Glossary of ancient Roman religion

6417: 45: 9968: 5532: 12051: 5691: 6860: 2029: 4357: 9240: 868: 23433: 9117: 7998: 3996: 2878:(binding explications of doctrine) that were available for consultation. Whether or not the terms can be used to distinguish two types of material, the priestly documents would have been divided into those reserved for internal use by the priests themselves, and those that served as reference works on matters external to the college. Collectively, these titles would have comprised all matters of pontifical law, ritual, and cult maintenance, along with 8985:, the senate dealt with an unprecedented number, the expiation of which would have involved "at least twenty days" of dedicated rites. Major prodigies that year included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains and on ears of corn. These were expiated by the sacrifice of " 8381: 11450: 6659: 4197:("I give that you might give") expresses the reciprocity of exchange between human being and deity, reflecting the importance of gift-giving as a mutual obligation in ancient society and the contractual nature of Roman religion. The gifts offered by the human being take the form of sacrifice, with the expectation that the god will return something of value, prompting gratitude and further sacrifices in a perpetuating cycle. The 5149: 7052: 3577: 603: 16434:"What a thing is that, that when those trees to which people make vows fall, no one carries wood from them home to use on the hearth! Behold the wretchedness and stupidity of mankind: they show honour to a dead tree and despite the commands of the living God; they do not dare to put the branches of a tree into the fire and by an act of sacrilege throw themselves headlong into hell": 6624:), but rather a certification according to Roman liturgy of the gods' approval. The point was not that those sacrificing had to make sure that the victim was perfect inside and out; rather, the good internal condition of the animal was evidence of divine acceptance of the offering. The need for the deity to approve and accept ( 2423:. Livy says that in 363, a plague had been ravaging Rome for two years. It was recalled that a plague had once been broken when a dictator drove a ritual nail, and the senate appointed one for that purpose. The ritual of "driving the nail" was among those revived and reformed by Augustus, who in 1 AD transferred it to the new 11905:) was not a form of personal spontaneous expression, but a demonstration that the speaker knew the correct thing to say. Words were regarded as having power; in order to be efficacious, the formula had to be recited accurately, in full, and with the correct pronunciation. To reduce the risk of error ( 6442:) was one of the simplest religious acts, regularly performed in daily life. At home, a Roman who was about to drink wine would pour the first few drops onto the household altar. The drink offering might also be poured on the ground or at a public altar. Milk and honey, water, and oil were also used. 7249:

Literally "the world", also a pit supposedly dug and sealed by Romulus as part of Rome's foundation rites. Its interpretation is problematic; it was normally sealed, and was ritually opened only on three occasions during the year. Still, in the most ancient Fasti, these days were marked C(omitiales)

1705:

in ancient authors suggests that the taking of private auspices was not different in essence from that of public auspices: absolute silence was required, and the person taking the auspices could ignore unfavourable or disruptive events by feigning not to have perceived them. In matters pertaining to

9016:

in the same wars. In Livy's account, Rome's victory follows its discharge of religious duties to the gods. Livy remarked the scarcity of prodigies in his own day as a loss of communication between gods and men. In the later Republic and thereafter, the reporting of public prodigies was increasingly

20871:

Gallus Aelius ait sacrum esse quodcumque modo atque instituto civitatis consecratum est, sive aedis sive ara sive signum, locum sive pecunia, sive aliud quod dis dedicatum atque consecratum sit; quod autem privati suae religionis causa aliquid earum rerum deo dedicent, id pontifices Romanos non

4557:

can be unclear. The procedure was in either case rare, and was required only when a deity had to yield place to another, or when the site was secularized. It was not required when a site was upgraded, for instance, if an open-air altar were to be replaced with a temple building to the same god.

7702:

or other diviner; the process of observing, recording, and establishing the meaning of signs over time; and the codified body of knowledge accumulated by systematic observation, that is, "unbending rules" regarded as objective, or external to an individual's observation on a given occasion.

6416: 12007:

from images of them, which they fixed in the mind like imprints as they passed through the senses." Augustine's conceptualizing of memory as verbal has been used to elucidate the Western tradition of poetry and its shared origins with sacred song and magical incantation (see also

3534:("day of purification") was a rite carried out for the newborn on the eighth day of life for girls and the ninth day for boys. Little is known of the ritual procedure, but the child must have received its name on that day; funerary inscriptions for infants who died before their 318:

was highly specialized. Its study affords important information about the religion, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Romans. This legacy is conspicuous in European cultural history in its influence on later juridical and religious vocabulary in Europe, particularly of the

5353:

is a "free day", that is, a day in which no work was done. No court sessions were held, nor was any public business conducted. Employees were entitled to a day off, and even slaves were not obliged to work. These days were codified into a system of legal public holidays, the

22707:) as "the preserver and the professional of the spoken word". "For the Romans", notes Frances Hickson Hahn, "there was no distinction between prayer and spell and poetry and song; all were intimately linked to one another"; see "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns", in 11229:(Latin for left) meant well-fated. When, under Greek influence, it became customary for augurs to face north, sinister came to indicate the ill-fated west, where light turned into darkness. It is this latter and later meaning that is attached to the English word sinister. 13829:(University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 159, citing Richard Oster, "When Men Wore Veils to Worship: The Historical Context of 1 Corinthians 11:4." New Testament Studies 34 (1988): 481-505. The passage has been explained with reference to Jewish and other practices as well. 20274:

p. 286 L "aves quae se ante auspicantem ferunt" "who go before the a.", 224 L "quia secundum auspicium faciant praetervolantes...aut ea quae praepetamus indicent..." "since they make the auspice favourable by flying nearby...or point to what we wish for...". W. W. Skeat

1103:, or sacred space, declared the purpose of his consultation, offered sacrifice, and observed the signs that were sent in return, particularly the actions and flight of birds. If the augur received unfavourable signs, he could suspend, postpone or cancel the undertaking ( 4793:. The word was often used disparagingly by ancient Romans in contrasting these more emotive rites to the highly scripted procedures of public religion, and later by early Christians to deprecate religions other than their own; hence the negative connotation of " 8954:; that is, they were "thrust upon" observers, not deliberately sought. Suspected prodigies were reported as a civic duty. A system of official referrals filtered out those that seemed patently insignificant or false before the rest were reported to the 11716:

can also be a thanksgiving after the receipt of aid. Supplications might also be ordered in response to prodigies; again, the population as a whole wore wreaths, carried laurel twigs, and attended sacrifices at temple precincts throughout the city.

9852:

if they died through natural cause or were stolen before the due sacrificial date. Similar conditions attached to sacrifices in archaic Rome. A thing already owned by the gods or actively marked out by them as divine property was distinguished as

20243:

For Livy's use of prodigies and portents as markers of Roman impiety and military failure, see Feeney, in Rüpke (ed), 138 - 9. For prodigies in the context of political decision-making, see Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed), 295 - 8. See also R. Bloch

12014:), and is less a departure from Roman usage than a recognition of the original relation between formula and memory in a pre-literate world. Some scholars see the tradition of stylized, formulaic language as the verbal tradition from which 10761:

the law. According to other passages in Livy, the law was not approved of by some jurists of the time, who maintained that only those who infringed the commonly recognised divine laws could fall into the category of those to be declared

20878:

is anything made sacred (consecratum) in any way or by any institution of the community, be it a building or an altar or a sign, a place or money, or anything that else can be dedicated to the gods; the Roman pontiffs do not consider

11978:, more flexible formulas allowed a more accurate description of the particulars of the issue under consideration. But the practice may have originated as a kind of "dodge," since a praetor was liable to religious penalties if he used 548:, including avoiding the sight of them, and interpreting them as favourable. The latter tactic required promptness, wit and skill based on discipline and learning. Thus the omen had no validity apart from the observation of it. 3492:

was a recognition that succession during the Empire might take place irregularly through the death or overthrow of an emperor, in contrast to the annual magistracies of the Republic when the year was designated by the names of

5062:. No one read the books in their entirety; they were consulted only when needed. A passage was selected at random and its relevance to the current situation was a matter of expert interpretation. They were thought to contain 12085:) to determine whether it met the criteria for a particular offering. With some exceptions, male deities received castrated animals. Goddesses were usually offered female victims, though from around the 160s AD the goddess 5807:

was an "anticipatory offering" made the day before a sacrifice. It was an advance atonement "to implore divine indulgence" should an error be committed on the day of the formal sacrifice. A preliminary pig was offered as a

6189:

was fundamental to maintaining right relations between human beings and their deities. The concern for law and legal procedure that was characteristic of ancient Roman society was also inherent in Roman religion. See also

21140:

8, 75; Macrobius I 13,5); the prohibition to make libations to the gods with wine; of sacrificing without flour; the obligation to pray and worship divinities while making a turn on oneselves (Livy V 21,16; Suetonius

20399:

in Greek – belonged to action and not to contemplation. Consequently religious acts took place wherever the faithful were: in houses, boroughs, associations, cities, military camps, cemeteries, in the country, on

12002:

from its religious and legal context to describe the cognitive process of memory: "When a true narrative of the past is related, the memory produces not the actual events which have passed away but words conceived

10497:

was a sum of money deposited in a legal procedure to affirm that both parties to the litigation were acting in good faith. If correct law and procedures had been followed, it could be assumed that the outcome was

20391:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p. 279: "Care for the gods, the very meaning of religio, had to go through life, and one might thus understand why Cicero wrote that religion was "necessary". Religious behavior – 3656:, and might be felt as the "birthday" of the deity it housed as well. The date of such ceremonies was therefore chosen by the pontiffs with regard to its position on the religious calendar. The "birthday" or 9460:(plural) were the "responses," that is, the opinions and arguments, of the official priests on questions of religious practice and interpretation. These were preserved in written form and archived. Compare 6550:(pontifical books) are core texts in Roman religion, which survive as fragmentary transcripts and commentaries. They may have been partly annalistic, part priestly; different Roman authors refer to them as 11816:). In most cases, signs to the augur's left (north) showed divine approval and signs to his right (south), disapproval. Temple buildings of stone followed this ground-plan and were sacred in perpetuity. 11806:, a square, portable surround) with the cardinal points of heaven and earth. The altar and entrance were sited on the east-west axis: the sacrificer faced east. The precinct was thus "defined and freed" ( 1109:). "Taking the auspices" was an important part of all major official business, including inaugurations, senatorial debates, legislation, elections and war, and was held to be an ancient prerogative of 8253:

seems to have meant "that which is in accord with divine law." Later it was used to designate actions respectful of divine law and even people who acted with respect towards gods and godly rules. The

4527:, that is, marked out through augural procedure, could not have its purpose changed without a ceremony of reversal. Removing a god from the premises required the correct ceremonial invocations. When 3606:

above) or more generally the anniversary of a founding event. The Romans celebrated an individual's birthday annually, in contrast to the Greek practice of marking the date each month with a simple

1940:; thus preserved, the rites take their name from the place. Although this etymology makes a meaningful narrative connection for Valerius, it is unlikely to be correct in terms of modern scientific 15025:

II 141: "pontifices dicunt singulis actibus proprios deos praeesse, hos Varro certos deos appellat", the pontiffs say that every single action is presided upon by its own deity, these Varro calls

5255:

were the records of all details pertaining to these events. The word was used alone in a general sense or qualified by an adjective to mean a specific type of record. Closely associated with the

11592:

was excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", or "irregular" religious practice that conflicted with Roman custom. "

3173:(plural) were the binding explications of doctrine issued by the official priests on questions of religious practice and interpretation. They were preserved in written form and archived. Compare 19212:, and the Flamen Quirinalis represents the Roman principle of shared sovereignty. The Pontifex Maximus "is considered the judge and arbiter of things both divine and human": Festus, p. 198-200 L 5082:

consulted the books regarding his campaign against Persia, but departed before he received the unfavorable response of the college; Julian was killed and the Temple of Apollo Palatinus burned.

12201:

was an attendant or assistant at a sacrifice who handled the animal. Using a rope, he led the pig, sheep, or bovine that was to serve as the victim to the altar. In depictions of sacrifice, a

10040:, "the one who does the sacred act." There was no priestly caste in ancient Rome, and in some sense every citizen was a priest in that he presided over the domestic cult of his household. 9642:). Otherwise, "Greek rite" seems to have been a somewhat indefinite category, used for prayers uttered in Greek, and Greek methods of sacrifice within otherwise conventionally Roman cult. 6970:

Jupiter makes use of the first type of beneficial lightning to persuade or dissuade. Books on how to read lightning were one of the three main forms of Etruscan learning on the subject of

978:(plural) as the oak (four species thereof), the birch, the hazelnut, the sorbus, the white fig, the pear, the apple, the grape, the plum, the cornus and the lotus. The oak was sacred to 8521:, where it seems to be a generic word for prodigies. The word could also refer in non-technical usage to an unnatural occurrence without specific religious significance; for instance, 5441:

is a festive or holy day, that is, a day dedicated to a deity or deities. On such days it was forbidden to undertake any profane activity, especially official or public business. All

21806: 13478:: "It is necessary to order evil portents and prodigies to be burnt by means of trees which are in the tutelage of infernal or averting gods," with an enumeration of such trees 10549:

helps explain why he was subjected to harsher penalties, such as execution and corporal punishment, that were considered inappropriate for civilian citizens, at least under the

1463:. Favorable auspices marked a time or location as auspicious, and were required for important ceremonies or events, including elections, military campaigns and pitched battles. 8218:, from which English "piety" derives, was the devotion that bound a person to the gods, to the Roman state, and to his family. It was the outstanding quality of the Roman hero 21244:(University of California Press, 2009), pp. 142–143; Emmanuele Curti, "From Concordia to the Quirinal: Notes on Religion and Politics in Mid-Republican/Hellenistic Rome," in 9870:

under Roman law were placed beyond further civil judgment, sentence and protection; their lives, families and properties were forfeit to the gods. A person could be declared

9228:, the traditional social norms that regulated public, private, and military life. To the Romans, their success was self-evidently due to their practice of proper, respectful 6366:

underwent the frequent semantic shift in Latin towards the legal area, its original meaning of set, formulaic words was preserved in some instances. Some cult formulae are

11712:

are days of public prayer when the men, women, and children of Rome traveled in procession to religious sites around the city praying for divine aid in times of crisis. A

8106:, though usually translated into English as "peace," was a compact, bargain, or agreement. In religious usage, the harmony or accord between the divine and human was the 9714:, novel or foreign rite. The thorough integration and reception of rite labeled "Greek" attests to the complex, multi-ethnic origins of Rome's people and religious life. 9180:

originally meant an obligation to the gods, something expected by them from human beings or a matter of particular care or concern as related to the gods. In this sense,

3233:

by a lightning bolt, as such trees in archaic times were venerated as gods. The meaning of the term later extended to denote the shrine built to house the stake. Compare

1813:, retaliation against another people for pillaging, or a breach of or unilateral recession from a treaty; or necessity, as in the case of repelling an invasion. See also 20485:

in taboos applied to holy or accursed things or places, without direct reference to deities and their property. W. Warde Fowler "The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer"

17410:

praesentanaea porca dicitur ... quae familiae purgandae causa Cereris immolatur, quod pars quaedam eius sacrificii fit in conspectu mortui eius, cuius funus instituitur

16890: 9001:, singing a hymn to avert disaster; a lightning strike during the hymn rehearsals required further expiation. Religious restitution was proved only by Rome's victory. 7596:

in order to suspend, cancel or postpone a proposed course of public action. The procedure could be carried out only by an official who had the right to observe omens (

18741:

were marked by the gods as inauspicious, so in theory, no official work should have been done, but it was not a legally binding religious the rule. G. Dumézil above.

3664:, an archaic pastoral festival. As part of a flurry of religious reforms and restorations in the period from 38 BC to 17 AD, no fewer than fourteen temples had their 7349:" — that is, given over to the gods for judgment and disposal — "it is not a religious duty to execute him, but whoever kills him will not be prosecuted". 2417:, religious scruple or obligation. It may be that in addition to an annual ritual, there was a "fixing" during times of pestilence or civil discord that served as a 15780: 7861:

shows itself to us without possessing a solid body and affects both our eyes and ears, like darkness or a light at night." In his classic work on Roman divination,

4256:, but an expression of "the mechanism of the sacrificial system itself" as "an exchange of mutually invigorating good deeds between the divinity and his faithful." 899:). Most altars throughout the city of Rome and in the countryside would have been simple, open-air structures; they may have been located within a sacred precinct ( 20212:, who set the child to drown in the sea. The survival of such a child for four years after birth would have been regarded as extreme dereliction of religious duty. 6834:

is a ritual of purification that was held every five years under the jurisdiction of censors in Rome. Its original meaning was purifying by washing in water (Lat.

301: 22542: 9048:, birds that make the auspices favorable by flying before the person who is taking them or by pointing in the direction of that which is wished for. A synonym is 7339:

forbids a thing as religiously and morally offensive, or indicates a failure to fulfill a religious duty. It might be nuanced as "a religious duty not to", as in

5889:

by which the concerned person received the approval of the gods for his appointment or their investiture. The augur would ask for the appearance of certain signs

17795:: 'he is considered to be the judge and arbiter of things divine and human'... his authority stems from his regal (originally king Numa's) investiture. F. Sini 7980:

observed and preserved ritual distinctions between divine and human power. In the human world, the Pontifex Maximus was the most influential and powerful of all

7276:, goddess of the fruitful earth. It offered a portal between the upper and lower worlds; its shape was said to be an inversion of the dome of the upper heavens. 19208:

is "the most powerful" of priests, the Flamen Dialis is "sacerdos of the entire universe", the Flamen Martialis represents Mars as the parent of Rome's founder

11377:

are thought to originate as aristocratic brotherhoods with cultic duties, and their existence is attested as early as the late 6th or early 5th century BC. The

23833: 22693: 20936:

applied to things or places holy or accursed without direct reference to deities and their property. W. Warde Fowler "The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer"

5519:

as having been defined physically by ropes, trees, stones, or other markers, as were fields and property boundaries in general. It was connected with the god

2344:("to nail in, to fasten or fix the nail") was an expression that referred to the fixing or "sealing" of fate. A nail was one of the attributes of the goddess 11895:

and augural law described a verbal formula that could be "conceived" flexibly to suit the circumstances. With their emphasis on exact adherence, the archaic

6185:"Sacred law" or "divine law", particularly in regard to the gods' rights pertaining to their "property", that which is rightfully theirs. Recognition of the 21805:

Huguette Fugier, Recherches sur l'expression du sacré dans la langue latine, Archives des sciences sociales des religions, 1964, Volume 17, Issue 17, p.180

13976:

Andrew C. Johnston and Marcello Mogetta, "Debating Early Republican Urbanism in Latium Vetus: The Town Planning of Gabii, between Archaeology and History,"

9260:(faults, hence "vice," the English derivative); excessive devotion, fearful grovelling to deities, and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were 8070:, adorned with the attire he would wear to lead a battle and for official business. This adornment was thus part of the commander's ritual investiture with 5560:, as many of them were assigned to deities who dated back to the prehistory of Latium and whose significance had already become obscure by classical times. 8397:

was one of the lesser-rank officiants at a sacrifice. In depictions of sacrificial processions, he carries a mallet or axe with which to strike the animal

5012:

are the utterances of the gods; that is, prophecies. These were recorded in written form, and conserved by the state priests of Rome for consultation. The

4817:, writing in the 5th century, indicates that such trees retained their sanctity even up to his own time, and urged the Christian faithful to burn down the 2909:, "novel information." These "new signs" are omens or portents not previously observed, or not observed under the particular set of circumstances at hand. 1669:. These unsolicited signs were regarded as sent by a deity or deities to express either approval or disapproval for a particular undertaking. The prodigy ( 1546:

The practice of observing bird omens was common to many ancient peoples predating and contemporaneous with Rome, including the Greeks, Celts, and Germans.

8357:, five. This explanation takes into account that the college was established by Sabine king Numa Pompilius and the institution is Italic: the expressions 5984:

is assumed to have drawn on direct knowledge of the lists in writing his theological books, as evidenced by the catalogues of minor deities mocked by the

13631: 8353:

Another hypothesis considers the word as a loan from the Sabine language, in which it would mean a member of a college of five people, from Osco-Umbrian

14688:

Epistulae Antiquae: Actes du Ier Colloque "Le genre épistolaire antique et ses prolongements (Université François-Rabelais, Tours, 18-19 septembre 1998)

13785:

Classical Sculpture: Catalogue of the Cypriot, Greek, and Roman Stone Sculpture in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

11671:

as an excessive and dangerous quest for personal knowledge. By the early 2nd century AD, religions of other peoples that were perceived as resistant to

21126:

14, 6-7 gives a list of Numa's ritual prescriptions: obligation of sacrificing an uneven number of victims to the heavenly gods and an even one to the

19173: 9661:

even before the city of Rome was founded at the site. It thus represented one of the most ancient Roman cults. "Greek" elements were also found in the

8855:, "supplication." The meaning may be "I try and obtain by uttering appropriate words what is my right to obtain." It is used often in association with 7810: 7067:

Flour mixed with salt was sprinkled on the forehead and between the horns of sacrificial victims, as well as on the altar and in the sacred fire. This

1726:

as well as the official priests about prodigies and their forestalling. By the time of Cicero, the taking of private auspices was falling into disuse.

11420:("watching, sighting, observation") was the seeking of omens through observing the sky, the flight of birds, or the feeding of birds. Originally only 3265:, "to wash", describing it as a "spring-shrine", sometimes with annexed pool, where people would wash before entering, thus comparable to a Christian 3135:

was expected to matter to the gods as a demonstration of respect, honor, and reverence; it was an aspect of the contractual nature of Roman religion (

22598: 22522: 20764: 20329: 19929: 19743: 19265: 19184: 19049: 19004: 16926: 16716: 15479: 15351: 14837: 14699: 14654: 14555: 14544: 13100: 12811:

alternum sanguinem filicem, ficum atram, quaeque bacam nigram nigrosque fructus ferunt, itemque acrifolium, pirum silvaticum, pruscum rubum sentesque

12435: 11435:, which carried with it the power to regulate assemblies and other aspects of public life, depending on whether the omens were good or bad. See also 6647:

attempted to sacrifice an ox, only to find that its liver had been consumed by a wasting disease. After three more oxen failed to pass the test, the

4835:

housed within it. Either way, even scarcity of firewood would not persuade them to use the sacred wood for fuel, a scruple for which he mocked them.

4829:. Caesarius is somewhat unclear as to whether the devotees regarded the tree itself as divine or whether they thought its destruction would kill the 3850: 3019: 2828: 1487: 21782:

inter sacrum autem et sanctum et religiosum differentias bellissime refert : sacrum aedificium, consecrato deo; sanctum murum, qui sit circa oppidum

21105:

Festus sv Publica sacra; Dionys. Hal. II 21, 23; Appian. Hist. Rom. VIII 138; de Bello Civ. II 106; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 89; Christopher John Smith,

11153:

provides a collective term for events or things (including signs and symbols) that designate divine identity, activity or communication, including

10861:. In that case, the verb would mean an act that reflects or conforms to the function of this god, i.e. the ratifying and guaranteeing of compacts. 6153:

with the words of Celsus as "the art of that which is good and fair" and similarly by Paulus as "that which is always just and fair". The polymath

3630:, so he could celebrate it on his birthday. The coincidence of birthdays and anniversaries could have a positive or negative significance: news of 22096:

of the druids "ne signifie pas autre chose qu'associations corporatives, collèges, plus ou moins analogues aux collèges sacerdotaux des Romains" (

13208: 10727:

and of other magistrates sanctioned by law (Livy 3.55.1). The sacrality of the tribune's function had been established in earlier times through a

22530: 19899:("therefore a portent does not occur contrary to nature, but contrary to what is known of nature"). See Michael W. Herren and Shirley Ann Brown, 13812: 13667:(Catholic University of America Press, 2007), pp. 34–46, on etymology as a form of interpretation or construction of meaning among Roman authors. 3750:, political assemblies, or battles. Soldiers were not to be enlisted, nor journeys started. Nothing new was to be started, and no religious acts 21940: 20170: 7173:

is contrary to nature (or exceeds the nature) we are familiar with, like a snake with feet or a bird with four wings." The Greek equivalent was

3508:

was more generally any anniversary pertaining to the imperial family, such as birthdays or weddings, appearing on official calendars as part of

44: 23838: 22724:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, originally published 1987 in Italian), pp. 15–23; George A. Sheets, "Elements of Style in Catullus," in 15173: 10176:

were performed at the expense of the state, according to the dispositions left by Numa, and were attended by all the senators and magistrates.

9354:, "to do a divine thing," simply meant to do something that pertained to the divine sphere, such as perform a ceremony or rite. The equivalent 19255: 5066:, "prophecies eternally valid for Rome". They continued to be consulted throughout the Imperial period until the time of Christian hegemony. 2097:'s prohibition against Christian men praying with covered heads: "Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonors his head." 11875:) are the "exact words" of a legal or religious formula, that is, the words as "set once and for ever, immutable and unchangeable." Compare 11068:

as an epithet of the river Tiber and of the boundary god Terminus retains the original and ancient sense of delineating space: borders are

5409:

is a day of the week other than Saturday or Sunday. The custom throughout Europe of holding markets on the same day gave rise to the word "

3784:("to vitiate a day") in augural practice meant that the normal activities of public business were prohibited on a given day, presumably by 294: 15534: 10677:

demonstrates; in contemporary Christian usage, the sacrarium is a "special sink used for the reverent disposal of sacred substances" (see

5552:. Each flamen served as the high priest to one of the official deities of Roman religion, and led the rituals relating to that deity. The 2411:

for the purpose of driving the nail," one of whom was appointed for the years 363, 331, 313, and 263 BC. Livy attributes this practice to

1097:) was an official and priest who solicited and interpreted the will of the gods regarding a proposed action. The augur ritually defined a 21821: 19328: 10821:, a sanction or penalty. The formation and original meaning of the verb are debated. Some scholars think it is derived from the IE stem * 8343: 6900:, and refers to the power of a deity to wield lightning, represented in divine icons by a lightning bolt in the hand. It may be either a 4968:

religious site, and its plan was influenced by the ritual architecture of earlier Celtic sanctuaries. The masonry temple building of the

4713:(ritually prepared salted flour) and wine, then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering; the technical verb for this action was 3376:, i.e. "deities whose function could be ascertained", those whose function was unknown or indeterminate, main or selected gods. Compare 14686:, from which English "symbol" derives; François Guillaumont, "Divination et prévision rationelle dans la correspondance de Cicéron," in 12366:; as the result of the verbal action "vow, promise", it may refer also to the fulfillment of this vow, that is, the thing promised. The 3668:

moved to another date, sometimes with the clear purpose of aligning them with new Imperial theology after the collapse of the Republic.

7954:

A religious hierarchy implied by the seating arrangements of priests (sacerdotes) at sacrificial banquets. As "the most powerful", the

4244: 3538:

are nameless. The youngest person found commemorated on a Roman tombstone by name was a male infant nine days old (or 10 days in Roman

3115:; to practice agriculture," an activity fundamental to Roman identity even when Rome as a political center had become fully urbanized. 1070:("to touch, handle, lay hands on") referred in specialized religious usage to touching sacred objects while performing cultic actions. 21904: 1908:. These prescribed rites "unite the inner subject with the external religious object", binding human and divine realms. The historian 23582: 16642: 16631: 16145:

eximias dictas hostias quae ad sacrificium destinatae eximantur e grege, vel quod eximia specie quasi offerendae numinibus eligantur.

14021:, "Ritual Dress," p. 185, and Fay Glinister, "Veiled and Unveiled: Uncovering Roman Influence in Hellenistic Italy," p. 197, both in 10845:, i.e. belonging to the gods in the sense of having their guarantee and protection. Others think it is a derivation from the theonym 4097: 3551: 219: 22558: 22351: 12229:), and according to depictions was offered a hand towel afterwards by another attendant. He is sometimes shown dressed in an apron ( 22994: 21340:; Andrew R. Dyck, A Commentary on Cicero, De Legibus (University of Michigan Press, 2004), pp. 381–382, note on an issue raised at 11197:, "be favourable with your tongues," meant "keep silent." In particular, silence assured the ritual correctness and the absence of 8994: 5099:

is more precisely that which is "religiously legitimate," or an action that is lawful in the eyes of the gods. In public religion,

1099: 14643: 9274:, a charge leveled during the Empire at Jews, Christians, and Epicureans. Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger ( 520: 22887:

Therefore the election must have been vitiated in some way known only to Jupiter: see Veit Rosenberger, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor),

14495: 14479: 12822: 10696: 287: 22687:

For an overview of the Indo-European background regarding the relation of memory to poetry, charm, and formulaic utterance, see

19916:

28.11, as cited by Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion",

13815:, citing as the standard source D.W.J. Gill, "The Importance of Roman Portraiture for Head-Coverings in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16", 13261: 7576:

prior to the conducting of public business, but the exact significance of Cicero's distinction is a matter of scholarly debate.

22100:

can "mean nothing other than corporate associations, colleges, more or less analogous to the priestly colleges of the Romans").

18807:

At homo sacer is est, quem populus iudicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum immolari, sed qui occidit, parricidi non damnatur

16474: 13698: 10596:

establishes a direct relation between the person swearing (or the thing pledged in the swearing of the oath) and the gods; the

9822:: literally, "in front of (or outside) the shrine", therefore not belonging to it or the gods. A thing or person could be made 4455: 2400:

of Jupiter, because the concept of "number" was invented by Minerva and the ritual predated the common use of written letters.

2188:("if anyone should chant an evil spell") shows that it was a longstanding concern of Roman law to suppress malevolent magic. A 2135:

is characterized by formulaic expression, redundancy, and rhythm. Fragments from two archaic priestly hymns are preserved, the

17: 18726:

M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004.

17254: 10797:. This kind of word composition based on an etymological figure has parallels in other IE languages in archaic constructions. 5665:

about 12 miles from Rome. The incorporation of Gabinian traditions indicates their special status under treaty with Rome. See

3924: 21000:

thinks that the person declared sacred was originally sacrificed to the gods. This hypothesis seems to be supported by Plut.

20977:"homo sacer is est quem populus iudicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum imolari, sed qui occidit, parricidii non damnatur" 18793: 15436: 13144: 10561:. In the later empire, the oath of loyalty created conflict for Christians serving in the military, and produced a number of 9254:

Religious law maintained the proprieties of divine honours, sacrifice and ritual. Impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were

6359:. Parties to legal proceedings and contracts bound themselves to observance by the offer of sacrifice to witnessing deities. 5276:

based on the Roman religious calendar. It is a major source for Roman religious practice, and was translated into English by

2327:

could refer to the cinch itself or to the entire toga thus worn. In religious contexts, such a toga was also said to be worn

1219:. It seems to mean variously: the "sacral investiture" of the augur; the ritual acts and actions of the augurs; augural law 21924: 10588:

as pertaining to both the military and the law indicates the religious basis for these institutions. The term differs from

10396: 9797:

describes a thing or person given to the gods, thus "sacred" to them. Human beings had no legal or moral claims on anything

4384:

from the opposing city to the Roman side, customarily with a promise of a better-endowed cult or a more lavish temple. As a

2293:. The cinch allowed free use of both arms, essential when the toga was still worn during combat and later important in some 18762:(CIL X 3926). For the connection between deities of agriculture and the underworld, see W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in 16121:

Fasti sacerdotum: A Prosopography of Pagan, Jewish, and Christian Religious Officials in the City of Rome, 300 BC to AD 499

13293: 12401: 12253:

A mistake made while performing a ritual, or a disruption of augural procedure, including disregarding the auspices, was a

9028:(literally, 'in front of the shrine'), therefore not within a sacred precinct; not belonging to the gods but to humankind. 6231: 275: 123: 22729: 16399:

Festus s.v. delubrum p. 64 M; G. Colonna "Sacred Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans" in N. Thomas De Grummond

13725: 13316: 11975: 9068:) was a special couch used for displaying images of the gods, that they might receive offerings at ceremonies such as the 8342:) or in the original IE meaning of way. Pontifex in this case would be the "opener of the way" corresponding to the Vedic 23891: 22668: 20336:

II.16 (1986), p. 2180, and in the same volume, G.J. Szemler, "Priesthoods and Priestly Careers in Ancient Rome," p. 2322.

