2429:(26 May 1911), issued in response to criticism of the forming of a General Staff in 1903, which many philosophically opposed in a standing army. The regulation was also intended to curb favoritism shown in embassy and other "soft living" assignments perceived as "homesteading", and affected many Army agencies and all aviation officers except those permanently assigned to the Signal Corps. The regulation varied in wording from year to year but all variations stressed that at least one-third of an officer's time in service be spent with a "troop unit." Regulations in succeeding years tended to be more complex and legalistic as challenges to the policy grew in the officer ranks, and after 1914, included all officers in the grade of colonel or lower. The regulation required an officer to serve troop duty in his "arm of the service" (branch) for at least two years in any six-year period. Leave, illness, and travel time did not count towards the two required years. The Manchu Law was rigorously enforced by the General Staff and was much hated by the field forces. It was suspended during World War I and repealed by the
606:. Foulois and eight enlisted men disassembled the still-damaged S.C. No. 1, shipped it to Texas in 17 crates, and reassembled it on February 23, 1910, after building a shed to house it on the Arthur MacArthur Field used for cavalry drill. On 2 March 1910, after training himself, Foulois logged his first solo from 9:30am to 9:37am and four flights in total, crashing the S.C. No. 1 on its final landing. He achieved a maximum altitude of 200 ft (61 m) and a speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) in logging 59 minutes and 30 seconds of flight time. He flew the repaired craft five times on March 12, and received written instruction by mail from the Wright Brothers. Until 1911, Foulois remained as the Army's sole aviator and innovator. He stated in annotating the aircraft's flight log that he installed a 4 ft (1.2 m) leather
1060:(Democrat-Virginia) introduced a bill intended to transfer aviation from the Signal Corps to the line of the Army as a semi-autonomous "Air Corps". The bill was considered too radical and died in committee, but when the 1913 appropriations bill included many of its provisions, Hay offered a revised bill in May, HR5304 "An Act to Increase the Efficiency in the Aviation Service". Hearings were held on the new bill in August 1913. Beck appeared to testify on behalf of the bill, the only officer to do so, and was opposed by Major Billy Mitchell, representing the General Staff, and Foulois, Arnold, and Milling representing the Signal Corps. That bill had its original language expunged and was written to become the enabling legislation for the
569:, flying constantly in front of often large crowds of curiosity seekers, newspaper reporters, and dignitaries. Both soloed on October 26, Humphreys going ahead of Lahm (the detachment commander) because it was his turn to fly. Although both flights were of less than 15 minutes in duration and 30 ft (9.1 m) of altitude, late in the day Lahm remained aloft for 40 minutes, telling Wright he landed only because it was suppertime. The Army's contract with the Wright Brothers ended with the completion of training of the two student pilots, and Wilbur Wright made his last public flight on November 2. Later that day, Lahm took Lieut. Sweet up as a passenger and he became the first naval officer to fly.
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801:, as the Army's first flight instructors, on June 14. Two Wright B airplanes were available for use in instruction when S.C. No. 4 was delivered five days later and joined S.C. No. 3, newly arrived from Texas. The school officially opened on July 3, 1911, and taught ten students, including two members of the National Guard and Chandler, who had been assigned to command the school and division again after graduation from the Signal School. S.C. No. 2, repaired and returned to service, was joined at the end of July by S.C. No. 6, a new
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736:, blamed the crash on improper repairs to the Curtiss D, and indirectly, on Beck. Foulois also refused to serve under Beck, who took over as instructor and moved the school back to College Park with S.C. No. 3 in June. Foulois remained behind with the Maneuver Division and was removed from aviation in July by assignment to the Militia Bureau in Washington, D.C. Beck served as the Curtiss instructor at College Park until May 1, 1912, when he was returned to the Infantry by enforcement of the so-called "Manchu Law".
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Walker attempted a turn. The plane cartwheeled and although Walker miraculously regained control, he was so badly shaken that he voluntarily withdrew from flying. The next day Beck crash-landed S.C. No. 2 when its engine failed while he was at 300 ft (91 m), severely damaging it. On May 10, Kelly, the least experienced pilot, was killed flying the same airplane on his qualification flight when he crashed while landing in gusty wind conditions. The division commander, Major
General
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promoted to lieutenant colonel, delegating the duties of head of the
Aeronautical Division to another non-aviator, Major Edgar Russel, senior instructor and assistant commandant of the Signal School. In February 1917 the Aeronautical Division was one of three divisions in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (OCSO) comprising the Aviation Section, the others being the Administrative Division and Engineering Division. On October 1, 1917, during
1944:*The Air Force does not acknowledge Lahm as OIC of the Aeronautical Division between 1908 and 1910. However, Chandler's biography and Hennessy's history (page 14) indicate that from May 1908 to July 1910 Chandler was commander of the Signal Corps Balloon Station at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. Also, Lahm was mandatorily returned to the Cavalry in late 1909, and no replacement is given, although if one was assigned, it was likely Foulois.
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as the OICs of the division during this period, and thus as "head" of its progenitor arm, are denoted by a bullet point. All others are on lists in official studies published by the Office of Air Force
History or its successor AFHRA. After July 18, 1914, the division was a part of an aviation section authorized by statute, with a Chief of Division who as head of the headquarters component also exercised control of the section.
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certificate to private commercial use by advertising himself as a barn-stormer. This last point seems to have been the major irritant, since no similar criticism is documented against
Private Havens of New York, who was both a salesman for Glenn Curtiss and a member of his exhibition team. "Becky" Havens undertook the training to enable him to fly for the New York Guard during its 1912 summer maneuvers. (Cameron, pp. 48–49)
2381:. By 1910 it had acquired a home-made aircraft using private funds and transported it to summer maneuvers, but it was not flown. The aircraft was destroyed in a crash but another was acquired which did fly in the 1912 summer maneuvers. This group sometimes referred to itself as the "1st Aero Company" but was never authorized or officially recognized. In November 1915 it was officially authorized by the governor of New York.
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408: (equivalent to $ 847,778 in 2023). Specification No. 486 required both types of aircraft be able to carry two persons. The dirigible had to be able to carry a load of 450 pounds (200 kg) and reach a speed of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h); the airplane's requirements were a load of 350 pounds (160 kg), a speed of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), and a flying distance of at least 125 miles (201 km).
1017:—became the new head of the Aeronautical Division. Both Cowan and Reber were non-aviators, causing further friction with the pilots and creating a permanent consensus among them that only an aviator was qualified to command flying units. When the 1st Aero Squadron joined the Curtiss airplanes at North Island in June, Reber made Cowan commandant of the Aviation School at North Island, deepening the divisions.
470:, on September 1, 1908, for trials. The first acceptance flight of the airplane was made on September 3 at Fort Myer, with Orville at the controls. Selfridge and Lahm were named official observers of the trials of the Wright aeroplane for September 1908. Both Lahm and Squier made acceptance flights as observers, and on September 13, Wright kept the airplane aloft for an hour and ten minutes.
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Chandler's complaints about it were apparently the catalyst for his relief, whichever general initiated it, but the pilots viewed
Chandler as a non-aviator and held him responsible for the acquisition of inadequate, underpowered and unsafe aircraft. From then forward Chandler's aviation activities were limited to ballooning. (Pool, "Military Aviation in Texas", p. 432;
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tactical aviation organization, planners adapted the cavalry squadron organization to their purposes. Like cavalry squadrons, the new aero squadrons were administrative and tactical units, which usually consisted of two or more elements. In
England, the Royal Flying Corps formed the first two aero squadrons in May 1912. The US Army followed the British example.
676:) designated Signal Corps No. 2, and a new Wright Model B that became S.C. No. 3. Both came equipped with wheels rather than skids, and the Curtiss aircraft was powered by an 8-cylinder, 60 hp (45 kW) engine in sharp contrast to the 40 hp (30 kW) 4-cylinder training engines the student pilots were accustomed to. Two civilian pilots,
878:. On November 5, Arnold's Wright C stalled, went into a spin, and he narrowly avoided a fatal crash. He immediately and voluntarily grounded himself, then returned to the Infantry in 1913 after closing down the school at College Park, which was discontinued in favor of one with favorable flying conditions year-round on North Island at
716:, before being ordered to Texas. Student pilots were divided into separate sections because the flight controls on the two types were markedly different and the single-seat Curtiss machines did not allow for dual instruction. S.C. No. 1, judged no longer airworthy due to many rebuilds, was retired from service on May 4 and sent to the
1005:, who had come to Texas on an inspection trip after reading adverse newspaper reports on the squadron, in effect delivering an ultimatum to Scriven that either Chandler be replaced or they would withdraw from aviation. Despite calling the incident an "incipient mutiny", Scriven relieved Chandler on April 1 and transferred him to
1947:**Chandler was also Chief of the Aviation School and commander of the 1st Provisional Aero Squadron when those organizations were active. He was relieved of duty on April 1, 1913, and transferred to the Philippines. Capt. Cowan replaced him in command of the 1st Aero Squadron and as acting OIC of the Aeronautical Division.
144:, in 1913. The Aeronautical Division trained 51 officers and 2 enlisted men as pilots, and incurred 13 fatalities in air crashes. During this period, the Aeronautical Division had 29 factory-built aircraft in its inventory, built a 30th from spare parts, and leased a civilian airplane for a short period in 1911.
