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Virtually all jet-powered aircraft have an air brake or, in the case of most airliners, lift spoilers that also act as air brakes. Propeller-driven aircraft benefit from the natural braking effect of the propeller when engine power is reduced to idle, but jet engines have no similar braking effect,
189:
to enable dive bombers, torpedo bombers and fighter aircraft to meet their respective combat performance requirements and, more generally, glide-path control. It discusses different types of air brakes and their requirements, in particular that they should have no appreciable effect on lift or trim
205:
jets feature combined spoiler and air brake controls. On landing, the deployment of these spoilers ("lift dumpers") causes a significant reduction in wing lift, so the weight of the aircraft is transferred from the wings to the undercarriage. The increased weight increases the available friction
181:
were equipped with spoilers on the wings in order to adjust their angle of descent during approach to landing. More modern gliders use air brakes that may spoil lift as well as increase drag, dependent on where they are positioned.
125:
on the aircraft. When extended into the airstream, air brakes cause an increase in the drag on the aircraft. When not in use, they conform to the local streamlined profile of the aircraft in order to help minimize drag.
190:
and how this may be achieved with split trailing edge flaps on the wings, for example. There was also a requirement to vent the brake surfaces using numerous perforations or slots to reduce airframe buffeting.
161:
In the early decades of powered flight, air brakes were flaps mounted on the wings. They were manually controlled by a lever in the cockpit, and mechanical linkages to the air brake.
177:(DFS) glider research organization before World War II, developed blade-style self-operating dive brakes, on the upper and lower surface of each wing, for gliders. Most early
549:
311:
that functions normally in flight but can split in half such that the top half goes up as the bottom half goes down to brake. This technique was first used on the
234:
so jet-powered aircraft must use air brakes to control speed and descent angle during landing approach. Many early jets used parachutes as air brakes on approach (
193:
A US report written in 1949 describes numerous air brake configurations, and their performance, on wings and fuselage for propeller and jet aircraft.
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used a similar system. The vertically split rudder opened in "clamshell" fashion on landing to act as a speed brake.
339:
1021:
261:
airliners. The
Buccaneer air brake, when opened, reduced the length of the aircraft in the confined space on an
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550:"Extract from NSTS Shuttle Reference Manual (1988): Space Shuttle Coordinate System – Vertical Tail"
201:
Often, characteristics of both spoilers and air brakes are desirable and are combined - most modern
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The Sky My
Kingdom: Memoirs of the Famous German WWII Test-Pilot (Greenhill Military Paperback)
164:
An early type of air brake, developed in 1931, was fitted to the aircraft wing support struts.
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505:"The Effects of Aerodynamic Brakes Upon the Speed Characteristics of Airplanes"
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and other fighters have an air brake located just behind the
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created by the spoilers directly assists the braking effect.
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299:
on landing, showing its rudder deployed in speed brake mode
277:
79:
226:
437:"Air Brakes for Planes Greatly Reduce the Landing Speed"
185:
A British report written in 1942 discusses the need for
445:. Vol. 122, no. 1. January 1933. p. 18.
214:
is also used to help slow the aircraft after landing.
82:
landing with its large dorsal air brake panel deployed
526:"Spoilers And Speedbrakes - SKYbrary Aviation Safety"
622:
1557:
253:naval strike aircraft designed in the 1950s and
249:Split-tailcone air brakes have been used on the
66:showing its split speed brakes inboard of the
608:
16:Flight control surface meant to increase drag
483:"A Résumé of Aerodynamic Data on Air Brakes"
133:in that air brakes are designed to increase
196:
615:
601:
502:
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287:
291:
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174:Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug
149:to maintain lift, resulting in a higher
85:
73:
57:
46:
32:
455:
1558:
503:Stephenson, Jack D. (September 1949).
373:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 13.
596:
481:Davies, H.; Kirk, F. N. (June 1942).
368:
37:Air brakes on the rear fuselage of a
206:force for braking. In addition, the
319:on several aircraft, including the
229:landing with speed brakes deployed.
13:
14:
1582:
576:
518:
496:
581:
460:. Stackpole Books. p. 108.
340:List of aircraft braking systems
1525:In-flight entertainment system
1222:Horizontal situation indicator
542:
474:
456:Reitsch, Hanna (April 1997) .
449:
429:
404:
387:
362:
141:, whereas spoilers reduce the
137:while making little change to
1:
393:Aircraft Design, Kundu 2010,
355:
1505:Environmental control system
171:, who headed Nazi Germany's
7:
333:
315:and has since been used by
10:
1587:
1182:Course deviation indicator
873:Electro-hydraulic actuator
244:English Electric Lightning
156:
25:
18:
1472:
1451:
1413:Conventional landing gear
1384:
1280:
1115:
981:
818:
634:
1571:Aircraft wing components
1197:Flight management system
371:A Dictionary of Aviation
369:Wragg, David W. (1973).
197:Air brake configurations
52:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
28:Air brake (road vehicle)
26:Not to be confused with
19:Not to be confused with
1500:Emergency oxygen system
1262:Turn and slip indicator
1057:Leading-edge droop flap
1027:Drag-reducing aerospike
1002:Adaptive compliant wing
997:Active Aeroelastic Wing
297:Space Shuttle Discovery
129:Air brakes differ from
1540:Passenger service unit
1341:Self-sealing fuel tank
1237:Multi-function display
300:
288:Split control surfaces
230:
115:flight control surface
98:
83:
71:
55:
44:
1520:Ice protection system
1438:Tricycle landing gear
1428:Landing gear extender
645:Aft pressure bulkhead
590:at Wikimedia Commons
588:Air brakes (aircraft)
295:
259:British Aerospace 146
255:Fokker F28 Fellowship
220:
145:and require a higher
94:type air brakes on a
89:
77:
61:
50:
36:
1485:Auxiliary power unit
893:Flight control modes
488:(Technical Report).