19856:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), pp. 43 and 98. Despite its title, S.W. Rasmussen's 18383: 15271:

Regina Gee, "From Corpse to Ancestor: The Role of Tombside Dining in the Transformation of the Body in Ancient Rome," in

13804: 13760: 10198:, and at other times of their life such as funerals and expiations, for instance of fulgurations. Families had their own 9127: 8369:

may denote a group or division of five or by five. The pontifex would thus be a member of a sacrificial college known as

5016:

are both "fate" as known and determined by the gods, or the expression of the divine will in the form of verbal oracles.

3834:, a day that was inherently "vitiated". January 14 is the only day to be marked annually and officially by decree of the 3462:, that is, the anniversary of his accession as emperor. The date was observed annually with renewed oaths of loyalty and 2403:

The importance of this ritual is lost in obscurity, but in the early Republic it is associated with the appointment of a

2364:, a nail was driven in to mark the time. In Rome, the senior magistrate on the Ides of September drove a nail called the 2215:

is an adjective meaning morally pure or guiltless (English "chaste"), hence pious or ritually pure in a religious sense.

844:, "uncertain" or "undetermined," that is, not falling into one of the four defined categories. The powers and actions of 20633: 20604: 13429: 12105:. A sacred fiction of sacrifice was that the victim had to consent, usually by a nod of the head perhaps induced by the 9096:. By extension, pulvinar can also mean the shrine or platform housing several of these couches and their images. At the 2842:

survive only through quotation or references in ancient authors. These records are not readily distinguishable from the

22921: 22574: 21016:

supposedly belonged to the king during the regal era; during the Republic, this right passed to the pontiff and courts.

19697:

For a review of the proposed hypotheses cfr. J. P. Hallet "Over Troubled Waters: The Meaning of the Title Pontifex" in

16909:'s note: "divina humanaque iura permittunt: nam ad religionem fas, ad hominem iura pertinunt". See also Robert Turcan, 16056:

2.351: "Pontifical law advises that unless Roman deities are called by their proper names, they cannot be exaugurated"

13480:(Arbores quae inferum deorum avertentiumque in tutela sunt ... quibus portenta prodigiaque mala comburi iubere oportet) 13182: 10959:

was originally a concept related to space as concerning inaugurated places, because they enjoyed the armed protection (

10739:(Livy 2.33.1; 3.19.10), but it obliged only the contracting parties. To make it an obligation for everyone required a 8188: 7211: 6307:

was a propitiatory ceremony that took the form of a meal offered to divinities, as if seated for banqueting on a couch

3423: 214: 21857: 18561: 17769:, 'thus the highest division of things is reduced into two articles：some belong to divine right, some to human right'. 12281:

decided that a thunderclap expressed divine disapproval of his election. The original meaning of the semantic root in

10876:, describes that which has been "established as inviolable" or "sacred", most times in a sense different from that of 7233:

and uses the phrase several times to insult various objects of his attacks as depraved and beyond the human pale. For

5245:

A record or plan of official and religiously sanctioned events. All state and societal business must be transacted on

3565: 21624:

Studia Patristica: Papers Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 1991

21498:

Gladiators swore to commit their bodies to the possibility of being "burned, bound, beaten, and slain by the sword";

21336:

Legal questions might arise about the extent to which the inheritance of property was or ought to be attached to the

19077: 17170: 15712: 15693: 12261:, plural, could taint the outcome of elections, the validity of laws, and the conducting of military operations. The 10008: 9093: 5824:, before the beginning of the harvest) in expiation for negligences in the duties of piety towards the deceased. The 2369: 1085:

or pollute when referring to the handling of sacred objects by those not authorized, ordained, or ritually purified.

18248: 15761: 11397:

may refer either to these subversive organizations or in a religious context to the priestly fraternities. See also

11225:(augures ex caelo) faced south, so the happy orient, where the sun rose, lay at their left. Consequently, the word 10286:; the Gauls were so impressed by his courageous piety that they allowed him to pass through their lines. The Fabian 6723:

or small wooded area considered sacred to a divinity. Entrance might be severely restricted: Paulus explains that a

6558:(commentaries), described by Livy as incomplete "owing to the long time elapsed and the rare use of writing" and by 4707:), while those of sheep or pigs were grilled on skewers. When the deity's portion was cooked, it was sprinkled with 15944:

As implied but not explicitly stated by Propertius, Elegy 4.2; Daniel P. Harmon, "Religion in the Latin Elegists",

9346:

were "divine affairs," that is, the matters that pertained to the gods and the sphere of the divine in contrast to

6538:

that represents "precise dispositions based certainly on an official collection edited in a professional fashion."

6394:("by whatever lex, i.e. wording he wishes") allowed a cult performer discretion in his choice of ritual words. The 5972:

were invoked for public prayers. It is sometimes unclear whether these names represent distinct minor entities, or

2235:. In Roman religion, the purity of ritual and those who perform it is paramount: one who is correctly cleansed and 544:

he was observing, regardless of the interpretation. He might, however, take certain actions in order to ignore the

224: 19780: 13713: 3652:

The date when a temple was founded, or when it was rededicated after a major renovation or rebuilding, was also a

1539:. If unfavourable auspices were observed, the business at hand was stopped by the official observer, who declared 23886: 23881: 23644: 17680:

The vocative is the grammatical case used only for "calling" or invoking, that is, hailing or addressing someone

13677: 7930:

are trained to solicit and interpret, but rather "new signs", the meaning of which had to be figured out through

7769:, bad omens were never expiated by public rites but could be reinterpreted, redirected or otherwise averted (see 5371:, recurring holidays for which the date depended on some other factor, usually the agrarian cycle. They included 13652: 8625:

specified that if such a sign appeared to be unnatural, it was only because it was contrary to nature as known (

22142: 20416: 20410: 19764: 18955: 18751: 18278: 18262: 18175:

Firenze, 1973, p.20-21; R. Besnier "Le archives privees publiques et religieuses a' Rome au temps des rois" in

17667:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 240; Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Shared Beliefs", in 16310: 15565: 15417: 11664: 10344:

as well as preserving the family name and property. A person adopted into another family usually renounced the

5792:

was an offering for the purpose of consulting with a deity, that is, in order to know the will of a deity; the

5058: 3956: 3639: 3476:

of the emperor. Observances resembled those on January 3, which had replaced the traditional vows made for the

2504: 560:

was the dwelling place of a god. It was thus a structure that housed the deity's image, distinguished from the

19815: 19452: 19153: 18600: 18222: 16011: 15374:

translated by David M.B. Richardson (Blackwell, 2011, originally published 1995 in German), pp. 151–152. The

14941: 14707: 8673:, the recitation of the prayer formula. Priestly texts that were collections of prayers were sometimes called 8431:

had the specialized religious meaning "to offer as a sacrifice," especially to offer the sacrificial entrails

7887:

for human acts or movements, but in non-technical writing the words tend to be used more loosely as synonyms.

7002:

as a child, when divine flames burst forth from his head and the royal household witnessed the event. Compare

22585:

Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion",

19444: 19409: 18519: 17659:

Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion",

16875: 16376: 15077: 9377:(1st century BC). It survives only in fragments but was a major source of traditional Roman theology for the 7560:

states that the augur was entitled to report on the signs observed before or during an assembly and that the

6261:

The bathing of the cult image of a deity, particularly goddesses, might be prescribed in an annual ritual. A

3631: 3108:, "to tend, take care of, cultivate," originally meaning "to dwell in, inhabit" and thus "to tend, cultivate 2003:

were assistants who carried out day-to-day business on behalf of the senior priests of the state such as the

1848:(mid-1st century BC), but thought to be of much greater antiquity. Its meaning varied over time. Cicero used 1701:

for any matter of consequence such as marriages, travel, and important business. The scant information about

351: 18514:

George Williamson, "Mucianus and a Touch of the Miraculous: Pilgrimage and Tourism in Roman Asia Minor", in

18179:

II Milano 1953 pp.1 ff.; L. Bickel "Lehrbuch der Geschichte der roemischen Literatur" p. 303; G. J. Szemler

13796: 11793:) was unavailable, an augur could apply the appropriate religious formulae to provide a lawful alternative. 10188:, to a family, or to an individual, and were carried out at the expense of those concerned. Individuals had 9967: 9616:

A small number of Roman religious practices and cult innovations were carried out according to "Greek rite"

8549: 6145:

is the Latin word for justice, right, equity, fairness and all which came to be understood as the sphere of

5397:, one-off holidays ordered to mark a special occasion, established with an act of authority of a magistrate. 3649:

on his birthday and committed suicide. Birthdays were one of the dates on which the dead were commemorated.

22987: 20898: 19504: 18820: 17986: 16616: 16513: 16263:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), pp. 228, 328; John E. Stambaugh, "The Functions of Roman Temples," 15655: 15392:

Kalender und Öffentlichkeit: Die Geschichte der Repräsentation und religiösen Qualifikation von Zeit in Rom

12390: 11478: 9393:. His proportional emphasis is deliberate, as he treats cult and ritual as human constructs. Varro divides 9184:

might be translated better as "religious scruple" than with the English word "religion". One definition of

8981:

The number of confirmed prodigies rose in troubled times. In 207 BC, during one of the worst crises of the

6334: 5303: 4494: 4238: 4166: 3672: 3509: 1224: 778:(territory, country, land, region) was terrestrial space defined for the purposes of augury in relation to 21733:

Muenchen 1960 p.127 ff.; D. Briquel "Sur les aspects militaires du dieu Ombrien Fisius Sancius" Paris 1978

20760: 19651:

Varro Lingua Latina V 15, 83; G. Bonfante "Tracce di terminologia palafitticola nel vocabolario latino?"

19034:

Paris 1968; It. tr. Rome 1978 p. 74, and E. Benveniste "Hittite et Indo-Europeen. Etudes comparatives" in

16934: 9299:, which was something or someone given to them by humans. Hence, a graveyard was not primarily defined as 8080:

the commander offered up on the Capitol, and was concomitant with his possession of the auspices for war.

6897: 5622:

of priests whose duties were concerned with agriculture and farming. They were the most ancient religious

4681: 4016: 2062:

drawn up from the back. This covering of the head is a distinctive feature of Roman rite in contrast with

17186: 16914: 16813: 14291: 5103:

is declared before announcing an action required or allowed by Roman religious custom and by divine law.

3464: 3088:, "the cultivation of the gods." The "cultivation" necessary to maintain a specific deity was that god's 19080:

and 3.7.2; Nancy Thomson de Grummond, "Introduction: The History of the Study of Etruscan Religion", in

14177: 11927:("preconceived words") were verbal formulas that could be adapted for particular circumstances. Compare 9805:

could be highly nuanced; Varro associates it with "perfection". Through association with ritual purity,

8447:

referred to the process by which the entrails were cooked, cut into pieces, and burnt on the altar. The

6842:, "I wash in water"). The time elapsing between two subsequent lustrations being of five years the term 3209:, a structure that housed a god. It is an ambiguous term for both the building and the surrounding area 23515: 23489: 16073: 15651: 13168: 12544: 11406: 10750: 10364:

were in danger of dying out, the state might take over their maintenance. One of the myths attached to

9693:, ancient oracles written in Greek. Official rites to Apollo are perhaps "the best illustration of the 8971: 6731:(laws for the violation of which the offender is outlawed) concerning sacred groves have been found on 6087: 5071: 5049: 3295:

he had previously held in order to assume those of the family he was entering. The ritual procedure of

2987:

was also a rhetorical term applied to forms of argumentation, including court cases. The English word "

2239:

in religious preparation and performance is likely to please the gods. Ritual error is a pollutant; it

1296: 724:. Thus in theory, though not always in practice, architectural aesthetics had a theological dimension. 355: 15898:

Lands, Laws, and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremonies in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome

7862: 642:, he writes, should be appropriate to the characteristics of the deity. For a celestial deity such as 23649: 23484: 22777:, Oxford University press, 2011, p. 163. The earliest known Taurobolium was dedicated to the goddess 22155: 17706:

Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.16 (1986), pp. 2253

12274: 12221:

are sometimes in attendance; one may hold down the victim's head while the other lands the blow. The

10691:

An event or thing dedicated to the gods for their disposal. The offer of sacrifice is fundamental to

10265: 10049: 9879: 9572: 7032:

is the origin of the English word "miracle." Christian writers later developed a distinction between

6901: 5863: 5829: 4528: 3810:("black day," typically the anniversary of a calamity), a particular date did not become permanently 1864:, to mean "ritual prescriptions" or "ritual acts." The plural form is endorsed by Roman grammarians. 1852:

at least 40 times, in three or four different senses: "inviolability" or "sanctity", a usage also of

1738:, "to avert," denotes a ritual action aimed at averting a misfortune intimated by an omen. Bad omens 1693:

Private and domestic religion was linked to divine signs as state religion was. It was customary in

1345:

as well as the augurs "when ears of wheat have already formed but are still in the sheaths"; and the

10230:

if they were regarded as important to the maintenance of the Roman religious system as a whole; see

9433:

is an example of ancient Roman religious terminology that was appropriated for Christian usage; for

7817:, concerning birds. They were consulted until late antiquity; in the 4th century, for instance, the 6570:, who was thought to have codified the core texts and principles of Rome's religious and civil law ( 5531: 4006:

The collective body of knowledge pertaining to the doctrine, ritual practices, laws, and science of

1801:, "just". The requirements for a just war were both formal and substantive. As a formal matter, the 23764: 23743: 23733: 23140: 23003: 22219: 19966: 19801: 19247: 19139: 18846: 18586: 18395: 16906: 16047: 15577: 15452: 14952: 14536: 14079: 13018: 12491: 12385: 12133: 11566: 11556: 11421: 11243: 11191:

Silence was generally required in the performance of every religious ritual. The ritual injunction

10377: 10223: 10136:

year and the other feasts that were regarded of public interest, including those pertaining to the

9489: 9481: 9279: 8993:, and vice versa. The minor prodigies were duly expiated with "lesser victims". The discovery of a 8989:". The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural; sheep became goats; a hen become a 7446: 7356: 7090: 5717: 5619: 5134: 4997:, "before, i.e. outside, the temple", "In front of the sanctuary," hence not within sacred ground. 4906: 4811: 4146: 3747: 3626:

waited seven months after he returned from his military campaigns in the East before he staged his

3341: 3284: 2807: 2726: 2543: 2454: 2441: 1694: 1583:

had the "right and duty" to seek these omens actively. These auspices could only be sought from an

1444: 1440: 1273: 1114: 328: 103: 32: 22539:

Land, Laws and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome

18727: 16058:(et iure pontificum cautum est, ne suis nominibus dii Romani appellarentur, ne exaugurari possint) 14438: 8997:

four-year-old child was expiated by drowning and a holy procession of 27 virgins to the temple of

8455:, "to return the entrails," that is, to render unto the deity what has already been given as due. 8350:

in the sacrificial group who takes his title from the figurative designation of liturgy as a way.

4599:

from the herd and designated for sacrifice, or because they are chosen on account of their choice

2469:

wielded greater authority than the others, with a fourth coming to prominence during the reign of

23748: 22980: 22842: 22287: 21845: 20856:

and thus reserved for sacrifice) as necessarily "pure" (or perfect); "porci puri ad sacrificium".

20832: 20721:. Remarques sur certains préjugés des historiens de la religions des Grecs et des Romains" in 20300: 17834: 17767:

Summa itaque rerum divisio in duos articulos diducitur: nam aliae sunt divini iuris, aliae humani

17490: 16960: 16802: 16751: 16314:

VI.490, 2232, and 2234, as cited by Stambaugh, "The Function of Roman Temples," p. 593, note 275.

16288: 15970: 15838: 15069: 14916:

p. 64 L; G. Colonna "Sacred Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans" in N. T. De Grummond

13010: 12721: 12619: 9632:. By contrast, in most rites of Roman public religion, an officiant wore the distinctively Roman 8263:." "Dutiful" is often a better translation of the adjective than the English derivative "pious." 8175:

with an iron implement, which was forbidden, as well as after. The pig was a common victim for a

7624: 7141:

is a sign or portent that disrupts the natural order as evidence of divine displeasure. The word

5070:

installed the Sibylline books in a special golden storage case under the statue of Apollo in the

5048:. These were not Roman in origin but were believed to have been acquired in only partial form by 3912: 1260:

is the observation of birds as signs of divine will, a practice held to have been established by

927: 18029:

For example, those dated to 58 BC, relating to the temple of Jupiter Liber at Furfo: CIL IX 3513

17159: 15310:

Patricia Cox Miller, "'The Little Blue Flower Is Red': Relics and the Poeticizing of the Body,"

10435:; the pontiffs desired that the people continue to observe them and to practice them in the way 7117:) came to mean "to sacrifice." Its use was one of the numerous religious traditions ascribed to 4320:

which "freed" the space from malign or competing spiritual influences and human effects. A site

2864:(holy law), texts of spoken formulae, and instructions on how to perform ritual acts, while the 1235:, meaning "that which is full of mystic force." As the sign that manifests the divine will, the 331:, with links to articles on major topics such as priesthoods, forms of divination, and rituals. 23576: 22160: 20807: 19556: 18375: 17367:

Imperatores Victi: Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic

15883:(Blackwell, 1996, 2001, originally published in French 1992), p. 12; Robert Schilling, "Juno", 15791: 15462: 15347: 14163: 13709: 13550: 13075: 12806: 12301:

A verb meaning chanting or reciting a formula with a joyful intonation and rhythm. The related

12050: 11486: 11390: 10893: 10424: 10218:. These were regarded as necessary and imperishable, and the desire to perpetuate the family's 9925: 9534: 9493: 8039: 7340: 6637:

If the organs were diseased or defective, the procedure had to be restarted with a new victim (

6095: 4800: 4132: 4085: 3729: 3681:, a military calendar of religious observances, features a large number of imperial birthdays. 3642: 3218: 2758: 2294: 2161:, though self-consciously literary in technique, was also a hymn, performed by a chorus at the 2018: 1619: 1467: 1350: 1173: 315: 251: 15675:: The Genesis of Roman Terminology for Deified Emperors and a Philosopher's Contribution", in 15008:: The Genesis of Roman Terminology for Deified Emperors and a Philosopher's Contribution", in 12424: 11773:

to cut. It could be created as temporary or permanent, depending on the lawful purpose of the

11131:

of the sky for signs that might be interpreted as auspices. Bad omens resulted in a report of

10330:, "pig of shame") by way of expiation when they neglected any of their religious obligations. 8745:, the ritual conducted by the augurs to obtain divine permission to pray for Rome's security ( 7765:

but of great importance to the person who heard or saw it. Omens could be good or bad. Unlike

5095:

is a central concept in Roman religion. Although translated in some contexts as "divine law,"

4854:

is a plot of consecrated ground, a sanctuary, and from that a temple or shrine built there. A

4583:, "choice, select," used to denote the high quality required of sacrificial victims: "Victims 23795: 23692: 23348: 23267: 23015: 22684: 21626:(Peeters, 1993), vol. 28, pp. 39 and 46; Kim Bowes, "'Christianization' and the Rural Home," 15512: 11241:

was a form of voluntary association or society. Its meaning is not necessarily distinct from

10724: 10712: 10337: 9017:

displaced by a "new interest in signs and omens associated with the charismatic individual."

6405:

were in use as a legal procedure in civil cases; they were regulated by custom and tradition

5690: 5564: 4463: 4441: 4389: 4225: 4049: 3589: 3391: 2823:, because the rulings on points of law might be cited as precedent. The public nature of the 2462: 2282: 651: 343: 173: 113: 19439:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464 L, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 18404:

1.42, as cited and discussed by Weinstock, p. 125ff. Noted also by Auguste Bouché-Leclercq,

15548:

25, in the same passage containing one of the earliest mentions of Christianity as a threat.

8998: 6516:(commentaries of the augurs) which recorded the collegial acts of the augurs, including the 5988:

who used his work as a reference. Another source is likely to have been the non-extant work

5836:

was offered at any rite after the first sacrifice had failed owing to a ritual impropriety (

4396:

undermined the enemy's sense of security by threatening the sanctity of its city walls (see

4360:

Relief (1st century AD) depicting the Palladium atop a column entwined by a snake, to which

3879:) by Augustus. The emperor Claudius, who was the grandson of Antony, rehabilitated the day. 3546:, perhaps as high as 40 percent, the newborn in its first few days of life was held as in a 2905:

is the reasoned but speculative interpretation of signs presented unexpectedly, that is, of

2856:

for the pontifical writings are interchangeable. Those who make a distinction hold that the

23790: 23674: 23628: 23418: 23262: 23035: 22960: 22932: 22085: 22048: 21642:(United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2005), p. 73. See also Wolfred Nelson Cote, 21217: 20292: 19596: 19420: 19113: 17871: 17663:

46 (1999), pp. 44–45; Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns", in

16777: 16417: 15495: 15155: 14170:, says that "the year-nail was so called because it was fixed into the walls of the sacred 14024: 13598: 13516: 13185: 12854: 12801:

These are the modern English identifications of Robert A. Kaster in his translation of the

11672: 11381:

regulated their potential influence by forbidding them to come in conflict with public law

11331: 11102: 9523: 8167:

might be offered as a sort of advance payment; the Arval Brethren, for instance, offered a

7826: 7631:

in 58 BC was aimed at ending the practice, or at least curtailing its potential for abuse;

7628: 7272:. When opened, the pit served as a cache for offerings to underworld deities, particularly 6933: 6413:

and were thought to involve protection of the performers from malign or occult influences.

5872:, a dedication or a vow of an offering to a deity as well as that which fulfilled the vow. 4953: 4808: 4766: 4745:

as applied to people refers to temple attendants or devotees of a cult, usually one of the

4361: 4213: 3418:

deities in exchange for a victory. The most extended description of the ritual is given by

3414:

in which a Roman general vowed to sacrifice his own life in battle along with the enemy to

3046:(sacred precinct). The consecration was performed by a pontiff reciting a formula from the 2424: 1223:; and recorded signs whose meaning had already been established. The word is rooted in the 655: 268: 261: 21252:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 16639: 16628: 13739:, "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464, or the Hazards of Interpretation", in 10789:, but M. Morani interprets the first part of the compound as a consequence of the second: 10592:, which is more common in legal application, as for instance swearing an oath in court. A 8775:. Within the tripartite structure that was often characteristic of formal ancient prayer, 8605:

offers an example of an ancient Roman religious term modified for Christian usage; in the

6269:, whose statue and associated objects were carried in procession for bathing in the river 6230:, secret. A book on pontifical law, probably the one written in the mid-2nd century BC by 2635:, nor are meetings for secular purposes or other elections even with a pontiff presiding. 2047:

At the traditional public rituals of ancient Rome, officiants prayed, sacrificed, offered

538:), the observer was required to acknowledge any potentially bad sign occurring within the 8: 23828: 23634: 23520: 23494: 23353: 23202: 23192: 23155: 22425:

Veit Rosenberger, in "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs," in

22346:

Yasmin Haskell, "Religion and Enlightenment in the Neo-Latin Reception of Lucretius," in

21672: 21606: 17681: 16423:

Pagan Survivals, Superstitions and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature

13896:

Pagan Survivals, Superstitions and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature

12370:

is thus an aspect of the contractual nature of Roman religion, a bargaining expressed by

12321: 12311: 10700: 10541:) was the oath taken by soldiers in pledging their loyalty to the consul or emperor. The 10478:, and consequently forfeit if the oath were violated. Both instances imply an underlying 10420: 10269: 10260:("clan"). These rites are related to a belief in the shared ancestry of the members of a 10102: 9322: 9005: 8963: 8314: 7822: 7746: 6966:(hidden gods of the "higher" sphere) and changes the state of public and private affairs. 6929: 6871: 5965: 5938: 5549: 5078:

chastised the senate for succumbing to Christian influence and not consulting the books.

4969: 4220:

was viewed as a reductive form of piety, merely a "business transaction", in contrast to

3199:, "god", and emphasizes the human role in dedicating the statue. According to Varro, the 2794: 2592: 2485: 2306: 2079: 1925: 1883: 1718:, private citizens not authorized to take official auspices. Among his other duties, the 1342: 979: 643: 529: 133: 108: 19949:... Notes on Jingles, Nursery-Rhymes and Charms with an Excursus on Noththe's Sisters", 19828:

Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité: Divination hellénique et divination italique

18478:

Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité: Divination hellénique et divination italique

17824:

Iuris prudentia est divinarum atque humanrum rerum notitia, iusti atque iniusti scientia

11962:(the phrase is found with either word order) were the statements crafted by a presiding 10112:

were those performed on behalf of the whole Roman people or its major subdivisions, the

7609:, himself an augur, who refers to it in several speeches as a religious bulwark against 5309:

meaning "happy, fruitful, productive, full of nourishment." Related Latin words include

4433: 3332: 2569:, originally meaning "to call," was a technical term of pontifical usage, found also in 2309:. It was also used by the priest or official charged with guiding the plow creating the 2219:

is the abstract noun. Various etymologies have been proposed, among them two IE stems: *

23707: 23333: 23297: 23257: 23232: 23135: 23115: 23055: 22972: 22056: 21554: 21249: 20537: 20225:. Cited by Halm, in Rüpke (ed) 244. For remainder, see Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed), 297. 19436: 19308:

Augusto augurio: rerum humanarum et divinarum commentationes in honorem Jerzy Linderski

19223:

Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual

18350: 18334: 17819: 17630: 17210:

The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World

16435: 16026:(University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 27; Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", 15986: 15595: 15118: 14929: 13736: 13688: 13581: 13475: 13205: 13162: 12675: 11995: 11759:

for ritual purposes, most importantly the taking of the auspices, a place "cut off" as

11619: 11574: 11453: 11398: 10452: 10082: 10060:

was one who held the title usually in relation to a specific deity or temple. See also

10029: 9666: 9658: 9416: 9293:

was something pertaining to the gods or marked out by them as theirs, as distinct from

8606: 8017: 7794: 7615: 7520: 7234: 6921: 6883: 6374:'s request for particular signs that would betoken divine approval in an augural rite ( 6289:

in any other source may indicate that since it was meant to be conducted by women, the

6165:

essential but divine order is the source of all laws, whether natural or human, so the

6150: 6129: 5214: 4814: 4807:, a reference to the Romano-Etruscan belief in lightning as a form of divine sign. The 4404:

was a way to mitigate otherwise sacrilegious looting of religious images from shrines.

4376:, "summon." The ritual was conducted in a military setting either as a threat during a 4069: 3892: 3717: 3685:

shared his birthday (September 23) with the anniversary of the Temple of Apollo in the

3646: 3619: 3539: 3254: 3142: 2312: 2128: 2063: 1966: 1867: 1802: 1429:, "watch") were originally signs derived from observing the flight of birds within the 1353:, which should have been a springtime propitiary rite held at the time of the harvest ( 1200:. This augural tent was the center of religious and legal proceedings within the camp. 1047: 1013: 570:

is one of several Latin words that can be translated as "shrine" or "temple"; see also

20149:(American Philosophical Society, 1991 reprint), p. 648; Detlef Liebs, "Roman Law", in 18875:(Polity Press, 2007), p. 275, noting that he finds Servius's distinction "artificial." 18447: 15908:

of 146 BC occurred as such; see "Scipio, Laelius, Furius and the Ancestral Religion",

12618:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), pp. 80–81 on Ceres, p. 151 on Flora; see also 10774:. The critics of the law objected, "These people postulate they themselves should be 9964:

is "one who performs a sacred action" or "renders a thing sacred", that is, a priest.

9620:, which the Romans characterized as Greek in origin or manner. A priest who conducted 8643:

was the formal addressing of the deity or deities in a ritual. The word is related by

8560:

are the two types of signs that appear in inanimate nature, as distinguished from the

8046:, but other sources indicate that the cloak was primarily meant. According to Festus, 7698:. The word has three closely related meanings in augury: the observing of signs by an 7375:: a plebeian, they claimed, would lack the arcane knowledge of religious matters that 5832:

conducted within sight of the deceased, whose family was thereby ritually absolved. A

4872:, or a sacred space or structure for non-Roman religions, such as an Iseum (temple of 23845: 23805: 23459: 23413: 23287: 23277: 23227: 23100: 23080: 23075: 23060: 22778: 20577:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, originally published 1987 in Italian), p. 213. 20222: 20126:

would mean "I use the appropriate means to obtain"; in the interpretation of Morani,

19472: 18789: 18435: 18258: 17518:

Gaius I 130; III 114; Livy XXVII 8,4; XLI 28, 7; XXXVII 47, 8; XXIX 38, 6;XLV 15,19;

17028: 16242:

37.9 and 38.18; Richard M. Crill, "Roman Paganism under the Antonines and Severans,"

13150: 13140: 12814: 11946: 11504:. In Greek it also acquired the meaning "compact, convention, treaty" (compare Latin 11014: 10971: 10578: 10432: 9674: 9402: 9355: 8918: 7969: 7821:

consulted the books of Tarquitius before the battle that proved fatal to the emperor

7516: 7273: 7074: 6936: 6905: 6859: 6621: 6613: 6274: 5817: 4762: 4746: 4425: 4412: 4007: 4000: 3916: 3840: 2450: 2290: 1945: 1929: 1452: 1193: 1188:

who was serving as a military commander also took daily auspices, and thus a part of

763: 717: 693: 256: 22408:

Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns," pp. 238, 247, and

21865: 19761:

Donum grammaticum: Studies in Latin and Celtic Linguistics in Honour of Hannah Rosén

19026:

sv omen New York 1963. It has also been connected to an ancient Hittite exclamation

15772: 12992:

Linderski, "The Augural Law," p. 2196, especially note 177, citing Servius, note to

10673:

of a private home lent itself to Christian transformation, as a 4th-century poem by

8921:

and must be expiated to avert more destructive expressions of divine wrath. Compare

7408:, days on which official transactions were forbidden on religious grounds. See also 5977: 4249: 2376:("birthday" or anniversary of dedication) of the temple, when a banquet for Jupiter 1243:

was valid for a year; a priest's, for his lifetime; for a temple, it was perpetual.

23738: 23469: 23388: 23328: 23187: 23165: 23150: 22871: 22643: 20520: 20113: 19681:

First proposed by F. Ribezzo in "Pontifices 'quinionalis sacrificii effectores',

19560: 19549: 19527: 19480: 17449:, though this is not explicated. Scholarly interpretations thus differ on what the 16973: 16282: 15901: 15615: 15379: 15114: 14767: 14230:

Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph

14211: 14147: 14018: 13817: 13619: 13450: 13308: 13290:

Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph

13200:, the Celts had acquired expertise in the practice of augury beyond other peoples ( 12877:(Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 113–114; Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", 12074: 12015: 11983: 11912: 11544: 11498: 11467: 11424: 11323: 11203:, "faults," in the taking of the auspices. It was also required in the nomination ( 10987: 10165: 10045: 9985: 9875: 9533:

meant the traditional and correct manner (of performance), that is, "way, custom".