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The manufacturers delivered 32 airplanes, but two crashed before acceptance. One (the Wright C Scout S.C. 10) was assigned a number before acceptance that was duplicated by its replacement, but the other, the
Burgess F intended to be S.C. No. 5, was not. The leased Collier Model B was not assigned an
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be kept by the Army to enforce its regulation limiting the amount of time an officer could spend away from the organization in which he was commissioned. Prior to passage of the act, detached service was limited by policy, using a regulation created and enforced by War
Department General Order No. 68
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According to one source, Carter disliked airplanes and believed they had no military value whatsoever. (Pool, p. 366) However, another states that Carter, a cavalry veteran of the Indian Wars, was impressed when
Foulois delivered orders to troops more than 25 miles from his headquarters and returned
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Because Sweet was his heaviest passenger to date (his weight variously given as 175 to 190 pounds (79 to 86 kg)), Wright had installed new, slightly longer propellers for the flight. Lahm was of the opinion that the propeller failure occurred when vibration caused its extended length to nick the
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Squier, now Chief Signal
Officer of the Maneuver Division, formed a provisional aero company on April 5, 1911, the first aviation unit in American history, in anticipation of training 18 additional pilots. Five new airplanes were authorized for purchase, and two were received at Fort Sam on April 20,
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of the 21st Infantry, as a passenger on October 26 to fulfill a pledge made to this friend of his sister Katherine. While Humphreys was not a "Manchu Law" victim, and resigned his commission the next year as a result of his recall, Lahm's time away from the Cavalry had reached its four-year maximum.
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Because the Wright airplanes were equipped with only a single warp (rudder control) lever between the pilot seats, the arrangement also produced "right seat pilots" and "left seat pilots" until 1912, when dual controls were introduced. Lahm and Humphreys, as an example, flew with each other to gain
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Flying at 75 feet, the Collier Wright B lost altitude when the pilots accidentally killed the engine while admiring a flight of ducks. It flipped over onto its back when the engine restarted at full throttle as it skimmed the water during their frantic attempts to regain powered flight. When it was
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The executive head of the Aeronautical Division had no official title between 1907 and 1914 but was usually referred to as the officer in charge (OIC). The history of assignments of heads of the division in official orders is murky and confused between 1908 and 1916. The four recognized by the USAF
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In the following year, Congress increased the size and prestige of Signal Corps aviation when it established the Aviation Section, with the Aeronautical Division continued as its headquarters component issuing orders in the name of the Chief Signal Officer. Reber became chief of the section and was
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The most proficient new pilot was Beck, who by seniority was made commander of the provisional aero company, causing a permanent rift between himself and Foulois, by far the more experienced pilot. The Curtiss machine, S.C. No.2, nearly crashed on May 2 with Walker at the controls, nose-diving when
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On November 5, both pilots were aboard the airplane, with Lahm at the controls, when it crashed in a low altitude turn. Although neither pilot was injured, and the Wrights bore the expense of repairs, the crash ended flights until 1910. Both Lahm and Humphreys returned to duty with their respective
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this time, returned to Fort Myer in June 1909 with a new though smaller and faster airplane, powered by the engine from the wrecked 1908 Flyer. The brothers spent the better part of July fine tuning the airplane and warming up for the final tests while bad flying weather hampered much of the month.
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Appropriations for aviation fell to $ 100,000, in part because the Signal Corps had spent only $ 40,000 of the Fiscal Year 1912 funding. However, as a result of the high number of fatalities, flight pay (35% increase above base pay) and accelerated promotion for pilots were approved by Congress on
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This division will have charge of all matters pertaining to military ballooning, air machines, and all kindred subjects. All data on hand will be carefully classified and plans perfected for future tests and experiments. The operations of this division are strictly confidential, and no information
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The enlisted men, representing the entire air corps of the Army in 1910 and early 1911, were Sgt. (later lieutenant colonel) Stephen J. Idzorek, Sgt. Herbert Marcus, Cpl. (later colonel) Vernon L. Burge, Pvt. Glenn R. Madole, Pvt. R.W. Brown, Pvt. Felix G. Clarke, Pvt. William C. Abolin, and Pvt.
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In February 1912, recognizing a need for specialized aircraft in field service, the Aeronautical Division drew up its first new specifications for aircraft since 1907, creating a "Scout" classification for a two-man, slow speed, tactical reconnaissance airplane; and "Speed Scout", for a lighter,
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Another historian, however, wrote that Chandler may have been deposed by the division commander, Gen. Carter, who was also in command of the Central Department, in order to hand-pick a non-aviator as his replacement (Carter's signal officer, Cowan). The inadequacy of the field at Texas City and
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by 1st Lt. Harold Geiger in July 1913, using S.C. 8 and 21, but trained no students after preliminary flying was suspended in September because of treacherous winds. The aircraft went into storage in November. The following year the engines were shipped back to the United States, Geiger and his
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Henry H. Arnold recorded in his memoirs that Humphreys was recalled to the Corps of Engineers after being detached only two months because of a "holier than thou" attitude by the Corps, while Lahm had been recalled to the Cavalry because it was reported he had taken a woman up in his plane. In
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The term "squadron" was derived from cavalry terminology and was used by early military air organizations internationally. In 1913, Chief Signal Officer Scriven testified during the HR5304 hearings before Congress that "the aeroplane is an adjunct to the cavalry." When the time came to form a
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The Army pilots were not happy training Winder, however. The cost of the training was paid from the Aeronautical Division's limited funds, not by the State of Ohio; pilot training would have been provided by the manufacturer when the state purchased an aircraft; and Winder immediately put his
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Between August 1, 1908, and June 30, 1914, the Signal Corps spent $ 430,000 on aeronautics, funding the purchase of 30 aircraft and the building of a 31st (S.C. No. 23) from spare parts. By 1914, only nine of the surviving 23 remained in service, and two of those that were retired never flew
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instead as a delegate to the International Congress of Aeronautics. Foulois arrived back from France on October 23 and was given some preliminary flight time with Wilbur Wright, even though Wright was not contractually obligated to do so, with the intent that Humphreys would complete Foulois'
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In November 1909, Foulois became the only officer detailed to the Aeronautical Division. He accrued three hours and two minutes total flying time at College Park but did not solo. Because of inclement winter weather at College Park, Foulois was assigned to move the flying program to
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Arnold set an altitude record of 3,260 ft (990 m) on July 7, 1911, and twice broke it. In August, he experienced his first crash, trying to take off from a farm field after getting lost. At the end of the November the school disassembled its four aircraft and moved to
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testified to the investigating board that the spruce wood of the propeller was brittle. The crash convinced Secretary Metcalf not to pursue naval aviation and may have led to his resignation two months later for reasons of health. Sweet, however, was encouraged by Rear Adm.
805:, and Milling became the only aviator able to master the significantly different flight controls of each type. A split developed between the "Wright pilots" and the "Curtiss pilots" that was not resolved until the Wright machines were phased out in 1914 for safety reasons.
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The 4-cylinder engine that came with the two-seat S.C. No. 6 was swapped with the more powerful 8-cylinder engine that had been installed on the single-seat S.C. No. 2 when it was repaired. S.C. No 2 was then used a training plane for beginner pilots. (Hennessey, p.
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and commanded the first Signal Corps War Balloon Company in 1894 at Fort Logan. Dade was promoted to temporary general of the Signal Corps on December 17, with a date of rank of October 29, and appointed to command the Air Division, and by seniority, the Aviation
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split and shattered on the fourth lap, severing a guy wire to the rudder, and caused the airplane to crash. Wright was hospitalized, and Selfridge—the Army's only officer experienced in heavier-than-air flight—was killed in the first fatal crash of an airplane.
967:, when he was nearly killed. In total the division purchased six Wright Cs (not including the one flown by Welsh and Hazelhurst) and a Burgess Model J (a Wright C made under license), six of which crashed. This led to the grounding on February 24, 1914, of all
140:, the Aeronautical Division procured the first powered military aircraft in 1909, created schools to train its aviators, and initiated a rating system for pilot qualifications. It organized and deployed the first permanent American aviation unit, the
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between Fort Myer and Alexandria, Virginia. This flight broke all of the existing records for speed, duration with a passenger, and altitude with a passenger. Pleased with the performance of this airplane the Army purchased it awarding the Wrights
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from Curtiss, arrived with the aircraft to assist in instruction. All three of the Army's aircraft took to the air at the same time on April 22, 1911, during a parade and review of troops of the Maneuver Division at Fort Sam Houston, captured in a
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listed the strength of the division at 51 officers and men on November 1, 1912, and 114 on September 30, 1913. Statistics compiled for the HR5304 hearings showed that United States ranked 14th in expenditures among the nations with air services.
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Squier became Chief of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps in 1916. The 18 pilots were volunteers who were permitted to train in their spare time while conducting their regular duties. Only two qualified as rated pilots before World War I.
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entitled, "Military Aviation in America: Its Needs", promoting the concept of an independent air force with its own missions. After he returned to the Infantry, he continued to lobby friends in Congress to return to aviation. In February 1913,
2293:, brother-in‑law of President Roosevelt and Chief of the Bureau of Equipment, to continue lobbying the Navy to acquire and test an airplane. The 29-year-old McEntee, an aviation enthusiast, was assigned three years later to the staff of Capt.
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On December 23, 1907, the Signal Corps issued Specification No. 486 for a heavier-than-air flying machine and requested bids. A copy of the specification was sent to the Wrights on January 3, 1908. The following April 30 Lahm and 1st Lt.
2502:. The cause of that accident was judged as pilot error (attempting to take off in fog, Park flew into a tree) and S.C. No. 2 was again repaired. It continued in service until permanently grounded with all other pusher airplanes in 1914. (
352:. He remained head of the division until 1908, then again from 1911 to 1913. During the interim, he was relieved by Lahm and from May 1910 to June 1911 (while Chandler attended the Signal School Course at Fort Leavenworth) by Capt.
