 69–81. Archived from 9660:The new Albanian migration 9616:Kołczyńska, Marta (2013). 9524:Enver Hoxha shehu Muslims. 9500:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 9299:Ezzati, Abul-Fazl (2002). 9264:Esposito, John L. (2004). 9168:Endresen, Cecilie (2011). 9145:Endresen, Cecilie (2010). 8890:De Waal, Clarissa (2005). 8846:De Rapper, Gilles (2010). 8829:The New Albanian Migration 8823:De Rapper, Gilles (2005). 8800:De Rapper, Gilles (2002). 8676:Clayer, Nathalie (2014a). 8233: 8201:Petrović & Reljić 2011 8156:September 3, 2015, at the 8138:Petrović & Reljić 2011 6614:Return to Instability 2015 5132:. Routledge. p. 159. 4968:History of Ottoman Albania 4507:Public holidays in Albania 4504: 4452:non-denominational Muslims 3938:and clergy such as Muslim 3887: 3818:moved to Tiranë to escape 3785:decided to deliberate and 3758:World Headquarters of the 3707: 3600: 3552: 3461: 11863: 11799: 11781: 11763: 11593: 11464: 11387: 11380: 11074: 11023: 10972: 10906: 10845: 10748:10.1080/13537909908580849 10669:Vickers, Miranda (2011). 10401:Sulstarova, Enis (2013). 10372:Skoulidas, Elias (2013). 10014:10.1080/02634939008400712 9812:10.1080/00905990050002425 9708:10.1080/02634939408400866 9677:Kretsi, Georgina (2005). 9404:The History of the Family 9323:Albania at war, 1939–1945 9031:Elbasani, Arolda (2016). 8983:10.1017/s1755048315000012 8965:Elbasani, Arolda (2015). 8929:10.1080/14690760500477919 8653:Clayer, Nathalie (2007). 8630:Clayer, Nathalie (2003). 8557:Buturovic, Amila (2006). 8140:, pp. 162, 166, 169. 8125:. Retrieved 17 July 2015. 8093:October 31, 2015, at the 7431:, pp. 46, 50, 52–53. 6821:, pp. xx, xxiii–xxv. 6678:Manahasa & Kolay 2015 6520:Esposito & Yavuz 2003 6457:Blumi & Krasniqi 2014 6392:Clayer & Popovic 1997 6322:Blumi & Krasniqi 2014 5446:Takeyh & Gvosdev 2004 4793:while Islam is viewed as 4771:The school curriculum of 4665:religious Muslim marriage 4404:kaur i derit/infidel pigs 4250:who was made an honorary 2935:Geographical distribution 10351:Skendi, Stavro (1967a). 10177:Psomas, Lambros (2008). 9718:Greece's new geopolitics 9634:10.3167/ajec.2013.220204 9370:Gawrych, George (2006). 9355:10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.196 8623:10.1215/1089201x-17-1-17 8393:10.1215/10474552-2141908 8285:Akhtar, Shabbir (2010). 8262:Ajdini, Juliana (2016). 7657:, pp. 57–58, 69–71. 7367:The World’s Muslims 2013 7355:The World’s Muslims 2013 7343:The World’s Muslims 2013 7246:Elbasani & Puto 2017 7210:The World’s Muslims 2012 7198:The World’s Muslims 2012 7000:, pp. 129, 134–135. 6767:"GALLUP WorldView Login" 6538:Southeast European Times 6351:Instituti i Statistikave 5535:, pp. 175–176, 179. 5398:Puto & Maurizio 2015 4998:Protestantism in Albania 3930:(1908–1985), his deputy 2814:Northern Mariana Islands 1756:Central African Republic 1574:Northern Mariana Islands 516:Central African Republic 10959:Islamization of Albania 10924:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 10919:Protestantism and Islam 10863:Islam in southern Italy 10623:East European Quarterly 10335:Sinani, Besnik (2017). 10249:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 10228:Ramet, Sabrina (1989). 10110:10.1186/1746-4269-10-31 10056:. New York: Routledge. 10021:Pano, Nicholas (1997). 9793:Mentzel, Peter (2000). 8536:Brisku, Adrian (2013). 8408:Boehm, Eric H. (1994). 8381:Mediterranean Quarterly 8291:. New York: Routledge. 8247:. New York: NYU Press. 8241:Abrahams, Fred (2015). 7516:Elbasani & Roy 2015 6966:Steinke & Ylli 2013 6924:Steinke & Ylli 2013 6894:Steinke & Ylli 2008 6867:Steinke & Ylli 2010 5074:Instituti i Statistikës 4978:Christianity in Albania 4837:international community 4724:Muslim Forum of Albania 4054:religion from the state 3851:World War Two (1939–45) 3735:Independence of Albania 3555:Islamization of Albania 3403:over time converted to 3350:Origin of the Albanians 2764:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1524:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11117:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10980:Islam in the Far North 10929:Ottoman wars in Europe 10617:Trix, Frances (1994). 10276:. Aldershot: Ashgate. 9885:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. 9530:Karpat, Kemal (2001). 9504:History of the Balkans 9477:Jazexhi, Olsi (2014). 9454:Jazexhi, Olsi (2013). 9431:Jazexhi, Olsi (2012). 9124:Elsie, Robert (2001). 9107:Elsie, Robert (2000). 8896:. London: IB. Tauris. 8787:Cite journal requires 8726:. Hoboken: Routledge. 8306:Babuna, Aydin (2004). 8117:July 17, 2015, at the 7477:Dawson & Fawn 2002 6629:. Hurriyet. March 2016 5105:. BRILL. p. 556. 4902:Kosovo Liberation Army 4874: 4738: 4703: 4687:Muslim fundamentalists 4470: 4398:for Muslim Albanians, 4360: 4283: 4238: 4152:Great Mosque of Durrës 4132:Great Mosque of Tiranë 4102: 4099:Great Mosque of Tiranë 4068:Revival of Sunni Islam 4064: 3864: 3767: 3738: 3423:. Due to this policy, 2515:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1677: 1275:Bosnia and Herzegovina 437: 101:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12003:Shia Islam in Albania 10934:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 10873:Cultural transmission 10696:. London: IB Tauris. 10675:. London: IB Tauris. 10646:Uzgel, Ilhan (2001). 9977:Öktem, Kerem (2014). 9944:Öktem, Kerem (2011). 9921:Nurja, Ermal (2012). 9376:. London: IB Tauris. 9220:Ergo, Dritan (2010). 8971:Politics and Religion 8911:Doja, Albert (2006). 8586:The World's Religions 8580:Clark, Peter (1988). 8469:. London: IB Tauris. 7404:, pp. 27–29, 34. 7140:. para: 2, 23, 31–33. 