9485: 9409: 9013: 8845: 8327: 8246: 8001: 7973: 7965: 7648: 7561: 7553: 7255: 7207: 6879: 6795: 6593: 6462:

from "all unwanted or hostile spirits and of all human influences," as part of the

6290: 6054: 5933: 5703: 5633: 5606: 5512: 5079: 4892: 4869: 4844: 4699: 4648: 4408: 4045: 3911:

or unsought sign that foretold disastrous consequences. The ill-fated departure of

3709: 3701: 3657: 3635: 3623: 3543: 3063: 2815:, an arcane form of literature to which by definition only priests had access. The 2798: 2762: 2650: 2628: 2624: 2559: 2489: 2153: 2112: 2005: 1909: 1719: 1608: 1580: 1291: 1240: 1185: 1117: 911:

housing a cult image. An altar that received food offerings might also be called a

845: 735: 713: 689: 677: 320: 190: 20151:

The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600

18630:

Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin

17633:, "The Theological Efforts of the Roman Upper Classes in the First Century B.C.", 17062:

as the "establisher". See Paulus, epitome of Festus, p. 505 (edition of Lindsay);

16911:

The Gods of Ancient Rome: Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times

16837:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 92. So too R. Orestano, "Dal ius al fas," 15010:

Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin

13787:(University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2006), p. 169. 12148:

of "victim" as that which has been killed by the right hand of the "victor" (with

12077:

in a sacrifice, or very rarely a human. The victim was subject to an examination (

11612:

in contrast to the properly pious cultivation of the gods that constituted lawful

9772:, "was both less complex and less elaborately defined than a temple proper." Each 7179:. The English word "monster" derived from the negative sense of the word. Compare 6946:

sent from three different celestial regions. Stefan Weinstock describes these as:

6036:, descriptive phrases, honorifics or titles, and arcane names. The list of names ( 5292:

means "blessed, under the protection or favour of the gods; happy." That which is

4679:(divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the 4547:"refused" and were incorporated into the new structure. A distinction between the 3607: 2520:, the board of seven priests who organized public banquets for religious holidays. 23860: 23855: 23774: 23769: 23622: 23590: 23474: 23007: 22688: 22271: 21408: 21370: 21171:

Macrobius I 12. Macrobius mentions in former times the inadvertent nomination of

21067:

Lesley E. Lundeen, "In Search of the Etruscan Priestess: A Re-Examination of the

20657: 20498:

Varro. LL V, 150. See also Festus, 253 L: "A place was once considered to become

19730:

III 2, 3- 4: R. Del Ponte, "Documenti sacerdotali in Veranio e Granio Flacco" in

19488: 19093: 18387: 17578: 16646: 16635: 16545: 16528: 16173: 16024:

Lands, Laws, and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands

15367: 14576: 14167: 13717: 13495:

VII 102: "Ab avertendo averruncare, ut deus qui in eis rebus praeest Averruncus."

13400: 13188: 13043: 12577: 12395: 12359: 11831: 11648: 11018: 10562: 9971: 9882:, or illicitly moved the boundary markers of fields. It was not a religious duty 9769: 9747: 9690: 9670: 9527: 9157: 9085: 8975: 8660: 8522: 8410: 8366: 8084: 7806: 7383: 7254:

met) suggesting the idea that the whole ritual was a later Greek import. However

6999: 6773: 6681: 5993: 5904: 5340: 5157: 5034: 4472: 4416: 4385: 4274: 4165:. While this distinction is useful in considering the theological foundations of 4065: 3984: 3677: 3120: 3101: 2671: 2509: 2074: 2014: 1905: 1633: 1337: 1110: 1081:("priests of the Roman people"). It had the negative meaning of "contaminate" (= 1027: 939: 751: 697: 663: 618: 607: 583: 347: 246: 91: 50: 22153:

J.-M. David, S. Demougin, E. Deniaux, D. Ferey, J.-M. Flambard, C. Nicolet, "Le

18490:

Clio and the Poets: Augustan Poetry and the Traditions of Ancient Historiography

15818:

Lands, Laws and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands

15606:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), pp. 43–44. 12601:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, reprinted 2002), pp. 129–130; Karl Loewenstein, 11360:

discouraged Roman men from forming an official priesthood; instead, they joined

10443:

were regarded as preserving the core religious identity of a particular people.

10202:

in the home or at the tombs of their ancestors, such as those pertaining to the

8795: 6528:. The books were central to the practice of augury. They have not survived, but 5980:, or name intended to "fix" or focalize the local action of the god so invoked. 3740:

to undertake any action beyond attending to basic necessities on a day that was

3131:", but it implies the necessity of active maintenance beyond passive adoration. 2988: 74: 23712: 23601: 23464: 23182: 22615: 22126: 21537: 20442:

Adelaide D. Simpson, "Epicureans, Christians, Atheists in the Second Century,"

20162: 19496: 18492:(Brill, 2002), p. 359 "awe and amazement are the result, not the cause, of the 17951: 17855: 16464: 16077: 15068:

Livy 8.9; for a brief introduction and English translation of the passage, see

14075: 13822: 13253: 12594: 12482: 12238: 11508:), as these were sanctioned with a libation to the gods on an altar. In Latin, 11319: 11307: 11278: 11209: 11193: 11049: 11010: 10979: 10936: 10626:

were stored or deposited for safekeeping. The word can overlap in meaning with

10600:

is an oath of good faith within the human community that is in accordance with

10550: 10333: 10161: 10133: 9929: 9686: 9378: 9309:, because those who lay within its boundaries were considered belonging to the 9097: 8913:(plural) were unnatural deviations from the predictable order of the cosmos. A 8904: 8525:

calls an Egyptian with a pair of non-functional eyes on the back of his head a

8517: 8448: 8402: 8335: 7707:, or those sought by standard augural procedure, were interpreted according to 7118: 7036:, the true forms of which were evidence of divine power in the world, and mere 6781: 6690: 6563: 6158: 5985: 5922: 5859: 5596: 5520: 5434: 5384: 5350: 5260: 5198: 5165: 4885: 4540: 4498: 4486: 4436:); and the dedication of a temple to an unnamed, gender-indeterminate deity at 4381: 4340: 4077: 3686: 3671:

The birthdays of emperors were observed with public ceremonies as an aspect of

3560: 3530: 3481: 3266: 3123:", without the negative connotations the word may have in English, or with the 2614: 2408: 2162: 2143: 2131:, or charm. In essence "a verbal utterance sung for ritualistic purposes", the 2107: 2028: 1924:

in the dedication and first sentence of his work. In Valerius's version of the

1875: 1750: 1269: 1121: 856:

in more general usage meant a territory as defined legally or politically. The

195: 163: 22072:

Attilio Mastrocinque, "Creating One's Own Religion: Intellectual Choices", in

19955:

The Excavations in the Mithraeum of the Church of Santa Prisca on the Aventine

17130: 10553:. In effect, he had put his life on deposit, a condition also of the fearsome 8781:

would be the final expression of what is sought from the deity, following the

8700:

written metrically, the latter attached to the medical writings attributed to

6916:, "to have, hold." It is not apparently related to the more common Latin word 5653:

describes an element of religion that the Romans attributed to practices from

4769:. Inscriptions indicate that a person making a dedication might label himself 2305:). The style's ancient martial associations caused it to be worn during Roman 1286:, a body of signs sought through prescribed ritual means. Some scholars think 23875: 23639: 23563: 23479: 23408: 23378: 23358: 23207: 23130: 23120: 23021: 22134: 21237: 20753: 20553: 20345: 17922: 17506: 17212:(MIT Press, 1988, originally published 1976), pp. 106–107, 126–127; Wissowa, 16817: 16209:(Indiana University Press, 2003, originally published in French 1998), p. 84. 16039: 15323: 14870: 14780: 14176:

every year, so that the number of years could be reckoned by means of them".

14040: 13231:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 116. 13154: 12908: 12423:(University of Chicago Press, 1982, from the French edition of 1981), p. 110 12132:

and others, but some ancient authors attempt to distinguish between the two.

12055: 11635: 11378: 11292: 11030: 10283: 10168:. Thus Numa may be seen as carrying out a reform and a reorganisation of the 10137: 9975: 9682: 9638: 9629: 9434: 9244: 9070: 9009: 8888: 8701: 8614: 8293: 8268: 7961: 7636: 7086: 7041: 6303: 6239: 6235: 6174: 5960: 5912: 5716:

and others, but some ancient authors attempt to distinguish between the two.

5535:

Flamen wearing the distinctive hat of his office, with the top point missing

4983: 4297: 4221: 3759: 3627: 3449: 3205: 3154: 3008: 2604: 2584: 2318: 2181: 2137: 1916:

require those performing them to attain a particular mental-spiritual state (

1815: 1809:. On substantive grounds, a war required a "just cause," which might include 1557:

were signs that were solicited under highly regulated ritual conditions (see

1169: 1165: 1043: 991: 907: 202: 184: 143: 21763:

It. transl. Milano 1977 p. 127; F. Sini "Sanctitas: cose, uomini, dei" in

21541:

11.15.5; Robert Schilling, "The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion," in

19563:. Umbrian is one of such languages although it preserved the velar before a 19129:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 44. 18221:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 79 16874:

Valerie M. Warrior, Roman Religion, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.160

15887:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p 131. 12517:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 72. 11642:'s famous condemnation of what is often translated as "Superstition" in his 11125:

Literally, "to watch (for something) from the sky"; that is, to observe the

10340:" when an adult heir was declared in a will, were aimed at perpetuating the 9412:

of the philosophers, or theorizing on divinity among the intellectual elite;

6693:

and most often accompanied by a ritual jug or pitcher. The presence of the

6177:

as "the knowledge of human and divine affairs, of what is just and unjust".

5976:

pertaining to an aspect of a major deity's sphere of influence, that is, an

4356: 3427: 2453:. The priestly colleges oversaw religious traditions, and until 300 BC only 1500:, threatening portents. In official state augury at Rome, only the auspicia 323:. This glossary provides explanations of concepts as they were expressed in 23702: 23697: 23659: 23556: 23105: 23045: 22821: 19784: 19568: 18481: 18254: 17297:("the victim which is killed by the victor's right hand is named "), 1.335. 17289: 17019: 16552: 15117:

and Eugene N. Lane (Augsburg Fortress, 1992), p. 154; Roger S. Bagnall and

13014: 12278: 12098: 11782: 11746: 11643: 11597: 11561: 11384: 11041: 10967: 10387: 10381: 10323: 10041: 9760:, which is specifically an enclosed space, and the latter insisting that a 9476: 9162: 8955: 8874: 8574:, a non-technical term that emphasizes the viewer's reaction. The sense of 8172: 8030: 8006: 7711:; the observer had little or no latitude in how they might be interpreted. 7640: 7499: 7442: 7392:

it was, retorted that it was arcane because the patricians kept it secret.

7368: 7360: 7126: 6962: 6954: 6953:

harmful or "crushing" lightning, which is sent on the advice of the twelve

6720: 6648: 6644: 6567: 6379: 5998: 5927: 5463:

for other reasons. The days on which profane activities were permitted are

5277: 5268: 4859: 4206: 3964: 3955:, and can also mean curses or imprecations, particularly in the context of 3940: 3835: 3494: 3058: 2820: 2668:). They took no active role and were only present to observe as witnesses. 2609: 2600: 2532: 2428: 2379: 1892: 1628: 1306: 1265: 867: 798: 743: 359: 86: 23110: 22630:(American Philosophical Society, 1991 reprint), p. 401, and Shane Butler, 21843:

here in the sense of secluded, protected by a fence, on every side"). The

21246:

Religion in Archaic and Republican Rome and Italy: Evidence and Experience

18991:

J.P.V.D. Balsdon, "Roman History, 58–56 B.C.: Three Ciceronian Problems",

18408:(Jérôme Millon, 2003 reprint, originally published 1883), p. 845, note 54. 17854:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 130, citing 16108:

Religion in Archaic and Republican Rome and Italy: Evidence and Experience

15394:(De Gruyter, 1995), p. 436, note 36. The designation is also found in the 15372:

The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti,

13948:

Vergil, Aeneid, 6.661: "Sacerdotes casti dum vita manebat", in H. Fugier,

13809:

After Paul Left Corinth: The Influence of Secular Ethics and Social Change

13134: 11527:, a guarantor for the obligation undertaken by somebody else. The verb is 10904:, whose most noted function was the ratifying and protecting of treaties ( 8542: 7479:

is often a place conducive to poetic inspiration, and particularly in the

5365:, "stationary, fixed", holidays which recurred on the same date each year; 4990: 4794: 1184:. It faced east, situating the north on the augur's left or lucky side. A 23454: 22952: 22753: 22409: 22141:(Cambridge University Press, 1989, 2002 reprint), vol. 7, part 2, p. 158 22114: 21424:

D. Briquel "Sur les aspects militaires du dieu ombrien Fisus Sancius" in

21038: 20737: 20711: 20504:

locus statim fieri putabatur religiosus, quod eum deus dicasse videbatur"

19986:

28.19, as cited by Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life", in

18516:

Seeing the Gods: Pilgrimage in Graeco-Roman and Early Christian Antiquity

18007:

here is understood as the uttering of a set of fixed, binding conditions.

17736:

as Poetic Offerings: Musical and Ritual Relationships with the Gods," in

16721:

Ten Years of the Agnes Kirsopp Lake Michels Lectures at Bryn Mawr College

16202: 15727:(Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1953, 2002), p. 414. 14471: 14383:

The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti

14254: 14056: 13993: 13693: 13568: 13272: 13070: 12870: 12657: 12192: 12090: 11708: 11593: 11402: 11343: 10888:. Its original meaning would be "that which is protected by a sanction" ( 10743:

that was not only civil but religious: the trespasser was to be declared

10311: 10113: 10091:) are the traditional cult practices of classical Roman religion, either 9706: 9539: 9239: 9224: 9166:, who served as a high priestess with her own specific religious duties. 9076: 7759:

intimating the future, considered less important to the community than a

7652: 7376: 7161:, "warn." Because a sign must be startling or deviant to have an impact, 6986:

is a non-technical term that places emphasis on the observer's response (

6819: 6791: 6559: 6408: 6125: 5763:

were young enough to be still taking milk, but had reached the age to be

4253: 4185:

and Ateius, however, maintained that the definitions should be reversed.

4114: 3896: 3868: 3864: 3753: 3330:, "gods", plural, or "deities", of mixed gender. The Greek equivalent is 3124: 1961: 1941: 1882:, "established and solemn." These were interpreted and supervised by the 1460: 1160: 918:

Perhaps the best-known Roman altar is the elaborate and Greek-influenced

876: 709: 685: 518:

for an action that rejects or averts an unfavourable omen indicated by a

23432: 21395:

Olivier de Cazanove, "Pre-Roman Italy, Before and Under the Romans," in

20630:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

19841:

Rome et ses monstres: Naissance d'un concept philosophique et rhétorique

19713:

Marietta Horster, "Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel", in

17005:

the courts are in session and political speech may be practiced freely.

15286:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

13074:. The first plebeian consul was elected in 367 BC in consequence of the 12656:(Chicago 2006), pp. 236-238. The treaty was preserved in the temple of 11547:

noun meaning a husband-to-be and the fourth declension abstract meaning

11078:

as applied to people over time came to share some of the sense of Latin

10817:

A verb meaning to ratify a compact and put it under the protection of a

9116: 7343:' statement that "a man condemned by the people for a heinous action is 4561:

The term could also be used for removing someone from a priestly office

2819:, however, may have been available for public consultation, at least by 1956:, "dark" in the sense of "hidden", hence meaning "darknesses, secrets." 1341:) to promote the maturation of grain crops, held in the presence of the 970:

here means not only literally "fruitful" but more broadly "auspicious".

23664: 23571: 23338: 23323: 23313: 23242: 23222: 22388: 21523:(Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 14–16, 35 (note 88), 42, 45–47. 21486: 20823:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), pp. 183–185. 18788:

Olga Tellegen-Couperus, A Short History of Roman Law, Routledge, 1993.

18532:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

18286:

I 401, IX 782; R. Del Ponte, "Santità delle mura e sanzione divina" in

18196:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), pp. 149–150. 17626: 17618: 17602: 17560: 15856:

Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy

15760:(Beacon Press, 1963, 1991, originally published in German 1922), p. 82 15704: 15557: 15503: 14600: 14093: 14023:

Votives, Places, and Rituals in Etruscan Religion: Studies in Honor of

13963: 13589: 12316: 12039: 11892: 11548: 10414: 10373: 10274: 10215: 9892: 9840: 9789: 9733: 9662: 9654: 9342: 9207: 9044:, "seek" but originally "fly". It indicates a pattern in the flight of 8982: 8970:

for ritual expiation. For particularly serious or difficult cases, the

7997: 7818: 7345: 7175: 7069: 6971: 6960:

destructive or "burning" lightning, which is sent on the advice of the

6811: 6534: 6192: 6121: 6051: 6046:

are composed largely of invocations. The name is invoked in either the

5662: 5563:

The archaic nature of the flamens is indicated by their presence among

5402: 5380: 5372: 5182:

to attend to the concerns of everyday life. In non-specialized usage,

4961: 4957: 4709: 4532: 4467: 3995: 3547: 2969: 2345: 1764: 701: 591: 21563:

The Art of Caesar's Bellum Civile: Literature, Ideology, and Community

21323:(Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 44; Smith, 19973:(London, 1900, translation of the 5th German edition), vol. 1, p. 547. 19897:

Portentum ergo fit non contra naturam, sed contra quam est nota natura

17039: 16369:

Horace on Poetry: Epistles Book II, The Letters to Augustus and Florus

15105:(University of California Press, 1994), pp. 179–185; Albino Garzetti, 14492:

Horace on Poetry. Epistles Book II: The Letters to Augustus and Florus

12504:(Jérôme Millon, 2003 reprint, originally published 1893), pp. 136–137. 12269:, but these were not necessarily binding. In 215 BC the newly elected 12111:

holding the halter. Fear, panic, and agitation in the animal were bad

11970:

had to state his claim within a narrowly defined set of fixed phrases

11966:

for the particulars of a case. Earlier in the Roman legal system, the

11570: 10947:

because they belong "in some way" to divine law, while a graveyard is

6026:, "to call upon" the gods or spirits of the dead. The efficacy of the 5302:, a state of harmony or peace with the divine world. It is rooted in 3516:

are also found, but it is unclear whether or how it differed from the

2201: 1791:. Because war could bring about religious pollution, it was in itself 669: 365: 23810: 23398: 23292: 22044: 21559:

Quinto contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico

21499: 21128: 20444:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

20103: 19699:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

19546: 19250:); R. Del Ponte, "Documenti sacerdotali in Veranio e Granio Flacco," 19070: 17519: 17163: 16132: 15923: 15753: 15541: 15429: 15147: 15090:

Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power

13838:

Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns", in

13603: 12763: 12737:

Ulrike Egelhaaf-Gaiser, "Roman Cult Sites: A Pragmatic Approach," in

12572: 12372: 12325: 12306: 12145: 12102: 11967: 11639: 11463: 11449: 11311: 11296: 11155: 10995: 10749:, and his family and property sold, according to the Greek historian 10570: 10558: 10486: 9446: 9330: 8870: 8644: 8622: 8497: 8380: 8319: 8151: 8025: 7883: 7854: 7761: 7610: 7466: 7263: 7219: 7199: 7166: 7022: 6925: 6831: 6807: 6617: 6562:

as unintelligibly archaic and obscure. The earliest were credited to

6420:

Libation preceding a sacrifice, depicted on a 3rd-century sarcophagus

6320: 6278: 6116: 6042:) is often extensive, particularly in magic spells; many prayers and 5855: 5729: 5376: 5323: 5190: 4877: 4620: 4580: 4512: 4445: 4233: 4139: 4103: 4081: 4033: 4011: 3976: 3928: 3137: 2957: 2200:

comes to mean also the object on which a spell is inscribed, hence a

1841: 1671: 1661:

Signs that occurred without deliberately being sought through formal

1624: 1575:. The type of auspices required for convening public assemblies were 1023: 971: 919: 750:

of Flora, for instance, was built in 241 BC by two aediles acting on

739: 623: 209: 21919:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 416; Susanne William Rasmussen, 21545:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981) 21012:

to the victim in a sacrifice. The prerogative of declaring somebody

20136:

designates the utterance of the adequate words to achieve one's aim.

19272:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 168; Jonathan Edmondson and Alison Keith, 18434:

with the Favores Opertaneii ("Secret Gods of Favor") referred to by

18253:. Transactions of The American Philosophical Society. Vol. 43. 17940:

Cybele, Attis and Related Cults: Essays in Memory of M.J. Vermaseren

17054:, p. 93, note 4). One ancient tradition associated the etymology of 12528:

The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire

12093:. Color was also a criterion: white for the upper deities, dark for 11899:

are a magico-religious form of prayer. In a ritual context, prayer (

11222: 10475: 7635:

had been exploited the previous year as an obstructionist tactic by

7435:, was one of four Latin words that meant "forest, woodland, woods." 7297:, to speak, is commonly used to form derivate or inflected forms of 6658: 4462:. In Roman myth, a similar concept motivates the transferral of the 3213:("where water runs"), according to the etymology of the antiquarian 2461:

began to be admitted, the size of the colleges was expanded. By the

23717: 23654: 23595: 23499: 23318: 23272: 23247: 23177: 23085: 23070: 23065: 23040: 22833:

gets its name from the 'hostiles' that have been defeated"), 1.336.

22238: 21532: 21188: 20744:, Vol. 97, Greece in Rome: Influence, Integration, 1995, pp. 15–31. 20209: 19512: 19246:

Festus, p. 291 L, citing Veranius (1826 edition of Dacier, p. 1084

17729: 17535:

1; Livy XXVII 36, 5; XXX 26, 10; Dionysius Halicarnassus II 73, 3.

17287:

gets its name from the 'hostiles' that have been defeated"), Ovid,

17191: 17063: 16821: 16581:(Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 378; Michel P.J. van den Hout, 16549: 15741: 15529:("the malevolent inhumanity of the religion of the druids"), where 15179:

Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe

14142: 13908: 13801:

Liberating Paul: The Justice of God and the Politics of the Apostle

13453:, "Religion and Politics in the Late Second Century B.C. at Rome," 13192: 12176: 12094: 12027: 11852: 11840: 11836: 11825: 11691:

were redefined as a dichotomy between Christianity, viewed as true

11482: 11273: 10952: 10766:. Elsewhere Livy states (Livy 4.3.6, 44.5; 20.20.11) that only the 10674: 10658: 10628: 10574: 10365: 10264:, since the Romans placed a high value on both family identity and 10164:, but many are thought to be of earlier origin, even predating the 10152: 10097: 9946: 9728: 9650: 9424: 9310: 9025: 8892: 8884: 8810: 8468: 8180: 8142: 8072: 8061: 7902:

constituted one of the three branches of interpretation within the

7681: 7670:

was the interpretation of signs according to the tradition of the "

7508:, dedicated to the memory of Augustus's grandsons Gaius and Lucius. 7480: 7241:

is, like tragedy, "a visual and horrific revelation of the truth."

7227: 7044:'s intervention. "Pagan" marvels were relegated to the category of 6429: 6166: 6079: 6047: 5973: 5844: 5075: 5067: 4948: 4914: 4899: 4553: 4544: 4490: 4459: 4450: 4397: 4380:

or as a result of surrender, and aimed at diverting the favor of a

4169:, it sometimes vanishes in practice, particularly in Latin poetry; 3968: 3891:

as applied to an omen meant "dire, awful." It often appears in the

3827: 3823: 3700:

which could take the form of a poem. Early Christian poets such as

3682: 3485: 3458: 3436: 3415: 2524: 2516: 2470: 2384:

was also held. The nail-driving ceremony, however, took place in a

2166: 2094: 2048: 2032: 1781: 1613: 1005: 990:

were the olive tree, a twig of which was affixed to the hat of the

923: 803: 681: 595: 572: 339: 158: 22009:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 206. 21899:

Nancy Edwards, "Celtic Saints and Early Medieval Archaeology", in

21640:

Built of Living Stones: Art, Architecture, and Worship: Guidelines

20603:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 223 15692:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 149 13724:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 227 9878:, failed to bear legal witness, failed to meet his obligations to 9236:

and which was rewarded with social harmony, peace and prosperity.

6349:(" to gather, choose, select, discern, read": cf. also Greek verb 5944:

The term may also refer to the ritual establishing of the augural

5056:"ten men for carrying out sacred rites", later fifteen in number: 3092:"cult," and required "the knowledge of giving the gods their due" 2297:, particularly those involving use of the toga to cover the head ( 1268:, while the institution of augury was attributed to his successor 23373: 23363: 23282: 23252: 23237: 23197: 23095: 22537:(Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 80ff.; Daniel J. Gargola, 22109:

Eric Orlin, "Urban Religion in the Middle and Late Republic", in

22038: 21861: 21377:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 26. 21254:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

21184: 21176: 20076: 19441:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

19408:(Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 81 19270:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

19209: 18897: 17589:, p. 163. Wissowa, however, asserted that Varro's lists were not 16495: 16478: 16327: 16300:(Brill, 1992), p. 90, with some due skepticism toward the source. 16231: 14974:

The Roman Assemblies from Their Origin to the End of the Republic

14674:(στοχασμός); Tobias Reinhardt, "Rhetoric in the Fourth Academy", 14305:

The Roman Assemblies from Their Origin to the End of the Republic

13741:

Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

13408: 13196: 11963: 11765: 11462:

is a formal, religiously guaranteed obligation. It can mean both

11127: 11114: 10692: 10679: 10503: 10307: 10211: 9750:

give explanations that seem contradictory, the former defining a

9657:, which according to tradition was established by the Greek king 9271: 9176: 8990: 8848: 8223: 7644: 7524: 7471: 7380: 7251: 7226:, something deadly and outside normal human bounds. Cicero calls 6786: 6738: 6702: 6698: 6468: 6282: 6103: 6099: 6033: 5969: 5946: 5775: 5629: 5624: 5600: 5592: 5503: 5148: 4978:) and a peripheral gallery structure, both square. Romano-Celtic 4910: 4881: 4790: 4774: 4628: 4508: 4437: 4306: 4053: 3948: 3661: 3404: 3214: 3128: 3042: 2574: 2391: 2361: 2349: 1988: 1984: 1897: 1853: 1714: 1607:

The right of observing the "greater auspices" was conferred on a

1571: 1459:, with the right and duty to take the auspices pertaining to the 1431: 1413: 1400: 1261: 1150: 1055: 1008:

gods or those gods who had the power of turning away misfortune (

983: 901: 816: 673: 562: 540: 335: 21790:"sanctum" est quod ab iniuria hominum defensum atque munitum est 21561:(Storia e letteratura, 1975), vol. 2, pp. 975–977; Luca Grillo, 21521:

The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster

19953:

61 (1950), p. 23; Maarten J. Vermaseren and Carel C. van Essen,

19585:

The Latin Dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 Years of Scholarship

17648:

Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds

17597:, gods whose function could still be identified with certainty; 17441:. Gellius's passage implies a conceptual connexion between the 16220:

Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds

15709:

Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds

15508:

Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds

15109:(Methuen, 1974), originally published 1960 in Italian), p. 618. 14543:, translated by George C.W. Warr (London, 1900), vol. 1, p. 104 12881:

II.16 (1986), pp. 2164–2288, especially p. 2174 on the military

12419:

Robert Schilling, "The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion",

12320:. These were commemorations of Roman victory in the wake of the 11915:

or priest who spoke was prompted from the text by an assistant.

10470:, "given to the gods," in the negative sense if he violated it. 9100:, the couches and images of the gods were placed on an elevated 7165:

came to mean "unnatural event" or "a malfunctioning of nature."

5803:

The victim might also be classified by occasion and timing. The

5575:, thread, in contrast to public rituals conducted by Greek rite 4489:. Other forms of religious assimilation appear from the time of 3622:. A public figure might schedule a major event on his birthday: 746:, including the building and maintenance of temples. The temple 638:

the usual word for the building itself. The design of a deity's

23800: 23542: 23536: 23449: 23383: 23368: 23343: 23125: 23050: 22224: 22020:

The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order

21574: 20515: 19806: 19341:

The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order

19144: 18851: 18591: 18400: 17812: 17482: 17267: 17245:

Discussion and citation of ancient sources by Steven J. Green,

17059: 16356: 16344: 16052: 15854:

Nicholas Purcell, "On the Sacking of Corinth and Carthage", in

15637: 15582: 15457: 15339: 15216:

Jens-Uwe Krause, "Children in the Roman Family and Beyond," in

15171:

Vernaclus was buried by his father, Lucius Cassius Tacitus, in

14987: 14121: 14105: 14088: 14083: 13545: 13111:

89 (1985), pp. 226–227; Robert Schilling, "Augurs and Augury",

12496: 12477: 12358:, is a vow or promise made to a deity. The word comes from the 12086: 11847:

was created within. Augurs had authority to establish multiple

11663:

was seen as a vice of individuals. Practices characterized as "

11601: 11351: 11347: 11022: 11006: 10912: 10897: 10846: 10502:, right or valid. The losing side had thus in effect committed 10369: 10315: 10299: 10067: 9980: 9844:

sacrificial vow of 217 BC stipulated that animals dedicated as

9567: 9506: 9219: 9196:, "the proper performance of rites in veneration of the gods." 9189: 8508: 8289: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8233: 8219: 8210: 7623:

beyond the augural college to all magistrates. Legislation by

7606: 7557: 7215: 7146: 7122: 7082: 6886: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6663: 6529: 6270: 6266: 6218: 6170: 5658: 5544: 5477: 5388: 5118: 5027: 5022: 4754: 4652: 4334: 4170: 4073: 3952: 3690: 2953:, a formal body of teachings which required study or training. 2797:. Priestly literature was one of the earliest written forms of 2754: 2689:, designated a day when it was religiously permissible for the 2619: 2357: 2158: 1887: 1845: 1785: 1650: 1189: 1074:

had a positive meaning only in reference to the actions of the

728: 705: 647: 602: 153: 148: 22533:, and 2292–2293. On legal usage, see also Elizabeth A. Meyer, 21796:

that which is defended and protected from the attack of men").

19172:(Jérôme Millon, 2003, originally published 1882), pp. 873–874 17650:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2006, 2nd ed.), p. 513. 16222:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2006, 2nd ed.), p. 511. 15995:

Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul

15044:

Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change

13139:. Daniel Ogden. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 2007. p. 151. 12841:

I, Milano, 1978, p. 360 and n. 52; Livy V 22, 5; R. G. Austin

11512:

becomes a legal contract between two parties, or sometimes a

10966:

Various deities, objects, places and people – especially

8785:

and a narrative middle. A legitimate request is an example of

8338:

and its ritual use (which has a parallel in Thebae and in its

6651:'s instructions were to keep sacrificing bigger victims until 6169:

is considered the final judge (iudex) and arbiter. The jurist

6032:

depends on the correct naming of the deity, which may include

5583:

which were established later. Ancient authors derive the word

4201:

principle is particularly active in magic and private ritual.

3052:, the pontifical books. One component of consecration was the 2793:

contained a record of decrees and official proceedings of the

2072:, "Greek rite." In Roman art, the covered head is a symbol of 1763:

says that the god who presides over the action of averting is

1124:, this right was extended to other magistrates. After 300 BC, 986:

to ignite the sacred fire in March every year. Also among the

23669: 23393: 23217: 23172: 23160: 23145: 23090: 22703: 21172: 21075:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 46; Celia E. Schultz, 20933: 20790: 20777: 20740:, "Graeco Ritu: A Typically Roman Way of Honoring the Gods", 20697:

G. Dumézil ARR It. tr. Milan 1977 p. 127 citing A. Bergaigne

20090: 19539: 19022:

osmen", which may have meant "an utterance"; see W. W. Skeat

18886:

Lygdamus: Corpus Tibullianum III.1–6, Lygdami Elegiarum Liber

18755: 18558:

Lygdamus. Corpus Tibullianum III.1–6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber

17382:(Routledge, 2001; originally published in French 1998), p. 9. 15231:

Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History

15190:

M. Golden, "Did the Ancients Care When Their Children Died?"

12350: 12337: 12270: 12262: 12089:

was given a bull, along with its blood and testicles, in the

11942: 11790: 11680: 11470:'s solemn promise in international treaties on behalf of the 11428: 11356: 11339: 11283: 11110: 10806: 10637: 10319: 10291: 10207: 10203: 10142: 10128: 10118: 10003: 9773: 9756: 9743: 9427:

in origin, though Varro has adapted it for his own purposes.