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Captain Charles DeF. Chandler, Signal Corps, is detailed in charge of this division, and Corporal Edward Ward and First-class Private Joseph E. Barrett will report to Captain Chandler for duty in this division under his immediate
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faster, one-man airplane for strategic (longer ranged) reconnaissance. In May 1912, the division purchased its first Speed Scout, a Wright C. The aircraft crashed during its acceptance trials on June 11 at College Park, killing
496:. Under orders to travel to St. Joseph for the dirigible exhibition, Selfridge asked to take Sweet's place on a scheduled test flight, conducted in front of 2,500 onlookers. During the flight, flying at 150 feet (46 m), a
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demonstrated the use of airplanes in support of ground maneuvers for the first time. The S.C. No. 1 was not sufficiently airworthy for the reconnaissance and messaging missions it performed, and for a nominal fee of one
794:' aviation school. Beginning instruction on May 3, Milling had soloed on May 8 after two hours of flight time while Arnold made his first solo flight May 13 after three hours and forty-eight minutes of flying lessons.
774:, and was assigned to recruit two lieutenants to become pilots. Cowan contacted Arnold, who cabled his interest in also transferring to the Signal Corps but heard nothing in reply for two years. In 1911, relocated to
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College Park was abandoned in June 1913 at the expiration of the lease, despite congressional pressure to buy it, because the cost of purchasing the property ($ 400,000) was considered exorbitant by Secretary of War
558:, for use as a training field. The newly purchased airplane was delivered to College Park on October 7, assembled by Wilbur Wright, and flown for the first time the next day. Wright began instruction of Lahm and
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Dade, a colonel of cavalry, became school commander of the Signal Corps Aviation School on April 11, 1917, when Col. William A. Glassford reached the mandatory retirement age of 64. Glassford had purchased the
1013:, replaced on an interim basis by Cowan, who was already in Texas City as the signal officer of the mobilizing 2d Division. In September, Lt. Col. Samuel Reber—a former balloonist and influential member of the
529: (equivalent to $ 169,556 in 2023) ($ 1,000 for each mile achieved over 40 miles per hour (64 km/h)). The plane's best speed had been 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), bringing the total sale price to
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S.C. No. 2, the Curtiss D in which Lt. Kelly was killed, was not returned to service until July 25, after its engine had been swapped with a less powerful one from the new Curtiss Model E, S.C. 6 (Cameron, p.
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had also been selected to train on the Wright machine with Arnold and Milling, but his flying training was delayed while he supervised selection and construction of the facility at College Park. (Cameron, p.
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within an hour. His views regarding the utility of the airplane as a military tool may have been influenced by the death of his own son a few months earlier in an industrial accident. (Machoian, pp. 19–20)
943:(FAI) were adopted, including standards for the certification of pilots, and Arnold and Milling became the first two Army pilots to be FAI certified. On February 23, 1912, the U.S. Army established its own
2009:, US Signal Corps, circa 1911 -1914. aircraft mechanic, flew with Lt. Townsend Dodd in Burgess H tractor biplane, setting American distance (245 miles) and duration (2hr,43 min.) record on Feb.14,1914.
2274:, reporting Creecy's suicide in 1930, stated that he lost his place on the flight in a coin toss with the Selfridge. This assertion, possibly a family anecdote, is unsubstantiated by any other source.
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passed S.J. Resolution 65 on March 16, 1916, calling for an investigation of malfeasance in the Aviation Section, causing the immediate appointment of an acting head of the division/section. See
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at Galveston, leaving only two aircraft and five pilots in San Diego. 1st Company was itself reinforced by six new pilots but never uncrated their airplanes and left Texas on July 13, 1914.
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In May 1908, 25 members of the 1st Signal Company, New York National Guard, formed an unofficial balloon unit ("aeronautical corps") instructed by Lahm, Selfridge, and civilian balloonist
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589:. Foulois had been a vocal critic of the dirigible, recommending that it be abandoned, and although one of the two candidates selected to be trained as an airplane pilot, he was sent to
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The "Detached Service Law", familiarly known in the Army as the "Manchu Law", was a provision of the Army appropriations act passed by Congress on 24 August 1912 that required a
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and back to Boston, a total of 175 miles, without the use of a compass. It was also his first night flight, with several large bonfires providing guidance to the landing field.
1032:. Two days later, to reinforce the Navy's aviation detachment, Foulois and four pilots of the 1st Aero Squadron, soon designated the squadron's 1st Company, crated their three
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Russel eventually became Chief Signal Officer of the AEF during World War I and a major general. Russel Hall, the headquarters building at Fort Monmouth, is named for him.
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on April 21, 1914. By April 24 they had completely occupied the city after severe fighting and were provided reconnaissance support by five Navy seaplanes assigned to the
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2301:, helping develop the Navy's first seaplanes. During World War I, at the end of his naval career, Sweet built a powerful radio transmitter in France and was awarded the
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After Army acceptance of the aircraft on April 27, Foulois and Ely then undertook training a small group pilot candidates on the Curtiss machine, including three (Capt.
233:, Chief Signal officer of the Army, formulated plans for a War Balloon detachment for the Signal Corps and authorized the purchase of a balloon from France, dubbed the
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1912, half of what was proposed), and added five airplanes to its inventory. In addition to S.C.s 2, 3, 4, and 6, a Wright B was ordered to be built under license by
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Chandler's training under Arnold was minimal, and he actually earned his qualification flying with Orville Wright in Dayton at the end of the summer of 1911. (
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Bruce Pierce. Pvt. Kenneth L. Kintzel was detailed to the detachment after it reached Texas. He and Burge accompanied S.C. No. 7 to the Philippines in 1912. (
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in 1914, the Aeronautical Division continued as the primary organizational component of the section until April 1918, when its inefficiency in mobilizing for
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Parade of the Maneuver Division on April 22, 1911, with S.C. No. 2 (Curtiss D) at right, S.C. No. 3 (Wright B) at center, and S.C. No. 1 (Wright A) at left
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If Arnold were officially recognized, he would have twice commanded U.S. military aviation, once as a second lieutenant and once as a general of the army.
1118:, Chapters 2–6, pp. 28–102; Warnock, "From Infant Technology to Obsolescence: the Wright Brothers' Airplane in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, 1905–1915"
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on July 1, where it was struck repeatedly by small arms fire and shrapnel. Badly damaged, it was not used again. (Greely, "Balloons in War", pp. 48–49)
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S.C. No. 30, a Curtiss J, was to have been the 31st aircraft, but although ordered at the same time as S.C. No. 29, was not delivered until September.
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The Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps, consisting at its inception of one officer and two enlisted men, began operation on August 1, 1907. Captain
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851:, during takeoff. Arnold began to develop a phobia about flying, intensified by the fatal crashes of the Wright Company instructor who taught him,
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3405:, Biographical Memoirs Volume XX, presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1938. Retrieved Apr 1, 2010. (Documenting date of appointment)
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onto the landing skids to provide the first landing gear. S.C. No. 1 made its last flight, and the 66th on it by Foulois, on February 8, 1911.
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In early 1911, the United States gathered much of the Regular Army in south Texas as a show of force to Mexican revolutionaries, forming the "
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retrieved, it was found that little actual damage had been incurred, and the aircraft was repaired and placed back in service. (Pool, p. 359)
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The dirigible was delivered first, in July 1908, after Baldwin submitted an extremely low bid to ensure receiving the contract. Baldwin and
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assisted Capt. Arthur S. Cowan (then in the Infantry) in a military mapping detail. Cowan returned to the United States, transferred to the
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exhibition. However, the first solo ascent in the dirigible, and the first flight solely by army pilots, did not occur until May 26, 1909.
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1963:
Capt. Paul W. Beck, Signal Corps – first nominal head of an operational aviation unit in 1911–12, first advocate of a separate air service
280:. Although Langley's "Aerodrome" failed embarrassingly, the Army later resumed its interest in aviation as a result of the success of the
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1st Lt. Thomas E. Selfridge, Jr., 1st Field Artillery – first Army officer to learn to fly, first airplane fatality (September 17, 1908)
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on August 2, 1909, designating it "Signal Corps (S.C.) No. 1". On August 25, the Army leased 160 acres (0.65 km) of land along the
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Beck was possibly the first advocate of an air service separate from the Army ground forces. In 1912 Beck authored an article for the
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4027:
1980:
Capt. Charles deF. Chandler, Signal Corps – balloonist, twice head of the Aeronautical Division, and third rated pilot (July 5, 1912)
959:, the Wright Company instructor who had taught Arnold to fly. Arnold himself was flying a Wright C (S.C. No. 10) in November 1912 at
934:
and used by Lahm to make the first flight of an American military airplane outside the continental United States on March 21, 1912.
4696:
4539:
4524:
4149:
4032:
836:
of Ohio, was the first National Guard officer to complete flying training and receive an F.A.I. certificate in the spring of 1912.
4582:
4496:
4491:
3006:
2241:
soon after the establishment of the Division but served honorably later in the U.S. Navy. (Correll, "First of the Force", p. 51)
4600:
4391:
4064:
1054:
4567:
3997:
3890:
3837:
3609:
566:
516:
as a spectator, Foulois and Wright in the final acceptance trial made a cross country flight of 10 miles (16 km) around
4742:
4691:
4248:
3734:
2224:, after observing Spanish movements near El Caney on June 30, 1898, was placed within 650 yards of the Spanish trenches on
1021:
782:, Arnold sent a request to transfer to the Signal Corps, and on April 21, 1911, received orders detailing him and 2nd Lt.
4686:
4652:
4609:
3974:
2119:
2104:
1061:
669:
490:
148:
1001:
While at Texas City, the junior pilots complained directly about safety concerns to new Chief Signal Officer Brig. Gen.
4476:
4336:
4228:
2270:
31-year-old George Cook Sweet was not a prospective aviator but an expert in the new field of wireless telegraphy. The
2237:
Ward was commissioned during World War I and received a balloonist license. Barrett, with a fear of hydrogen balloons,
1957:
1029:
944:
163:
to replace it with an organization independent of the Signal Corps that eventually became the foundation of the Army's
3910:
1995:
1st Lt. Frank P. Lahm, 6th Cavalry – second solo pilot, first licensed military pilot, and first Army aviator overseas
585:
gas used to lift the ship caused the gasbag to leak with increasing severity. The dirigible was condemned and sold at
4701:
4519:
3742:
3700:
3679:
3628:
3567:
3487:
771:
340:, a cavalry officer, was also detailed to the division and joined it September 17, 1907. Both Chandler and Lahm were
318:
210:
186:
will be given out by any party except through the Chief Signal Officer of the Army or his authorized representative.