5003:Irreligion in Albania 4983:Secularism in Albania 4868: 4833:Muslim fundamentalism 4736: 4699: 4550:Muslim lunar calendar 4460: 4357: 4281: 4232: 4208:Revival of Sufi Islam 4097: 4062: 3953:'s late 19th century 3861:Sulejman Pasha Mosque 3858: 3757: 3733:which proclaimed the 3725: 3651:anti Ottoman struggle 3438:and 115,644 (4.81%)) 3399:when the majority of 3298:Italo-Albanian Church 3114:Traditional tattooing 2435:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1933:São Tomé and Príncipe 1776:Republic of the Congo 1668: 1195:Saint Kitts and Nevis 693:São Tomé and Príncipe 536:Republic of the Congo 21: 11010:Islam and secularism 10853:Conquest of Hispania 10388:on 23 September 2019 10149:on 14 November 2014. 10002:Central Asian Survey 9799:Nationalities Papers 9788:. Cyprus Foundation. 9696:Central Asian Survey 9343:American Ethnologist 8312:Nationalities Papers 8077:, pp. 152, 154. 7357:, pp. 114, 116. 5891:, pp. 5, 21–25. 5434:Shaw & Shaw 1977 4993:Orthodoxy in Albania 4124:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 3655:Albanian nationalism 3527:. Ibrahim served in 3411:rule. Following the 2260:United Arab Emirates 1696:World percentage of 1020:United Arab Emirates 456:World percentage of 11024:Contemporary issues 10990:Islam and modernity 10944:Barbary slave trade 10786:(Albanian, English) 9601:. Athens: EIE-ΚΝΕ. 9037:Europe-Asia Studies 8419:Blumi, Isa (2011). 8227:, pp. 101–103. 7977:Mueller et al. 2006 7952:, pp. 149–150. 7928:, pp. 148–150. 7749:, pp. 241–242. 7533:, pp. 184–186. 7491:, pp. 181–183. 7162:King & Mai 2008 6909:Pieroni et al. 2014 6716:, pp. 162–176. 6616:, pp. 5, 9–11. 6490:, pp. 342–345. 6459:, pp. 480–482. 6324:, pp. 501–502. 6272:, pp. 253–267. 6148:, pp. 346–348. 6097:, pp. 204–205. 5811:, pp. 234–247. 5766:, pp. 108–109. 5718:, pp. 231–233. 5615:, pp. 197–200. 5603:, pp. 162–163. 5412:, pp. 181–189. 5056:, pp. 347–353. 4973:Religion in Albania 4554:Muhammad's birthday 4544:) celebrated on 10 4475:religious tolerance 4288:Pew Research Center 2455:Trinidad and Tobago 2295:Antigua and Barbuda 1215:Trinidad and Tobago 1055:Antigua and Barbuda 11844:in the Netherlands 11434:in the Netherlands 10954:Russo-Turkish wars 10604:on 30 October 2014 10578:on 26 January 2017 8442:"Albanians' Islam" 8215:, pp. 99–101. 7643:Lesser et al. 2001 6773:on 19 October 2013 6680:, pp. 70, 79. 6653:Albanian Screen TV 5264:, pp. 86–105. 5008:Judaism in Albania 4875: 4825:same-sex marriages 4739: 4704: 4471: 4361: 4284: 4268:Bejtyl Evel Mosque 4239: 4103: 4065: 3865: 3768: 3739: 3509:Charles I of Anjou 3446:, 173,645 (7.22%) 3395:mainly during the 3345:History of Albania 2360:Dominican Republic 1678: 1120:Dominican Republic 438: 12008:Sufism in Albania 11985: 11984: 11945:Megleno-Romanians 11859: 11858: 11375:Muslims in Europe 11342: 11341: 11041:Islamic terrorism 11015:Islamic democracy 10995:Islam in the USSR 10726:978-3-03910-329-4 10703:978-1-86064-974-5 10682:978-0-85773-655-0 10661:978-1-55587-954-9 10536:978-0-275-97628-6 10477:978-3-86688-363-5 10456:978-3-86688-112-9 10437:978-3-86688-035-1 10416:978-1-4438-5260-9 10364:978-1-4008-4776-1 9758:on 5 October 2018 9608:978-960-7916-11-2 8645:978-3-631-39416-8 8528:978-1-4438-4254-9 8191:, pp. 97–99. 8179:, pp. 54–56. 7916:, pp. 13–14. 7693:, pp. 22–23. 7681:, pp. 18–22. 7633:, pp. 15–19. 7606:, pp. 47–48. 7548:Schmidt-Neke 2014 7506:, pp. 68–72. 7443:, pp. 53–60. 7248:, pp. 53–67. 6857:, pp. 9, 21. 6659:on 4 January 2015 6589:. 21 January 2016 6541:. Tirana, Albania 6522:, pp. 66–68. 6478:, pp. 24–26. 6413:, pp. 22–23. 6309:, pp. 21–24. 6228:, pp. 36–40. 6203:, pp. 14–24. 5912:, pp. 52–58. 5855:, pp. 86–87. 5840:, pp. 33–36. 5627:, pp. 82–86. 5591:, pp. 28–34. 5562:, pp. 22–28. 5388:, pp. 40–43. 5328:Nikolopoulou 2013 5316:Megalommatis 1994 5247:, pp. 72–86. 5235:, pp. 43–53. 5187:, pp. 21–22. 5158:, pp. 17–24. 5139:978-1-135-02982-1 4936:Arab Persian Gulf 4737:Mosque in Delvine 4432:historic accident 4256:Battle of Karbala 4233:Bektashi teqe in 3731:Assembly of Vlorë 3386: 3385: 3217:Albanian language 3149:Kângë Kreshnikësh 2901: 2900: 1791:Equatorial Guinea 1661: 1660: 551:Equatorial Guinea 436: 435: 12025: 11998:Islam in Albania 11561:Western Thracian 11385: 11384: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11346: 11345: 11322:Northern Ireland 10832: 10825: 10818: 10809: 10808: 10751: 10730: 10707: 10686: 10665: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10603: 10596: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10577: 10570: 10561: 10540: 10519: 10517: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10498: 10491: 10481: 10460: 10441: 10420: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10384:. Archived from 10368: 10347: 10341: 10331: 10310: 10287: 10266: 10245: 10224: 10208: 10193: 10183: 10173: 10150: 10148: 10141: 10132: 10122: 10112: 10087: 10077: 10067: 10046: 10017: 9996: 9973: 9940: 9917: 9896: 9875: 9854: 9833: 9816: 9814: 9789: 9778: 9776: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9757: 9742: 9732: 9711: 9690: 9673: 9650: 9637: 9612: 9591: 9568: 9547: 9526: 9507: 9496: 9473: 9450: 9427: 9398: 9396: 9387: 9366: 9337: 9316: 9295: 9289: 9281: 9260: 9239: 9216: 9187: 9164: 9141: 9120: 9103: 9093: 9060: 9027: 8994: 8961: 8940: 8907: 8886: 8865: 8842: 8819: 8796: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8758: 8737: 8716: 8695: 8672: 8649: 8626: 8599: 8576: 8559:"European Islam" 8553: 8532: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8492: 8480: 8459: 8436: 8415: 8404: 8375: 8352: 8335: 8302: 8281: 