242:) or after landing (
64:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1464:Escape crew capsule
1371:War emergency power
1242:Pitot–static system
1087:Variable-sweep wing
795:Vertical stabilizer
251:Blackburn Buccaneer
1172:Attitude indicator
1152:Airspeed indicator
1147:Aircraft periscope
560:on 7 December 2021
510:(Technical Note).
490:Ministry of Supply
301:
231:
143:lift-to-drag ratio
99:
84:
72:
56:
54:air brake deployed
45:
1566:Aircraft controls
1553:
1552:
1480:Aircraft lavatory
1217:Heading indicator
1162:Annunciator panel
1142:Air data computer
1052:Leading-edge cuff
586:Media related to
530:www.skybrary.aero
399:978 0 521 88516 4
62:A U.S. Air Force
1578:
1535:Navigation light
1515:Hydraulic system
1490:Bleed air system
1418:Drogue parachute
1092:Vortex generator
710:Interplane strut
617:
610:
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556:. Archived from
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345:Drogue parachute
263:aircraft carrier
121:to increase the
96:Slingsby Capstan
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1510:Flight recorder
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1447:
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1361:Thrust reversal
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1276:
1247:Radar altimeter
1212:Head-up display
1122:
1111:
1007:Anti-shock body
989:
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838:Artificial feel
820:Flight controls
814:
680:Fabric covering
630:
626:components and
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412:"Speed brake"
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380:9780850451634
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328:Space Shuttle
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29:
22:
1495:Deicing boot
1423:Landing gear
1366:Townend ring
1356:Thrust lever
1331:NACA cowling
1296:Autothrottle
1288:fuel systems
1286:devices and
1077:Stall strips
1047:Krueger flap
1017:Channel wing
963:Wing warping
953:Stick shaker
948:Stick pusher
868:Dual control
853:Centre stick
832:
720:Leading edge
690:Flying wires
650:Cabane strut
580:
562:. Retrieved
558:the original
544:
533:. Retrieved
529:
520:
498:
476:
457:
451:
440:
431:
419:. Retrieved
415:
406:
389:
370:
364:
325:
302:
274:Sukhoi Su-27
267:
248:
236:Arado Ar 234
232:
200:
192:
184:
172:
166:
163:
160:
128:
111:speed brakes
110:
106:
100:
1443:Tundra tire
1326:Intake ramp
1257:Transponder
1042:Gurney flap
983:Aerodynamic
898:Fly-by-wire
780:Triple tail
421:28 December
278:F-18 Hornet
240:Boeing B-47
187:dive brakes
169:Hans Jacobs
151:stall speed
117:used on an
103:aeronautics
68:stabilators
42:BAe 146-300
21:Aerobraking
1560:Categories
1433:Oleo strut
1321:Inlet cone
1316:Gascolator
1282:Propulsion
1272:Yaw string
1267:Variometer
1123:instrument
1102:Wing fence
1037:Gouge flap
1012:Blown flap
968:Yaw damper
943:Stabilator
928:Side-stick
863:Dive brake
750:Stabilizer
725:Lift strut
715:Jury strut
564:25 October
535:2019-12-28
416:Britannica
356:References
321:B-2 Spirit
270:F-15 Eagle
107:air brakes
1408:Autobrake
1336:NACA duct
1311:Fuel tank
1301:Drop tank
1284:controls,
1167:Astrodome
1157:Altimeter
1022:Dog-tooth
987:high-lift
938:Spoileron
923:Servo tab
903:Gust lock
858:Deceleron
843:Autopilot
800:Wing root
785:Twin tail
770:Tailplane
705:Hardpoint
675:Empennage
638:structure
305:deceleron
223:Fokker 70
208:form drag
167:In 1936,
90:Extended
39:Eurowings
1376:Wet wing
1351:Throttle
1097:Vortilon
958:Trim tab
888:Flaperon
878:Elevator
833:Airbrake
805:Wing tip
730:Longeron
700:Fuselage
636:Airframe
624:Aircraft
334:See also
317:Northrop
203:airliner
131:spoilers
119:aircraft
1386:Landing
1177:Compass
1125:systems
1117:Avionic
1107:Winglet
990:devices
933:Spoiler
828:Aileron
810:Wingbox
735:Nacelle
685:Fairing
628:systems
401:, p.283
309:aileron
282:cockpit
179:gliders
157:History
1121:flight
1082:Strake
913:Rudder
883:Elevon
848:Canard
790:V-tail
765:T-tail
695:Former
655:Canopy
464:
397:
377:
307:is an
1306:FADEC
1192:EICAS
1067:Slats
908:HOTAS
760:Strut
508:(PDF)
486:(PDF)
1388:and
1252:TCAS
1232:ISIS
1187:EFIS
1132:ACAS
1119:and
1072:Slot
1032:Flap
985:and
973:Yoke
745:Spar
670:Dope
566:2012
554:NASA
512:NACA
462:ISBN
423:2019
395:ISBN
375:ISBN
326:The
303:The
268:The
257:and
139:lift
135:drag
123:drag
80:F-15
1227:INS
1207:GPS
1062:LEX
740:Rib
246:).
227:KLM
225:of
109:or
101:In
92:DFS
78:An
1562::
552:.
528:.
439:.
414:.
323:.
284:.
276:,
272:,
265:.
238:,
221:A
153:.
105:,
616:e
609:t
602:v
568:.
538:.
514:.
492:.
470:.
425:.
383:.
30:.
23:.
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