137:
4577:
4720:
4662:
4613:
4195:
3990:
3600:
Heimdahl, William C.; Hurley, Alfred F. (1997). "The Roots of U.S. Military Aviation". In Nalty, Bernard C. (ed.).
2125:
2498:
S.C. No. 2 was involved in another fatal accident on May 9, 1913, in which 1st Lt. Joseph D. Park was killed near
4514:
4233:
4205:
808:
Milling won the Tri-State Biplane Race in a Wright B against a field of experienced fliers, flying a course from
462: (equivalent to $ 169,556 in 2023) bonus for exceeding the speed requirement). The airplane was delivered to
369:
345:
321:
James Allen, in July 1907, and immediately convinced Allen to create an aviation entity within the Signal Corps.
265:
160:
113:
3911:"From Infant technology to Obsolescence: the Wright Brothers' Airplane in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, 1905–1915"
855:
on June 12, and an academy classmate of Arnold's, 2d Lt. Lewis Rockwell, on September 18, 1912, both in the new
25:
4657:
4647:
4617:
2672:
S.C. 19 and 20 were experimental Wright D Speed Scouts never placed in service after flight acceptance flights.
2131:
952:
164:
3754:""Kept Alive by the Postman": The Wright Brothers and 1st Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois at Fort Sam Houston in 1910"
3133:""Kept Alive by the Postman": The Wright Brothers and 1st Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois at Fort Sam Houston in 1910"
1068:
March 3, 1913, in the appropriations legislation and the Aeronautical Division grew from 14 to 18 pilots. The
4672:
4625:
3669:
2143:
1235:
423:. During August, Baldwin trained three officer candidates to fly the dirigible: Lahm, Selfridge, and 1st Lt.
4637:
4621:
2430:
2137:
2085:
1989:
2d Lt. Frederick E. Humphreys, Corps of Engineers – first to solo in a military aircraft (October 26, 1909)
420:
926:
as its "Model F" (S.C. No. 5). A sixth aircraft, a Wright B Flyer designated S.C. No. 7, was assembled at
2441:
at the same time. In Beck's instance, the applicable regulation was "Article VI 'Details', Paragraph 40,
1893:
Lt. Col. Samuel Reber (September 10, 1913 – July 17, 1914; Chief of Division July 18, 1914 – May 5, 1916)
995:
551:
141:
3431:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York
2663:
SC number. As noted earlier, S.C. No. 30 was not delivered until after creation of the Aviation Section.
4238:
2057:
729:
486:
2433:. The term arose in usage comparing staff officers sent back to their regiments to bureaucrats of the
2071:
2043:
4631:
4243:
4164:
4044:
1873:
1853:
325:
431:. Foulois was trained as the first dirigible pilot and prepared to move the ship from Fort Omaha to
4534:
4471:
3764:
3706:
3581:
3460:
3143:
2956:
2631:. Arnold supervised the closing of the facility as his final task with the Aeronautical Division. (
2567:
detachment were sent home, and the two aircraft were sold at auction for a combined total of $ 450.
2204:
821:
817:
733:
258:
226:
2335:
actuality, it had been Wilbur Wright who flew Sarah (possibly Sadie) Van Deman, the wife of Capt.
2284:
guy wire repeatedly until the propeller broke, pulling the wire from its socket at the same time.
4366:
4013:
3356:
Craig, Lt. Gen. Howard A. (Fall 1973). "Col. Charles DeForest Chandler, Air Service, U.S. Army".
2476:
Certificate N. 127; and Lt. Col. Charles B. Winder of Ohio, FAI Cert. No. 130. (Hennessy, p. 246)
2225:
2149:
1183:
971:
aircraft, including the sole Wright C survivor and a Burgess model rebuilt to Wright C standard.
844:
840:
717:
497:
419:
and met all specifications except speed, which was just under the requirement. It was designated
277:
133:
947:
and issued the first five (of 24) to Arnold, Chandler, Milling, Beck, and Foulois in July 1912.
446:
1st Lt. Frank Lahm and Orville Wright in the first U.S. Army airplane, S.C. No. 1, July 27, 1909
306:, studied aeronautical theory and lectured on the Wright flying machine. One of his instructors—
3810:
3784:
3559:
2200:
1057:
915:
798:
725:
562:
307:
152:
3862:
2318:
Selfridge had nearly been killed the previous December 6 in the crash of one of Bell's kites,
485:, Lieut. George C. Sweet and Naval Constructor (Lieut.) William McEntee, and another from the
64:
3514:
2499:
2255:
2207:, then in August 1863 rejected the balloon unit outright as costing more than it was worth. (
1006:
813:
686:
677:
615:
489:, 2nd Lt. Richard B. Creecy, were present at Fort Myer as official observers, accompanied by
341:
272:
and invested $ 50,000 for the rights to a heavier-than-air flying machine being developed by
269:
128:(1907–1914) was the first heavier-than-air military aviation organization in history and the
2613:
Reber had arranged for the first firing of a weapon (a rifle) from a flying airplane by Lt.
4356:
4351:
4253:
2691:
2298:
1986:
2d Lt Leighton W. Hazelhurst, 17th Infantry – second student pilot fatality (June 11, 1912)
1014:
968:
643:
638:
630:
555:
432:
397:
349:
1992:
2d Lt. George E. M. Kelly, 30th infantry – first student and pilot fatality (May 10, 1911)
380:
with an "aeronautical corps" for balloon observation, commanded by Major Oscar Erlandean.
8:
4361:
4346:
4341:
2192:
1983:
1st Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois, Signal Corps – third solo pilot, first Army instructor pilot
911:
513:
373:
333:
222:
182:
An Aeronautical Division of this office is hereby established, to take effect this date.
3552:
USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941
4326:
4273:
4258:
4223:
4169:
3858:
2889:, Eric Durr, 2008, Division of Military and naval Affairs, ny.gov, retrieved 12-13-2014
2378:
2196:
2012:
1st Lt. Thomas DeW. Milling, 15th Cavalry – first rated Military Aviator (July 5, 1912)
1917:
979:
871:
697:
482:
389:
365:
303:
218:
207:
68:
3621:
The United States Army Air Arm, April 1861 to April 1917. USAF Historical Study No. 98
581:
The dirigible service proved short-lived, as the corrosive effects of weather and the
268:
accepted the report of an aeronautically minded investigating committee that included
4642:
4331:
4306:
3886:
3738:
3726:
3696:
3675:
3634:
3624:
3605:
3573:
3563:
3498:
3483:
2614:
2438:
2290:
2023:
1967:
1208:
1002:
990:, on February 28, 1913. Ultimately, eight pilots and nine airplanes trained with the
987:
906:
after the first successful firing of a machine-gun from an aeroplane on June 7, 1912.
783:
764:
681:
651:
559:
509:
For 1909's acceptance trials both Lahm and Foulois were named as official observers.
493:
404: (equivalent to $ 228,900 in 2023), and an airplane from the Wright Brothers for
4424:
4311:
4296:
4286:
2628:
1927:
1097:
994:
on the Gulf Coast and San Antonio. Organized as a provisional unit on March 5, the
983:
829:
779:
599:
454: (equivalent to $ 3,391,111 in 2023) for their airplane, then agreed to sell a
424:
361:
292:
3843:
3433:, Supplement, Volume VI-A 1910–1920, Seeman and Peters, Saginaw, Michigan, p. 1887
2033:, Signal Corps – first enlisted and second passenger fatality (September 18, 1912)
4321:
4316:
4301:
4291:
4281:
2559:
2469:
2455:
2336:
2294:
2259:
2251:
1882:
1798:
1554:
1513:
1370:
1308:
1221:
1033:
956:
923:
899:
875:
852:
802:
791:
767:
748:
673:
505:
281:
230:
3398:
287:
All balloon school activities of the U.S. Army Signal Corps were transferred to
3602:
Winged Shield, Winged Sword 1907-1950: A History of the United States Air Force
2434:
2285:
2188:
2030:
1905:
1620:
1598:
1576:
1391:
1287:
1196:
1151:
927:
903:
883:
856:
843:
and engine mounted on the front) on June 26, 1912, but crashed into the bay at
833:
752:
709:
647:
547:
473:
455:
314:
310:
273:
88:
2254:
officer interested in aeronautics who had been working with Canadian inventor
614:
as a safety belt on the S.C. No. 1 on March 12, 1910, then on August 8 he and
4736:
4681:
4677:
3949:
3502:
1037:
848:
705:
634:
590:
412:
348:, an international balloon event, while Chandler was already a member of the
337:
3638:
3577:
1950:
368:
to familiarize 25 members of the First Company, Signal Corps, a unit of the
3839:
Getting the Message Through: A Branch History of the U.S. Army Signal Corps
1974:
894:
889:
832:, for the winter, flying from a leased farm. One of its students, Lt. Col.
787:
693:
656:
607:
356:, a former infantry officer and non-aviator assigned to the Signal School.
300:
3982:
3933:, May 2005, Vol. 88, No. 5, the Air Force Association, Arlington, Virginia
1101:
Signal Corps Plane No. 1 and crew at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, in May 1910.