8258: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8165: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8126: 8108: 8102: 8084: 8078: 8075:Barbullushi 2010 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8013: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7965:Barbullushi 2010 7962: 7953: 7950:Barbullushi 2010 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7926:Barbullushi 2010 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7895:. Balkan Insight 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7837:. Archived from 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7800: 7794: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7721: 7715: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7590: 7587:Barbullushi 2010 7584: 7578: 7575:Barbullushi 2010 7572: 7566: 7560: 7551: 7545: 7534: 7528: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7405: 7399: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7051: 7045: 7030: 7024: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6986: 6980: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6927: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6769:. Archived from 6763: 6757: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6729:. Archived from 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6508: 6502: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6460: 6454: 6431: 6425: 6414: 6408: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6229: 6223: 6204: 6198: 6149: 6143: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6075: 6069: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6009: 6003: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5841: 5835: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5783: 5776:Albania dispatch 5773: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5694: 5688: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5644: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5292: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5040: 5039: 5038:on 10 July 2024. 5028: 4932:friendly country 4880:Democratic Party 4850:foreign fighters 4845:Bashkim Gazidede 4803:innocent victims 4778:anti-Muslim bias 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4479:tolerance fetare 4296:Eastern Orthodox 4196: 4181: 4167:Ebu Beker Mosque 4163: 4148: 4120:Bedër University 4074:Hafiz Sabri Koçi 4048:(1963–1998) and 4020: 4011: 3911: 3902: 3869:Benito Mussolini 3822:'s secularising 3448:Eastern Orthodox 3440:Bektashi Muslims 3378: 3371: 3364: 3098:Albanian culture 2926: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2867:Islam portal 2865: 2864: 2863: 2824:Papua New Guinea 2789:Marshall Islands 2759:Christmas Island 2722:Northern Ireland 1694: 1684:Islam by country 1680: 1679: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1627:Islam portal 1625: 1624: 1623: 1584:Papua New Guinea 1549:Marshall Islands 1519:Christmas Island 1482:Northern Ireland 454: 444:Islam by country 440: 439: 339: 308: 272: 246: 175: 134: 113: 87: 66: 40: 34: 33: 29: 12033: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12013:Ottoman Albania 11988: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11855: 11795: 11777: 11759: 11595:North Caucasian 11589: 11501:Dobrujan Tatars 11460: 11376: 11373: 11343: 11338: 11242:North Macedonia 11070: 11031:Islam in Europe 11019: 10968: 10939:Barbary pirates 10902: 10841: 10839:Islam in Europe 10836: 10759: 10754: 10727: 10704: 10683: 10662: 10636: 10634: 10633:on 25 July 2020 10607: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10537: 10515: 10502: 10500: 10499:on 3 March 2016 10496: 10489: 10478: 10457: 10438: 10417: 10391: 10389: 10365: 10339: 10328: 10307: 10284: 10263: 10242: 10221: 10181: 10170: 10146: 10139: 10075: 10064: 10043: 9993: 9937: 9914: 9893: 9872: 9851: 9774: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9740: 9729: 9670: 9649:(2/3): 191–208. 9643:Islamic Studies 9609: 9588: 9565: 9544: 9520: 9493: 9470: 9447: 9394: 9384: 9334: 9313: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9257: 9236: 9184: 9161: 9138: 8958: 8904: 8883: 8862: 8839: 8816: 8788: 8786: 8777: 8776: 8769: 8767: 8755: 8734: 8713: 8692: 8669: 8646: 8596: 8573: 8550: 8529: 8503: 8501: 8500:on 4 March 2016 8497: 8490: 8477: 8456: 8433: 8372: 8299: 8278: 8255: 8236: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8168: 8158:Wayback Machine 8148: 8144: 8136: 8129: 8119:Wayback Machine 8109: 8105: 8095:Wayback Machine 8085: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8051:Ragionieri 2008 8049: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8025: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7896: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7835:Tirana Observer 7827: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7724: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7537: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7504:Sulstarova 2013 7502: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7441:Kołczyńska 2013 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7092:, pp. 3–4. 7088: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7054: 7048:Saltmarshe 2001 7046: 7033: 7025: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6809:, pp. 7–8. 6805: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6733:on 4 April 2015 6725: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6603: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6463: 6455: 6434: 6426: 6417: 6409: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6232: 6224: 6207: 6199: 6152: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6078: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6012: 6004: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5827: 5821:Pavlowitch 2014 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5786: 5782:, 14 April 1923 5774: 5770: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5697: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5666:, pp. 3–6. 