9374: 9314: 9203: 9036:

An adjective of augural terminology meaning favourable. From

8967: 8827: 8805:

with a negative intent are described with adjectives such as

8733:

recited at the beginning of a ceremony or after accepting an

8716: 8709: 8530: 8472: 8088: 8035: 7927: 7842: 7699: 7537: 7437: 7409: 7364: 7259: 7154: 7078: 7051: 6939: 6874:) holding a three-pronged lightning bolt, between Apollo and 6867: 6755: 6715: 6686: 6507: 6401:

In civil law, ritualised sets of words and gestures known as

6371: 6154: 6058: 5981: 5886: 5868: 5654: 5567:. They officiated at ceremonies with their head covered by a 5498: 5458: 5406: 5251: 5234: 5230: 5219: 5206: 4974: 4965: 4864: 4831: 4786: 4782: 4758: 4750: 4737: 4606: 4429: 4377: 4182: 4098:

Imperial cult (ancient Rome) § Divus, deus and the numen

3972: 3904: 3857:(c. 17–37 AD), explains the designation by noting it was the 3853:

calls this "a very remarkable innovation." One calendar, the

3817: 3576: 3471: 3387: 3378: 3361: 3192: 3033: 2860:

were the secret archive containing rules and precepts of the

2730: 2644: 2542:

might also be a trade guild or neighborhood association; see

2496: 2458: 2286: 2148: 2083: 2052: 1971: 1937: 1793: 1760: 1662: 1496: 1448: 1436: 1216: 1145: 1125: 1051: 1039: 1035: 995: 888: 821: 807: 755: 721: 631: 578: 515: 324: 138: 80: 22701:, especially pp. 68–70 on memory and the poet-priest (Latin 22541:(University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 202, note 55 22305:

Debate and Dialogue: Christian and Pagan Cultures c. 360-430

21413:

Domi Militiae: Die religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom

20966:

VI, 609: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, II 10, 3; Festus 505 L.

17156:

Camillus: a study of Indo-European religion as Roman history

17088:

Recherches sur l' expression du sacre' dans la langue latine

16790:

Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Matrons: Women in Roman Religion

16294:

Fanaticus quidam in Templo Silvani tensis membris exclamavit

16180:

11.186), before 274 BC the heart was not included among the

13842:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 236, citing also Michael C.J. Putnam, 12581:

1.2.5; John E. Stambaugh, "The Functions of Roman Temples,"

11596:" in its pejorative sense may be a better translation than " 8933:, signs denoting an extraordinary inanimate phenomenon, and 8058:. As the commander crossed from the sacred boundary of Rome 7089:, who thus contributed to every official sacrifice in Rome. 4454:) was brought by evocation to Rome in 264 BC as a result of 4328:("inaugurated site"), the most common form of which was the 3903:

were the worst of the five kinds of signs recognized by the

2749:. The commentaries are to be distinguished from the augurs' 2223:

meaning "he who conforms to the prescriptions of rite"; or *

1874:

were originally the secret ritual instructions laid down by

1844:

first found in literature and inscriptions from the time of

23550: 23403: 22055:, who were to use it for sacrifice, banquets, and dinners; 21693:

Recherches sur l'expression du sacre' dans la langue latine

21233: 21180: 20502:

which looked to have been dedicated to himself by a god": "

18982:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp 109-10. 18454:(Paris 1974), pp. 630 and 633 (note 3), drawing on Seneca, 17793:...iudex atque arbiter habetur rerum divinarum humanarumque 17695:

The Derveni Papyrus: Cosmology, Theology and Interpretation

17502: 17105:

Recherches sur l'expression du sacre' dans la langue latine

17006: 16964:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), entry on 16460: 16239: 16197:(Brill, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 471–472, and "Roman Sacrifice," 16069: 15876: 14596: 14036: 14034: 13504: 13006: 12701: 12487: 12302: 12129: 11471: 11045: 11026: 10853:(treaties) and the protection of good faith, from the root 10461: 10256: 10184: 9838:

performed by a pontiff on behalf of the state. Part of the

9633: 8840:

could refer to any request or entreaty. The verbal form is

8593:

and may be used to translate it, other Latin terms such as

8184: 8034:," the distinctive attire of the Roman military commander. 7352: 7153:, "show" (compare English "demonstrate"), but according to 6991: 6875: 6863: 6768: 6043: 5713: 5410: 5273: 4873: 4421: 4407:

Recorded examples of evocations include the transferral of

4123: 3419: 3383: 3279: 3070:. The pontiff was responsible for the consecration proper. 3067: 2766: 2353: 2278: 2124: 2059: 1374: 1328: 1231:, "to increase," and possibly an archaic Latin neuter noun 1031: 97: 21901:

Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West

21765:

Sanctitas. Persone e cose da Roma a Costantinopoli a Mosca

20650:

ritus est est mos comprobatus in administrandis sacrificis

20208:

Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed), 295 - 8: the task fell to the

19670:

Recherches sur l'expression du sacré dans la langue latine

18615:(Cambridge University Press, 1994, reprinted 2000), p. 97. 18169:

Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica I. Libri e commentari

18126:

Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica. I. Libri e documenti

16359:'s comparison of supposedly inspired poetic frenzy to the 15218:

The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World

14804:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 6; James B. Rives, 14294:, citing Laelius Felix in reference to M. Antistius Labeo. 13898:(Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005), p. 256. 12453:

Histoire politique et psychologique de la religion romaine

11113:, but even in the Christian era it continues to appear in 9555:

means "in good form, correctly." This original meaning of

9222:

of Rome's traditional cults, and was a cornerstone of the

8195:

when he makes his vow to sacrifice himself in battle (see

7787:, a written collection describing and interpreting signs ( 6612:

was not a part of divinatory practice as derived from the

5327:, both an abstraction that expressed the quality of being 5313:, "woman" (a person who provides nourishment or suckles); 5044:, composed in Greek hexameters, are an example of written 4368:

The "calling forth" or "summoning away" of a deity was an

2964:

suggests the process of making connections, from the verb

2257:(priest), but substances and objects can also be ritually 2196:, a "poisonous" charm. Through magical practice, the word 1991:

that requires abstaining from or "lacking" certain foods.

1623:, although scholars are not agreed on the finer points of 23212: 22505:

XII 1. French Transl. 1889 pp. 187-188: See also Cicero,

21864:

regarded as an entrance to the Underworld because of its

20883:

any things dedicated to a god in private religious cult."

20869:...cit. p. 41. See also Festus. p. 414 L2 & p.253 L: 18900:, 4.64.17, as cited by Robert Schilling, "Anna Perenna," 16968:

p. 676, considers the etymology dubious but leans toward

16425:(Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005), p. 68. 16371:(Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 357; Marten Stol, 11843:

hills as reference points whenever a specially dedicated

10872:, an adjective formed on the past participle of the verb 10354:) in order to devote himself to those of his new family. 9561: 8334:, bridge, either because of the religious meaning of the 7309:. This use has been invoked to support the derivation of 6667:(at right) and other priestly implements under the title 6141: 5501:

practice, which was concerned with the definition of the

5109: 4515:

without evident reference to its magico-religious sense.

3229:, "stripped stake," that is, a tree deprived of its bark 922:, which has been called "the most representative work of 532:" derives. At the taking of formally solicited auspices ( 23002: 22874:, "Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel", in 22294:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, pp. 215–217. 20983:

in relation to the plebeian tribunes, see Ogilvie, R M,

20169:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, reprinted 2002), p. 103 19683:

Rivista indo-greco-italica di Filologia-Lingua-Antichità

18150:

M. Van Den Bruwaene, "Precison sur la loi religieuse du

17975:

entries on legal, legion, diligent, negligent, religion.

17925:(3rd century BC) who wrote in Greek; Meghan J. DiLuzio, 17084:

Diritto e processo nelle antiche forme giuridiche romane

16859:

Diritto e processo nelle antiche forme giuridiche romane

15103:

In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini

14274:

David S. Potter, "Roman Religion: Ideas and Action", in

14031: 13260:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999, reprinted 2002), p. 103 10778:, they who do not hold even gods for sacred and saint?" 10391:; the diminution of these families by 312 BC caused the 10326:

had recourse to a distinctive "propudial pig" sacrifice

10226:. In some cases, the state assumed the expenses even of 10007:

was to drive off inauspicious noise. The setting is the

6727:

was protected from human access under penalty of death.

5706:, in a sacrifice. The word is used interchangeably with 5259:

and used to mark time in them were the divisions of the

2180:

is a potentially harmful magic spell. A fragment of the

1784:" was a war considered justifiable by the principles of 1158:). There were three such sites in Rome: on the citadel ( 1154:, including the construction of an augural tent or hut ( 742:; among the duties of the aediles was the overseeing of 22501:, 1974 p.510: J. Marquardt "Le cult chez les romaines" 22412:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," p. 270, both in 22139:

Cambridge Ancient History: The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C.

21092:

VI 24; Festus sv Septimontium p. 348, 340, 341L; Plut.

20540:, "Sacrificial Cults and Rites in Pre-Roman Italy," in 20033:

Fritz Graf, "Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual", in

19843:(Jérôme Millon, 2005), p. 48, with reference to Fronto. 19614:

La Soteriologia dei culti orientali nell' impero romano

17027:(Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, 1995), p. 175 16046:(University of California Press, 2008), p. 184, citing 15993:(Wesleyan University Press, 1987), p. 178; Greg Woolf, 15510:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2006, 2nd ed.), 14642:(American Philosophical Society, 1991 reprint), p. 399 13391:

Paris 1974 part IV chapt. 4; It. tr. Milano 1977 p. 526

13365:

I 28; Cato the Elder, as quoted by Festus p. 342 L 2nd.

12706:

Aspetti spaziali del sistema giuridico-religioso romano

12310:

was an annual thanksgiving offering carried out by the

11683:, Judaism, and Christianity. Under Christian hegemony, 10439:

they had been accustomed to from ancient times." These

10126:, "rites on behalf of the Roman people," i.e., all the 9908:, meaning that the ordinary human affairs permitted on 9419:

concerned with the relation of the state to the divine.

8568:(the unique acts or movements of living beings), and a 7321:

Any thing or action contrary to divine law and will is

4364:

presents an egg as a warrior attends in a pose of peace

3006:

was the ritual act that resulted in the creation of an

2753:, texts not for public use. The books are mentioned by 1589:, a ritually constructed augural tent or "tabernacle" ( 1321:

in which every year the gods were asked whether it was

832:

was other territory that had been brought under treaty

22773:, Volume 10, Brill, 1969, p. 1 ff, and Cameron, Alan, 22694:

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

21079:(University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 70–71. 20010:

Cicero's Accretive Style: Rhetorical Strategies in the

18700:(Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 80, 96, 109, 113 18051:

P. Noailles RH 19/20 (1940/41) 1, 27 ff; A. Magdelain

17921:

The book was less likely by the more famous historian

15275:, Bar International Series 1768 (Oxford, 2008), p. 64. 14859:

The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine

13927:

LV 1981 p. 38. Another etymology connects it to Vedic

13665:

Forgotten Paths: Etymology and the Allegorical Mindset

13030:

Linderski, "The Augural Law," pp. 2294–2295; U. Coli,

11364:

to hold banquets and other forms of traditional Roman

10474:

also referred to a thing that was pledged as a sacred

8962:. Prodigies confirmed as genuine were referred to the 7647:. That the Clodian law had not deprived all augurs or 6494:

was "exorcized and available" for its sacred purpose.

4028:

that were known to the Romans are of three kinds: the

2658:

to witness the reading of wills, or the oath by which

2089:

It has been argued that the Roman expression of piety

1494:, signs from the behavior of four-legged animals; and 22059:, "Silvanus, Sylvester, and the Chair of St. Peter", 21319:

Festus, p. 274 (edition of Lindsay); Robert Turcan,

21242:

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire

20350:

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire

20063:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2006), p. 515. 19653:

Atti dell' Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere e Arti

19538:; some Indo-European languages resolved the original 17887:

A. J. B. Sirks, "Sacra, Succession and the

16843:

I fatti di normazione nell 'esperienza romana arcaica

16629:

Romano-Celtic Temple Bourton Grounds in Great-Britain

16080:, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," 16044:

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire

16008:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

15927:

Gaius Servilius, probably at the vowed temple; Beard

15738:

Paul's Language of Grace in Its Graeco-Roman Context

15711:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2006), p. 479 15288:(University of California Press, 2005, 2006), p. 131. 15111:

Paganism and Christianity, 100-425 C.E.: A Sourcebook

14875:

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire

14357:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

13825:, "Covering the Head at Rome" Ritual and Gender," in 11699:

or false religions of those who declined to convert.

10520:

was normally allotted by the state to the funding of

10052:

of towns performed ritual acts, though they were not

9624:

wore a Greek-style fringed tunic, with his head bare

8799:

prayers as might be used in private ritual or magic;

8304:

A verb of unknown etymology meaning "to consecrate."

6472:(sacred space). It was preceded by the consulting of 5996:, Varro's contemporary. Not to be confused with the 5186:

may mean generally "it is permissible, it is right."

4693:

is shared among human beings in a communal meal. The

4400:) and other forms of divine protection. In practice, 4324:

was thus "exorcized and available." The result was a

3360:, assumed to have been based on pontifical doctrine, 1948:

has sometimes been proposed. Wagenvoort thought that

1904:

might refer also to other rituals, including foreign

22090:

Manuel pour servir à l'étude de l'Antiquité Celtique

20221:

Livy, 27.37.5–15; the hymn was composed by the poet

20153:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), vol. 15, p. 243. 18640: 18638: 16298:

The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion

15779:(Oxford University Press, 2001 translation), p. 257 15744:

for the ancient Greek goddesses known as the Graces.

14833: 14831: 14587:, a dog sacrifice. Other references include Cicero, 14462:

Livy, IV 31, 4; VIII 15, 6; XXIII 31, 13; XLI 18, 8.

12293:

can mean "hindering", that is, "vitiating, faulty."

11573:

proposed that the oldest extant Latin document, the

11149:

is a "sign, token or indication". In religious use,

7940:(more speculative reasoning, in contrast to augural 7109:

was so fundamental to sacrifice that "to put on the

7073:('salted flour') was prepared ritually from toasted 6506:) represented the collective, core knowledge of the 5197:

is debated. It is more commonly associated with the

5137:

explains as "divine and human laws permit (it), for

4689:

and blood are reserved for the gods, while the meat

4493:, often in connection with the establishment of the 4163:(divos ex hominibus factos = gods who once were men) 3746:

on the calendar. On these days, there were to be no

2192:

is a spell that evokes the dead from their tombs; a

1860:(carefulness, concern); more commonly in the plural 1797:, "wrong," and could incur the wrath of gods unless 962:

if it was under the protection of the heavenly gods

22137:viii.27; A. Drummond, "Rome in the Fifth Century", 21860:as a proper noun referring to a valley and lake in 21748:

dicimus sancta, quae neque sacra neque profana sunt

20917:

Atti del Congresoo internazionale di Diritto Romano

20470:

Atti del Congresso internazionale di Diritto Romano

19110:

Ex Tarquitianis libris in titulo "de rebus divinis"

18467:

Pallottino, "Doctrine and Sacred Books", pp. 43–44.

18257:: The American Philosophical Society. p. 546. 16857:(Turin 1960), pp. 23 ff., 326 n. 10; C. Gioffredi, 15900:(University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 30. 13533:

War and imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C.

13244:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 127. 13211:). Discussion of Celtic augury by J.A. MacCulloch, 12167:is elsewhere said to be a matter of size, with the 11393:as politically disruptive, and in Ciceronian usage 10431:as "those owned originally, before the granting of 9809:could also mean "sacred, untouchable, inviolable". 8958:, who held further inquiry; this procedure was the 6600:followed the opening up of the body cavity for the 5771:had reached two years of age or had the two longer 5747:is elsewhere said to be a matter of size, with the 5732:

in relating the "host" to the "hostiles" or enemy (

3145:

echoes Cicero's formulation when he declares that "