442:
3655:"Looking Skyward: The Emergence of an Airminded Culture in the U.S. Army"
2886:
1078:
1010:
931:
919:
760:
728:, immediately withdrew permission to fly at Fort Sam. Foulois, who was a
660:, on February 21. Foulois and Parmalee landed the rented airplane in the
603:
214:
156:
3646:
3329:
Table 3, "AAF Military personnel—number and percent of US Army strength"
2002:, Signal Corps – first pilot trained overseas (killed September 4, 1913)
744:
2577:
2319:
2302:
1162:
delivered 1 Sep 1908, fatal crash during acceptance trials (Selfridge)
960:
863:
704:) who had been partially trained as prospective Curtiss instructors by
661:
619:
611:
477:
Crashed Wright Flyer that took the life of Selfridge September 17, 1908
436:
317:
balloons. Squier became executive officer to the Chief Signal Officer,
288:
242:
238:
129:
1970:, Coast Artillery Corps – only member to retire (1948) as part of USAF
1085:
and was abolished altogether by the War Department on April 24, 1918.
998:
became the first permanent unit of the air force on December 8, 1913.
3936:
2238:
879:
797:
In June, he and Milling completed their instruction and were sent to
713:
463:
416:
388:
In 1908, the Aeronautical Division, at the intercession of President
78:
3867:
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
2026:, 10th Infantry – first licensed pilot fatality (September 18, 1912)
253:, was manufactured by members of the Signal Corps in 1897 using the
30:
The first Wright airplane arriving at Ft. Myer, VA, 1 September 1908
1977:, Signal Corps – first FAI certified enlisted pilot (June 14, 1912)
1820:
1025:
839:
Arnold accepted delivery of the Army's first tractor plane (with a
775:
582:
467:
428:
344:. Lahm had earned renown the year before when he won the inaugural
329:
2116:
Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps August 1, 1907 – July 18, 1914
982:
airplanes were sent from the Aviation School's winter location at
109:
4753:
Military communications units and formations of the United States
3725:
3530:
The Logbook of Signal Corps No. 1, The U.S. Army's First Airplane
2019:, Philippine Scouts – first overseas fatality (November 14, 1913)
586:
512:
Lahm flew with Wright on July 27, and on July 30, with President
393:
3623:. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air Force Historical Research Agency.
1319:
trainer with 40 hp engine, swapped engines with S.C. No. 2
3842:. Washington, D.C.: Center For Military History. Archived from
2563:
975:
964:
867:
809:
458:
satisfying the requirements for $ 25,000 (they also received a
296:
525: (equivalent to $ 847,778 in 2023) plus an added bonus of
3534:
AFD-100928-011 (Air Force Historical Studies Office document)
2749:
2747:
978:, Chandler, four pilots, 21 enlisted men and a detachment of
910:
In 1911, the Aeronautical Division received its first direct
3429:
Cullum, Bvt-Brig-Gen George W. (Col. Wirt Robinson, editor)
3403:
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1831:
Damaged beyond repair in a ground accident on 20 April 1915
955:, who had been among the first class of student pilots, and
898:
Captain Charles Chandler (with prototype Lewis Gun) and Lt.
481:
On the afternoon of September 17, 1908, two officers of the
3950:
Provisional Aero Company in flight, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
3497:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program.
1923:
Lt. Col. John B. Bennet (February 19, 1917 – July 29, 1917)
291:, in 1905. In 1906, the commandant of the Signal School in
3532:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Museums and History Program.
2744:
284:
and entered into protracted negotiations for an airplane.
2576:
S.C. No. 10 crashed on February 9, 1914, killing 1st Lt.
2110:
1951:
Military aviation pioneers with the Aeronautical Division
1913:
Chiefs of Division (and Aviation Section head), 1916–1918
1888:
Maj. Edgar Russel (December 15, 1912 – September 9, 1913)
1402:
fatal crash during acceptance trials (Welsh, Hazelhurst)
1109:
The crashed aircraft Signal Corps No. 4 September 28,1912
1105:
364:
reported to New York City along with civilian balloonist
2258:
since the summer of 1907 after being turned down by the
1940:
Col. Laurence Brown (February 28, 1918 – April 24, 1918)
1116:
The United States Army Air Arm, April 1861 to April 1917
1092:
4129:
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
2340:(Pool, pp. 344–345; Allen, "Wright Military Training")
1901:
Capt. George S. Gibbs (March 17, 1916 – April 2, 1916)
313:—was also a student of aviation and taught the use of
4748:
Signal units and formations of the United States Army
4112:
House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
3785:"The Origin of Military Aviation in Texas, 1910–1913"
3399:"Biographical Memoir of George Owen Squier 1865–1934"
1861:
1st Lt. Frank P. Lahm (May 14, 1908 – December 1909)*
1837:
4773:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1914
3537:
Greely, Gen. Adolphus W. (1900). "Balloons in War",
1869:
Capt. Arthur S. Cowan (July 1, 1910 – June 19, 1911)
1043:
4763:
20th-century history of the United States Air Force
3695:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University.
3495:
Training to Fly: Military Flight Training 1907–1945
3358:
Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society
2858:Correll, John T. (2007). "The First of the Force",
2443:
Regulations for the army of the United States, 1910
200:
Brigadier General, Chief Signal Officer of the Army
4758:20th-century military history of the United States
4107:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces
3900:Turnbull, Archibald D.; Lord, Clifford L. (1949).
3450:"Wright Military Training at College Park in 1909"
2946:"Wright Military Training at College Park in 1909"
2526:"left seat" experience for instructing purposes. (
4768:Military units and formations established in 1907
1070:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest (World War II)
862:In October 1912, Arnold and Milling were sent to
392:in the acquisition process, purchased a nonrigid
4734:
3081:
3079:
2203:'s balloon in trees trying to deliver it to the
2187:and Fort Myer, Virginia, were named for Colonel
1956:1st Lt. Henry H. Arnold, 29th Infantry – second
3057:
3055:
3053:
2887:Long Island Unit Gave Birth to “Citizen Airmen”
3649:, "The Engines of Our Ingenuity" Episode 1974.
3599:
3167:
3097:
2980:
2922:
2898:
2831:
2804:
2753:
2632:
2601:
2208:
890:Appropriations, growth, and "incipient mutiny"
336:Joseph E. Barrett as his assistants. 1st Lt.
3998:
3520:Cragg, Dan, ed., Sgt.Maj. USA (Ret.) (1983).
3076:
3899:
3863:"The Present Status of Military Aeronautics"
3050:
2910:
2306:
1081:, the Aeronautical Division was renamed the
4783:1914 disestablishments in the United States
4012:
3509:Correll, John T. "The First of the Force",
376:. The company was organized to provide the
4005:
3991:
3885:. Washington D.C.: Army Times Publishing.
3527:
3413:
3411:
3118:
3070:
2815:
2813:
2351:
533: (equivalent to $ 1,017,333 in 2023).
383:
3937:Paul W. Beck, The Early Birds of Aviation
3723:
3685:
3653:Machoian, Major Ronald G. (USAF) (2002).
3317:
3085:Correll, "The First of the Force", p. 49.
3034:
3032:
2819:
2776:
2774:
886:in 1917 in memory of Arnold's classmate.
450:The Wright Brothers, who had been asking
328:was named to head the new division, with
4778:1907 establishments in the United States
3652:
3618:
3478:Bowman, Martin W., "Background to War",
3417:
3392:
3386:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3179:
3038:Correll, "The First of the Force", p.48.
2992:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2874:
2842:
2840:
2792:
2780:
2765:
2503:
2392:
1885:(September 18, 1912 – December 14, 1912)
1104:
1096:
893:
743:
664:during their second flight, on March 5.
472:
441:
147:Following statutory authorization of an
3908:
3902:History of United States Naval Aviation
3880:
3811:"Military Aviation in Texas, 1913–1917"
3728:A Concise History of the U.S. Air Force
3492:
3420:, p. 191 (Documenting relief date)
3408:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3191:
3093:
3091:
2846:
2810:
2734:
2732:
2527:
2486:
2355:
2297:at the Experimental Model Basin at the
1864:Unknown (December 1909 – June 30, 1910)
974:In anticipation of a possible war with
98:(1913) 18 pilots, 100 support personnel
4735:
4201:Operational Test and Evaluation Center
4065:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
3857:
3835:
3751:
3671:Air Force Combat Units of World War II
3351:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3130:
3029:
2771:
2111:Lineage of the United States Air Force
1937:(November 5, 1917 – February 14, 1918)
940:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
536:
170:
3986:
3815:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
3789:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
3548:
3447:
3373:
3371:
3355:
3305:
3124:
3004:
2943:
2928:
2837:
2738:
1093:Aircraft of the Aeronautical Division
1036:tractors and shipped them by rail to
739:
541:
3966:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps
3782:
3735:Defense Technical Information Center
3088:
2880:
2729:
1690:built in San Diego from spare parts
1022:landed Marines and armed Bluejackets
257:as a model, and served in combat in
249:deteriorated, a second balloon, the
3904:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3657:. USAF: Air University, Maxwell AFB
3522:The guide to Military Installations
3344:
2998:
2698:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps
2105:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps
2064:Lt. Foulois and Orville Wright 1909
1232:2 fatal crashes (G. Kelly and Park)
672:1911 "Type IV military aeroplane" (
576:
126:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps
19:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps
13:
4702:Air & Space Forces Association
4119:Senate Committee on Armed Services
3368:
2653:Approximately $ 10,000,000 in 2012
2558:A third school was established at
2146:June 20, 1941 – September 18, 1947
1930:(July 30, 1917 – November 5, 1917)
1920:(May 20, 1916 – February 18, 1917)
1838:Heads of the Aeronautical Division
1502:fatal crash (Ellington, H. Kelly)
14:
4794:
3943:
3493:Cameron, Rebecca Hancock (1999).
3448:Allen, Catherine Wallace (2002).
2944:Allen, Catherine Wallace (2002).
1876:(June 20, 1911 – April 1, 1913)**
1847:August 1, 1907, to July 18, 1914:
1044:Expansion of the aviation service
4716:
4715:
4614:Division of Military Aeronautics
4139:
4038:Under Secretary of the Air Force
3909:Warnock, Dr. A. Timothy (2002).