5662: 5647: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5494:Baltsiotis 2011 5492: 5488: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424:. para. 19, 26. 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097:Houtsma, M. Th. 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5043: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 4949: 4892:Socialist Party 4863: 4854:Salafi jihadist 4841:Osama bin Laden 4821:political Islam 4816: 4790: 4769: 4679: 4674: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4628: 4625: 4616: 4613: 4604: 4601: 4592: 4589: 4538:(Small Bayram, 4536:Bajrami i Vogël 4514: 4509: 4503: 4483:harmonia fetare 4383: 4352: 4318:Romani language 4309: 4276: 4227: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4149: 4115:Fethullah Gülen 4092: 4070: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4001: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918:Mirahori Mosque 3914: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3873:invaded Albania 3853: 3773:reform of Islam 3752: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3668:Midhat Frashëri 3634:Turco-Albanians 3605: 3599: 3577:Battle of Savra 3565:Hayreddin Pasha 3557: 3551: 3480:Charles I Anjou 3469: 3464: 3450:, 9,658 (0.4%) 3382: 3337: 3336: 3284: 3283: 3272: 3220: 3219: 3208: 3101: 3100: 3089: 2981:North Macedonia 2938: 2937: 2897: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2834:Solomon Islands 2749: 2739: 2738: 2635:North Macedonia 2485: 2475: 2474: 2290: 2280: 2279: 2013: 2003: 2002: 1711: 1701: 1657: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1594:Solomon Islands 1509: 1499: 1498: 1395:North Macedonia 1245: 1235: 1234: 1050: 1040: 1039: 773: 763: 762: 471: 461: 432: 341: 337: 331: 310: 306: 300: 274: 270: 264: 248: 244: 238: 177: 173: 167: 136: 132: 126: 122:North Macedonia 115: 111: 105: 89: 85: 79: 68: 64: 58: 42: 38: 32: 30: 26:Islam in Europe 23: 12: 11: 5: 12031: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11867: 11865: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11769: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11599: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11506:Finnish Tatars 11503: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11489:Crimean Tatars 11486: 11481: 11476: 11470: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11402:Cham Albanians 11393: 11391: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11349: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11312:United Kingdom 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11137:Czech Republic 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11066:Jihadi tourism 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11036:European Islam 11033: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10835: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10796: 10787: 10778: 10769: 10758: 10757:External links 10755: 10753: 10752: 10731: 10725: 10708: 10702: 10687: 10681: 10666: 10660: 10643: 10614: 10588: 10562: 10552:(3): 391–408. 10541: 10535: 10520: 10509: 10482: 10476: 10461: 10455: 10442: 10436: 10421: 10415: 10398: 10369: 10363: 10348: 10332: 10326: 10311: 10305: 10288: 10282: 10267: 10261: 10246: 10240: 10225: 10219: 10194: 10174: 10168: 10151: 10133: 10088: 10080:Insight Turkey 10068: 10062: 10047: 10041: 10018: 9997: 9991: 9974: 9956:(2): 155–171. 9941: 9935: 9918: 9912: 9897: 9891: 9876: 9870: 9855: 9849: 9834: 9817: 9790: 9779: 9768: 9733: 9727: 9712: 9702:(3): 331–359. 9691: 9674: 9668: 9651: 9638: 9613: 9607: 9592: 9586: 9569: 9563: 9548: 9542: 9527: 9518: 9497: 9491: 9474: 9468: 9451: 9445: 9428: 9410:(2): 138–151. 9399: 9388: 9382: 9367: 9349:(1): 196–220. 9338: 9332: 9317: 9311: 9296: 9276: 9261: 9255: 9240: 9234: 9217: 9188: 9182: 9165: 9159: 9142: 9136: 9121: 9104: 9061: 9043:(2): 253–269. 9028: 9010:(4): 457–471. 8995: 8977:(2): 334–357. 8962: 8956: 8941: 8908: 8902: 8887: 8881: 8866: 8860: 8843: 8837: 8820: 8814: 8797: 8789:|journal= 8759: 8753: 8738: 8732: 8717: 8711: 8696: 8690: 8673: 8667: 8650: 8644: 8627: 8600: 8594: 8577: 8571: 8554: 8548: 8533: 8527: 8510: 8481: 8475: 8460: 8454: 8437: 8431: 8416: 8405: 8376: 8370: 8353: 8336: 8318:(2): 287–321. 8303: 8297: 8282: 8276: 8259: 8253: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8217: 8205: 8203:, p. 170. 8193: 8181: 8166: 8142: 8127: 8103: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8041:, p. 112. 8031: 8029:, p. 191. 8014: 8010:Konidaris 2005 8002: 7981: 7979:, p. 233. 7969: 7967:, p. 152. 7954: 7942: 7940:, p. 182. 7930: 7918: 7906: 7883: 7871: 7869:, p. 233. 7852: 7841:on 18 May 2016 7821: 7810:. 30 July 2009 7795: 7791:Gazeta Express 7778: 7766: 7751: 7739: 7722: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7620: 7608: 7591: 7589:, p. 158. 7579: 7577:, p. 153. 7567: 7565:, p. 187. 7552: 7535: 7520: 7518:, p. 465. 7508: 7493: 7481: 7479:, p. 108. 7469: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7421: 7406: 7371: 7369:, p. 123. 7359: 7347: 7345:, p. 124. 7335: 7324: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7273: 7261: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7188:, p. 201. 7178: 7166: 7164:, p. 210. 7154: 7150:De Rapper 2010 7142: 7130: 7118: 7116:, p. 126. 