2317:during the rituals attending the foundation of new 2165:of 17 BC and expressing the Apollonian ideology of 1832:The English word "ceremony" derives from the Latin 1511:The taking of the auspices required ritual silence 1038:, "those that bear a black berry and black fruit," 994:, and the laurel and the poplar, which crowned the 848:were based on and constrained by the nature of the 22665:On the Cultures of Exile, Translation, and Writing 22455:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 23. 22180:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p.127. 21290:Mommsen thought, perhaps wrongly, that the Julian 20896:"if the animal dies...it shall be profane": Livy, 20307:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 40. 20277:An Etymological Dictionary of the English language 20246:Les prodiges dans l'antiquite'-Les prodiges a Rome 19864:, Bretschneider, 2003) does not distinguish among 19191:II.16 (1986), pp. 2150 and 2230–2232; see Cicero, 19020:The etymology is debated. The older Latin form is 18969:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999) p. 127. 16702:The Vigour of Prophecy: A Study of Virgil's Aeneid 16583:A Commentary on the Letters of M. Cornelius Fronto 15820:(University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 27. 15273:The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs 15254: 15252: 15125:(University of Michigan Press, 2006), pp. 346–347. 15029:"; A. von Domaszewski, "Dii certi und incerti" in 14276:Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire 13202:nam augurandi studio Galli praeter ceteros callent 12911:, as cited by Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", 12225:severed the animal's carotid with a ritual knife ( 11314:record donations made by women for the benefit of 11117:for people who had not converted to Christianity. 10419:might be perpetuated under the supervision of the 10192:on dates peculiar to them, such as birthdays, the 7040:, things to be marveled at but not resulting from 6998:, for instance, to describe the sign visited upon 6353:"to collect, tell, speak"), and the abstract noun 6161:consider the distinction between divine and human 6120:remains in use by some Christian churches for the 5455:and yet might not be permissible as business days 4821:. These trees either were located in and marked a 3790:, because of observed signs that indicated defect 3564:, the protective amulet that was put aside when a 3434:that might be made in the field by a general, see 3195:says it was a building that housed the image of a 1327:(permissible, right) to ask for the safety of the 630:in the technical sense of a space defined through 22937:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 22237:In conjunction with archaeological evidence from 22061:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20902:, 22.10. For the archaic variant, see G. Dumezil 20429:Jack N. Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Judaism," in 19707: 19627:Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion 19225:(Brill, 1993, 1994), p. 158, especially note 104. 18635: 17927:A Place at the Altar: Priestess in Republica Rome 17546:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 17074:1. For the scholarship, see U. Coli, "Regnum" in 15046:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 183. 14828: 13868:J.B. Rives, "Magic in the XII Tables Revisited," 13636:Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion 13521:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 12654:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 12211:carries a mallet or axe with which to strike the 11630:wrongs them." Seneca wrote an entire treatise on 11523:implied the existence of a person who acted as a 11263:rather than an institution. Examples of priestly 10516:; the winner got his deposit back. The forfeited 10360:sometimes acquired public importance, and if the 8725:is not a prayer proper, but a form of invocation 8694:("Prayer of All the Herbs"), which are charms or 8589:Although the English word "portent" derives from 8042:say that any military ornament could be called a 7960:was positioned next to the gods, followed by the 7619:(ca. 150 BC) may have extended the right of 6628:) underscores that the reciprocity of sacrifice ( 6114:that might be used universally among the Greeks. 5604:. The distinctive headgear of the flamen was the 4344:), and when these were damaged or removed, their 2289:. It was also later claimed to have been part of 1920:, "intention"), and emphasizes the importance of 1478:, celestial signs such as thunder and lightning; 23873: 22274:, "Roman Religion — Religions of Rome," in 21077:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 20562:Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome 20132:means "I wish to obtain, try and obtain", while 19449:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 18754:'s commentaries on civil law. An inscription at 17990:, 1.24.7, Jupiter is called on to hear the oath. 17455:Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines 16510:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 15123:Women's Letters from Ancient Egypt 300 BC–AD 800 13234: 11871:(also found nearly as often with the word order 11090:(pious), with none of the ambiguity attached to 10423:when the locality was brought under Roman rule. 10172:in accord with his own views and his education. 9590:For Latin words meaning "ritual" or "rite", see 9247:announcing that a local official has restored a 6532:, who was an augur himself, offers a summary in 6510:. Some scholars consider them distinct from the 6204:Pontifical law governing Roman religion covered 5828:was a pig offered to Ceres during a part of the 4697:of bovine victims were usually stewed in a pot ( 4121:refers to a "deified" or divinized mortal. Both 3708:poem for commemorating saints. The day on which 2733:. Some scholarship, however, maintains that the 2627:auspiciated and presided; assemblies over which 802:originally included the urban space outside the 22891:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p.298; citing Cicero, 22858:Katja Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private", in 22740:Katja Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private", in 22440:Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 22191:The origin and history of contract in Roman law 21697:Le vocubulaire des institutions indoeuropeenees 20632:(University of California Press, 2005), p. 136 20352:(University of California Press, 2008), p. 126. 19374:Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 19343:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 256. 19036:Bibl. arch. et hist. de l'Institut francais a, 19024:Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 18917:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), p. 147. 18417:Pallottino, "Doctrine and Sacred Books," p. 44. 18301:Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 17973:Etymological dictionary of the English Language 17465:München 1912 p.438 f.; L. Schmitz in W. Smith 17158:(University of California Press, 1980), p. 214 17118:Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 16980:, as a form of divine speech, from the IE root 16816:, in a Christianized context with reference to 16740:(University of California Press, 1987), p. 123. 15478:(Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 178, 182; 15249: 15233:, University of California Press (2008) p. 148. 14877:(University of California Press, 2008), p. 110. 14000:: A Typically Roman Way of Honoring the Gods," 12285:may have been "hindrance", related to the verb 10892:). The concept is connected to the name of the 9979:carries out a sacrifice. By his left side is a 9859:, and hence could not be given to them or made 9551:in the performance of sacrifices." The adverb 7934:(the application of analytical principles) and 7865:thus tried to distinguish theoretical usage of 7833:survive as quotations in other literary works. 7829:, because he failed to heed them. Fragments of 6846:took up the meaning of a period of five year. 5117:), "law, lawfulness, justice," as indicated by 4803:says that a tree struck by lightning is called 4428:in 146 BC at the defeat of Carthage, involving 2811:, as well as religious procedure. It was often 1527:. The appearance of expected signs resulted in 806:and the surrounding countryside. According to 22771:The Taurobolium: Its Evolution and Terminology 22117:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", p. 268. 21622:R.P.H. Green, "The Christianity of Ausonius," 21449:p. 466 L; 511 L; Paulus Festi Epitome p.467 L. 20035:Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion 18967:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher 18518:(Oxford University Press, 2005, 2007), p. 245 17728:Pausanias gave specific examples in regard to 17369:(University of California Press, 1990), p. 64. 17305: 17303: 16863:Premesse allo studio del diritto privat romano 16596:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 16123:(Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 530, 753. 16093:Clifford Ando, "Exporting Roman Religion," in 15959:Foreign Cults in Rome: Creating a Roman Empire 15677:Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World 15564:(Oxford University Press, 1990, 2001), p. 485 15420:; Linderski, "The Augural Law," pp. 2187–2188. 15328:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic 15205:Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within 14861:(University of California Press, 1998), p. 75. 14752:III (Leipzig, 1885), pp. 269 ff.; G. Wissowa, 13279:(Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 113–114. 13242:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher 12752:Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction 12673:, compare also the status of a person who was 12616:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 12340:", a song expressing triumph or thanksgiving. 11072:by definition, and rivers often mark borders. 9206:", but on knowledge, including and especially 8150:used in the sacrifice; also, an act requiring 7801:, a book on signs pertaining to trees, and an 7659:in early 44 BC to halt the consular election. 7592:was a declaration of unfavourable signs by an 7206:In one of the most famous uses of the word in 5628:: according to tradition they were created by 5587:from the custom of covering the head with the 5107:is thus both distinguished from and linked to 4858:may be a traditional sacred space such as the 4843:"Fanum" redirects here. For the streamer, see 4476:, sacred tokens of Roman sovereignty. Compare 4310:(sacred space), preceded by the consulting of 3867:, which the Greek historian and Roman senator 3766:were to be distinguished from those that were 2231:"I defice, am deprived of, have none..." i.e. 1706:the family or individual, both lightning and 1439:. Originally they were the prerogative of the 824:, which was the first to sign a sacred treaty 814:pertained to the special circumstances of the 586:, as it is called in English, was in Latin an 22988: 22650:(Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 131–132. 22569:Hendrik Wagenvoort, "Augustus and Vesta", in 20928:Warde Fowler considers a possible origin for 20481:Warde Fowler considers a possible origin for 19451:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 122 19356:to agree, to come to an agreement, allied to 19352:The noun derives from the past participle of 18674:(Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 151–154. 18624:Mary Beagon, "Beyond Comparison: M. Sergius, 16598:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 2. 16512:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 150 16446:103:239, as quoted and discussed by Filotas, 16421:103:233–234, as cited by Bernadotte Filotas, 15858:(Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 140–142. 15679:(Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 181–183. 14787:(University of California Press, 2009), p. 6. 13931:, 'he gives the instruction', and to Avestic 12766:III 20, 2, quoting Veranius in his lost work 12289:, "to go out of the way"; the adjective form 11800:, the augur aligned his zone of observation ( 11737:The origin of the English word "tabernacle." 11675:began to be labeled by some Latin authors as 11052:, the god who sanctifies land boundaries, as 10939:writes that a building dedicated to a god is 10644:. In Greek writers, the word is ἱεροφυλάκιον 9522:is the origin of the English word "rite" via 8974:could seek guidance and suggestions from the 8617:could not be regarded as contrary to nature ( 8330:. The word has been considered as related to 8114:("the peace of the gods" or "divine peace"). 7805:, presumably translations of Etruscan works. 6920:meaning "booty (taken by a general in war)." 6458:, "to free") was the "liberating" of a place 6265:was an especial part of the imported cult of 5209:. In other sources, both ancient and modern, 5052:. They were guarded by the priesthood of the 4242:, saw it as "a purely formalistic ethic." In 4056:of 58 BC, was noted for his expertise in the 4020:. Divination was a particular feature of the 3638:was announced at Rome on his birthday, while 1749:are to be burnt, using trees that are in the 926:art." Other major public altars included the 658:, the building should be open to the sky; an 295: 22965:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 22817:Victima quae dextra cecidit victrice vocatur 22165:Aufstieg under Niedergang der römischen Welt 21583:sacrarium est locus in quo sacra reponuntur. 21222:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 21111:from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology 20723:Archives des sciences sociales des religions 20297:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 19999:Linderski, "The Augural Law", pp. 2252–2256. 19789:Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder 19625:Hendrik Wagenvoort, "Horace and Vergil," in 19601:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 19425:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 19274:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 19125:Robert Schilling, "The Disciplina Etrusca", 18904:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 112. 18430:, pp. 40–41, where an identification of the 17938:Kirk Summers, "Lucretius' Roman Cybele," in 17876:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 17295:victima quae dextra cecidit victrice vocatur 16201:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 79; 15921:Evidenced by an inscription dedicated by an 15500:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 15160:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 14278:(University of Michigan, 1999), pp. 139–140. 13115:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 116. 12859:The Religious Experience of the Roman People 12837:II 717-720; Macrobius III 1, 1; E. Paratore 12819:Studies on the Text of Macrobius' Saturnalia 11600:", the English word derived from the Latin. 11310:, or make religious dedications as a group; 8903:"Prodigium" redirects here. For the EP, see 8712:" prayers, that is, imprecations or curses. 8659:), and usually translated as if synonymous. 8601:will also be found translated as "portent". 7727:, or "scientific" knowledge, in contrast to 7469:that is not consecrated (but compare Celtic 6149:. It is defined in the opening words of the 5556:were regarded as the most ancient among the 4485:Formal evocations are known only during the 3693:in developing his special religious status. 2949:, a "method" or "art" as distinguished from 2913:is thus the kind of interpretation used for 1856:; "punctilious veneration", in company with 22849:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 368. 22350:(Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 198 21939:, Oxford. Clarendon Press, 1879. Online at 21917:CIcero: Speech on Behalf of Publius Sestius 20127: 20121: 20107: 20084: 20050:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 77. 19830:(Jérôme Millon, 2003 reprint), pp. 873–874. 19390: 19310:(Franz Steiner, 2004), p. 181; see Cicero, 19276:(University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 12. 18378:p. 219M = 114 edition of Lindsay; entry on 18361:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 44. 17962:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 117. 17841:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 105. 17697:(Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 137. 17471:Contributi allo studio del diritto augurale 17467:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 17300: 17216:(Munich 1912) 2nd pp. 136 ff.; G. Dumezil, 16917:and discussion of the relationship between 16855:Contributi allo studio del diritto augurale 16812:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 370 16704:(Southern Illinois University Press, 1989) 16463:10.37.15, where he says that the temple of 16193:Robert Schilling, "The Roman Religion", in 16139:III 5, 6, quoting a passage from Veranius, 15997:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 214. 15977:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 254. 15961:(Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 37–38. 15443:(Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 106. 15092:(Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 142. 15076:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 157 14940:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 310 14678:50 (2000), p. 534. The Greek equivalent of 14045:A History of the Roman World: 753 to 146 BC 13775:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 78. 13089:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 12898:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 95. 12754:(Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 141. 12626:(University of Texas Press, 1996), p. 86ff. 12059: 9834:(deconsecrated), only through lawful rites 8878: 8856: 8835: 8800: 8776: 8770: 8769:, "prayer", usually appears in the plural, 8753: 8720: 8681: 8668: 8654: 8638: 8491:is a close but not always exact synonym of 8128:) and impiety led to divine disharmony and 6924:uses the term in an extended discussion of 6580: 6433: 6398:regulated cult actions at various temples. 6068: 6062: 6037: 6027: 6021: 6015: 5950:and the tracing of the wall of a new city. 5897:while standing beside the appointee on the 5820:a day in advance of a religious festival ( 5387:(compare the moveable Christian holiday of 4939:are scarcely distinguishable in usage, but 4603:appearance as offerings to divine entities 3696:A birthday commemoration was also called a 3550:phase, vulnerable to malignant forces (see 3484:after the transition to one-man rule under 3012:, a shrine that housed a cult image, or an 2328: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2272: 2243:the performance and risks the gods' anger. 2058:, "with the head covered" by a fold of the 1486:, signs produced by the actions of certain 1215:) is an abstract noun that pertains to the 514:, "to pronounce on an omen") was a term of 266: 200: 22995: 22981: 22955:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", in 22756:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", in 22603:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 22571:Pietas: Selected Studies in Roman Religion 22527:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 21565:(Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 60. 21113:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 44. 20544:(University of Chicago Press, 1992), p.33. 20387:Nicole Belayche, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), 20334:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 20024:(Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 36. 19934:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 19748:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 19189:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 19170:Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité 19009:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 18928:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 18915:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City 18406:Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité 18092:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 18079:Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual 17929:(Princeton University Press, 2016), p. 33. 17239: 16931:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 16839:Bullettino dell'Istituto di diritto romano 16477:in the 290s BC, had already been vowed by 16261:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City 16244:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 16195:Historia Religionum: Religions of the Past 16110:(Edinburgh University Press, 2000), p. 66. 16082:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 16028:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 15946:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 15845:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 41. 15805:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 15527:Druidarum religionem ... dirae immanitatis 15484:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 15356:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 15207:(Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 66. 14704:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 14659:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 14494:(Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 64 14396:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 13759:(«L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2002), p. 370 13757:Late Etruscan Votive Heads from Tessennano 13527:(Goettingen 1949), pp. 22ff; P. Catalano, 12913:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 12879:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 12843:P. Vergili Maronis Aeneidos liber secundus 12728:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 83. 12710:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 12583:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 12530:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 10. 12502:Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité 12440:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 10793:, the tribune is sanctioned by the law as 10489:, a thing given as a pledge or bond was a 9636:, specially folded to cover his head (see 9575:, a conceptual pairing analogous to Latin 9441:is a "divine reality" as represented by a 8257:person "strictly conforms his life to the 6982:One of several words for portent or sign, 6512: 4113:, is usually translated as "divine." As a 3971:felt compelled to ban the religion of the 3939:, the grudges or anger of a god, that is, 3558:may have been when the child received the 3554:). Socially, the child did not exist. The 2777:in his history, presumably taken from the 2348:and of the Etruscan goddess Athrpa (Greek 2277:("Gabine cinch") was a way of wearing the 1140:required the marking out of ritual space ( 302: 288: 22769:For the Taurobolium, see Duthoy, Robert, 22683:(Stanford University Press, 1989), p. 27 22031:For instance, a woman and her associates 21045:(Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 129. 20906:Paris, 1974, Considerations preliminaires 20763:, discounting the etymology proffered by 20528:(Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 4-6. 19587:p. 57 n. 34 quoting Meiser 1986 pp.37-38. 19306:Christoph F. Konrad, "Vellere signa," in 18068:(Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 213. 17601:(unknown ed.), vol. 13, p. 218. See also 17557:In particular, Book 14 of the non-extant 16792:(University of Texas Press, 2008), p. 68. 16749:Cynthia White, "The Vision of Augustus," 16613:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 16485:delineated by means of verbalized ritual 14478:(Columbia University Press, 1952), p. 15 13859:(Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 367. 11485:of wine offered to the gods, as does the 11259:, which describes the relationship among 11247:in ancient sources, and is found also in 10719:to define the inviolability of the power 10573:", a transition in meaning pointed to by 9924:was a fundamental principle in Roman and 9504:was of highest prestige, followed by the 9480:was a senatorial priesthood reserved for 9371:Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum 9365:The distinction between human and divine 8578:has also been distinguished from that of 7704: 6810:and later three, who participated in the 6238:in the 2nd century AD as a source on the 5892: 5854:is the origin of the word "host" for the 4611:." The adjective here is synonymous with 3814:with one exception. Some Roman calendars 3552:List of Roman birth and childhood deities 2784: 2769:includes several examples of the augurs' 2713:were written collections probably of the 2473:. The four great religious corporations ( 1681: 1282: 1137: 534: 22939:(London, 1908), p. 179'; Robert Turcan, 22908:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 178. 21903:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 229 20257:Dennis Feeney, in Jörg Rüpke, (Editor), 20037:(Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 189. 19814:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 330 19791:(Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 146. 19612:Gerard Mussies, "Cascelia's Prayer," in 19152:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 330 19084:(University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 2. 18837:(Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 296. 18632:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 127. 18576:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 102. 18353:, "The Doctrine and Sacred Books of the 17740:(Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 338. 17023:; see discussion by Carole E. Newlands, 16925:from multiple scholarly perspectives by 16661:, Oxford University Press 1993. p. 372a. 16481:, but had remained only a fanum, a site 16271:(Blackwell, 1992, 2001 printing), p. 41. 15598:, "The Doctrine and Sacred Books of the 15330:(Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 45. 15220:(Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 627. 15181:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 172. 15012:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 182. 14527:(Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 341. 14071: 14069: 14063:(Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 80. 13531:(Torino 1965), pp. 14ff.; W. V. Harris, 13529:Linee del sistema sovrannazionale romano 12049: 11785:meetings were unlawful unless held in a 11448: 11302:associated with some. An association of 10757:thus defined the religious compact, and 10715:of 449 BC introduced the adjective 10350: 9966: 9896:, but he could be killed with impunity. 9238: 8379: 8157:Because Roman religion was contractual ( 7996: 7908:, the other two being the more specific 7733:, a more speculative "art" or "method" ( 7674:", or as preserved in books such as the 7050: 6858: 6685:is the distinctively curved staff of an 6657: 6415: 5689: 5530: 5272:is also the title of a six-book poem by 5147: 4535:, a number of deities were dislodged by 4355: 4332:. The boundaries had permanent markers ( 3994: 3689:, and elaborated on his connection with 3660:was celebrated April 21, the day of the 3575: 2848:; some scholars maintain that the terms 2704: 2664: 2565:called for religious purposes. The verb 2027: 866: 601: 22667:(Purdue University Press, 2008), p. 69 22663:11.xviii, as cited by Paolo Bartoloni, 21829:loci amsancti, id est omni parte sancti 21597:(Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 10. 19759:Claude Moussy, "Signa et portenta", in 19443:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 99, note 129 19011:II.16 (1986), pp. 2232–2234, 2237–2241. 18480:(Jérôme Millon, 2003 reprint), p. 873; 17469:London 1875 s. v. feriae; P. Catalano 17090:(Paris 1963), pp. 142 ff.; G. Dumezil, 16267:II.16.2 (1976), p. 593; Robert Turcan, 14154:(Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 21. 13939:Paris, 1974, Remarques preliminaires IX 13857:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 13315:(Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 19 13227:Robert Schilling, "Augurs and Augury", 12924:Linderski, "The Augural Law," pp. 2241 12237:were freedmen, but literary sources in 9995:is the bull, who will be struck by the 9405:of the poets, or narrative elaboration; 8690:("The Prayer of Mother Earth") and the 8582:by relative duration of time, with the 7904: 7671: 7552:. The announcement was made before an 6814:. The most famous person to serve as a 6806:The "wolf priests", organized into two 5788:could be classified in various ways. A 4943:was a more inclusive and general term. 4905:indicate that the concept is shared by 4685:. As a product of Roman sacrifice, the 4470:to Rome, where it served as one of the 4300:. It was one of the three parts of the 3468:, vows and offerings for the wellbeing 3048: 2926: 2884: 2844: 2531:, but limited membership for any other 2508:, the fifteen priests in charge of the 2431:fixed the nail at the end of his term. 1549: 712:is a middle ground between the two for 14: 23874: 21996:Livy VIII 23, 15; IX 38, 14; IV 57, 5. 20742:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 20167:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 19058:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 18980:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History 18312:Stefan Weinstock, "Libri fulgurales," 18246: 18213: 18211: 18053:De la royauté et du droit des Romaines 17906:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17751:Encyclopedical Dictionary of Roman Law 17738:The Homeric Hymns: Interpretive Essays 17220:(Paris 1974) 2nd, pp. 210 ff.; Varro, 17185:V.143, VI.153, VII.8-9; Aulus Gellius 17076:Studia et documenta historiae et iuris 16851:Le monde juridique du paganisme romain 16810:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History 16723:(Bryn Mawr Commentaries, 2006), p. 93. 15777:The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 15439:, with commentary by Donna W. Hurley, 15407:Linderski, "The Augural Law," p. 2188. 14846:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 14564:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 14413:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 14002:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 13827:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Culture 13608:Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic 13258:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 13109:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 12937:Linderski, "The Augural Law," p. 2237. 12599:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 12561:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 12541:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History 12257:("defect, imperfection, impediment"). 11466:as pledged by a woman's family, and a 11389:. During the 60s BC, certain forms of 10994:(a morally upright citizen). See also 10770:and not the person of the tribune was 10156:, "shrines". The establishment of the 9665:held in honor of the Golden Age deity 8950: 8734: 8076:. It followed upon the sacrifices and 7849:is a sign so called because it shows ( 7783:One form of arcane literature was the 7716: 7461:, territory that is wilderness; and a 7048:and attributed to the work of demons. 6098:distinguished among the categories of 5812:the day before the harvest began. The 4245:The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 3908: 3600:was a birthday ("natal day"; see also 3430:" derives from the Latin. For another 3272: 2805:), and chronicles kept by the various 2558:("calate assemblies") were non-voting 1979:, "lacking", and says that some think 1753:of underworld or "averting" gods (see 1595: 790:Romanus, Gabinus, peregrinus, hosticus 758:aediles had their headquarters at the 22976: 22827:hostibus a domitis hostia nomen habet 22648:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic 22535:Legitimacy and Law in the Roman World 22468:, "Religions of Rome," vol. 1, p. 23. 22451:Mary Beard, Simon Price, John North, 21386:Festus 146 in the edition of Lindsay. 20664:, p. 337 (Lindsay), where he defines 20046:Robert Schilling, "Roman Sacrifice", 20016:(University Press of America, 1996), 19518:. See M. Morani "Latino sacer..." in 19032:Les prodiges dans l'antiquite' - Rome 18217:Robert Schilling, "Roman Sacrifice," 17281:Hostibus a domitis hostia nomen habet 17025:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti 16845:(Turin 1967), p.106 ff.; A. Guarino, 16833:Robert Schilling, "Roman Festivals," 15031:Abhandlungen fuer roemische Religion 14938:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville 14566:89 (1985) 207–234, especially p. 216. 14152:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic 14066: 13811:(Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2001), pp. 121–123 13803:(Fortress Press, 1994, 2006), p. 210 13771:Robert Schilling, "Roman Sacrifice", 13313:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic 13223: 13221: 12945: 12943: 12539:Mary Beard, Simon Price, John North, 12144:afterward, which accords with Ovid's 11855:, using the same augural principles. 11080: 10231: 10101:, both of which were overseen by the 9742:("belonging to a god"), is a shrine. 9484:. Although in the historical era the 8118:was only given in return for correct 7101: 6541: 6073:, but specifically aimed at averting 6057:. In specialized usage pertaining to 5964:were lists of gods maintained by the 5736:), and the "victim" to the "victor." 5728:afterward, which accords with Ovid's 5331:and a deity of Roman state religion. 5321:, "son" (a person suckled). See also 4773:, in the neutral sense of "devotee". 