3836:Raines, Rebecca Robbins (1996).
3562:: Center For Air Force History.
3528:Cunningham, Meghan, ed. (2004).
2126:Division of Military Aeronautics
2084:
2070:
2056:
2042:
790:, for flight instruction at the
637:, Foulois and Wright instructor
372:, in the use of hydrogen-filled
108:
63:
48:
24:
3674:, Office of Air Force History,
3513:, August 2007, Vol. 90, No. 8,
3423:
3380:
3332:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3112:
3103:
3064:
3041:
2986:
2974:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2868:
2852:
2825:
2768:, pp. 236–238, Appendix 14
2703:
2696:"The Goodier court-martial" at
2684:
2675:
2666:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2620:
2607:
2593:
2583:
2570:
2552:
2543:
2533:
2519:
2509:
2492:
2479:
2462:
2448:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2384:
2371:
2361:
2343:
2328:
2312:
2277:
2264:
2244:
2231:
2132:Air Service, United States Army
1960:Military Aviator (July 5, 1912)
1856:(August 1, 1907 – May 13, 1908)
1462:fatal crash Philippines (Rich)
1121:
4525:Reserve Officer Training Corps
4482:Judge Advocate General's Corps
4124:Senate Subcommittee on Airland
4102:House Armed Services Committee
3975:Aviation Section, Signal Corps
3724:McFarland, Stephen L. (1997).
3619:Hennessy, Juliette A. (1958).
2798:
2786:
2759:
2325:, at the end of a test flight.
2214:
2177:
2168:
2120:Aviation Section, Signal Corps
1276:fatal crash (Rockwell, Scott)
1062:Aviation Section, Signal Corps
953:2nd Lt. Leighton W. Hazelhurst
1:
4673:Women Airforce Service Pilots
3881:Tillman, Stephen L. (2010) .
3524:, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg
3440:
2144:United States Army Air Forces
1908:(April 3, 1916– May 20, 1916)
2722:
2431:National Defense Act of 1920
2161:
2152:September 18, 1947 – present
2140:July 2, 1926 – June 20, 1941
2138:United States Army Air Corps
2122:July 18, 1914 – May 20, 1918
1830:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1030:United States Atlantic Fleet
918:for aviation ($ 125,000 for
732:and a combat veteran of the
421:Signal Corps Dirigible No. 1
100:31 total airplanes 1909–1914
7:
4743:United States Army aviation
4028:Department of the Air Force
3686:McClendon, R. Earl (1996).
2199:. Ironically, Myer snagged
2134:May 24, 1918 – July 2, 1926
2128:May 20, 1918 – May 24, 1918
2098:
552:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
518:Shuter's (or Shooters) Hill
504:Orville Wright, along with
151:in the Signal Corps by the
10:
4799:
4033:Secretary of the Air Force
3168:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
3098:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
3007:"The College Park Century"
2981:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2923:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2899:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2832:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2805:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2795:, p. 217, Appendix 1.
2754:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2741:, p. 149, Appendix 2
2633:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2602:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
2209:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997
1524:fatal crash (R. Chandler)
1234:restored and displayed at
924:Burgess Company and Curtis
680:of the Wright Company and
415:flew the test trials over
39:1 August 1907–18 July 1914
4710:
4591:
4553:
4437:
4375:
4272:
4214:
4188:
4157:
4148:
4137:
4020:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3783:Pool, William C. (1955).
3752:Miller, Roger G. (2002).
3549:Greer, Thomas H. (1985).
3539:Harper's Monthly Magazine
3401:, by Arthur E. Kennelly,
3142:(January). Archived from
3131:Miller, Roger G. (2002).
2877:, p. 225, Appendix 6
1874:Charles deForest Chandler
1854:Charles deForest Chandler
326:Charles deForest Chandler
229:. In 1892, Major General
104:
94:
84:
74:
59:
43:
35:
23:
18:
4535:Airman Leadership School
4337:Thirteenth Expeditionary
4175:Field Operating Agencies
3763:(Winter). Archived from
3480:USAAF Handbook 1939–1945
3459:(Winter). Archived from
2955:(Winter). Archived from
2911:Turnbull & Lord 1949
2307:Turnbull & Lord 1949
2191:, Signal Officer of the
2156:
1898:Acting Chief of Division
822:Providence, Rhode Island
818:Worcester, Massachusetts
227:Union Army Balloon Corps
179:OFFICE MEMORANDUM NO. 6
4520:Officer Training School
4014:United States Air Force
3689:Autonomy of the Air Arm
3668:Maurer, Maurer (1983).
3647:Inventing the Air Force
2150:United States Air Force
1809:fatal crash (Gerstner)
1184:Smithsonian Institution
1024:in the Mexican city of
945:military aviator rating
857:Wright C "speed scouts"
759:While stationed in the
718:Smithsonian Institution
548:Wright A Military Flyer
384:Acquisition of aircraft
378:New York National Guard
278:Smithsonian Institution
274:Samuel Pierpont Langley
225:was named chief of the
213:became associated with
134:United States Air Force
4563:Awards and decorations
4196:District of Washington
4189:Direct Reporting Units
3821:(April): 429–454. 1956
3560:Maxwell Air Force Base
3545:(DCI), pp. 33–50.
2426:Detached Officers List
1110:
1102:
907:
799:College Park, Maryland
756:
629:". In March 1911 near
556:College Park, Maryland
546:The Army accepted the
478:
447:
370:71st New York Infantry
191:
153:United States Congress
138:U.S. Army Signal Corps
4606:Aeronautical Division
3517:, Arlington, Virginia
3515:Air Force Association
3377:Maurer (1983), p. 14.
3005:Grier, Peter (2009).
2500:Santa Ana, California
2256:Alexander Graham Bell
2078:Thomas Dewitt Milling
1108:
1100:
897:
880:San Diego, California
870:, to experiment with
814:Nashua, New Hampshire
810:Boston, Massachusetts
751:at the controls of a
747:
714:San Diego, California
678:Frank Trenholm Coffyn
646:, Foulois rented the
618:bolted wheels from a
563:Frederic E. Humphreys
491:Secretary of the Navy
476:
445:
270:Alexander Graham Bell
175:
136:. A component of the
4477:Aeronautical ratings
4076:Three-star generals
3203:Pool (1955), p. 360.
3061:Cragg (1983), p. 272
2692:United States Senate
2299:Washington Navy Yard
2205:Bull Run battlefield
1015:Aero Club of America
904:Wright Model B Flyer
734:Spanish–American War
687:panoramic photograph
639:Philip Orin Parmelee
602:, an Army post near
565:, detailed from the
433:St. Joseph, Missouri
398:Thomas Scott Baldwin
350:Aero Club of America
289:Fort Omaha, Nebraska
4274:Numbered Air Forces
4055:Vice Chief of Staff
3859:Squier, George Owen
3645:Lienhard, John H.,
3212:Pool (1955), p. 362
3109:Pool (1955), p. 351
3047:Pool (1955), p. 346
2617:on August 20, 1910.
2439:revolution in China
2193:Army of the Potomac
1928:Benjamin D. Foulois
1587:fatal crash (Love)
1442:fatal crash (Call)
1422:fatal crash (Post)
1114:SOURCES: Hennessy,
702:John C. Walker, Jr.
650:privately owned by
537:Airplane operations
362:Thomas E. Selfridge
334:Private First Class
276:, Secretary of the
223:Thaddeus S. C. Lowe
171:Birth of an air arm
4632:The U.S. Air Force
4545:Fitness Assessment
4502:Chief of Chaplains
4421:Civilian auxiliary
4170:Air National Guard
4072:Four-star generals
3931:Air Force Magazine
3795:(January): 342–371
3511:AIR FORCE Magazine
3296:, pp. 105–106
3236:, pp. 118–120
3011:AIR FORCE Magazine
2860:AIR FORCE Magazine
2530:, pp. 25, 45)
2354:, p. 32, and
2337:Ralph H. Van Deman
2197:American Civil War
2092:Henry "Hap" Arnold
1687:grounded as unsafe
1606:grounded as unsafe
1541:grounded as unsafe
1316:grounded as unsafe
1295:grounded as unsafe
1254:grounded as unsafe
1229:grounded as unsafe
1111:
1103:
1020:The United States
908:
757:
740:Arnold and Milling
604:San Antonio, Texas
567:Corps of Engineers
542:First solo flights
483:United States Navy
479:
448:
390:Theodore Roosevelt
346:Gordon Bennett Cup
245:in 1894. When the
219:American Civil War
208:United States Army
69:United States Army
4730:
4729:
4515:Air Force Academy
4433:
4432:
4060:Director of Staff
3981:
3980:
3972:Succeeded by
3915:Air Power History
3892:978-1-162-98799-6
3761:Air Power History
3611:978-1-4102-0901-6
3604:. Minerva Group.
3457:Air Power History
3140:Air Power History
3121:, pp. 18, 28
2953:Air Power History
2489:, pp. 33–34)
2291:William S. Cowles
2024:Lewis C. Rockwell
2007:Herbert L. Marcus
1968:Lewis H. Brereton
1935:Alexander L. Dade
1835:
1834:
1209:Robert J. Collier
1204:returned to owner
1119:
1064:on 18 July 1914.