7106: 7094: 7090:De Rapper 2001 7079: 7075:De Rapper 2005 7067: 7063:Nitsiakos 2010 7052: 7031: 7027:Nitsiakos 2010 7014: 7002: 6987: 6983:De Rapper 2002 6970: 6958: 6943: 6928: 6913: 6898: 6886: 6882:De Rapper 2001 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6796: 6784: 6758: 6744: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6690:Czekalski 2013 6682: 6670: 6640: 6618: 6601: 6571: 6566:Balkan Insight 6552: 6524: 6509: 6492: 6480: 6461: 6432: 6415: 6396: 6384: 6382:, p. 330. 6363: 6338: 6336:, p. 339. 6326: 6311: 6286: 6284:, p. 164. 6274: 6262: 6247: 6230: 6205: 6150: 6135: 6123: 6119:Czekalski 2013 6111: 6109:, p. 514. 6099: 6076: 6061: 6059:, p. 240. 6049: 6047:, p. 439. 6045:Buturovic 2006 6010: 6008:, p. 164. 6006:Duijzings 2000 5983: 5981:, p. 536. 5971: 5959: 5955:Czekalski 2013 5947: 5945:, p. 163. 5943:Duijzings 2000 5926: 5924:, p. 379. 5914: 5893: 5881: 5879:, p. 490. 5869: 5857: 5842: 5825: 5823:, p. 304. 5813: 5801: 5799:, p. 450. 5784: 5768: 5753: 5751:, p. 300. 5732: 5720: 5695: 5680: 5668: 5645: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5601:Duijzings 2000 5593: 5576: 5574:, p. 199. 5564: 5549: 5545:Kokolakis 2003 5537: 5525: 5510: 5506:Kokolakis 2003 5498: 5486: 5471: 5467:Kokolakis 2003 5450: 5438: 5436:, p. 254. 5426: 5422:Skoulidas 2013 5414: 5402: 5390: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5293: 5266: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5223:. para. 2, 27. 5221:Skoulidas 2013 5213: 5209:Nitsiakos 2010 5201: 5189: 5172: 5160: 5145: 5138: 5118: 5111: 5088: 5079: 5058: 5041: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4958:Bektashi Order 4955: 4948: 4945: 4920:European Union 4871:George W. Bush 4862: 4859: 4815: 4812: 4789: 4786: 4768: 4767:Discrimination 4765: 4685:nation and as 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4583: 4518:Bajrami i Madh 4513: 4510: 4505:Main article: 4502: 4499: 4382: 4379: 4351: 4348: 4316:who speak the 4308: 4305: 4275: 4272: 4226: 4223: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4199:New Mosque in 4198: 4191: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4143: 4111:Gülen movement 4091: 4088: 4069: 4066: 4035:Following the 4025: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3980:Kubelie Mosque 3916: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3888:Main article: 3885: 3882: 3852: 3849: 3751: 3748: 3719: 3713: 3708:Main article: 3705: 3702: 3672:Shahin Kolonja 3610:Eastern Crisis 3601:Main article: 3598: 3595: 3553:Main article: 3550: 3547: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3417:secularization 3397:Ottoman period 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3107: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3078:United Kingdom 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2712:United Kingdom 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1896:Western Sahara 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1472:United Kingdom 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 896: 895: 890: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 774: 769: 768: 765: 764: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 659: 658: 656:Western Sahara 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 472: 467: 466: 463: 462: 455: 447: 446: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 363:Czech Republic 360: 355: 350: 344: 342: 336: 333: 332: 330: 329: 324: 319: 313: 311: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 275: 269: 266: 265: 263: 262: 257: 251: 249: 243: 240: 239: 237: 236: 231: 226: 224:United Kingdom 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 178: 172: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 139: 137: 131: 128: 127: 125: 124: 118: 116: 110: 107: 106: 104: 103: 98: 92: 90: 84: 81: 80: 78: 77: 71: 69: 63: 60: 59: 57: 56: 51: 45: 43: 37: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12030: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11978: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11830: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11578:Mishar Tatars 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11463: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11389:Indo-European 11386: 11383: 11379: 11370: 11365: 11363: 11358: 11356: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11207:Liechtenstein 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10833: 10828: 10826: 10821: 10819: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10674: 10673: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10644: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10600: 10593: 10589: 10574: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10528: 10527: 10521: 10514: 10510: 10495: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10422: 10418: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10370: 10366: 10360: 10356: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10333: 10329: 10327:9780521291668 10323: 10319: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10306:9783643905666 10302: 10298: 10294: 10289: 10285: 10283:9780754617273 10279: 10275: 10274: 10268: 10264: 10262:9780822320708 10258: 10254: 10253: 10247: 10243: 10241:9780822308546 10237: 10233: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10220:9789052013541 10216: 10212: 10207: 10206: 10200: 10195: 10192:(1): 237–283. 10191: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10171: 10169:9781472576668 10165: 10161: 10157: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10086:(3): 159–172. 