3990: 3306: 2021:derives the word from the Greek verb 1565: 1523: 1435:of the sky. Auspices are taken by an 887:The focal point of sacrifice was the 346:. For public religious holidays, see 22628:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 22348:The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius 21708:As inquio>incio: P.Krestchmer in 20678:rite autem significat bene ac recte. 20147:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 18926:Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law," 18314:Papers of the British School at Rome 18250:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 18105:Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica 18090:Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", 17799:Sassari 1991 p. 108 ff. R. Orestano 16788:p. 122, note 57; Sarolta A. Takács, 16106:Fay Glinister, "Sacred Rubbish," in 15803:Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", 15725:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 14724:Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica 14640:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 14394:Jerzy Linderski, "The Augural Law", 14257:55.10.4, as cited by Michael Lipka, 13523:(London 1925), pp. 33ff.; M. Kaser, 12402:Roman polytheistic reconstructionism 11938: 10809:were the "leaping priests" of Mars. 10402: 10395:to be transferred to the keeping of 10032:) was any priest or priestess, from 9826:(consecrated), or could revert from 9497: 9278:) and therefore harm the State. See 9111: 8869:, "he seeks by means of prayer." In 8318:was a priest of the highest-ranking 8231:is applied regularly throughout the 8091:is unclear, performed their rituals 8051: 7676: 5667: 5515:'s duties. Most scholars regard the 5213:is thought to have its origin in an 3802: 3624:Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") 3287:, he renounced the religious duties 2935:as applied to the interpretation of 2890: 2111:usually means "song, poem, ode." In 1656: 982:, and twigs of oak were used by the 860:could not be extended outside Italy 354:. Individual landmarks of religious 59:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter 22499:La religion romaine archaique Paris 22250:G. Dumezil "La deuxieme ligne de l' 21987:; Livy VII 6, 3-4; T. I. VI a 5-7. 21662:LV 1981 p. 40, citing Livy 3.19.10. 21611:The Archaic Community of the Romans 20797:frg. 62 in the edition of Cardauns. 20564:(Franz Steiner, 2006), pp. 140–142. 19364:to fasten or tie. Compare Sanskrit 19204:Festus rationalises the order: the 18930:II.16 (1986), pp. 2159–2160, 2168, 18208: 17599:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 17120:New York 1963 sv felicity, feminine 17009:pursues the connection between the 16615:(ABC-Clio, 2006), pp. 229, 733–734 16388:Fanatica dicitur arbor fulmine icta 15904:expresses doubts as to whether the 15875:, pp. 41–42, with the passage from 15576:The phrase is used for instance by 14523:: Legal Problem and Structure", in 14385:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), pp. 26–27. 13935:, 'that he educate': in G. Dumezil 12817:raised by the passage, see Kaster, 11923:In both religious and legal usage, 11887: 11755:was the sacred space defined by an 11577:, could be interpreted in light of 11120: 10829:) through the insertion of a nasal 10701:Religion in ancient Rome: Sacrifice 10569:is the origin of the English word " 10399:and supported with public funding. 10240: 10194: 9754:in its entirety as equivalent to a 9669:, and in certain ceremonies of the 9202:among the Romans was not based on " 8545:something that is going to happen. 8467:is a kind of sign interpreted by a 7449:as "a large number of trees with a 6634:) was not to be taken for granted. 5618:The "Brothers of the Field" were a 5217:meaning "to establish," along with 5205:, "to speak," an origin pressed by 4964:was often built over an originally 4531:rebuilt the temple district on the 4444:in 75 BC. Some scholars think that 4424:in 396 BC; the ritual performed by 4252:regarded the concept as not merely 3871:says had been declared ἡμέρα μιαρά 3602: 3382:. For etymological discussion, see 3336:, which the Romans translated with 3300: 3032:, that is, the ritual by which the 2925:as constituting one branch of the " 2457:were eligible for membership. When 2368:("year-nail") into the wall of the 2207: 1805:according to the procedures of the 1688: 1515:. Watching for auspices was called 1377:from the observed flight of birds ( 1004:were those under the protection of 358:are not included in this list; see 24: 23431: 21921:Public Portents in Republican Rome 21628:Journal of Early Christian Studies 21595:Emperor Worship and Roman Religion 21426:Revue de l' histoire des religions 20915:F. De Visscher "Locus religiosus" 20526:Emperor Worship and Roman Religion 20524:2.3.82 and 2.28.72; Ittai Gradel, 20468:F. De Visscher "Locus religiosus" 20318:The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome 19858:Public Portents in Republican Rome 19668:, Munich 1960 p. 400-1; H. Fugier 19323:Festus 439L, as cited by Versnel, 19168:, p. 330; Auguste Bouché-Leclerq, 18953:Public Portents in Republican Rome 18094:II.16 (1986), pp. 2156–2157, 2248. 17086:(Roma 1955) p. 25 n.1; H. Fugier, 15829:Linderski, "Augural Law," p. 2274. 15312:Journal of Early Christian Studies 15136:In Praise of Later Roman Emperors, 13755:, "bareheaded"; Martin Söderlind, 13649:Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus 13218: 12940: 12490:, 1.7, 5.55, 9.14, and 29.29; and 11391:associations were disbanded by law 10951:because it is relinquished to the 10656:, something that safeguards). See 9710:(ancestral tradition), and not as 9559:may be compared to the concept of 9313:. Places struck by lightning were 9151: 8945:, an unnatural feature in humans. 8267:is a regular epithet of the Roman 8146:is an expiatory sacrifice, or the 7949: 7875:as applying to inanimate objects, 6497: 5864:Sacramental bread: Catholic Church 5613: 5578: 5493:(limit, border, boundary), plural 3723: 3422:, regarding the self-sacrifice of 2674:thought the calendar abbreviation 2300: 2281:thought to have originated in the 2266: 2068: 1969:says that the Greek equivalent is 1602: 242:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 54: 25: 23903: 22697:(Oxford University Press, 1995), 22681:Chaucer Reads "The Divine Comedy" 22035:donated a lot with a "clubhouse" 21415:(Franz Steiner, 1990), pp. 76–80. 21265:Liv. V 46; XXII 18; Dionys. Hal. 21204:Cic. de Leg. II 1, 9-21; Turcan, 21043:An Introduction to Roman Religion 19810:3.336, as cited by David Wardle, 19148:3.336, as cited by David Wardle, 18978:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., 18181:The priests of the Roman Republic 18128:Sassari, 1983, IV, 10, p. 175 ff. 16887:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 16861:(Rome 1955), p. 25; B. Albanese, 16207:An Introduction to Roman Religion 15650:Servius is unclear as to whether 15538:as also evidenced among the Celts 15299:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 14259:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 14061:An Introduction to Roman Religion 13676:Wagenvoort, "Caerimonia", p. 100 13428:p. 382 L 2nd (p. 367 in the 1997 13277:An Introduction to Roman Religion 13213:The Religion of the Ancient Celts 13087:L. Schmitz, entry on "Augur," in 12875:An Introduction to Roman Religion 12821:(Oxford University Press, 2010), 12652:5.33. See also Roger D. Woodard, 12277:resigned when the augurs and the 12140:is sacrificed before battle, the 11918: 10943:, but a town's wall and gate are 10849:, the god of the ratification of 10618:was a place where sacred objects 10464:or vow that rendered the swearer 10278:risked his life to carry out the 10254:above) that were particular to a 9848:would revert to the condition of 9645:Roman writers record elements of 9565:("visible order", in contrast to 9537:defines it as a specific form of 9270:owed to the traditional gods was 8917:signaled divine displeasure at a 8083:Festus notes elsewhere that the " 7956: 7715:might also be applicable to many 7651:of the privilege is indicated by 7572:as well as make the announcement 7564:had the right to watch for signs 7379:was a patrician prerogative. The 7145:is usually assumed to derive, as 6950:mild, or "perforating" lightning; 6226:, graves. Cicero describes it as 6199: 5921:. After the establishment of the 5724:is sacrificed before battle, the 4655:'s enumeration the gall bladder ( 4523:A site that had been inaugurated 3859: 3586:Codex Vaticanus Barberini latinus 3523: 3456:was the date on which he assumed 3026:should be distinguished from the 2945:(entrails). It was considered an 2591:were held in the presence of the 2549: 2370:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 2078:and the individual's status as a 1712:(entrails) might yield signs for 1290:would belong more broadly to the 22946: 22926: 22911: 22898: 22881: 22865: 22852: 22845:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 22836: 22810: 22797: 22784: 22763: 22760:(Blackwell, 2007), pp. 264, 266. 22747: 22734: 22714: 22673: 22653: 22637: 22608: 22592: 22579: 22563: 22547: 22516: 22491: 22471: 22458: 22445: 22432: 22419: 22402: 22382: 22369: 22356: 22340: 22327: 22310: 22297: 22290:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 22281: 22265: 22244: 22231: 22213: 22196: 22183: 22170: 22147: 22120: 22103: 22092:(Paris, 1906), pp. 279–289: the 22079: 22066: 22025: 22012: 21999: 21990: 21969: 21944: 21929: 21909: 21893: 21880: 21871: 21853:in this instance and in Cicero, 21810: 21799: 21780:Gaius, following Aelius Gallus: 21774: 21753: 21736: 21715: 21702: 21685: 21665: 21649: 21633: 21616: 21600: 21587: 21568: 21548: 21526: 21513: 21492: 21478: 21465: 21452: 21435: 21418: 21402: 21389: 21380: 21364: 21347: 21330: 21313: 21284: 21259: 21227: 21211: 21198: 21165: 21156: 21116: 21099: 21082: 21061: 21048: 21032: 21019: 20990: 20979:. For further discussion on the 20969: 20956: 20943: 20922: 20909: 20886: 20859: 20838: 20826: 20813: 20800: 20784: 20747: 20731: 20704: 20691: 20638: 20622: 20619:, 198 in the edition of Lindsay. 20609: 20593: 20580: 20567: 20547: 20531: 20509: 20492: 20475: 20462: 20449: 20436: 20433:(Blackwell, 2007), pp. 360, 368. 20423: 20403: 20381: 20368: 20355: 20339: 20323: 20310: 20303:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 20286: 20264: 20251: 20237: 20228: 20215: 20202: 20199:Rosenberger, in Rüpke (ed), 297. 20193: 20184: 20175: 20156: 20139: 20096: 20066: 20053: 20040: 20027: 20022:Law and Empire in Late Antiquity 20002: 19993: 19976: 19960: 19939: 19923: 19906: 19885: 19846: 19833: 19820: 19800:Varro's passage is preserved by 19794: 19769: 19753: 19737: 19720: 19691: 19675: 19658: 19645: 19632: 19619: 19606: 19590: 19466: 19457: 19430: 19414: 19398: 19379: 19346: 19333: 19317: 19314:5.34; Livy 21.63.9 and 41.39.11. 19300: 19279: 19259: 19240: 19228: 19215: 19198: 19178: 19158: 19132: 19119: 19103: 19087: 19063: 19043: 19014: 18998: 18985: 18972: 18959: 18937: 18920: 18907: 18891: 18878: 18865: 18840: 18827: 18812: 18799: 18782: 18769: 18744: 18732: 18720: 18707: 18690: 18677: 18664: 18657:Beagon, "Beyond Comparison", in 18651: 18618: 18605: 18579: 18566: 18550: 18537: 18524: 18508: 18499: 18470: 18461: 18441: 18420: 18411: 18364: 18344: 18328: 18319: 18306: 18293: 18271: 18240: 18227: 18199: 18186: 18161: 18144: 18131: 18118: 18097: 18084: 18071: 18058: 18045: 18032: 18023: 18010: 17993: 17978: 17965: 17945: 17932: 17915: 17898: 17881: 17865: 17844: 17837:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 17828: 17806: 17785: 17772: 17756: 17743: 17722: 17709: 17700: 17687: 17674: 17653: 17640: 17612: 17571: 17551: 17538: 17525: 17512: 17496: 17476: 17415: 17398: 17385: 17372: 17359: 17346: 17329: 17312: 17274: 17259: 17202: 17175: 17144: 17123: 17110: 17097: 17033: 16991: 16952: 16939: 16895: 16879: 16868: 16849:(Naples 1980), p. 93; J. Paoli, 16827: 16795: 16771: 16758: 16743: 16726: 16710: 16694: 16681: 16664: 16651: 16621: 16601: 16588: 16579:A Commentary on Livy, Books 6–10 16571: 16558: 16534: 16518: 16502: 16453: 16428: 16406: 16393: 16381: 16337: 16317: 16303: 16274: 16249: 16225: 16212: 16187: 16162: 16149: 16126: 16113: 16100: 16087: 16063: 16033: 16016: 16000: 15980: 15973:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 15964: 15951: 15938: 15915: 15890: 15861: 15848: 15841:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 15832: 15823: 15810: 15797: 15785: 15766: 15747: 15730: 15717: 15698: 15682: 15661: 15644: 15629: 15609: 15589: 15570: 15551: 15519: 15489: 15468: 15446: 15423: 15410: 15401: 15361: 15333: 15317: 15304: 15291: 15278: 15265: 15236: 15223: 15210: 15197: 15184: 15165: 15141: 15128: 15095: 15082: 15072:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 15062: 15049: 15036: 15015: 14994: 14979: 14966: 14946: 14923: 14902: 14889: 14880: 14864: 14851: 14811: 14790: 14774: 14759: 14742: 14729: 14712: 14693: 14664: 14648: 14632: 14619: 14606: 14569: 14549: 14530: 14513: 14500: 14484: 14465: 14456: 14443: 14431: 14418: 14401: 14398:II.16 (1986), p. 2245, note 387. 14388: 14375: 14362: 14349: 14336: 14323: 14310: 14297: 14281: 14268: 14261:(Brill, 2009), p. 108; Brennan, 14248: 14235: 14047:(Routledge, 1935, 2013), p. 409. 13191:, who was himself a Celt of the 12949:Schilling, "Augurs and Augury," 12724:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 12605:(Martinus Nijhoff, 1973), p. 62. 12513:Robert Schilling, "Roman Gods", 12500:5.530; Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, 12442:II.16 (1982), p. 2266, note 472. 12376:, "I give that you might give." 12107: 12061: 11933:, "fixed words." Collections of 11929: 11802: 11732: 11608:as the "empty fear of the gods" 11437: 11295:is suggested by the distinctive 11133: 11084:(morally pure or guiltless) and 11005:is given to many gods including 10735: 10411:of an Italian town or community 9611: 9381:. Varro devoted 25 books of the 9369:was explored in the multivolume 9317:because they had been marked as 9262: 9115: 8821:(aimed at causing unhappiness), 8415: 8384:Attendant at a sacrifice with ax 8259: 7605:The only source for the term is 7293:(following). The gerund of verb 6957:and occasionally does some good; 6908:or less likely a formation from 6463: 6296: 5953: 5899: 4993:" ultimately derives from Latin 4825:or were themselves considered a 4741:," a shrine or sacred precinct. 4567: 4301: 4289: 4153:is used for "perpetual deities" 4060:. Extant ancient sources on the 3786: 3775: 3028: 2336: 2042: 1775: 1755: 1585: 1535: 1105: 1018: 692:is suited for goddesses such as 43: 22847:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 22605:II.16 (1986), pp. 2246, 2267ff. 22202:The Hittite is also written as 21771:III 94; Festus sv tesca p. 488L 20728:1994 pp. 23-43 part. pp. 24-25. 20676:, "customary use", adding that 20648:, p. 364 (edition of Lindsay): 20261:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. p.140. 20093:against the Romans at Anglesey. 19638:M. Morani "Latino Sacer..." In 18534:(Routledge, 1998), pp. 154–155. 18081:(Brill, 1993, 1994), pp. 62–63. 17433:; also Festus p. 250 L. s. v. 16296:, as cited by Peter F. Dorcey, 16141:De pontificalibus quaestionibus 15991:On Pagans, Jews, and Christians 15933:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 15873:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 15843:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 15740:(C.B. Mohr, 2003), p. 284. See 15350:268 in the edition of Lindsay; 15074:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 14976:(Macmillan, 1909), pp. 161–162. 14307:(Macmillan, 1909), pp. 155–165. 14222: 14203: 14194: 14181: 14157: 14131: 14115: 14099: 14050: 14007: 13987: 13970: 13955: 13942: 13917: 13901: 13888: 13875: 13862: 13849: 13832: 13790: 13778: 13765: 13746: 13730: 13703: 13682: 13670: 13657: 13641: 13625: 13613: 13538: 13510: 13498: 13485: 13464: 13444: 13435: 13418: 13394: 13381: 13368: 13355: 13342: 13321: 13302: 13282: 13266: 13247: 13175: 13127: 13118: 13094: 13081: 13062: 13053: 13037: 13024: 13009:, Book VI 41, for the words of 12999: 12986: 12977: 12956: 12931: 12918: 12901: 12888: 12864: 12848: 12827: 12795: 12782: 12773: 12757: 12744: 12731: 12726:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook 12715: 12704:27.5.15 and 29.5; P. Catalano, 12695: 12682: 12663: 12642: 12629: 12608: 12588: 12233:). Inscriptions show that most 11725: 11291:, but that they were a kind of 10931: 10884: 10841:would mean to render something 10781:H. Fugier gives the meaning of 10706: 10632:, a small enclosed shrine; the 10577:'s use of the word to refer to 10001:to the right. The music of the 9855: 9598: 9469: 8865:, "I pray and beseech you", or 8752:In legal and rhetorical usage, 8483: 8477: 7942: 7936: 7729: 7543: 7536:The chief responsibility of an 7483:period takes on a sacral aura. 7313:from IE root *bha, Latin fari. 7268: 6273:. Ovid says that the statue of 6010:The addressing of a deity in a 5782:that are an indication of age. 5451:. Some days, however, were not 5298: 4982:of this type are found also in 4482:, the "calling on" of a deity. 4205:was also a judicial concept of 3742: 3584:by month from the 17th-century 3571: 3443: 3356:for all gods. In his lost work 3283:to another, as for instance by 2931: 2372:. The ceremony occurred on the 1675:) was one form of unfavourable 1533:, or if they were unfavourable 1138:solicitation of formal auspices 368: 329:religious practices and beliefs 22503:Manuel des antiquités romaines 22481:4.200; Festus. s.v. calls the 22427:A Companion to Roman Religion, 21630:15.2 (2007), pp. 143–144, 162. 21543:Roman and European Mythologies 21428:i p. 150-151; J. A. C. Thomas 21056:Introduction to Roman Religion 20542:Roman and European Mythologies 20299:(London, 1922), pp. 265–266; 20048:Roman and European Mythologies 19903:(Boydell Press, 2002), p. 163. 19854:Roman and European Mythologies 19127:Roman and European Mythologies 18902:Roman and European Mythologies 18835:Lucan: De Bello Civili, Book 1 18777:L'ordinamento giuridico romano 18728:French language, full preview. 18717:Paris 1974, It. tr. p. 482-3. 18698:Seneca and the Idea of Tragedy 18359:Roman and European Mythologies 18219:Roman and European Mythologies 17732:(7.21.7); Claude Calame, "The 17131:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Feria" 17052:Roman and European Mythologies 16986:Roman and European Mythologies 16947:Roman and European Mythologies 16847:L'ordinamento giuridico romano 16835:Roman and European Mythologies 16676:Virgil, Aeneid 2: A Commentary 16199:Roman and European Mythologies 15948:II.16.3 (1986), pp. 1960–1961. 15885:Roman and European Mythologies 15604:Roman and European Mythologies 15107:From Tiberius To The Antonines 14808:(Blackwell, 2007), pp. 13, 23. 14661:II.16 (1986), 2231–2233, 2238. 14217:dictatores clavi figendi causa 13773:Roman and European Mythologies 13327:Veit Rosenberger, "Republican 13229:Roman and European Mythologies 13113:Roman and European Mythologies 12962:Veit Rosenberger, "Republican 12951:Roman and European Mythologies 12896:Roman and European Mythologies 12566: 12550: 12533: 12520: 12515:Roman and European Mythologies 12507: 12458: 12445: 12429: 12421:Roman and European Mythologies 12413: 12186: 11949:, of a formula for founding a 11882: 11863: 11812: 11702: 11584: 11551:. The ceremonial character of 11477:The Latin word derives from a 11173: 10686: 10446: 10062: 9940:, "sacrificial victim". Oscan 9336: 9233: 9052:, "favorable" or "following". 9006:burial of living human victims 8941: 8929: 8782: 8728: 8570: 8159: 7871: 7778: 7771: 7737:) as required by novel signs. 7613:politicians and tribunes. The 7584: 7453:", and distinguished from the 7193: 7181: 7016: 6630: 6524: 6180: 5880: 5497:, was an essential concept in 5059:quindecimviri sacris faciundis 5000: 4715: 4518: 4478: 4411:("Juno the Queen", originally 4316: 4280:, means "to create boundaries 3983:, alluding to the practice of 3277:When a person passed from one 3175: 3062:(public law) carried out by a 2998: 2921: 2882:and temple statutes. See also 2870: 2801:, and included rosters, acts ( 2721: 2654:. The people were summoned to 2505:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis 2360:, the Etruscan counterpart of 2356:, every year in the temple of 2227:, from which derives the verb 2141:of the Arval Brethren and the 1932:rescue Rome's sacred objects ( 1744: 1741: 1734:In pontifical usage, the verb 1729: 1637:. It is also thought that the 1529: 1131: 933: 13: 1: 22957:A Companion to Roman Religion 22889:A Companion to Roman Religion 22876:A Companion to Roman Religion 22860:A Companion to Roman Religion 22758:A Companion to Roman Religion 22742:A Companion to Roman Religion 22709:A Companion to Roman Religion 22414:A Companion to Roman Religion 22276:A Companion to Roman Religion 22111:A Companion to Roman Religion 22074:A Companion to Roman Religion 21761:La religion Romaine archaique 21725:, pp. 125 ff; E. Benveniste, 21432:Amsterdam 1976 p. 74 and 105. 21397:A Companion to Roman Religion 21308:La religion romaine archaique 21191:required the observance of a 20904:La religion romaine archaique 20894:si id moritur...profanum esto 20431:A Companion to Roman Religion 20389:A Companion to Roman Religion 20259:A Companion to Roman Religion 19988:A Companion to Roman Religion 19901:Christ in Celtic Christianity 19750:II.16 (1986), pp. 2232, 2247. 19715:A Companion to Roman Religion 19082:The Religion of the Etruscans 18715:La religion romaine archaïque 18452:La religion romaine archaïque 18428:The Religion of the Etruscans 18303:New York 1973 s.v. lustration 18171:Sassari 1983 p. 22; S. Tondo 17669:A Companion to Roman Religion 17665:A Companion to Roman Religion 17607:Roemische Religionsgeschichte 17577:W.R. Johnson, "The Return of 17463:Religion und Kultus der Römer 17453:were: cf. A. Bouché-Leclercq 17218:La religion romaine archaique 17214:Religion und Kultus der Römer 17154:Paris 1974 part IV chapt. 2; 17152:La religion romaine archaique 17092:La religion romaine archaique 17078:17 1951; C. Ferrini "Fas" in 16734:Apex Omnium: Religion in the 16467:, established by the wartime 16401:The Religion of the Etruscans 16269:The Cults of the Roman Empire 16095:A Companion to Roman Religion 15881:The Cults of the Roman Empire 14918:The Religion of the Etruscans 14800:pp. 5–7; Valerie M. Warrior, 14754:Religion und Kultus der Römer 14476:A History of Latin Literature 14381:As summarized by Jörg Rüpke, 13937:La religion romaine archaique 13840:A Companion to Roman Religion 13743:(Franz Steiner, 1996), p. 83. 13651:(Routledge, 2002), pp. 64–65 13610:(Ithaca 1968, 2nd ed.), p.11. 13389:La religion romaine archaique 13337:A Companion to Roman Religion 13136:A companion to Greek religion 12972:A Companion to Roman Religion 12739:A Companion to Roman Religion 12407: 12314:on 8 July, the day after the 12265:issued an opinion on a given 12122:is used interchangeably with 12033: 11988: 11945:preserves an example, albeit 11877: 11778: 11774: 11535:, the ceremony of betrothal; 11179: 11161: 10925: 10512: 9960: 9904: 9818: 9462: 9285: 8935: 8923: 8663:says that the slaughter of a 8613:occurring by the will of the 8503: 8493: 8346:, the only active and moving 8098: 7877: 7789: 7662: 7187: 7105:to describe the product. The 7062: 7010: 7004: 6518: 6482:, the creation of boundaries 6375: 6345:("to appoint, bequeath") and 5917: 5759:were also classified by age: 5702:was the offering, usually an 5447: 4935: 4913:was the same concept. By the 4624: 4161:for people who become divine 3768: 3497:serving their one-year term. 3066:representing the will of the 2915: 2897: 2874:(opinions and arguments) and 2835:, the secret priestly books. 2715: 2449:, was any association with a 2419: 2253: 1827: 1698: 1395: 1313:Ancient sources record three 1252: 1076: 1061: 780: 352:List of Ancient Roman temples 22967:(London, 1922), pp. 200–202. 22906:Cicero on Divination, Book 1 22679:For instance, Karla Taylor, 22626:, as cited by Adolf Berger, 22529:II.16 (1986), pp. 2266–2267 22453:Religions of Rome: A History 22397:Religions of Rome: A History 22377:Religions of Rome: A History 22364:Religions of Rome: A History 22335:Religions of Rome: A History 22322:Religions of Rome: A History 22292:Religions of Rome: A History 21731:Roemische Religionsgeshichte 21145:2); the composition of the 21073:Religion in Republican Italy 20806:Verrius Flaccus as cited by 20590:(Patmos, 1987, 1992), p. 45. 20305:Religions of Rome: A History 20248:It. transl. 1981, chap. 1, 2 19812:Cicero on Divination, Book 1 19666:Römische Religionsgeschichte 19268:, "Q. Scipio Imperator," in 19150:Cicero on Divination, Book 1 19030:("it's true"); see R. Bloch 18858: 18574:Cicero on Divination, Book 1 18426:Weinstock, p. 127. See also 18237:p. 57 L s.v. capitalis lucus 18016:M. Morani "Lat. 'sacer'..." 17839:Religions of Rome: A History 17461:p. 440 and n. 1; G. Wissowa 17017:in his calendrical poem the 16488: 15975:Religions of Rome: A History 15807:II.16 (1986), pp. 2156–2157. 15618:, "Caesar, Etruria, and the 15533:seems to be the opposite of 15476:Cicero on Divination, Book 1 15358:II.16 (1986), pp. 2187–2188. 14806:Religion in the Roman Empire 14603:8.2.12, as cited by Teuffel. 13457:28.2 (1974), p. 196, citing 12391:Imperial cult (ancient Rome) 12213: 11951: 11937:would have been part of the 11808: 11614: 11555:suggests that Latin archaic 11269: 11232: 11186: 10729: 10609: 10248:were the private rites (see 10030:masculine or feminine gender 10009:Temple of Capitoline Jupiter 9991: 9604: 9452: 9373:, one of the chief works of 9084:of 217 BC, on orders of the 9031: 8986: 8898: 8664: 8564:(a biological singularity), 8458: 8422: 8398: 8299: 8197: 8147: 8119: 8095:, dressed in military garb. 7992: 7912:(thunder and lightning) and 7688:(thunder and lightning) and 7598: 7567: 7531: 7450: 7361:legislation that would allow 6977: 6825: 6643:). In 176 BC the presiding 6602:inspection of the entrails ( 6478: 6445: 6355: 6077:, evil occurrences. Compare 6005: 5708: 5632:, but probably predated the 4929: 4727: 4676: 4188: 4173:, for instance, mostly uses 4024:. The Etruscan texts on the 3358:Antiquitates rerum divinarum 3247: 3094:(scientia colendorum deorum) 3080: 3036:established a sacred place ( 2939:(thunder and lightning) and 2791:Commentaries of the Pontiffs 2629:annually elected magistrates 2579: 2475:quattuor amplissima collegia 2434: 2413: 2405:dictator clavi figendi causa 2386: 1975:, but derives the word from 1641:were distinguished from the 1559: 1517: 1335:, a dog sacrifice (see also 497: 367: 7: 22959:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 270; 22792:Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary 22722:Latin Literature: A History 21935:C.T. Lewis & C. Short, 21008:III, 7, 5, who compare the 20874:: "Gallus Aelius says that 20575:Latin Literature: A History 20320:(Brill, 1987), pp. 235–236. 19971:History of Roman Literature 19957:(Brill, 1965), pp. 188–191. 18560:(Brill, 1996), pp. 272–272 18154:. II, 19-22 de Ciceron" in 18040:la religion romaine archaic 17253:(Brill, 2004), pp. 159–160 17133:. Newadvent.org. 1909-09-01 16841:46 (1939), p. 244 ff., and 16157:Sua cuique civitati religio 15879:, 5.21.1–7; Robert Turcan, 15162:(London, 1922), pp. 28, 42. 15055:As preserved by Augustine, 14936:15.4.9; Stephen A. Barney, 14583:18.14, in reference to the 14541:History of Roman Literature 14232:(Brill, 1970), pp. 271–272. 13923:M. Morani"Lat. 'sacer'..." 12712:II.16.1 (1978), pp. 529 ff. 12379: 12332:is the equivalent of Greek 12296: 12159:The difference between the 12124: 12022:appearing in poems such as 12010: 11907: 11829:as sacred boundary and the 11366: 11299: 11216: 11199: 10955:. Some scholars think that 10334:Roman practices of adoption 10015: 9950:, a small shrine, as Oscan 9722: 9256: 9055: 9020: 8696: 8632: 8515:frequently in his treatise 8307: 8135: 8124: 7836: 7756: 7395: 7371:on the grounds that it was 7284: 7132: 6896:is a technical term of the 6776:, and some were originally 6772:were games held as part of 6639: 6473: 5968:to assure that the correct 5941:all had to be inaugurated. 5838: 5739:The difference between the 5511:was an important part of a 4586: 4351: 4311: 3935:was thought to derive from 3796: 3615: 3465:vota pro salute imperatoris 3182: 3165: 3106:colo, colere, colui, cultus 3056:, or dedication, a form of 2595:in order to inaugurate the 2394:, on the right side of the 2240: 2186:si malum carmen incantassit 1645:by their right to take the 1474:to which augurs paid heed: 1470:, there were five kinds of 1406: 1310:and the major priesthoods. 1203: 784:. There were five kinds of 487: 10: 23908: 23892:Ancient Rome-related lists 23490:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 23429: 22862:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 168. 22794:(Brill, 2004), pp.159–160. 22744:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 173. 22167:I (1973) pp. 252, 276–277. 22088:, 15.9.8; Georges Dottin, 22076:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 382. 21695:Paris 1963; E. Benveniste 21644:The Archaeology of Baptism 21484:See further discussion at 21310:It. tr. Milano 1977 p. 475 21298:entrusted to a particular 21248:(Routledge, 2000), p. 85; 19990:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 287. 19360:, past participle of verb 18888:(Brill, 1996), p. 127–128. 18884:Fernando Navarro Antolin, 18760:sacerdos Cerialis mundalis 18556:Fernando Navarro Antolín, 18111:Firenze, 1973; E. Peruzzi 18055:(Rome, 1995) chap. II, III 17908:89 (1985), p. 214, citing 17609:(Munich, 1960), pp. 44-45. 17505:XXVII 36, 5; XL 42, 8-10; 16933:II.16 (1986), pp. 2203–04 16784:23.1.7, as cited by Rike, 16719:, "Founding the City," in 16566:Indo-European Sacred Space 16473:of the consul and general 16469: 16097:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 442. 16074:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 15652:Lucius Ateius Praetextatus 14172: 14140:the chief magistrate with 13638:(Brill, 1956), pp. 84–101. 13556:De provinciis consularibus 13535:(Oxford 1979), pp. 161 ff. 13339:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 293. 13215:(Edinburgh, 1911), p. 247. 12974:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 299. 12741:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 206. 12545:Cambridge University Press 12476:, with instances noted by 12190: 12180: 12081:) by a lower-rank priest ( 12045: 12042:" was a ritual migration. 11819:Rome itself was a kind of 11760: 11756: 11744: 11740: 11659:Before the Christian era, 11569:, religiously sanctioned. 11444: 11431:were entitled to practice 11412: 11350:was imported to Rome, the 10986:(most virtuous woman) and 10878: 10864: 10745: 10621: 10606:as witnessed by the gods. 10522: 10466: 10450: 10250: 10222:was among the reasons for 10087: 10035: 9914: 9787: 9738: 9592: 9445:("sacred sign") such as a 9326: 9301: 9295: 9169: 9092:were arranged, each for a 8972:decemviri sacris faciundis 8902: 8586:of briefer manifestation. 8208: 8077: 8054:meant "armed and adorned" 7744: 7593: 7548:and to report the results 7413: 7289:An adjective derived from 6854: 6801: 6780:in nature. These included 6777: 6697:indicates that either the 6587: 6485: 6424: 6343:lego, legare, ligo, ligare 6318: 6285:, but the absence of this 6277:was bathed as part of the 6256: 6212: 6206: 5644: 5338: 5225: 5174: 5160:in a reconstructed drawing 5072:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 5054:decemviri sacris faciundis 5050:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 5030:'s national epic of Rome. 4923: 4842: 4753:religions such as that of 4623:says it is specifically a 4595:because they are selected 4574: 4283: 4264: 4095: 3735: 3712:died is regarded as their 3542:). Because of the rate of 3410: 3397: 3290: 3241: 3235: 3203:was the oldest form of an 3149:is nothing other than the 2711:Commentaries of the Augurs 2445:("joined by law"), plural 2396: 1994: 1482:, signs offered by birds; 1455:were in possession of the 946: 937: 506:("to avert an omen", from 356:topography in ancient Rome 23821: 23783: 23757: 23726: 23685: 23613: 23529: 23508: 23485:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 23442: 23306: 23031: 23014: 22943:(Routledge, 2001), p. 75. 22878:(ed. Rüpke), pp. 332–334. 22711:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 236 22634:(Routledge, 2002), p. 10. 22156:Commentariolum petitionis 22063:122 (1978), pp. 237, 243. 21979:II 71 and 72; Festus v. 21962:I 102; Servius Danielis 21462:(Routledge, 2007), p. 33. 21399:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 55. 21294:for Apollo was in fact a 21162:Livy I, 20; Dion. Hal. II 20181:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed), 60. 19869: 19839:Blandine Cuny-Le Callet, 19826:Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, 19629:(Brill, 1956), pp. 82–83. 19297:56.4 (2007), pp. 436–437. 18750:Festus p. 261 L2, citing 18476:Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, 18109:Leges regiae e paricidas 17878:(London, 1922), p. 122ff. 17753:Philadelphia 1968 sv. ius 17046:derives from the IE root 16820:'s AD 314 address of the 16674:2.54; Nicholas Horsfall, 16259:4.123; Stephen L. Dyson, 15794:146 (edition of Lindsay). 15758:The Sociology of Religion 15441:Suetonius: Divus Claudius 14963:(Routledge, 2000), p. 44. 14750:Römische Staatsverwaltung 14128:1.35, 17, 18; 3.24, 6, 6. 13844:Horace's Carmen Saeculare 12336:(παιανίζειν), "to sing a 12248: 12207: 12112: 11901: 11167: 11140: 11086: 10812: 10545:that renders the soldier 10298:who was possibly named a 10294:dress by a member of the 9997: 8948:Prodigies were a type of 8680:Two late examples of the 8649: 8434: 8227: 8204: 8132:(the anger of the gods). 8087:", whose relation to the 7914: 7881:to biological signs, and 7853:) something to a person. 7723:was considered a kind of 7690: 7404:(singular or plural), as 7244: 7095: 6963:di superiores et involuti 6889:from Etruria, 420-400 BC) 6790:, or staged animal-human 6701:or person honored on the 6689:, frequently depicted on 6674: 6601: 6011: 5848:, an expiatory offering. 