1003:George P. Scriven
996:1st Aero Squadron
988:Texas City, Texas
834:Charles B. Winder
803:Curtiss E "scout"
784:Thomas D. Milling
726:William H. Carter
698:George E.M. Kelly
652:Robert J. Collier
627:Maneuver Division
610:from the Cavalry
494:Victor H. Metcalf
319:Brigadier General
142:1st Aero Squadron
119:
118:
4790:
4719:
4718:
4618:Army Air Service
4610:Aviation Section
4425:Civil Air Patrol
4155:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3959:Preceded by
3956:
3955:
3929:"2005 Almanac",
3926:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3896:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3770:on 24 March 2012
3769:
3758:
3748:
3732:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3705:. Archived from
3694:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3642:
3615:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3580:. Archived from
3557:
3533:
3506:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3466:on 24 March 2012
3465:
3454:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3320:, pp. 16–17
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3272:, pp. 78–84
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3248:, pp. 48–49
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:, pp. 38–39
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3149:on 24 March 2012
3148:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2962:on 24 March 2012
2961:
2950:
2941:
2926:
2925:, pp. 13–14
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2629:Henry L. Stimson
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2316:
2310:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2250:Selfridge was a
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2088:
2074:
2060:
2046:
1918:George O. Squier
1122:
1113:
1050:Infantry Journal
984:Augusta, Georgia
830:Augusta, Georgia
657:Collier's Weekly
600:Fort Sam Houston
577:Foulois and Beck
532:
528:
524:
461:
453:
425:Benjamin Foulois
407:
403:
332:Edward Ward and
304:George O. Squier
293:Fort Leavenworth
264:In 1898–99, the
202:
149:Aviation Section
112:
67:
54:
52:
51:
28:
16:
15:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4706:
4697:Service numbers
4668:National Museum
4626:Army Air Forces
4593:
4587:
4555:
4549:
4507:Chief Scientist
4497:Medical Service
4492:Security Forces
4439:
4429:
4414:Security Forces
4371:
4268:
4210:
4184:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4016:
4011:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3946:
3941:
3920:
3918:
3893:
3872:
3870:
3849:
3847:
3824:
3822:
3809:
3798:
3796:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3756:
3745:
3733:. Ft. Belvoir:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3692:
3660:
3658:
3631:
3612:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3570:
3555:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3452:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3354:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3119:Cunningham 2004
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3071:Cunningham 2004
3069:
3065:
3060:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3017:(September): 86
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2865:(August): p. 46
2857:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2625:
2621:
2615:Jacob E. Fickel
2612:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2560:Fort Kamehameha
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2470:Beckwith Havens
2467:
2463:
2456:Roy C. Kirtland
2453:
2449:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2352:Cunningham 2004
2348:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2313:
2295:David W. Taylor
2282:
2278:
2272:Washington Post
2269:
2265:
2260:Wright Brothers
2252:Field Artillery
2249:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2113:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
1975:Vernon L. Burge
1953:
1883:Henry H. Arnold
1840:
1233:
1095:
1089:operationally.
1046:
957:Arthur L. Welsh
892:
876:field artillery
853:Arthur L. Welsh
792:Wright brothers
768:Henry H. Arnold
749:Henry H. Arnold
742:
730:mustang officer
674:Curtiss Model D
579:
544:
539:
530:
526:
522:
514:William H. Taft
459:
451:
405:
401:
386:
354:Arthur S. Cowan
282:Wright Brothers
231:Adolphus Greely
204:
193:
190:
177:August 1, 1907
173:
122:
99:
49:
47:
31:
12:
11:
5:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:Airman's Creed
4640:
4638:Air Force Band
4635:
4628:
4622:Army Air Corps
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Basic Training
4527:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Specialty Code
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4264:USAFE–AFAFRICA
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4216:Major commands
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
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4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Chief of Staff
4042:
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4018:
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4002:
3995:
3987:
3979:
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3954:
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3945:
3944:External links
3942:
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3682:"Introduction"
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3318:McClendon 1996
3310:
3308:, pp. 1–2
3298:
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2867:
2851:
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2834:, pp. 7–8
2824:
2820:McFarland 1997
2809:
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2674:
2665:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2619:
2606:
2592:
2582:
2569:
2551:
2549:$ 2.9M in 2012
2542:
2532:
2518:
2508:
2491:
2478:
2461:
2447:
2435:Manchu dynasty
2417:
2407:
2397:
2383:
2379:Albert Stevens
2370:
2360:
2342:
2327:
2311:
2286:Octave Chanute
2276:
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2243:
2230:
2213:
2189:Albert J. Myer
2176:
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2031:Frank S. Scott
2027:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2003:
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1971:
1964:
1961:
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1906:Billy Mitchell
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1490:by 26 Oct 1912
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1410:by 26 Oct 1912
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1055:Representative
1045:
1042:
891:
888:
884:Rockwell Field
882:, later named
765:2nd Lieutenant
753:Wright Model B
741:
738:
700:, and 2nd Lt.
689:linked below.
648:Wright B Flyer
616:Oliver Simmons
578:
575:
543:
540:
538:
535:
456:Wright Model A
385:
382:
315:reconnaissance
311:Billy Mitchell
266:War Department
176:
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89:Aerial warfare
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4367:Twenty-Second
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4180:Installations
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3912:
3907:
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3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3846:on 2010-12-31
3845:
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3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3794:
3790:
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3762:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3744:0-16-049208-4
3740:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3712:on 2016-11-23
3708:
3704:
3702:0-16-045510-3
3698:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3680:0-912799-02-1
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3630:0-912799-34-X
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3587:on 2013-03-13
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3569:0-912799-25-0
3565:
3561:
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3547:
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3489:
3488:0-8117-1822-0
3485:
3481:
3477:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3418:Hennessy 1958
3414:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3389:, p. 156
3388:
3387:Hennessy 1958
3383:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3341:, p. 134
3340:
3335:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3294:Hennessy 1958
3290:
3283:
3282:Hennessy 1958
3278:
3271:
3270:Hennessy 1958
3266:
3259:
3258:Hennessy 1958
3254:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3180:Hennessy 1958
3176:
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3145:
3141:
3134:
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2993:Hennessy 1958
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2888:
2883:
2876:
2875:Hennessy 1958
2871:
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2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2793:Hennessy 1958
2789:
2783:, p. 112
2782:
2781:Hennessy 1958
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:Hennessy 1958
2762:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2700:
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2678:
2669:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2635:, p. 24)
2634:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2579:
2578:Henry B. Post
2573:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2512:
2506:, p. 88)
2505:
2504:Hennessy 1958
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2472:of New York,
2471:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2395:, p. 42)
2394:
2393:Hennessy 1958
2387:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2358:, p. 40)
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
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2323:
2315:
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2296:
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2287:
2280:
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2261:
2257:
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2240:
2234:
2227:
2226:San Juan Hill
2223:
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2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2050:Lt. Selfridge
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:C. Perry Rich
2014:
2011:
2008:
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1634:
1631:experimental
1622:
1612:
1609:experimental
1600:
1590:
1578:
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1556:
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1527:
1515:
1505:
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1210:
1198:
1188:
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1136:
1134:Date disposed
1133:
1131:Aircraft type
1130:
1128:Date acquired
1127:
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1123:
1120:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
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1041:
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1038:Fort Crockett
1035:
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1007:Fort McKinley
1004:
999:
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993:
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985:
981:
977:
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966:
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954:
948:
946:
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937:Rules of the
935:
933:
929:
928:Fort McKinley
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:appropriation
905:
901:
896:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
849:Massachusetts
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
762:
755:airplane 1911
754:
750:
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
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683:
679:
675:
671:
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663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
640:
636:
635:Laredo, Texas
632:
631:Fort McIntosh
628:
623:
621:
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613:
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605:
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591:Nancy, France
588:
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413:Glenn Curtiss
409:
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381:
379:
375:
374:kite balloons
371:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
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338:Frank P. Lahm
335:
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327:
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121:Military unit
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:United States
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
4714:
4692:Thunderbirds
4605:
4554:Uniforms and
4206:USAF Academy
4095:2020–present
3965:
3930:
3919:. Retrieved
3914:
3901:
3883:Man Unafraid
3882:
3871:. Retrieved
3866:
3848:. Retrieved
3844:the original
3838:
3823:. Retrieved
3818:
3814:
3797:. Retrieved
3792:
3788:
3772:. Retrieved
3765:the original
3760:
3727:
3714:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3688:
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3620:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3582:the original
3551:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3521:
3510:
3494:
3479:
3468:. Retrieved
3461:the original
3456:
3430:
3425:
3394:
3382:
3361:
3357:
3334:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3284:, p. 80
3277:
3265:
3260:, p. 64
3253:
3246:Cameron 1999
3241:
3234:Tillman 2010
3229:
3224:, p. 36
3222:Cameron 1999
3217:
3208:
3199:
3192:Cameron 1999
3187:
3182:, p. 45
3175:
3170:, p. 18
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3144:the original
3139:
3126:
3114:
3105:
3100:, p. 15
3073:, p. 41
3066:
3043:
3019:. Retrieved
3014:
3010:
3000:
2995:, p. 34
2988:
2983:, p. 14
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2952:
2918:
2906:
2901:, p. 12
2894:
2882:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2849:, p. 18
2847:Cameron 1999
2827:
2800:
2788:
2761:
2756:, p. 10
2712:General Myer
2711:
2705:
2697:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2622:
2609:
2604:, p. 30
2595:
2585:
2572:
2554:
2545:
2535:
2528:Cameron 1999
2521:
2511:
2494:
2487:Cameron 1999
2481:
2464:
2450:
2442:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2386:
2373:
2363:
2356:Cameron 1999
2345:
2330:
2321:
2314:
2309:, p. 5.
2279:
2271:
2266:
2246:
2233:
2221:
2216:
2211:, p. 5)
2185:General Myer
2184:
2179:
2170:
2000:Moss L. Love
1946:
1943:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1565:Philippines
1482:Philippines
1388:not acquired
1339:Philippines
1207:leased from
1148:not acquired
1137:How disposed
1115:
1112:
1087:
1083:Air Division
1082:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1049:
1047:
1019:
1000:
992:2nd Division
980:Curtiss JN-3
973:
949:
938:
936:
909:
900:Roy Kirtland
861:
838:
826:
807:
796:
788:Dayton, Ohio
772:Signal Corps
758:
722:
720:in October.