10085: 10081: 10074: 10069: 10065: 10063:9781317900177 10059: 10055: 10054: 10048: 10044: 10042:9780521597333 10038: 10034: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9998: 9994: 9992:9789004283053 9988: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9942: 9938: 9936:9781443842839 9932: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9915: 9913:9780872499775 9909: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9894: 9892:9783643107930 9888: 9884: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9871:9780803244870 9867: 9863: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9850:9780833040954 9846: 9842: 9841: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9780: 9773: 9769: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9728:9780833032331 9724: 9720: 9719: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9675: 9671: 9669:9781903900789 9665: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9599: 9593: 9589: 9587:9783319137193 9583: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9564:9781845455446 9560: 9556: 9555: 9549: 9545: 9543:9780190285760 9539: 9535: 9534: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9519:9780521274593 9515: 9511: 9506: 9505: 9498: 9494: 9492:9789004283053 9488: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9469:9789004255869 9465: 9461: 9457: 9452: 9448: 9446:9789004225213 9442: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9383:9781845112875 9379: 9375: 9374: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9333:9781850655312 9329: 9325: 9324: 9318: 9314: 9312:9781904063018 9308: 9304: 9303: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9279: 9277:9780195175929 9273: 9269: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9256:9780815630401 9252: 9248: 9247: 9241: 9237: 9235:9783631602959 9231: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9183:9783643108500 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9160:9783631602959 9156: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9139: 9137:9781850655701 9133: 9129: 9128: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8963: 8959: 8957:9781850654315 8953: 8949: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8923:(1): 83–107. 8922: 8918: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8903:9781850438595 8899: 8895: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8882:9780821361719 8878: 8874: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8861:9789754284126 8857: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8838:9781903900789 8834: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8815:9781850655725 8811: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8794: 8781: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8754:9781135314026 8750: 8746: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8733:9781317891178 8729: 8725: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8712:9788323335153 8708: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8691:9781134653058 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8670: 8668:9781134150618 8664: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8595:9781136851858 8591: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8572:9780199727612 8568: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8549:9780857459855 8545: 8541: 8540: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8496: 8489: 8488: 8482: 8478: 8476:9781845113087 8472: 8468: 8467: 8461: 8457: 8455:9780191026409 8451: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8432:9780230119086 8428: 8424: 8423: 8417: 8414:. Clio Press. 8413: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8387:(2): 81–103. 8386: 8382: 8377: 8373: 8371:9780230298156 8367: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8298:9781136901430 8294: 8290: 8289: 8283: 8279: 8277:9786054023684 8273: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8256: 8254:9781479838097 8250: 8246: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8226: 8221: 8214: 8209: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8124: 8123:Today's Zaman 8120: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8100: 8099:Today's Zaman 8096: 8092: 8089: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8065:, p. 93. 8064: 8059: 8053:, p. 46. 8052: 8047: 8040: 8035: 8028: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8011: 8006: 7991: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7959: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7910: 7894: 7887: 7881:, p. 46. 7880: 7875: 7868: 7867:Abrahams 2015 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7763: 7762:Endresen 2010 7758: 7756: 7748: 7747:Endresen 2010 7743: 7736: 7735:Endresen 2010 7731: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7718:Endresen 2010 7714: 7712: 7705:, p. 27. 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7669:, p. 18. 7668: 7663: 7656: 7655:Endresen 2015 7651: 7645:, p. 51. 7644: 7639: 7632: 7627: 7625: 7618:, p. 14. 7617: 7612: 7605: 7604:Endresen 2011 7600: 7598: 7596: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7571: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7550:, p. 15. 7549: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7532: 7527: 7525: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7467:, p. 26. 7466: 7461: 7455:, p. 35. 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7419:, p. 30. 7418: 7413: 7411: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7286:Balkan Insigh 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7254: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212:, p. 65. 