5796:, to increase the force ( 5685: 5673: 5526: 5470: 5428: 5064:fata rei publicae aeterna 4781:to describe the troop of 4239:The Sociology of Religion 3566:boy passed into adulthood 3370:certi, incerti, praecipui 3109: 3073: 2941: 2879: 2813:occultum genus litterarum 2527:was a member of all four 2100: 1878:, which are described as 1708: 1373:, is a diviner who reads 1360: 1176:said that originally the 852:on which they stood, and 840:meant foreign territory; 23744:Rape of the Sabine Women 22941:The Gods of Ancient Rome 22278:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 5. 21729:, pp. 427 ff.; K. Latte 21359:The Gods of Ancient Rome 21321:The Gods of Ancient Rome 21275:The Gods of Ancient Rome 21206:The Gods of Ancient Rome 20938:Journal of Roman Studies 20652:. See also the entry on 20487:Journal of Roman Studies 20283:New York 1963 (reprint). 20014:of the Judicial Speeches 19763:(Peeters, 2002), p. 269 19395:V, 1227; Livy III 5, 14. 19372:, I fasten: W. W. Skeat 19293:in the Roman Republic," 18993:Journal of Roman Studies 18764:Journal of Roman Studies 18595:3.336, cited by Wardle, 18484:, "History, Poetry, and 18173:Leges regiae e paricidas 18107:Sassari, 1983; S. Tondo 17585:(1992) 173–179; Fowler, 17437:; Festus p. 298 L. s.v. 17393:The Gods of Ancient Rome 17380:The Gods of Ancient Rome 17050:(as noted by Schilling, 16984:(as cited by Schilling, 16280:Anonymous author of the 16010:(Ashgate, 2003), p. 339 15910:Journal of Roman Studies 15624:Journal of Roman Studies 15465:69 (edition of Lindsay). 14972:George Willis Botsford, 14961:The Gods of Ancient Rome 14895:As recorded by Servius, 14359:(Ashgate, 2003), p. 105. 14303:George Willis Botsford, 13978:Journal of Roman Studies 13647:Hans-Friedrich Mueller, 13068:With the passing of the 13017:should be restricted to 12768:De verbis pontificalibus 12386:Religion in ancient Rome 12348:In a religious context, 12343: 11652:is actually directed at 11334:compared the fellowship 11287:; these are also called 10800: 10602: 10073: 9885: 9783: 9712:novus aut externus ritus 9583: 9577: 9513: 9280:Religion in ancient Rome 8692:Precatio omnium herbarum 7423: 7417: 7388: 7331: 7316: 7231:monstrum atque prodigium 6708: 6382:of magistrates and some 6341:, as do the Latin verbs 5484: 5334: 5288:In its religious sense, 5283: 5240: 4838: 4615:, "chosen from the herd 4091: 3919:was notably attended by 3882: 3221:gives the etymology of 3119:is often translated as " 3014: 2979:, "with, together", and 2685: 2544:Collegium (ancient Rome) 2333:("in the Gabine rite"). 1447:of augurs was opened to 1323: 1304:would be limited to the 1246:The distinction between 1144:) from within which the 1088: 905:), but often without an 688:and without frills; the 551: 23749:Battle of Lacus Curtius 22775:The Last Pagans of Rome 22726:A Companion to Catullus 22442:New York 1963 sv temple 22307:(Ashgate, 2007), p. 95. 21846:Oxford Latin Dictionary 21473:A Legal History of Rome 21460:A Legal History of Rome 21430:A Textbook of Roman law 21195:of the person involved. 21029:(Firenze, 1962), p. 468 20833:Dionysius Halicarnassus 20083:14.30) to describe the 19947:Animula Vagula Blandula 19603:(London, 1922), p. 462. 19530:and thus appear with a 19427:(London, 1922), p. 191. 18672:Horace's Narrative Odes 18613:Virgil: Aeneid, Book IX 17765:2, 2 ap. Dig. 1, 8, 1: 17491:Dionysius Halicarnassus 17013:and permissible speech 16972:. The Indo-Europeanist 16961:Oxford Latin Dictionary 16913:(Routledge, 2000), p.5 16752:Classica et Mediaevalia 16084:II.17.2 (1981), p. 848. 15502:(London, 1922), p. 59; 14910:De verborum significatu 14848:89 (1985), pp. 218–219. 14823:The Matter of the Gods, 14798:The Matter of the Gods, 14415:89 (1985), pp. 228–229. 14166:, 49 in the edition of 13846:(London, 2001), p. 133. 13013:on why election to the 13011:Appius Claudius Crassus 12861:(London, 1922), p. 209. 12624:The Roman Goddess Ceres 12620:Barbette Stanley Spaeth 12585:II.16.1 (1978), p. 561. 12398:, on religious holidays 11789:; if the senate house ( 10791:sanxit tribunum sacrum 10495:sacramentum legis actio 10482:, act of consecration. 10376:was in the care of the 10336:, including so-called " 10214:of the family, and the 9689:in accordance with the 9094:divine male-female pair 8861:in expressions such as 8844:, "pray, entreat." The 8761: 8758:was a plea or request. 8667:is ineffectual without 8388: 8240: 7926:are not the signs that 7863:Auguste Bouché-Leclercq 7809:cites his contemporary 7740: 6990:, "a wonder, marvel"). 6762: 6086:The equivalent term in 5008:or the contracted form 4647:were the entrails of a 4638: 4627:term and not a "poetic 3927:). In the interpretive 3658:foundation date of Rome 3614:was connected with the 3408:was an extreme form of 2291:Etruscan priestly dress 2204:in the physical sense. 1093:An augur (Latin plural 769: 23887:Glossaries of religion 23882:Ancient Roman religion 23436: 23004:Ancient Roman religion 22573:(Brill, 1980), p. 211 22395:4.28.11; Beard et al, 22262:Paris 1969 pp. 12 ff. 22258:102 1969 pp. 244-255; 22007:Religion of the Romans 21849:, however, identifies 21699:Paris 1939, p. 427 ff. 21375:Religion of the Romans 21256:(Franz Steiner, 1996), 21224:(London, 1922), p. 86. 20821:Religion of the Romans 20601:Religion of the Romans 20376:The Matter of the Gods 20128: 20122: 20108: 20085: 19936:II.16 (1986), p. 2246. 19672:Paris 1963 pp.161-172. 19616:(Brill, 1982), p. 160. 19406:Religion of the Romans 19391: 19069:Both are mentioned by 19060:89 (1985), p. 231–232. 18873:Religion of the Romans 18857:arborum multitudo cum 18805:Festus p. 424 L: 18766:, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33 18282:I 2nd 366; XI 4766; 18247:Berger, Adolf (1953). 18194:Religion of the Romans 17852:Religion of the Romans 17548:(London, 1908), p. 89. 17544:William Warde Fowler, 17082:p. 918; C. Gioffredi, 17080:Nuovo Digesto Italiano 16865:(Palermo 1978), p.127. 16640:Romano-British Temples 16585:(Brill, 1999), p. 164. 16390:, apud Paulus, p. 92M. 16375:(Brill, 1993), p. 121 16246:II.16.2 (1976), p. 31. 16172:2.12.29. According to 16030:II.16 (1986), p. 2273. 15690:Religion of the Romans 15486:II.16 (1986), p. 2203. 14959:2.156; Robert Turcan, 14785:The Matter of the Gods 14726:(Sassari, 1983), p.152 14706:II.16 (1986), p. 2249 14407:Jerzy Linderski, "The 14219:for 363, 331, and 263. 13722:Religion of the Romans 13663:See Davide Del Bello, 13551:Divinatio in Caecilium 13292:(Brill, 1970), p. 324 13167:: CS1 maint: others ( 13076:leges Liciniae Sextiae 13059:Liv. VI 41; X 81; IV 6 12915:II.16 (1986), p. 2150. 12807:Loeb Classical Library 12669:For usage of the term 12603:The Governance of Rome 12066: 12060: 11673:religious assimilation 11638:but no longer extant. 11456: 10833:infix and the suffix - 10266:commemorating the dead 10012: 9944:is cognate with Latin 9687:existing Aventine cult 9251: 9232:, which gave the gods 9124:This section is empty. 9104:to "watch" the games. 8960:procuratio prodigiorum 8879: 8857: 8836: 8801: 8777: 8771: 8754: 8721: 8688:Precatio Terrae Matris 8682: 8669: 8655: 8639: 8401:. Literary sources in 8385: 8322:. The chief among the 8288:, "father." See also 8171:before entering their 8010: 7799:Ostentarium arborarium 7475:). In Latin poetry, a 7451:religious significance 7367:to hold the office of 7325:(in archaic legalese, 7059: 7055:Emmer wheat, used for 6942:, held three types of 6890: 6713:In religious usage, a 6671: 6581:commentarii pontificum 6434: 6421: 6314: 6135: 6110:of local cult, and an 6088:ancient Greek religion 6069: 6063: 6038: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6014:or magic spell is the 5937:, the augurs, and the 5695: 5539: 5249:, "allowed days". The 5161: 5154:Fasti Antiates Maiores 5141:pertains to religion, 5121:'s often-cited phrase 5087: 4735:means "belonging to a 4511:", was also a term of 4365: 4003: 3899:meaning "evil omens." 3826:and up to the time of 3593: 3580:Page listing imperial 2785:commentarii pontificum 2684:Quando Rex Comitiavit 2329: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2273: 2251:are attributes of the 2039: 1928:, the Vestals and the 1803:war had to be declared 1620:Lex curiata de imperio 1196:was the creation of a 882: 879: 613: 528:, from which English " 524:, "sign". The noun is 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 350:. For temples see the 316:ancient Roman religion 267: 252:Ancient Greek religion 201: 18:Aedes (Roman religion) 23435: 22601:, "The Augural Law", 22525:, "The Augural Law", 22509:, 2.2, & Servius, 22252:inscription de Duenos 22178:The Patrician Tribune 21923:(Rome, 2003), p. 163 21646:(Lond, 1876), p. 138. 20332:, "The Augural Law", 20190:R. Bloch ibidem p. 96 20112:5.1229. According to 19932:, "The Augural Law", 19746:, "The Augural Law", 19583:: cfr. G. L. Bakkum 19187:, "The Augural Law", 19007:, "The Augural Law", 18713:L. Banti; G. Dumézil 18585:Varro as recorded by 18382:, p. 236 in the 1997 18370:According to Seneca, 17984:For example in Livy, 17339:VI 9, 7; Festus s.v. 17094:(Paris 1974), p. 144. 16929:, "The Augural Law", 16889:(Brill, 2009), p.113 16678:(Brill, 2008), p. 91. 16594:Lawrence Richardson, 16373:Epilepsy in Babylonia 15562:Roman Imperial Themes 15482:, "The Augural Law", 15390:, as noted by Rüpke, 15384:Inscriptiones Italiae 15354:, "The Augural Law", 15301:(Brill, 2009), p. 47. 14886:apud Nonius p. 792 L. 14702:, "The Augural Law", 14657:, "The Augural Law", 13855:Sarah Iles Johnston, 13562:VII 14, 3; IX 19, 1; 12788:Quoted by Macrobius, 12614:Lawrence Richardson, 12563:17 (1903, pp. 12–14). 12438:, "The Augural Law", 12275:M. Claudius Marcellus 12053: 11667:" could be a form of 11610:(timor inanis deorum) 11516:between two nations. 11452: 11336:(sodalicia consortia) 11064:(august). The use of 11029:. Ennius renders the 10787:guaranteed by an oath 10725:tribunes of the plebs 10713:Valerio-Horatian laws 10338:testamentary adoption 10224:adoption in adulthood 10182:were particular to a 9970: 9958:, "consecrated". The 9902:("sacred days") were 9704:as part of their own 9679:ritus graecus cereris 9242: 8383: 8028:meaning "wearing the 8000: 7825: — according to 7719:or unexpected signs. 7540:was to observe signs 7054: 6862: 6661: 6464:ceremony inaugurating 6419: 6362:Even though the word 5693: 5534: 5481:, or fetial priests. 5339:Further information: 5151: 5145:to the human being." 4972:had a central space ( 4757:(in reference to the 4390:psychological warfare 4359: 4302:ceremony inaugurating 4290:fixed verbal formulas 4040:(lightning), and the 3998: 3967:). In explaining why 3907:, and were a type of 3830:mark January 14 as a 3590:Calendar of Filocalus 3579: 3392:List of Roman deities 3299:was enacted before a 2705:commentarii augurales 2031: 1912:makes clear that the 1697:families to take the 1280:is the same thing as 1198:tabernaculum augurale 1128:could become augurs. 1022:on trees, these were 870: 626:always uses the word 605: 344:List of Roman deities 66:Practices and beliefs 23629:Interpretatio graeca 22961:William Warde Fowler 22933:William Warde Fowler 22320:2.5.1; Beard et al, 22086:Ammianus Marcellinus 21784:. See also Marcian, 21458:George Mousourakis, 21218:William Warde Fowler 20985:A Commentary on Livy 20588:Sacramental Theology 20586:Herbert Vorgrimler, 20293:William Warde Fowler 19597:William Warde Fowler 19491:equivalent to Latin 19447:; Roger D. Woodard, 19421:William Warde Fowler 19166:Cicero on Divination 19114:Ammianus Marcellinus 18779:Napoli, 1980, p. 93. 18659:Philosophy and Power 18646:Cicero on Divination 18644:As cited by Wardle, 18597:Cicero on Divination 18339:Naturales Questiones 17942:(1996), pp. 342–345. 17895:53:2 (1994), p. 273, 17872:William Warde Fowler 17587:Religious Experience 17457:III Paris 1898 s. v 17195:); Festus p. 488 L, 17181:Livy I.18.9; Varro, 16778:Ammianus Marcellinus 16363:of religious mania ( 16006:George Mousourakis, 15496:William Warde Fowler 15156:William Warde Fowler 14355:George Mousourakis, 14187:Livy, 7.3; Brennan, 14025:Jean MacIntosh Turfa 13894:Bernadotte Filotas, 13872:52:1 (2002) 288–289. 13799:; see Neil Elliott, 13525:Das altroemische Ius 13517:William Warde Fowler 13507:1.32; 31.8.3; 36.3.9 12855:William Warde Fowler 12470:improbare, execrari, 12245:was a public slave. 12058:led to the altar by 11958:In the legal sense, 11858: 11720: 11531:. Related words are 11332:Ammianus Marcellinus 11251:, "fraternity." The 11103:ecclesiastical Latin 10919:as "neither sacred ( 10579:religious initiation 10531:sacramentum militare 10506:, and forfeited his 10372:why his cult at the 10270:Gallic siege of Rome 10160:is ascribed to king 10122:. They included the 9956:sacratur, consecrare 9932:, related forms are 9717: 9700:The Romans regarded 9681:) was imported from 9524:ecclesiastical Latin 9490:Roman state religion 9146: 9107: 8741:was recited for the 7987: 7827:Ammianus Marcellinus 7815:ostentarium aviarium 7629:tribune of the plebs 7579: 7457:, a natural forest; 7279: 7149:says, from the verb 6849: 6794:that may have had a 6655:could be obtained. 6492:liberatus et effatus 6476:and followed by the 6251: 5893:auspicia impetrativa 5885:A rite performed by 5875: 5826:hostia praesentanaea 5790:hostia consultatoria 5680: 5639: 4954:Romano-Celtic temple 4785:who attended on the 4722: 4591:are called 'select' 4322:liberatus et effatus 4259: 3931:of ancient writers, 3426:. The English word " 3352:is a "generic term" 3318:, "goddess", plural 3160: 3100:originates from the 2538:In Roman society, a 2425:Temple of Mars Ultor 2105:In classical Latin, 1936:) by taking them to 1926:Gallic siege of Rome 1840:, a word of obscure 1822: 1770: 1682:auspicia impetrativa 1555:Auspicia impetrativa 1550:auspicia impetrativa 1543:("on another day"). 1283:auspicia impetrativa 774:In religious usage, 662:for a god embodying 582:. For instance, the 566:or sacred district. 535:auspicia impetrativa 492: 269:Interpretatio Graeca 262:Gallo-Roman religion 23829:Classical mythology 23650:Theology of victory 23495:Kings of Alba Longa 22720:Gian Biagio Conte, 22622:is synonymous with 22303:Maijastina Kahlos, 22098:sodalicia consortia 22094:sodalicia consortia 22018:Thomas N. Habinek, 21607:Robert E. A. Palmer 21445:V 180; Festus s.v. 21306:III 19; G. Dumézil 21277:, p. 43ff.; Smith, 21107:The Roman Clan: The 21027:Origini Indoeuropee 20710:Jean-Louis Durand, 20699:La religion védique 20573:Gian Biagio Conte, 20008:Steven M. Cerutti, 19522:LV 1981 pp. 30-46. 19505:Proto-Indo-European 19368:to bind, and Greek 19339:Thomas N. Habinek, 18696:Gregory A. Staley, 18380:peremptalia fulgura 18141:("On Laws"), 2, 21. 17782:Sassari 1991 p. 110 17635:Classical Philology 17473:Torino 1960 p. 352. 17451:feriae praecidaneae 17439:praesentanea hostia 17365:Nathan Rosenstein, 17001:, 6.29, because on 16853:p. 5; P. Catalano, 16611:and sanctuary," in 16459:As for instance in 16022:Daniel J. Gargola, 15896:Daniel J. Gargola, 15816:Daniel J. Gargola, 15736:James R. Harrison, 15656:Gaius Ateius Capito 15314:8.2 (2000), p. 228. 15177:. Maureen Carroll, 14857:Sabine MacCormack, 14676:Classical Quarterly 14525:Cicero the Advocate 13980:110 (2020), p. 103 13961:See, for instance, 13870:Classical Quarterly 13821:41 (1990) 245–260; 13807:; Bruce W. Winter, 13634:, "Caerimonia", in 13204:, as epitomized by 12845:Oxford 1964, p. 264 12455:Paris, 1969, p. 55. 11998:removed the phrase 11881:, fixed prayers of 11519:In legal Latin the 11479:Proto-Indo-European 11354:of her priests the 11346:. When the cult of 11344:Gallo-Roman culture 10351:detestatio sacrorum 10328:(propudialis porcus 10310:in the care of the 10282:of his clan on the 10103:College of Pontiffs 10028:, a word of either 9350:, "human affairs." 9160:is the wife of the 8863:te precor quaesoque 8653:, "prayer" (plural 8629:) by human beings. 8245:In Latin and other 8122:. Religious error ( 7857:specified that "an 7747:Omen (ancient Rome) 7672:Etruscan discipline 7441:is more strictly a 7400:Usually found with 6898:Etruscan discipline 6774:religious festivals 6513:commentarii augurum 6502:The augural books ( 6333:) derives from the 6234:, was consulted by 5966:College of Pontiffs 5550:College of Pontiffs 5548:formed part of the 5317:, "to suckle"; and 5133:allow (it)," which 4633:(poeticum ἐπίθετον) 4525:(locus inauguratus) 4348:had to be renewed. 3917:invasion of Parthia 3297:detestatio sacrorum 3273:detestatio sacrorum 2927:Etruscan discipline 2795:College of Pontiffs 2665:detestatio sacrorum 2631:presided are never 2593:college of pontiffs 2517:Septemviri epulonum 2486:College of Pontiffs 2307:declarations of war 1987:, specifically the 1884:College of Pontiffs 1880:statae et sollemnes 1389:, "observer", from 958:was categorized as 510:, "away, off," and 338:, or the names and 23437: 22728:(Blackwell, 2011) 22632:The Hand of Cicero 22555:Legitimacy and Law 22416:(Blackwell, 2007). 22176:W. Jeffrey Tatum, 22057:Robert E.A. Palmer 21954:XXVIII 11; Seneca 21952:Naturalis Historia 21937:A Latin Dictionary 21915:Robert A. Castus, 21877:Ovid, Fasti 2.658. 21555:Arnaldo Momigliano 21519:Carlin A. Barton, 21357:2.1.9-21; Turcan, 21250:Robert E.A. Palmer 21136:5, 66; Serv. Dan. 20987:1-5, Oxford, 1965. 20940:, I, 1911, p.57-63 20848:, 2.1., describes 20538:Massimo Pallottino 20489:, I, 1911, p.57-63 20446:72 (1941) 372–381. 20234:See Livy, 22.1 ff. 19575:with a long first 19437:Robert E.A. Palmer 19287:Imperium, potestas 19285:Fred K. Drogula, " 18965:W. Jeffrey Tatum, 18913:Stephen L. Dyson, 18611:Philip R. Hardie, 18355:Disciplina Etrusca 18351:Massimo Pallottino 18325:Weinstock, p. 125. 18316:19 (1951), p. 125. 18020:LV 1981 p. 38 n.22 17637:79 (1984), p. 210. 17631:Arnaldo Momigliano 17447:feriae succidaneae 17443:hostia praecidanea 17435:praecidanea hostia 16755:55 (2004), p. 276. 16645:2012-09-07 at the 16634:2013-02-16 at the 16508:Roger D. Woodard, 16475:M. Atilius Regulus 16436:Caesarius of Arles 16367:454); C.O. Brink, 16159:Torino 2001 p. 197 15987:Arnaldo Momigliano 15912:63 (1973) 161–174. 15641:5.45, also 12.139. 15626:68 (1978), p. 138. 15620:Disciplina Etrusca 15600:Disciplina Etrusca 15596:Massimo Pallottino 15388:Dies vitios ex s c 15260:Caesar's Calendar, 15244:Caesar's Calendar, 15194:35 (1988) 152–163. 15119:Raffaella Cribiore 15088:Carlos F. Noreña, 14930:Isidore of Seville 14920:2006 p. 165 n. 59. 13797:1 Corinthians 11:4 13737:Robert E.A. Palmer 13689:Isidore of Seville 13582:Isidore of Seville 13564:Pro rege Deiotauro 13476:Tarquitius Priscus 13331:: Controlling the 13240:W. Jeffrey Tatum, 12983:Schilling, p. 115. 12966:: Controlling the 12894:Robert Schilling, 12558:Notes on Vitruvius 12556:Morris H. Morgan, 12067: 11878:certae precationes 11626:honours the gods, 11575:Duenos inscription 11457: 11454:Duenos inscription 11399:Sodales Augustales 11306:might also form a 11221:In ancient times, 11001:Later the epithet 10984:sanctissima femina 10982:is described as a 10453:Sacramentum (oath) 10348:of his birth (see 10290:were performed in 10272:, a member of the 10013: 9918:) were forbidden. 9764:had no roof. "The 9673:. A Greek rite to 9547:is the proven way 9498:ranking of priests 9397:into three kinds: 9352:Rem divinam facere 9325:himself. See also 9252: 9234:what was owed them 8834:In general usage, 8665:sacrificial victim 8607:Christian theology 8550:A. Bouché-Leclercq 8475:, and by means of 8439:to the gods. Both 8386: 8120:religious practice 8011: 7905:disciplina Etrusca 7803:Ostentarium Tuscum 7795:Tarquitius Priscus 7060: 6891: 6672: 6548:libri pontificales 6542:libri pontificales 6422: 6130:Eucharistic prayer 5814:hostia praecidanea 5805:hostia praecidanea 5696: 5634:foundation of Rome 5571:and always wore a 5540: 5215:Indo-European root 5162: 5123:fas et iura sinunt 5020:is a theme of the 4989:The English word " 4970:Gallo-Roman period 4815:Caesarius of Arles 4682:disciplina Etrusca 4551:of a deity and an 4456:M. Fulvius Flaccus 4366: 4062:Etrusca disciplina 4017:disciplina Etrusca 4004: 3991:disciplina Etrusca 3718:Calendar of saints 3647:defeat at Philippi 3594: 3540:inclusive counting 3512:. References to a 3307:deus, dea, di, dii 3049:libri pontificales 2960:of the Latin word 2885:libri pontificales 2880:prayer formularies 2845:libri pontificales 2642:were organized by 2313:sulcus primigenius 2295:religious contexts 2190:carmen sepulchrale 2040: 1985:Jewish observances 1983:should be used of 1967:Isidore of Seville 1868:Hendrik Wagenvoort 1256:is often unclear. 1014:Tarquitius Priscus 880: 614: 599:, a small shrine. 314:The vocabulary of 104:funerary practices 23869: 23868: 23846:Etruscan religion 23460:Romulus and Remus 23443:Legendary figures 23427: 23426: 23076:Castor and Pollux 22803:Servius, note to 22790:Steven J. Green, 22618:(4.30) says that 22393:Divine Institutes 21839:places, that is, 21613:, p. 171, note 1. 21151:Adversus nationes 20872:existimare sacrum 20852:(pigs considered 20810:, p. 422.15–17 L. 20767:in his lost work 20682:De Lingua Latina 20644:Festus, entry on 20223:Livius Andronicus 19920:46 (1999), p. 15. 18794:978-0-415-07250-2 18543:Servius, note to 18530:Ariadne Staples, 18436:Martianus Capella 18374:2.41.1. See also 17904:Jerzy Linderski, 17816:Libr. I regularum 17427:hostia succidanea 17322:VI 9, 5-7; Varro 17265:Servius, note to 17228:XV.14.3; Paulus, 16988:, p. 93, note 4). 16700:Elisabeth Henry, 16689:Virgil, Aeneid 2, 16670:Servius, note to 16659:English Etymology 16607:Patrice Méniel, " 16403:2006 p. 165 n. 59 16343:See for instance 15635:Servius, note to 15396:Fasti Praenestini 15192:Greece & Rome 15033:1909 pp. 154-170. 14985:Servius, note to 14585:augurium canarium 14519:Wilfried Stroh, " 14437:Festus, book 17, 14013:Servius, note to 14004:97 (1995), p. 19. 13632:Hendrik Wagenvort 13594:Libro I regolarum 13474:III 20 3, citing 13181:According to the 13146:978-1-4051-8216-4 13124:Schmitz, "Augur." 13021:on these grounds. 12779:Macrobius III 12 12526:John W. Stamper, 12079:probatio victimae 11992:on the calendar. 11557:forms of marriage 11545:second-declension 11255:is a member of a 10911:The Roman jurist 10894:Umbrian or Sabine 10433:Roman citizenship 10429:municipalia sacra 10403:sacra municipalia 9685:and added to her 9496:says that in the 9266:; neglecting the 9144: 9143: 8951:auspicia oblativa 8919:religious offense 8887:addressed to the 8789:, "good prayer." 8706:Dirae precationes 8548:In the schema of 8020:singular, plural 7970:Flamen Quirinalis 7705:Impetrative signs 7355:records that the 6622:Liver of Piacenza 6392:quaqua lege volet 6275:Venus Verticordia 6222:, holy days; and 6067:is a synonym for 5990:De indigitamentis 5858:sacrament of the 5834:hostia succidanea 5694:Ritual implements 5401:In the Christian 5358:, which could be 5296:has achieved the 4675:were exposed for 4649:sacrificed animal 4458:'s defeat of the 4426:Scipio Aemilianus 4326:locus inauguratus 4181:interchangeably. 4030:libri haruspicini 4014:was known as the 4008:Etruscan religion 4001:liver of Piacenza 3841:senatus consultum 3710:Christian martyrs 3640:Caesar's assassin 3636:victory at Mutina 3227:fustem delibratum 3022:insists that the 2983:, "throw, put"). 2451:legal personality 2086:or other priest. 1930:Flamen Quirinalis 1756:arbores infelices 1667:auspicia oblativa 1657:auspicia oblativa 1596:auspicia oblativa 1347:vernisera auguria 1333:augurium canarium 1002:Arbores infelices 752:Sibylline oracles 312: 311: 257:Etruscan religion 215:agricultural gods 114:mystery religions 60: 16:(Redirected from 23899: 23739:Founding of Rome 23509:Legendary beings 23470:Tullus Hostilius 23307:Abstract deities 23166:Lares Familiares 23029: 23028: 22997: 22990: 22983: 22974: 22973: 22968: 22950: 22944: 22930: 22924: 22915: 22909: 22902: 22896: 22885: 22879: 22872:Marietta Horster 22869: 22863: 22856: 22850: 22840: 22834: 22814: 22808: 22801: 22795: 22788: 22782: 22767: 22761: 22751: 22745: 22738: 22732: 22718: 22712: 22677: 22671: 22657: 22651: 22644:T. Corey Brennan 22641: 22635: 22612: 22606: 22596: 22590: 22583: 22577: 22567: 22561: 22551: 22545: 22520: 22514: 22495: 22489: 22475: 22469: 22462: 22456: 22449: 22443: 22436: 22430: 22423: 22417: 22406: 22400: 22386: 22380: 22373: 22367: 22360: 22354: 22344: 22338: 22331: 22325: 22314: 22308: 22301: 22295: 22285: 22279: 22269: 22263: 22248: 22242: 22235: 22229: 22217: 22211: 22200: 22194: 22187: 22181: 22174: 22168: 22151: 22145: 22124: 22118: 22107: 22101: 22083: 22077: 22070: 22064: 22029: 22023: 22016: 22010: 22003: 21997: 21994: 21988: 21981:Silentio surgere 21973: 21967: 21948: 21942: 21933: 21927: 21913: 21907: 21897: 21891: 21884: 21878: 21875: 21869: 21816:Servius glosses 21814: 21808: 21803: 21797: 21778: 21772: 21767:Roma 2001; Cic. 21757: 21751: 21740: 21734: 21719: 21713: 21706: 21700: 21689: 21683: 21669: 21663: 21653: 21647: 21637: 21631: 21620: 21614: 21604: 21598: 21591: 21585: 21572: 21566: 21552: 21546: 21530: 21524: 21517: 21511: 21496: 21490: 21482: 21476: 21469: 21463: 21456: 21450: 21443:De Lingua latina 21439: 21433: 21422: 21416: 21406: 21400: 21393: 21387: 21384: 21378: 21368: 21362: 21351: 21345: 21334: 21328: 21317: 21311: 21288: 21282: 21263: 21257: 21231: 21225: 21215: 21209: 21202: 21196: 21169: 21163: 21160: 21154: 21120: 21114: 21103: 21097: 21090:De Lingua Latina 21086: 21080: 21065: 21059: 21052: 21046: 21036: 21030: 21023: 21017: 21004:22, 3 and Macr. 20994: 20988: 20975:Festus, p422 L: 20973: 20967: 20960: 20954: 20947: 20941: 20926: 20920: 20913: 20907: 20890: 20884: 20865:M. Morani "Lat. 20863: 20857: 20842: 20836: 20830: 20824: 20817: 20811: 20804: 20798: 20788: 20782: 20751: 20745: 20735: 20729: 20708: 20702: 20701:III 1883 p. 220. 20695: 20689: 20642: 20636: 20626: 20620: 20613: 20607: 20597: 20591: 20584: 20578: 20571: 20565: 20556:, "Religion and 20551: 20545: 20535: 20529: 20521:De natura deorum 20513: 20507: 20496: 20490: 20479: 20473: 20466: 20460: 20453: 20447: 20440: 20434: 20427: 20421: 20407: 20401: 20385: 20379: 20372: 20366: 20363:De natura deorum 20359: 20353: 20343: 20337: 20327: 20321: 20316:Charlotte Long, 20314: 20308: 20290: 20284: 20268: 20262: 20255: 20249: 20241: 20235: 20232: 20226: 20219: 20213: 20206: 20200: 20197: 20191: 20188: 20182: 20179: 20173: 20160: 20154: 20143: 20137: 20131: 20125: 20114:Emile Benveniste 20111: 20100: 20094: 20088: 20070: 20064: 20057: 20051: 20044: 20038: 20031: 20025: 20020:; Jill Harries, 20006: 20000: 19997: 19991: 19980: 19974: 19964: 19958: 19943: 19937: 19927: 19921: 19910: 19904: 19889: 19883: 19882:(p. 15, note 9). 19850: 19844: 19837: 19831: 19824: 19818: 19798: 19792: 19773: 19767: 19757: 19751: 19741: 19735: 19724: 19718: 19711: 19705: 19695: 19689: 19679: 19673: 19662: 19656: 19655:97 (1937: 53-70) 19649: 19643: 19636: 19630: 19623: 19617: 19610: 19604: 19594: 19588: 19526:may derive from 19470: 19464: 19461: 19455: 19434: 19428: 19418: 19412: 19402: 19396: 19394: 19389:678; Lucretius, 19383: 19377: 19376:s.v. peace, pact 19350: 19344: 19337: 19331: 19321: 19315: 19304: 19298: 19283: 19277: 19263: 19257: 19252:Diritto e Storia 19244: 19238: 19235:De lingua latina 19232: 19226: 19219: 19213: 19202: 19196: 19195:, 1.72 and 2.49. 19182: 19176: 19162: 19156: 19138:Varro quoted by 19136: 19130: 19123: 19117: 19107: 19101: 19091: 19085: 19067: 19061: 19047: 19041: 19038:Arch. de Stambul 19018: 19012: 19002: 18996: 18995:47 (1957) 16–16. 18989: 18983: 18976: 18970: 18963: 18949: 18948:S.W. Rasmussen, 18944: 18935: 18924: 18918: 18911: 18905: 18895: 18889: 18882: 18876: 18869: 18863: 18844: 18838: 18831: 18825: 18816: 18810: 18803: 18797: 18786: 18780: 18773: 18767: 18748: 18742: 18736: 18730: 18724: 18718: 18711: 18705: 18694: 18688: 18681: 18675: 18670:Michèle Lowrie, 18668: 18662: 18655: 18649: 18642: 18633: 18622: 18616: 18609: 18603: 18583: 18577: 18570: 18564: 18554: 18548: 18541: 18535: 18528: 18522: 18512: 18506: 18503: 18497: 18474: 18468: 18465: 18459: 18458:2.41.1–2 and 39. 18445: 18439: 18424: 18418: 18415: 18409: 18368: 18362: 18348: 18342: 18332: 18326: 18323: 18317: 18310: 18304: 18297: 18291: 18288:Diritto e Storia 18275: 18269: 18268: 18244: 18238: 18231: 18225: 18215: 18206: 18203: 18197: 18190: 18184: 18177:Studi Albertario 18165: 18159: 18148: 18142: 18135: 18129: 18124:Francesco Sini, 18122: 18116: 18101: 18095: 18088: 18082: 18075: 18069: 18066:The Roman Empire 18062: 18056: 18049: 18043: 18036: 18030: 18027: 18021: 18014: 18008: 17997: 17991: 17982: 17976: 17969: 17963: 17949: 17943: 17936: 17930: 17919: 17913: 17902: 17896: 17885: 17879: 17869: 17863: 17848: 17842: 17832: 17826: 17810: 17804: 17789: 17783: 17776: 17770: 17760: 17754: 17747: 17741: 17726: 17720: 17713: 17707: 17704: 17698: 17691: 17685: 17678: 17672: 17657: 17651: 17644: 17638: 17616: 17610: 17575: 17569: 17555: 17549: 17542: 17536: 17529: 17523: 17516: 17510: 17500: 17494: 17480: 17474: 17419: 17413: 17402: 17396: 17389: 17383: 17376: 17370: 17363: 17357: 17350: 17344: 17333: 17327: 17316: 17310: 17307: 17298: 17278: 17272: 17263: 17257: 17243: 17237: 17232:p. 505 L; Ovid, 17222:De lingua latina 17208:Joseph Rykwert, 17206: 17200: 17183:De lingua latina 17179: 17173: 17148: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17138: 17127: 17121: 17114: 17108: 17101: 17095: 17037: 17031: 16999:De Lingua Latina 16995: 16989: 16974:Emile Benveniste 16956: 16950: 16943: 16937: 16899: 16893: 16883: 16877: 16872: 16866: 16831: 16825: 16799: 16793: 16775: 16769: 16762: 16756: 16747: 16741: 16730: 16724: 16714: 16708: 16698: 16692: 16685: 16679: 16668: 16662: 16655: 16649: 16625: 16619: 16605: 16599: 16592: 16586: 16575: 16569: 16562: 16556: 16538: 16532: 16522: 16516: 16506: 16500: 16457: 16451: 16432: 16426: 16410: 16404: 16397: 16391: 16385: 16379: 16341: 16335: 16321: 16315: 16307: 16301: 16283:Historia Augusta 16278: 16272: 16253: 16247: 16229: 16223: 16216: 16210: 16191: 16185: 16166: 16160: 16153: 16147: 16130: 16124: 16117: 16111: 16104: 16098: 16091: 16085: 16067: 16061: 16037: 16031: 16020: 16014: 16004: 15998: 15984: 15978: 15968: 15962: 15955: 15949: 15942: 15936: 15919: 15913: 15902:Elizabeth Rawson 15894: 15888: 15865: 15859: 15852: 15846: 15836: 15830: 15827: 15821: 15814: 15808: 15801: 15795: 15789: 15783: 15770: 15764: 15751: 15745: 15734: 15728: 15721: 15715: 15702: 15696: 15686: 15680: 15665: 15659: 15648: 15642: 15633: 15627: 15616:Elizabeth Rawson 15613: 15607: 15593: 15587: 15574: 15568: 15555: 15549: 15523: 15517: 15493: 15487: 15472: 15466: 15450: 15444: 15427: 15421: 15414: 15408: 15405: 15399: 15365: 15359: 15337: 15331: 15321: 15315: 15308: 15302: 15295: 15289: 15282: 15276: 15269: 15263: 15256: 15247: 15240: 15234: 15227: 15221: 15214: 15208: 15203:Christian Laes, 15201: 15195: 15188: 15182: 15169: 15163: 15145: 15139: 15132: 15126: 15115:Ramsay MacMullen 15099: 15093: 15086: 15080: 15066: 15060: 15053: 15047: 15040: 15034: 15019: 15013: 14998: 14992: 14983: 14977: 14970: 14964: 14950: 14944: 14927: 14921: 14906: 14900: 14893: 14887: 14884: 14878: 14868: 14862: 14855: 14849: 14835: 14826: 14815: 14809: 14794: 14788: 14778: 14772: 14768:De Natura Deorum 14763: 14757: 14746: 14740: 14733: 14727: 14716: 14710: 14697: 14691: 14690:(Peeters, 2002). 14668: 14662: 14652: 14646: 14636: 14630: 14627:Horace on Poetry 14623: 14617: 14612:Linderski, "The 14610: 14604: 14573: 14567: 14553: 14547: 14534: 14528: 14517: 14511: 14504: 14498: 14488: 14482: 14469: 14463: 14460: 14454: 14447: 14441: 14435: 14429: 14422: 14416: 14405: 14399: 14392: 14386: 14379: 14373: 14370:Fasti Viae Lanza 14366: 14360: 14353: 14347: 14344:Roman Assemblies 14340: 14334: 14331:Roman Assemblies 14327: 14321: 14318:Roman Assemblies 14314: 14308: 14301: 14295: 14285: 14279: 14272: 14266: 14252: 14246: 14239: 14233: 14226: 14220: 14212:Fasti Capitolini 14207: 14201: 14198: 14192: 14185: 14179: 14161: 14155: 14148:T. Corey Brennan 14138:Praetor maximus, 14135: 14129: 14119: 14113: 14103: 14097: 14082:, commentary on 14073: 14064: 14054: 14048: 14038: 14029: 14019:Larissa Bonfante 14011: 14005: 13991: 13985: 13974: 13968: 13959: 13953: 13946: 13940: 13921: 13915: 13905: 13899: 13892: 13886: 13879: 13873: 13866: 13860: 13853: 13847: 13836: 13830: 13818:Tyndale Bulletin 13794: 13788: 13782: 13776: 13769: 13763: 13750: 13744: 13734: 13728: 13707: 13701: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13661: 13655: 13645: 13639: 13629: 13623: 13620:Valerius Maximus 13617: 13611: 13576:XI 37; XIII 35; 13542: 13536: 13514: 13508: 13502: 13496: 13493:De Lingua Latina 13489: 13483: 13468: 13462: 13451:Elizabeth Rawson 13448: 13442: 13439: 13433: 13422: 13416: 13398: 13392: 13385: 13379: 13376:Silentio surgere 13372: 13366: 13359: 13353: 13346: 13340: 13325: 13319: 13309:T. Corey Brennan 13306: 13300: 13286: 13280: 13270: 13264: 13251: 13245: 13238: 13232: 13225: 13216: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13166: 13158: 13131: 13125: 13122: 13116: 13098: 13092: 13085: 13079: 13066: 13060: 13057: 13051: 13041: 13035: 13028: 13022: 13003: 12997: 12990: 12984: 12981: 12975: 12960: 12954: 12947: 12938: 12935: 12929: 12922: 12916: 12905: 12899: 12892: 12886: 12868: 12862: 12852: 12846: 12839:Virgilio, Eneide 12831: 12825: 12799: 12793: 12786: 12780: 12777: 12771: 12761: 12755: 12748: 12742: 12735: 12729: 12719: 12713: 12699: 12693: 12690:De lingua latina 12686: 12680: 12667: 12661: 12650:De lingua latina 12646: 12640: 12633: 12627: 12612: 12606: 12592: 12586: 12570: 12564: 12554: 12548: 12537: 12531: 12524: 12518: 12511: 12505: 12462: 12456: 12449: 12443: 12433: 12427: 12417: 12317:Nonae Caprotinae 12065: 12016:Latin literature 12005:(verba concepta) 11939:augural archives 11891:, which in both 11763:: compare Greek 11567:Roman patricians 11529:spondeo, sponsus 11495:spondai, spondas 11324:Nigidius Figulus 11121:servare de caelo 11109:is the word for 10988:Cato the Younger 10640:are also called 10368:' time in Italy 10358:Sacra gentilicia 10342:sacra gentilicia 10246:Sacra gentilicia 10241:sacra gentilicia 10233:sacra gentilicia 10166:founding of Rome 10124:sacra pro populo 9936:, "sacred," and 9876:plebeian tribune 9507:flamines maiores 9488:was the head of 9486:Pontifex Maximus 9410:natural theology 9307:locus religiosus 9249:locus religiosus 9243:Dedication from 9208:correct practice 9139: 9136: 9126:You can help by 9119: 9112: 9080:. In the famous 9040:, "before", and 9014:defeat at Cannae 9012:followed Rome's 8882: 8860: 8839: 8804: 8780: 8774: 8757: 8743:augurium salutis 8724: 8685: 8672: 8658: 8642: 8328:Pontifex Maximus 8247:Italic languages 8056:(armati, ornati) 7974:Pontifex Maximus 7972:and lastly, the 7966:Flamen Martialis 7811:Umbricius Melior 7751:An omen, plural 7445:, as defined by 7381:plebeian tribune 7266:considered them 7208:Latin literature 6594:animal sacrifice 6437: 6293:did not attend. 