710:North Island
706:Glen Curtiss
694:Paul W. Beck
691:
666:
655:
624:
596:
580:
571:
545:
511:
503:
487:Marine Corps
480:
449:
410:
387:
358:
323:
286:
263:
259:Cuba in 1898
255:General Myer
254:
250:
247:General Myer
246:
241:in 1893 and
235:General Myer
234:
211:Signal Corps
205:
199:
195:
192:
184:
181:
178:
146:
125:
123:
114:Signal Corps
105:Part of
4687:Honor Guard
4648:Core Values
4592:History and
3339:Raines 1996
2913:, p. 4
2822:, p. 2
2807:, p. 6
2195:during the
1933:Brig. Gen.
1803:21 Dec 1914
1795:24 Jun 1914
1782:25 Aug 1915
1776:25 May 1914
1762:25 Aug 1915
1756:15 May 1914
1742:20 Aug 1915
1684:24 Feb 1914
1678:21 Oct 1913
1645:12 Nov 1914
1639:28 Aug 1913
1603:24 Feb 1914
1559:12 Jan 1915
1538:24 Feb 1914
1532:22 Nov 1912
1510:27 Nov 1912
1496:24 Nov 1913
1476:17 Sep 1913
1470:21 May 1913
1456:14 Nov 1913
1450:by Nov 1912
1396:11 Jun 1912
1375:27 May 1914
1367:12 Aug 1912
1353:12 Nov 1914
1347:19 Mar 1912
1333:28 Aug 1913
1327:21 Mar 1912
1313:24 Feb 1914
1305:27 Jul 1911
1292:24 Feb 1914
1270:28 Sep 1912
1251:24 Feb 1914
1245:27 Apr 1911
1226:24 Feb 1914
1218:27 Apr 1911
1201:21 Jun 1911
1193:21 Feb 1911
1182:donated to
1156:17 Sep 1908
1079:World War I
1011:Philippines
932:Philippines
920:Fiscal Year
761:Philippines
654:, owner of
608:cinch strap
452:US$ 100,000
366:Leo Stevens
342:balloonists
237:, based at
217:during the
215:aeronautics
165:Air Service
159:caused the
157:World War I
4737:Categories
4594:traditions
4513:Training:
4357:Nineteenth
4352:Eighteenth
4021:Leadership
3969:1907–1914
3873:2009-08-07
3850:2012-06-02
3716:2012-05-31
3661:2012-05-29
3441:References
3306:Greer 1985
2739:Greer 1985
2437:ousted by
2303:Navy Cross
1817:2 Jul 1914
1768:sold 1916
1748:sold 1916
1659:1 Dec 1913
1625:2 Jun 1914
1617:6 Jun 1913
1595:3 May 1913
1581:4 Sep 1913
1518:8 Apr 1913
1436:8 Jul 1913
1430:3 Oct 1912
1416:9 Feb 1914
1264:1 Jul 1911
1176:4 May 1911
1170:2 Aug 1909
961:Fort Riley
864:Fort Riley
696:, 2nd Lt.
682:Eugene Ely
662:Rio Grande
620:cultivator
594:training.
573:branches.
531:US$ 30,000
523:US$ 25,000
437:state fair
406:US$ 25,000
243:Fort Logan
239:Fort Riley
189:direction.
130:progenitor
4573:Equipment
4556:equipment
4487:RED HORSE
4447:Personnel
4404:Squadrons
4362:Twentieth
4347:Sixteenth
4342:Fifteenth
4150:Structure
4090:2010–2019
4085:2000–2009
4080:1940–1959
4045:Air Staff
3869:: 132–133
3503:606500804
3364:(3): 197.
2723:Citations
2201:John Wise
2162:Footnotes
1916:Lt. Col.
1828:condemned
1806:destroyed
1799:Curtiss J
1785:condemned
1779:Burgess H
1765:condemned
1759:Burgess H
1745:condemned
1739:Burgess H
1720:Burgess H
1701:Burgess H
1681:Curtiss E
1662:Curtiss G
1642:Curtiss G
1584:destroyed
1577:Burgess J
1562:destroyed
1555:Burgess I
1521:condemned
1514:Curtiss F
1499:destroyed
1479:destroyed
1459:destroyed
1439:destroyed
1419:destroyed
1399:destroyed
1371:Burgess H
1350:Curtiss E
1309:Curtiss E
1288:Burgess F
1273:destroyed
1222:Curtiss D
1159:destroyed
1058:James Hay
1034:Burgess H
841:propeller
763:in 1908,
527:US$ 5,000
498:propeller
464:Fort Myer
460:US$ 5,000
417:Fort Myer
402:US$ 6,750
394:dirigible
79:Air force
4721:Category
4663:Memorial
4583:Uniforms
4578:Aircraft
4465:enlisted
4455:officers
4440:training
4327:Eleventh
4158:Commands
3917:(Winter)
3861:(1908).
3639:12553968
3578:12558056
2715:Section.
2454:1st Lt.
2239:deserted
2222:Santiago
2099:See also
1881:2nd Lt.
1852:Captain
1825:Oct 1916
1821:Martin T
1736:Jan 1914
1723:unk date
1717:Nov 1913
1704:unk date
1698:Nov 1913
1665:unk date
1621:Wright D
1599:Wright D
1573:Jan 1913
1551:Jan 1913
1535:Wright C
1493:Wright C
1473:Wright C
1453:Wright C
1433:Wright C
1413:Wright C
1392:Wright C
1330:Wright B
1284:Oct 1911
1267:Wright B
1248:Wright B
1197:Wright B
1173:Wright A
1152:Wright A
1125:S.C. No.
1026:Veracruz
969:"pusher"
916:Congress
874:for the
872:spotting
845:Plymouth
780:New York
776:Fort Jay
612:saddlery
583:hydrogen
468:Virginia
435:, for a
429:Infantry
330:Corporal
251:Santiago
196:J. Allen
4601:History
4332:Twelfth
4307:Seventh
4165:Reserve
3961:Created
2022:2d Lt.
2015:2d Lt.
1998:2d Lt.
1966:2d Lt.
1651:Hawaii
1628:retired
1378:wrecked
1359:Hawaii
1336:wrecked
1179:retired
1009:in the
930:in the
670:Curtiss
587:auction
308:Captain
221:, when
132:of the
44:Country
4658:Symbol
4568:Badges
4460:cadets
4392:Groups
4312:Eighth
4297:Fourth
4287:Second
3921:14 Sep
3889:
3774:13 Sep
3741:
3730:
3699:
3678:
3637:
3627:
3608:
3591:10 Nov
3576:
3566:
3501:
3486:
3470:13 Sep
3153:13 Sep
3021:18 Sep
2966:13 Sep
2564:Hawaii
2322:Cygnet
2029:Corp.
1904:Major
1872:Capt.
1407:10 (2)
1385:10 (1)
1140:Notes
976:Mexico
965:Kansas
868:Kansas
644:dollar
560:2nd Lt
506:Wilbur
297:Kansas
60:Branch
53:
36:Active
4451:Rank
4380:Wings
4322:Tenth
4317:Ninth
4302:Fifth
4292:Third
4282:First
4259:PACAF
4249:AFSOC
4234:AFGSC
3825:6 Sep
3799:6 Sep
3793:LVIII
3768:(PDF)
3757:(PDF)
3710:(PDF)
3693:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3464:(PDF)
3453:(PDF)
3147:(PDF)
3136:(PDF)
2960:(PDF)
2949:(PDF)
2468:Pfc.
2157:Notes
2005:Sgt.
1973:Cpl.
1958:rated
1926:Maj.
986:, to
914:from
902:in a
820:, to
816:, to
812:, to
396:from
301:Major
4653:Flag
4540:SERE
4244:AFRC
4239:AFMC
4229:AETC
3923:2011
3887:ISBN
3827:2011
3801:2011
3776:2011
3739:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3635:OCLC
3625:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3593:2010
3574:OCLC
3564:ISBN
3499:OCLC
3484:ISBN
3472:2011
3155:2011
3023:2009
2968:2011
2690:The
2415:44).
2320:AEA
2305:.
2220:The
2183:The
1648:sold
1356:sold
1236:NASM
1190:none
1145:none
400:for
206:The
124:The
95:Size
85:Role
75:Type
4409:ANG
4397:ANG
4385:ANG
4254:AMC
4224:ACC
3819:LIX
2562:in
2516:50)
2474:FAI
2459:44)
1726:unk
1707:unk
1668:unk
786:to
708:at
633:at
554:at
4739::
4680:/
4624:/
4620:/
4616:/
4612:/
4608:/
4423::
3913:.
3865:.
3817:.
3813:.
3791:.
3787:.
3759:.
3737:.
3633:.
3572:.
3558:.
3543:CI
3541:,
3482:,
3455:.
3410:^
3370:^
3362:18
3360:.
3346:^
3138:.
3090:^
3078:^
3052:^
3031:^
3015:92
3013:.
3009:.
2951:.
2930:^
2863:90
2839:^
2812:^
2773:^
2746:^
2731:^
1814:31
1792:29
1773:28
1753:27
1733:26
1714:25
1695:24
1675:23
1656:22
1636:21
1614:20
1592:19
1570:18
1548:17
1529:16
1507:15
1487:14
1467:13
1447:12
1427:11
963:,
866:,
859:.
847:,
778:,
712:,
668:a
466:,
427:,
299:,
295:,
261:.
198:,
167:.
4634:"
4630:"
4006:e
3999:t
3992:v
3925:.
3895:.
3876:.
3853:.
3829:.
3803:.
3778:.
3747:.
3719:.
3664:.
3641:.
3614:.
3595:.
3505:.
3474:.
3157:.
3025:.
2970:.
2580:.
2445:.
2391:(
1364:9
1344:8
1324:7
1302:6
1281:5
1261:4
1242:3
1215:2
1167:1
194:—
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