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7176:, p. 15. 7175: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7128:, p. 33. 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7012:, p. 83. 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6794:, p. 71. 6793: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6754: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6704:, p. 95. 6703: 6698: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6588: 6587:The Economist 6584: 6578: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6514: 6507:, p. 27. 6506: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6489: 6488:Elbasani 2015 6484: 6477: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6429: 6428:Elbasani 2015 6424: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6394:, p. 22. 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6334:Elbasani 2015 6330: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6270:Elbasani 2016 6266: 6260:, p. 12. 6259: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6074:, p. 81. 6073: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5967:Kopanski 1997 5963: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5923: 5922:Jelavich 1983 5918: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5780:Time magazine 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5448:, p. 80. 5447: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5386:Endresen 2011 5382: 5380: 5378: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168:Esposito 2004 5164: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5112:90-04-09791-0 5108: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5054:Elbasani 2015 5050: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4872: 4869:US president 4867: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799:falsification 4796: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4761:Mother Teresa 4757: 4751: 4749: 4748:Modernisation 4744: 4743:Turkification 4735: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720:Alfred Moisiu 4717: 4713: 4709: 4708:Ismail Kadare 4702: 4701:Ismail Kadare 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4672:Controversies 4669: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4559:Sultan Novruz 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546:Dhu al-Hijjah 4543: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4532:Kurban Bajram 4529: 4525: 4524: 4520:(Big Bayram, 4519: 4508: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410:and the word 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282:(2011 census) 4280: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248:Naim Frashëri 4245: 4236: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4157: 4154:built in 1931 4153: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4019: 4010: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3891: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3765: 3762:Community in 3761: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727:Ismail Qemali 3724: 3717: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664:Ismail Qemali 3661: 3658:figures like 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:Abdulhamid II 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436:Sunni Muslims 3432: 3430: 3429:state atheism 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3130:Customary law 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3083:United States 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048:South America 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2804:New Caledonia 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2595:Liechtenstein 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2460:United States 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2375:French Guiana 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Guinea-Bissau 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1564:New Caledonia 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1355:Liechtenstein 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:United States 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1135:French Guiana 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 767: 766: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 591:Guinea-Bissau 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 470: 465: 464: 459: 453: 449: 448: 445: 442: 441: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 343: 340: < 1% 335: 334: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 312: 304: 303: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 276: 268: 267: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 250: 242: 241: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209:Liechtenstein 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 179: 171: 170: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 138: 130: 129: 123: 120: 119: 117: 109: 108: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 91: 83: 82: 76: 73: 72: 70: 62: 61: 55: 52: 50: 47: 46: 44: 41: 95–100% 36: 35: 28: 27: 20: 16: 11970:Crimean Roma 11573:Volga Tatars 11526:Lipka Tatars 11494:Crimean Roma 11474:Azerbaijanis 11081: 11061:Islamophobia 10907:Early Modern 10800: 10791: 10782: 10773: 10764: 10739: 10735: 10716: 10692: 10671: 10651: 10635:. Retrieved 10631:the original 10626: 10622: 10606:. Retrieved 10599:the original 10580:. Retrieved 10573:the original 10549: 10545: 10525: 10501:. Retrieved 10494:the original 10466: 10446: 10426: 10406: 10390:. Retrieved 10386:the original 10381: 10377: 10353: 10343: 10316: 10296: 10272: 10251: 10230: 10204: 10189: 10185: 10159: 10144:the original 10103:(31): 1–31. 10100: 10096: 10083: 10079: 10052: 10027: 10005: 10001: 9982: 9953: 9949: 9926: 9902: 9881: 9860: 9839: 9829: 9825: 9802: 9798: 9784: 9760:. Retrieved 9753:the original 9748: 9744: 9717: 9699: 9695: 9686: 9683:Balkanologie 9682: 9659: 9646: 9642: 9628:(2): 53–71. 9625: 9621: 9597: 9577: 9553: 9532: 9523: 9503: 9482: 9459: 9436: 9407: 9403: 9372: 9346: 9342: 9322: 9301: 9266: 9245: 9225: 9199:(1): 53–74. 9196: 9192: 9173: 9150: 9126: 9119:(36): 35–57. 9116: 9113:Balkanistica 9112: 9076:(1): 53–69. 9073: 9069: 9040: 9036: 9007: 9003: 8974: 8970: 8946: 8920: 8916: 8892: 8871: 8851: 8828: 8805: 8780:cite journal 8768:. Retrieved 8743: 8722: 8701: 8681: 8658: 8635: 8617:(1): 17–25. 8614: 8608: 8585: 8562: 8538: 8518: 8502:. Retrieved 8495:the original 8486: 8465: 8445: 8421: 8410: 8384: 8380: 8361: 8348: 8344: 8315: 8311: 8287: 8267: 8243: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8161: 8145: 8122: 8106: 8098: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8046: 8039:Borodij 2012 8034: 8005: 7993:. Retrieved 7984: 7972: 7945: 7933: 7921: 7909: 7897:. Retrieved 7886: 7874: 7843:. Retrieved 7839:the original 7834: 7824: 7812:. Retrieved 7807: 7798: 7790: 7781: 7774:Lederer 1994 7769: 7742: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7616:Jazexhi 2012 7611: 7582: 7570: 7511: 7484: 7472: 7465:Jazexhi 2014 7460: 7453:Jazexhi 2013 7448: 7436: 7424: 7417:Jazexhi 2013 7402:Jazexhi 2014 7362: 7350: 7338: 7327: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7264: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7186:De Waal 2005 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7126:Jazexhi 2013 7121: 7109: 7097: 7070: 7005: 6998:Kokkali 2015 6961: 6911:, p. 2. 6889: 6884:, p. 6. 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6787: 6775:. Retrieved 6771:the original 6761: 6747: 6735:. Retrieved 6731:the original 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661:. Retrieved 6657:the original 6652: 6643: 6631:. Retrieved 6621: 6591:. Retrieved 6586: 6565: 6555: 6543:. Retrieved 6536: 6527: 6505:Jazexhi 2013 6483: 6476:Jazexhi 2013 6411:Jazexhi 2014 6387: 6354:. Retrieved 6350: 6341: 6329: 6307:Jazexhi 2013 6277: 6265: 6146:Lederer 1994 6126: 6114: 6102: 6052: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5917: 5910:Fischer 1999 5889:Fischer 1999 5884: 5872: 5867:, p. 9. 5860: 5816: 5809:Clayer 2014a 5804: 5771: 5764:Vickers 2011 5723: 5716:Clayer 2014a 5691:Lederer 1994 5671: 5632: 5625:Vickers 2011 5620: 5613:Gawrych 2006 5608: 5596: 5589:Gawrych 2006 5567: 5560:Gawrych 2006 5540: 5533:Skendi 1967a 5528: 5521:Vickers 2011 5501: 5489: 5482:Stoppel 2001 5441: 5429: 5417: 5410:Skendi 1967a 5405: 5393: 5364: 5357:Mentzel 2000 5352: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5262:Gawrych 2006 5245:Gawrych 2006 5240: 5233:Gawrych 2006 5228: 5216: 5204: 5197:Skendi 1967a 5192: 5185:Gawrych 2006 5170:, p. 20 5163: 5156:Vickers 2011 5128: 5121: 5101: 5091: 5082: 5061: 5036:the original 5026: 4931: 4928:Gallup polls 4907: 4900: 4888:Sali Berisha 4876: 4817: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4770: 4752: 4740: 4728:Islamophobia 4716:white people 4712:Rexhep Qosja 4705: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4680: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4573:Mount Tomorr 4568: 4562: 4558: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4495: 4487:Pope Francis 4482: 4478: 4472: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400:kaur/infidel 4399: 4395: 4394:(in Greek), 4391: 4387: 4384: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4343: 4334: 4327: 4310: 4285: 4274:Demographics 4251: 4240: 4211: 4108: 4104: 4082: 4071: 4050:Sali Berisha 4046:Azem Hajdari 4037:wider trends 4034: 3988:Clock Mosque 3949:Inspired by 3948: 3943: 3935: 3932:Mehmet Shehu 3925: 3866: 3808: 3786: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3740: 3704:Independence 3697: 3676: 3660:Faik Konitza 3650: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3588: 3581: 3575:army in the 3558: 3470: 3467:13th century 3452:Evangelicals 3433: 3387: 3314: 3288:Christianity 3201: 3165:Gjamë/Vajtim 3105:Architecture 2992: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2769:Cook Islands 2489: 2255:Turkmenistan 2215:Saudi Arabia 1958:South Africa 1948:Sierra Leone 1736:Burkina Faso 1662: 1529:Cook Islands 1249: 1015:Turkmenistan 975:Saudi 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Ciano 3716:Balkan Wars 3688:Gjirokastër 3680:Mallakastër 3561:Karl Thopia 3391:arrived in 3293:Catholicism 3145:Epic poetry 3063:Switzerland 2809:New Zealand 2702:Switzerland 2630:Netherlands 2440:Saint Lucia 2370:El Salvador 2205:Philippines 2133:South Korea 2128:North Korea 2018:Afghanistan 1963:South Sudan 1836:Ivory Coast 1569:New Zealand 1462:Switzerland 1390:Netherlands 1200:Saint Lucia 1130:El Salvador 965:Philippines 893:South Korea 888:North Korea 778:Afghanistan 723:South Sudan 596:Ivory Coast 219:Switzerland 214:Netherlands 176: 5–10% 11992:Categories 11940:Pakistanis 11930:Macedonian 11913:Vallahades 11839:in Belgium 11765:Kartvelian 11740:Tabasarans 11608:Abkhazians 11556:Meskhetian 11546:Dodecanese 11424:in Germany 11232:Montenegro 11217:Luxembourg 11102:Azerbaijan 11075:By country 10898:Tatar yoke 10858:Al-Andalus 9091:1814/45536 8177:Uzgel 2001 7429:Elsie 2000 7114:Elsie 2001 6939:Tošić 2015 6807:Öktem 2014 6593:23 January 6282:Öktem 2011 6131:Ramet 1998 6107:Clark 1988 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