6245:flaminica Dialis 6072: 6066: 6041: 6031: 6025: 6023:invoco, invocare 6019: 5934:flamines maiores 5800:) of the deity. 5663:municipal status 5591:, but it may be 5537:(3rd century AD) 4870:Diana Nemorensis 4845:Fanum (streamer) 4819:arbores fanatici 4651:, comprising in 4214:Pauline theology 4155:(deos perpetuos) 4046:Nigidius Figulus 4038:libri fulgurales 3979:speaks of it as 3702:Paulinus of Nola 3544:infant mortality 3354:(generale nomen) 2763:Servius Danielis 2693:to "call" for a 2678:, given once as 2662:were renounced ( 2625:pontifex maximus 2490:Pontifex Maximus 2352:). According to 2332: 2326: 2316: 2304: 2276: 2208:castus, castitas 2194:carmen veneficum 2154:Carmen Saeculare 2144:Carmina Saliaria 2113:magico-religious 2051:, and practiced 2006:flamines maiores 1910:Valerius Maximus 1870:maintained that 1720:Pontifex Maximus 1703:auspicia privata 1689:auspicia privata 1639:flamines maiores 1609:Roman magistrate 1566:servare de caelo 1524:servare de caelo 1492:ex quadrupedibus 1457:auspicia publica 1451:in 300 BC. Only 1355:auguria messalia 1331:(August 5); the 1319:augurium salutis 1180:was in fact the 1012:). As listed by 966:. The adjective 944:Some trees were 738:, is related by 690:Corinthian order 370: 321:Christian Church 304: 297: 290: 272: 206: 191:Capitoline Triad 49: 47: 37: 29: 28: 21: 23907: 23906: 23902: 23901: 23900: 23898: 23897: 23896: 23872: 23871: 23870: 23865: 23861:Myth and ritual 23856:Greek mythology 23817: 23779: 23775:Pignora imperii 23770:Parabiago Plate 23753: 23722: 23681: 23615: 23609: 23591:Sibylline Books 23525: 23504: 23475:Servius Tullius 23438: 23423: 23302: 23018: 23010: 23001: 22971: 22951: 22947: 22931: 22927: 22916: 22912: 22903: 22899: 22886: 22882: 22870: 22866: 22857: 22853: 22841: 22837: 22815: 22811: 22802: 22798: 22789: 22785: 22779:Venus Caelestis 22768: 22764: 22752: 22748: 22739: 22735: 22719: 22715: 22689:Calvert Watkins 22678: 22674: 22658: 22654: 22642: 22638: 22613: 22609: 22599:Jerzy Linderski 22597: 22593: 22589:46 (1999) 1–52. 22584: 22580: 22568: 22564: 22552: 22548: 22523:Jerzy Linderski 22521: 22517: 22496: 22492: 22476: 22472: 22463: 22459: 22450: 22446: 22437: 22433: 22424: 22420: 22407: 22403: 22387: 22383: 22374: 22370: 22361: 22357: 22345: 22341: 22332: 22328: 22315: 22311: 22302: 22298: 22286: 22282: 22270: 22266: 22249: 22245: 22236: 22232: 22218: 22214: 22201: 22197: 22188: 22184: 22175: 22171: 22161:Quintus Cicéron 22152: 22148: 22125: 22121: 22108: 22104: 22084: 22080: 22071: 22067: 22030: 22026: 22017: 22013: 22004: 22000: 21995: 21991: 21974: 21970: 21958:XXVI 7; Cicero 21949: 21945: 21934: 21930: 21914: 21910: 21898: 21894: 21885: 21881: 21876: 21872: 21818:Amsancti valles 21815: 21811: 21804: 21800: 21779: 21775: 21758: 21754: 21741: 21737: 21720: 21716: 21712:1919, X, p. 155 21707: 21703: 21690: 21686: 21670: 21666: 21657:Latino sacer... 21654: 21650: 21638: 21634: 21621: 21617: 21605: 21601: 21592: 21588: 21573: 21569: 21553: 21549: 21531: 21527: 21518: 21514: 21497: 21493: 21483: 21479: 21470: 21466: 21457: 21453: 21440: 21436: 21423: 21419: 21407: 21403: 21394: 21390: 21385: 21381: 21369: 21365: 21352: 21348: 21335: 21331: 21318: 21314: 21296:sacrum publicum 21289: 21285: 21273:XV 32; Turcan, 21264: 21260: 21232: 21228: 21216: 21212: 21203: 21199: 21170: 21166: 21161: 21157: 21121: 21117: 21104: 21100: 21087: 21083: 21066: 21062: 21053: 21049: 21037: 21033: 21024: 21020: 20995: 20991: 20974: 20970: 20962:As in Servius, 20961: 20957: 20948: 20944: 20927: 20923: 20914: 20910: 20899:Ab Urbe Condita 20891: 20887: 20864: 20860: 20843: 20839: 20831: 20827: 20818: 20814: 20805: 20801: 20789: 20785: 20765:Gaius Trebatius 20752: 20748: 20736: 20732: 20709: 20705: 20696: 20692: 20680:See also Varro 20643: 20639: 20628:Gary Forsythe, 20627: 20623: 20617:ordo sacerdotum 20614: 20610: 20598: 20594: 20585: 20581: 20572: 20568: 20552: 20548: 20536: 20532: 20514: 20510: 20497: 20493: 20480: 20476: 20467: 20463: 20459:., Vol. 1, 217. 20454: 20450: 20441: 20437: 20428: 20424: 20408: 20404: 20386: 20382: 20373: 20369: 20360: 20356: 20344: 20340: 20330:Jerzy Linderski 20328: 20324: 20315: 20311: 20291: 20287: 20269: 20265: 20256: 20252: 20242: 20238: 20233: 20229: 20220: 20216: 20207: 20203: 20198: 20194: 20189: 20185: 20180: 20176: 20161: 20157: 20144: 20140: 20109:De rerum natura 20101: 20097: 20089:uttered by the 20071: 20067: 20058: 20054: 20045: 20041: 20032: 20028: 20007: 20003: 19998: 19994: 19984:Natural History 19981: 19977: 19965: 19961: 19944: 19940: 19930:Jerzy Linderski 19928: 19924: 19914:Natural History 19911: 19907: 19893:De civitate Dei 19890: 19886: 19851: 19847: 19838: 19834: 19825: 19821: 19799: 19795: 19787:; Mary Beagon, 19777:Natural History 19774: 19770: 19758: 19754: 19744:Jerzy Linderski 19742: 19738: 19732:Diritto estoria 19725: 19721: 19712: 19708: 19704:1970 p. 219 ff. 19696: 19692: 19680: 19676: 19663: 19659: 19650: 19646: 19637: 19633: 19624: 19620: 19611: 19607: 19595: 19591: 19489:past participle 19471: 19467: 19462: 19458: 19435: 19431: 19419: 19415: 19403: 19399: 19392:De rerum natura 19385:As in Plautus, 19384: 19380: 19351: 19347: 19338: 19334: 19325:Inconsistencies 19322: 19318: 19305: 19301: 19284: 19280: 19266:Jerzy Linderski 19264: 19260: 19245: 19241: 19233: 19229: 19220: 19216: 19203: 19199: 19185:Jerzy Linderski 19183: 19179: 19163: 19159: 19137: 19133: 19124: 19120: 19108: 19104: 19098:Natural History 19092: 19088: 19068: 19064: 19054:libri reconditi 19050:Jerzy Linderski 19048: 19044: 19019: 19015: 19005:Jerzy Linderski 19003: 18999: 18990: 18986: 18977: 18973: 18964: 18960: 18947: 18938: 18925: 18921: 18912: 18908: 18896: 18892: 18883: 18879: 18870: 18866: 18845: 18841: 18832: 18828: 18821:Ab Urbe Condita 18817: 18813: 18804: 18800: 18787: 18783: 18774: 18770: 18749: 18745: 18737: 18733: 18725: 18721: 18712: 18708: 18695: 18691: 18682: 18678: 18669: 18665: 18656: 18652: 18643: 18636: 18626:Fortunae victor 18623: 18619: 18610: 18606: 18584: 18580: 18571: 18567: 18555: 18551: 18542: 18538: 18529: 18525: 18513: 18509: 18504: 18500: 18475: 18471: 18466: 18462: 18448:Georges Dumézil 18446: 18442: 18425: 18421: 18416: 18412: 18392:Natural History 18384:Teubner edition 18369: 18365: 18349: 18345: 18333: 18329: 18324: 18320: 18311: 18307: 18298: 18294: 18276: 18272: 18265: 18245: 18241: 18232: 18228: 18216: 18209: 18204: 18200: 18191: 18187: 18183:Bruxelles 1972. 18166: 18162: 18149: 18145: 18136: 18132: 18123: 18119: 18113:Origini di Roma 18102: 18098: 18089: 18085: 18076: 18072: 18063: 18059: 18050: 18046: 18037: 18033: 18028: 18024: 18015: 18011: 17998: 17994: 17987:Ab Urbe Condita 17983: 17979: 17970: 17966: 17950: 17946: 17937: 17933: 17920: 17916: 17903: 17899: 17886: 17882: 17870: 17866: 17849: 17845: 17833: 17829: 17811: 17807: 17797:Bellum nefandum 17790: 17786: 17780:Bellum nefandum 17777: 17773: 17761: 17757: 17748: 17744: 17727: 17723: 17719:, pp. 497, 498. 17714: 17710: 17705: 17701: 17692: 17688: 17679: 17675: 17658: 17654: 17645: 17641: 17617: 17613: 17576: 17572: 17561:rerum divinarum 17556: 17552: 17543: 17539: 17530: 17526: 17517: 17513: 17501: 17497: 17481: 17477: 17425:IV 6, 3-10 for 17420: 17416: 17403: 17399: 17390: 17386: 17378:Robert Turcan, 17377: 17373: 17364: 17360: 17351: 17347: 17334: 17330: 17317: 17313: 17308: 17301: 17279: 17275: 17264: 17260: 17251:1: A Commentary 17244: 17240: 17224:V.21; Isidore, 17207: 17203: 17180: 17176: 17149: 17145: 17136: 17134: 17129: 17128: 17124: 17115: 17111: 17102: 17098: 17038: 17034: 16996: 16992: 16957: 16953: 16944: 16940: 16927:Jerzy Linderski 16900: 16896: 16885:Michael Lipka, 16884: 16880: 16873: 16869: 16832: 16828: 16800: 16796: 16776: 16772: 16763: 16759: 16748: 16744: 16731: 16727: 16717:Jerzy Linderski 16715: 16711: 16699: 16695: 16686: 16682: 16669: 16665: 16656: 16652: 16647:Wayback Machine 16636:Wayback Machine 16626: 16622: 16606: 16602: 16593: 16589: 16576: 16572: 16563: 16559: 16548:plural with an 16539: 16535: 16523: 16519: 16507: 16503: 16458: 16454: 16448:Pagan Survivals 16433: 16429: 16411: 16407: 16398: 16394: 16386: 16382: 16361:fanaticus error 16342: 16338: 16324:Fanaticum agmen 16322: 16318: 16308: 16304: 16279: 16275: 16254: 16250: 16230: 16226: 16217: 16213: 16192: 16188: 16178:Natural History 16167: 16163: 16154: 16150: 16131: 16127: 16118: 16114: 16105: 16101: 16092: 16088: 16068: 16064: 16038: 16034: 16021: 16017: 16005: 16001: 15985: 15981: 15969: 15965: 15956: 15952: 15943: 15939: 15920: 15916: 15895: 15891: 15866: 15862: 15853: 15849: 15837: 15833: 15828: 15824: 15815: 15811: 15802: 15798: 15790: 15786: 15771: 15767: 15752: 15748: 15735: 15731: 15722: 15718: 15703: 15699: 15687: 15683: 15667:David Wardle, " 15666: 15662: 15649: 15645: 15634: 15630: 15614: 15610: 15594: 15590: 15575: 15571: 15556: 15552: 15524: 15520: 15494: 15490: 15480:Jerzy Linderski 15473: 15469: 15451: 15447: 15428: 15424: 15415: 15411: 15406: 15402: 15386:13.2.72) reads 15376:Fasti Maffeiani 15366: 15362: 15352:Jerzy Linderski 15338: 15334: 15322: 15318: 15309: 15305: 15297:Michael Lipka, 15296: 15292: 15284:Gary Forsythe, 15283: 15279: 15270: 15266: 15257: 15250: 15241: 15237: 15228: 15224: 15215: 15211: 15202: 15198: 15189: 15185: 15170: 15166: 15146: 15142: 15133: 15129: 15100: 15096: 15087: 15083: 15067: 15063: 15057:De Civitate Dei 15054: 15050: 15041: 15037: 15020: 15016: 15000:David Wardle, " 14999: 14995: 14984: 14980: 14971: 14967: 14951: 14947: 14928: 14924: 14907: 14903: 14894: 14890: 14885: 14881: 14869: 14865: 14856: 14852: 14842:libri reconditi 14838:Jerzy Linderski 14836: 14829: 14819:De Civitate Dei 14816: 14812: 14795: 14791: 14779: 14775: 14764: 14760: 14747: 14743: 14734: 14730: 14717: 14713: 14700:Jerzy Linderski 14698: 14694: 14669: 14665: 14655:Jerzy Linderski 14653: 14649: 14637: 14633: 14624: 14620: 14616:", pp. 218–219. 14614:libri reconditi 14611: 14607: 14581:Natural History 14574: 14570: 14560:libri reconditi 14556:Jerzy Linderski 14554: 14550: 14535: 14531: 14518: 14514: 14505: 14501: 14489: 14485: 14470: 14466: 14461: 14457: 14448: 14444: 14436: 14432: 14423: 14419: 14409:libri reconditi 14406: 14402: 14393: 14389: 14380: 14376: 14367: 14363: 14354: 14350: 14346:, pp. 104, 154. 14341: 14337: 14328: 14324: 14315: 14311: 14302: 14298: 14287:Aulus Gellius, 14286: 14282: 14273: 14269: 14253: 14249: 14240: 14236: 14227: 14223: 14208: 14204: 14199: 14195: 14186: 14182: 14168:Wallace Lindsay 14162: 14158: 14136: 14132: 14120: 14116: 14104: 14100: 14074: 14067: 14055: 14051: 14039: 14032: 14012: 14008: 13992: 13988: 13975: 13971: 13960: 13956: 13947: 13943: 13922: 13918: 13906: 13902: 13893: 13889: 13880: 13876: 13867: 13863: 13854: 13850: 13837: 13833: 13795: 13791: 13783: 13779: 13770: 13766: 13751: 13747: 13735: 13731: 13708: 13704: 13687: 13683: 13675: 13671: 13662: 13658: 13646: 13642: 13630: 13626: 13618: 13614: 13580:II 31; III 35; 13543: 13539: 13515: 13511: 13503: 13499: 13490: 13486: 13469: 13465: 13449: 13445: 13440: 13436: 13430:Teubner edition 13423: 13419: 13405:Natural History 13401:Pliny the Elder 13399: 13395: 13386: 13382: 13378:, p. 438 L 2nd. 13373: 13369: 13360: 13356: 13347: 13343: 13326: 13322: 13307: 13303: 13287: 13283: 13271: 13267: 13252: 13248: 13239: 13235: 13226: 13219: 13189:Pompeius Trogus 13180: 13176: 13160: 13159: 13147: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13105:libri reconditi 13101:Jerzy Linderski 13099: 13095: 13086: 13082: 13067: 13063: 13058: 13054: 13048:Natural History 13042: 13038: 13029: 13025: 13004: 13000: 12991: 12987: 12982: 12978: 12961: 12957: 12948: 12941: 12936: 12932: 12923: 12919: 12907:In the view of 12906: 12902: 12893: 12889: 12869: 12865: 12853: 12849: 12832: 12828: 12800: 12796: 12787: 12783: 12778: 12774: 12762: 12758: 12750:Karl Galinsky, 12749: 12745: 12736: 12732: 12720: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12687: 12683: 12668: 12664: 12647: 12643: 12634: 12630: 12613: 12609: 12593: 12589: 12578:De architectura 12571: 12567: 12555: 12551: 12543:, illustrated, 12538: 12534: 12525: 12521: 12512: 12508: 12463: 12459: 12450: 12446: 12436:Jerzy Linderski 12434: 12430: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12396:Roman festivals 12382: 12360:past participle 12346: 12322:Gallic invasion 12299: 12251: 12195: 12189: 12075:animal offering 12054:Victimae for a 12048: 12036: 12018:develops, with 11986:on days marked 11947:textually vexed 11921: 11893:Roman civil law 11866: 11861: 11835:(citadel), and 11749: 11743: 11728: 11723: 11705: 11649:De rerum natura 11587: 11559:were, like the 11539:, fiancée; and 11481:root meaning a 11447: 11415: 11235: 11219: 11189: 11143: 11123: 11040:. In the early 10974: – can be 10963:) of the gods. 10923:) nor profane ( 10867: 10815: 10803: 10709: 10689: 10652:, "sacred" and 10612: 10563:soldier-martyrs 10455: 10449: 10405: 10314:, and rites of 10243: 10129:feriae publicae 10076: 10018: 9972:Marcus Aurelius 9866:Persons judged 9792: 9786: 9748:Verrius Flaccus 9725: 9720: 9691:Sibylline books 9671:Ludi saeculares 9649:in the cult to 9630:laurel-wreathed 9626:(capite aperto) 9618:(ritus graecus) 9614: 9568:dhāman, dhārman 9528:classical usage 9516: 9472: 9455: 9403:mythic theology 9339: 9288: 9172: 9158:regina sacrorum 9154: 9152:regina sacrorum 9149: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9110: 9086:Sibylline books 9058: 9034: 9023: 8987:greater victims 8976:Sibylline Books 8908: 8901: 8842:precor, precari 8764: 8739:precatio maxima 8635: 8609:of miracles, a 8461: 8425: 8391: 8367:Iguvine Tablets 8310: 8302: 8243: 8213: 8207: 8138: 8101: 7995: 7990: 7978:ordo sacerdotum 7952: 7950:ordo sacerdotum 7839: 7781: 7749: 7743: 7677:libri augurales 7665: 7616:Lex Aelia Fufia 7587: 7582: 7556:. A passage in 7534: 7426: 7398: 7384:Gaius Canuleius 7319: 7305:as genitive of 7301:. See Vergil's 7287: 7282: 7250:(days when the 7247: 7224:fatale monstrum 7135: 7093:uses the words 7065: 7000:Servius Tullius 6980: 6934:identified with 6857: 6852: 6828: 6804: 6765: 6725:capitalis lucus 6711: 6677: 6590: 6544: 6508:augural college 6504:libri augurales 6500: 6498:libri augurales 6454:(from the verb 6448: 6427: 6323: 6317: 6299: 6259: 6254: 6202: 6183: 6157:and the jurist 6138: 6102:proper, poetic 6008: 5994:Granius Flaccus 5956: 5883: 5878: 5816:was offered to 5794:hostia animalis 5688: 5683: 5668:cinctus gabinus 5647: 5642: 5616: 5614:Fratres Arvales 5529: 5507:. Establishing 5487: 5473: 5431: 5356:feriae publicae 5343: 5341:Roman festivals 5337: 5286: 5243: 5166:Roman calendars 5158:Julian calendar 5090: 5038:(Fata Sibyllina 5035:Sibylline Books 5003: 4848: 4841: 4730: 4725: 4641: 4577: 4521: 4473:pignora imperii 4354: 4275:past participle 4267: 4262: 4191: 4100: 4094: 4066:Pliny the Elder 4050:Late Republican 3993: 3985:human sacrifice 3959:and related to 3885: 3822:produced under 3803:dies religiosus 3778: 3732:, it was wrong 3726: 3724:dies religiosus 3678:Feriale Duranum 3588:, based on the 3574: 3526: 3446: 3400: 3309: 3301:calate assembly 3275: 3211:ubi aqua currit 3185: 3168: 3163: 3102:past participle 3078:Cicero defined 3076: 3020:Jerzy Linderski 3001: 2991:" derives from 2900: 2891:libri augurales 2833:libri reconditi 2831:in contrast to 2829:Jerzy Linderski 2827:is asserted by 2787: 2751:libri reconditi 2737:were precisely 2707: 2583:. According to 2552: 2510:Sibylline Books 2437: 2427:. Henceforth a 2339: 2324:cinctus Gabinus 2274:cinctus Gabinus 2269: 2267:cinctus Gabinus 2210: 2103: 2045: 1997: 1946:Etruscan origin 1830: 1825: 1811:rerum repetitio 1778: 1773: 1732: 1691: 1665:procedure were 1659: 1647:auspicia maiora 1634:auspicia maxima 1617:, perhaps by a 1605: 1603:auspicia maiora 1552: 1508:were employed. 1488:sacred chickens 1409: 1385:, "bird", with 1363: 1338:supplicia canum 1206: 1134: 1091: 1064: 1048:butcher's broom 976:arbores felices 942: 940:Ficus Ruminalis 936: 885: 830:ager peregrinus 828:with Rome. The 772: 736:public official 619:On Architecture 590:. See also the 584:Temple of Vesta 554: 500: 495: 490: 485: 484: 483: 482: 371: 348:Roman festivals 308: 247:Roman mythology 229: 225:divine emperors 210:underworld gods 168: 164:Fratres Arvales 118: 61: 58: 51:Marcus Aurelius 35: 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23905: 23895: 23894: 23889: 23884: 23867: 23866: 23864: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23842: 23841: 23831: 23825: 23823: 23819: 23818: 23816: 23815: 23814: 23813: 23808: 23803: 23793: 23787: 23785: 23781: 23780: 23778: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23761: 23759: 23755: 23754: 23752: 23751: 23746: 23741: 23736: 23730: 23728: 23724: 23723: 23721: 23720: 23715: 23713:Pythagoreanism 23710: 23708:Peripateticism 23705: 23700: 23695: 23689: 23687: 23683: 23682: 23680: 23679: 23678: 23677: 23672: 23667: 23657: 23652: 23647: 23642: 23637: 23632: 23625: 23619: 23617: 23611: 23610: 23608: 23607: 23606: 23605: 23602:The Golden Ass 23593: 23588: 23587: 23586: 23574: 23569: 23568: 23567: 23560: 23548: 23547: 23546: 23533: 23531: 23527: 23526: 23524: 23523: 23521:Barnacle goose 23518: 23512: 23510: 23506: 23505: 23503: 23502: 23497: 23492: 23487: 23482: 23477: 23472: 23467: 23465:Numa Pompilius 23462: 23457: 23452: 23446: 23444: 23440: 23439: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23424: 23422: 23421: 23416: 23411: 23406: 23401: 23396: 23391: 23386: 23381: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23310: 23308: 23304: 23303: 23301: 23300: 23295: 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23260: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23230: 23225: 23220: 23215: 23210: 23205: 23200: 23195: 23190: 23185: 23180: 23175: 23170: 23169: 23168: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23032: 23026: 23012: 23011: 23000: 22999: 22992: 22985: 22977: 22970: 22969: 22945: 22925: 22910: 22904:David Wardle, 22897: 22893:De Divinatione 22880: 22864: 22851: 22835: 22809: 22796: 22783: 22762: 22746: 22733: 22713: 22672: 22652: 22636: 22620:concepta verba 22607: 22591: 22578: 22562: 22546: 22515: 22490: 22470: 22457: 22444: 22431: 22418: 22401: 22381: 22368: 22366:, pp. 217–219. 22355: 22339: 22326: 22309: 22296: 22280: 22264: 22260:Idees romaines 22243: 22230: 22212: 22195: 22193:1895 pp. 13-15 22189:W. H. Buckler 22182: 22169: 22146: 22119: 22102: 22078: 22065: 22024: 22011: 21998: 21989: 21977:De Divinatione 21968: 21960:De Divinatione 21943: 21928: 21908: 21892: 21879: 21870: 21855:De divinatione 21809: 21798: 21773: 21752: 21735: 21727:Le vocabulaire 21714: 21701: 21684: 21678:from IE stem * 21664: 21648: 21632: 21615: 21599: 21593:Ittai Gradel, 21586: 21567: 21547: 21525: 21512: 21491: 21477: 21475:, pp. 33, 206. 21464: 21451: 21434: 21417: 21401: 21388: 21379: 21363: 21346: 21329: 21325:The Roman Clan 21312: 21283: 21279:The Roman Clan 21258: 21226: 21210: 21197: 21164: 21155: 21153:II 73, 17-18). 21115: 21098: 21081: 21060: 21058:, pp. 129–130. 21047: 21031: 21018: 20989: 20968: 20955: 20949:As in Horace, 20942: 20921: 20908: 20885: 20858: 20846:De res rustica 20837: 20825: 20812: 20799: 20783: 20746: 20730: 20703: 20690: 20684:II 88; Cicero 20637: 20621: 20615:Festus on the 20608: 20592: 20579: 20566: 20546: 20530: 20508: 20491: 20474: 20461: 20448: 20435: 20422: 20402: 20380: 20367: 20354: 20338: 20322: 20309: 20285: 20272:praepetes aves 20263: 20250: 20236: 20227: 20214: 20201: 20192: 20183: 20174: 20163:Andrew Lintott 20155: 20145:Adolf Berger, 20138: 20118:Le vocabulaire 20095: 20065: 20052: 20039: 20026: 20001: 19992: 19975: 19959: 19938: 19922: 19905: 19884: 19852:For instance, 19845: 19832: 19819: 19793: 19768: 19752: 19736: 19719: 19717:, pp. 332–334. 19706: 19690: 19674: 19657: 19644: 19631: 19618: 19605: 19589: 19465: 19463:Livy 8.9.1–11. 19456: 19429: 19413: 19397: 19378: 19345: 19332: 19316: 19312:Second Verrine 19299: 19278: 19258: 19239: 19227: 19221:H.S. Versnel, 19214: 19197: 19193:De Divinatione 19177: 19157: 19131: 19118: 19102: 19086: 19062: 19042: 19040:V, 1962, p.10. 19013: 18997: 18984: 18971: 18958: 18936: 18919: 18906: 18890: 18877: 18864: 18839: 18826: 18811: 18798: 18781: 18768: 18743: 18739:Dies religiosi 18731: 18719: 18706: 18689: 18676: 18663: 18650: 18634: 18617: 18604: 18578: 18572:David Wardle, 18565: 18549: 18536: 18523: 18507: 18498: 18469: 18460: 18440: 18419: 18410: 18363: 18343: 18327: 18318: 18305: 18292: 18270: 18263: 18239: 18226: 18207: 18205:Livy 41.14–15. 18198: 18185: 18160: 18158:1 (1961) p.89. 18143: 18130: 18117: 18096: 18083: 18077:H.S. Versnel, 18070: 18057: 18044: 18031: 18022: 18009: 17992: 17977: 17964: 17952:Elaine Fantham 17944: 17931: 17914: 17897: 17880: 17864: 17843: 17827: 17805: 17801:Dal ius al fas 17784: 17771: 17755: 17742: 17721: 17708: 17699: 17693:Gábor Betegh, 17686: 17682:paratactically 17673: 17652: 17639: 17611: 17570: 17550: 17537: 17524: 17511: 17495: 17475: 17423:Noctes Atticae 17421:Aulus Gellius 17414: 17397: 17384: 17371: 17358: 17345: 17328: 17311: 17299: 17273: 17258: 17238: 17201: 17174: 17143: 17122: 17109: 17096: 17068:Technopaegnion 17032: 16990: 16951: 16938: 16894: 16878: 16867: 16826: 16794: 16770: 16768:, pp. 122–123. 16757: 16742: 16725: 16709: 16693: 16680: 16663: 16650: 16620: 16600: 16587: 16570: 16557: 16533: 16517: 16501: 16465:Jupiter Stator 16452: 16427: 16405: 16392: 16380: 16353:De divinatione 16336: 16316: 16302: 16273: 16248: 16224: 16211: 16186: 16170:De divinatione 16161: 16148: 16125: 16112: 16099: 16086: 16078:J. Rufus Fears 16062: 16032: 16015: 15999: 15979: 15963: 15950: 15937: 15914: 15889: 15860: 15847: 15831: 15822: 15809: 15796: 15784: 15773:Émile Durkheim 15765: 15746: 15729: 15723:Adolf Berger, 15716: 15697: 15681: 15660: 15643: 15628: 15608: 15588: 15569: 15550: 15525:The phrase is 15518: 15488: 15474:David Wardle, 15467: 15445: 15434:Divus Claudius 15422: 15409: 15400: 15360: 15332: 15316: 15303: 15290: 15277: 15264: 15248: 15235: 15229:Denis Feeney, 15222: 15209: 15196: 15183: 15164: 15140: 15127: 15101:C.E.V. Nixon, 15094: 15081: 15061: 15048: 15035: 15014: 14993: 14978: 14965: 14945: 14922: 14901: 14888: 14879: 14863: 14850: 14827: 14810: 14802:Roman Religion 14789: 14773: 14771:2.8 and 1.117. 14758: 14748:J. Marquardt, 14741: 14728: 14722:139; F. Sini, 14711: 14692: 14663: 14647: 14638:Adolf Berger, 14631: 14618: 14605: 14568: 14548: 14529: 14512: 14499: 14483: 14464: 14455: 14442: 14430: 14417: 14400: 14387: 14374: 14361: 14348: 14335: 14322: 14309: 14296: 14289:Noctes Atticae 14280: 14267: 14247: 14234: 14228:H.S. Versnel, 14221: 14202: 14193: 14180: 14156: 14130: 14114: 14098: 14065: 14049: 14030: 14028:(Brill, 2009). 14006: 13986: 13969: 13954: 13941: 13916: 13900: 13887: 13874: 13861: 13848: 13831: 13823:Elaine Fantham 13789: 13777: 13764: 13745: 13729: 13712:, p. 354 L2 = 13702: 13681: 13669: 13656: 13640: 13624: 13612: 13537: 13509: 13497: 13484: 13463: 13459:De divinatione 13443: 13434: 13417: 13393: 13380: 13367: 13363:de Divinatione 13354: 13350:De divinatione 13341: 13320: 13301: 13288:H.S. Versnel, 13281: 13265: 13254:Andrew Lintott 13246: 13233: 13217: 13174: 13145: 13126: 13117: 13093: 13091:(London 1875). 13080: 13061: 13052: 13036: 13023: 12998: 12985: 12976: 12955: 12939: 12930: 12917: 12900: 12887: 12863: 12847: 12826: 12815:textual issues 12794: 12781: 12772: 12756: 12743: 12730: 12714: 12694: 12681: 12662: 12641: 12628: 12607: 12595:Andrew Lintott 12587: 12565: 12549: 12547:, 1998. p. 22. 12532: 12519: 12506: 12483:De divinatione 12457: 12444: 12428: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12393: 12388: 12381: 12378: 12345: 12342: 12298: 12295: 12250: 12247: 12239:late antiquity 12191:Main article: 12188: 12185: 12136:says that the 12083:pontifex minor 12047: 12044: 12035: 12032: 12020:concepta verba 12000:verba concepta 11960:concepta verba 11935:verba concepta 11925:verba concepta 11920: 11919:verba concepta 11917: 11888:verba concepta 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11742: 11739: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11709:Supplicationes 11704: 11701: 11697:superstitiones 11646:didactic epic 11622:expressed as " 11618:, a view that 11586: 11583: 11446: 11443: 11414: 11411: 11370:in her honor. 11308:burial society 11279:Arval brothers 11234: 11231: 11218: 11215: 11194:favete linguis 11188: 11185: 11142: 11139: 11122: 11119: 11007:Apollo Pythius 10980:Claudia Quinta 10915:distinguishes 10896:founder-deity 10866: 10863: 10814: 10811: 10802: 10799: 10708: 10705: 10688: 10685: 10662:for a list of 10646:hierophylakion 10611: 10608: 10451:Main article: 10448: 10445: 10421:Roman pontiffs 10404: 10401: 10242: 10239: 10228:sacra privata, 10195:dies lustricus 10162:Numa Pompilius 10134:Roman calendar 10075: 10072: 10017: 10014: 9954:is with Latin 9928:religions. In 9785: 9782: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9613: 9610: 9573:Vedic religion 9515: 9512: 9471: 9468: 9454: 9451: 9423:The schema is 9421: 9420: 9417:civil theology 9413: 9406: 9379:Church Fathers 9338: 9335: 9287: 9284: 9220:pious practice 9171: 9168: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9122: 9120: 9109: 9106: 9098:Circus Maximus 9057: 9054: 9046:praepetes aves 9033: 9030: 9022: 9019: 9004:The expiatory 8995:hermaphroditic 8905:Prodigium (EP) 8900: 8897: 8893:private person 8883:referred to a 8793:are silent or 8791:Tacitae preces 8763: 8760: 8634: 8631: 8619:contra naturam 8537:from the verb 8518:De divinatione 8460: 8457: 8451:used the term 8449:Arval Brethren 8441:exta porricere 8424: 8421: 8403:late antiquity 8390: 8387: 8336:pons Sublicius 8309: 8306: 8301: 8298: 8292:, the related 8242: 8239: 8222:, to whom the 8209:Main article: 8206: 8203: 8137: 8134: 8100: 8097: 8089:Salian priests 8085:Salian virgins 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7951: 7948: 7890:The theory of 7838: 7835: 7780: 7777: 7745:Main article: 7742: 7739: 7694:(entrails) by 7664: 7661: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7513:nemus Aricinum 7509: 7506:Nemus Caesarum 7503: 7425: 7422: 7397: 7394: 7318: 7315: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7246: 7243: 7157:it comes from 7134: 7131: 7075:wheat or emmer 7064: 7061: 6994:uses the word 6979: 6976: 6968: 6967: 6958: 6951: 6912:, "hand," and 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6827: 6824: 6803: 6800: 6782:chariot racing 6764: 6761: 6729:Leges sacratae 6710: 6707: 6705:was an augur. 6676: 6673: 6604:inspicere exta 6589: 6586: 6543: 6540: 6499: 6496: 6447: 6444: 6426: 6423: 6403:legis actiones 6390:. The formula 6319:Main article: 6316: 6313: 6298: 6295: 6283:first of April 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6201: 6200:ius pontificum 6198: 6182: 6179: 6137: 6134: 6007: 6004: 5986:Church Fathers 5955: 5952: 5915:and the major 5911:concerned the 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5860:Western Church 5720:says that the 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5649:The adjective 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5615: 5612: 5528: 5525: 5523:and his cult. 5486: 5483: 5472: 5469: 5435:Roman calendar 5430: 5427: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5366: 5351:Roman calendar 5336: 5333: 5285: 5282: 5261:Roman calendar 5242: 5239: 5199:semantic field 5168:, days marked 5089: 5086: 5074:. The emperor 5042:Libri Fatales) 5002: 4999: 4907:Italic peoples 4840: 4837: 4797:" in English. 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4667:), and lungs ( 4640: 4637: 4617:(grex, gregis) 4576: 4573: 4520: 4517: 4434:Juno Caelestis 4382:tutelary deity 4374:evoco, evocare 4353: 4350: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4250:Émile Durkheim 4190: 4187: 4149:confirms that 4093: 4090: 4078:Johannes Lydus 4042:libri rituales 3992: 3989: 3913:Marcus Crassus 3887:The adjective 3884: 3881: 3873:(hēmera miara) 3855:Fasti Verulani 3777: 3774: 3764:dies religiosi 3725: 3722: 3687:Campus Martius 3632:Decimus Brutus 3603:dies lustricus 3573: 3570: 3556:dies lustricus 3536:dies lustricus 3531:dies lustricus 3525: 3524:dies lustricus 3522: 3445: 3442: 3399: 3396: 3308: 3305: 3274: 3271: 3267:baptismal font 3261:with the verb 3257:connected the 3191:was a shrine. 3184: 3181: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3075: 3072: 3000: 2997: 2899: 2896: 2786: 2783: 2706: 2703: 2699:comitia calata 2656:comitia calata 2640:comitia calata 2556:comitia calata 2551: 2550:comitia calata 2548: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2501: 2493: 2488:headed by the 2436: 2433: 2366:clavus annalis 2338: 2335: 2268: 2265: 2209: 2206: 2163:Saecular Games 2123:) is a chant, 2102: 2099: 2044: 2041: 1996: 1993: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1731: 1728: 1690: 1687: 1658: 1655: 1604: 1601: 1551: 1548: 1408: 1405: 1399:following and 1362: 1359: 1221:(ius augurale) 1205: 1202: 1133: 1130: 1090: 1087: 1063: 1060: 996:Salian priests 935: 932: 884: 881: 862:(terra Italia) 771: 768: 553: 550: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 479: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 372: 366: 364: 327:pertaining to 310: 309: 307: 306: 299: 292: 284: 281: 280: 279: 278: 273: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 236: 235: 234:Related topics 231: 230: 228: 227: 222: 220:childhood gods 217: 212: 207: 198: 196:Aventine Triad 193: 188: 180: 177: 176: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 127: 126: 120: 119: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 94: 89: 84: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 48: 40: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23904: 23893: 23890: 23888: 23885: 23883: 23880: 23879: 23877: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23840: 23837: 23836: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23826: 23824: 23820: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23798: 23797: 23794: 23792: 23789: 23788: 23786: 23782: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23762: 23760: 23756: 23750: 23747: 23745: 23742: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23732: 23731: 23729: 23725: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23711: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23690: 23688: 23684: 23676: 23673: 23671: 23668: 23666: 23663: 23662: 23661: 23658: 23656: 23653: 23651: 23648: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23636: 23635:Imperial cult 23633: 23631: 23630: 23626: 23624: 23621: 23620: 23618: 23616:and practices 23612: 23604: 23603: 23599: 23598: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23585: 23584: 23580: 23579: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23570: 23566: 23565: 23564:Metamorphoses 23561: 23559: 23558: 23554: 23553: 23552: 23549: 23545: 23544: 23540: 23539: 23538: 23535: 23534: 23532: 23528: 23522: 23519: 23517: 23514: 23513: 23511: 23507: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23483: 23481: 23480:Ancus Marcius 23478: 23476: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23447: 23445: 23441: 23434: 23420: 23417: 23415: 23412: 23410: 23409:Tranquillitas 23407: 23405: 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23311: 23309: 23305: 23299: 23296: 23294: 23291: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23264: 23261: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23251: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23229: 23226: 23224: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23211: 23209: 23206: 23204: 23201: 23199: 23196: 23194: 23191: 23189: 23186: 23184: 23181: 23179: 23176: 23174: 23171: 23167: 23164: 23163: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23033: 23030: 23027: 23024: 23023: 23022:Dii Consentes 23017: 23013: 23009: 23005: 22998: 22993: 22991: 22986: 22984: 22979: 22978: 22975: 22966: 22962: 22958: 22954: 22949: 22942: 22938: 22934: 22929: 22923: 22920: 22914: 22907: 22901: 22894: 22890: 22884: 22877: 22873: 22868: 22861: 22855: 22848: 22844: 22839: 22832: 22828: 22824: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22806: 22800: 22793: 22787: 22780: 22776: 22772: 22766: 22759: 22755: 22750: 22743: 22737: 22731: 22727: 22723: 22717: 22710: 22706: 22705: 22700: 22696: 22695: 22690: 22686: 22682: 22676: 22670: 22666: 22662: 22656: 22649: 22645: 22640: 22633: 22629: 22625: 22621: 22617: 22611: 22604: 22600: 22595: 22588: 22582: 22576: 22572: 22566: 22560: 22556: 22550: 22544: 22540: 22536: 22532: 22528: 22524: 22519: 22512: 22508: 22504: 22500: 22494: 22487: 22486:minora templa 22484: 22480: 22474: 22467: 22461: 22454: 22448: 22441: 22435: 22428: 22422: 22415: 22411: 22405: 22398: 22394: 22390: 22385: 22378: 22375:Beard et al, 22372: 22365: 22362:Beard et al, 22359: 22353: 22349: 22343: 22336: 22333:Beard et al, 22330: 22323: 22319: 22313: 22306: 22300: 22293: 22289: 22284: 22277: 22273: 22268: 22261: 22257: 22253: 22247: 22240: 22234: 22227: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22209: 22205: 22199: 22192: 22186: 22179: 22173: 22166: 22162: 22158: 22157: 22150: 22144: 22140: 22136: 22135:Twelve Tables 22133:xlvii.22.4 = 22132: 22128: 22123: 22116: 22113:, pp. 63–64; 22112: 22106: 22099: 22095: 22091: 22087: 22082: 22075: 22069: 22062: 22058: 22054: 22050: 22046: 22042: 22040: 22034: 22028: 22021: 22015: 22008: 22002: 21993: 21986: 21983:p. 474 L; v. 21982: 21978: 21972: 21965: 21961: 21957: 21956:De Vita Beata 21953: 21947: 21941: 21938: 21932: 21926: 21922: 21918: 21912: 21906: 21902: 21896: 21889: 21883: 21874: 21867: 21863: 21859: 21856: 21852: 21848: 21847: 21842: 21838: 21834: 21830: 21826: 21824: 21819: 21813: 21807: 21802: 21795: 21791: 21787: 21783: 21777: 21770: 21769:de Nat. Deor. 21766: 21762: 21756: 21749: 21745: 21739: 21732: 21728: 21724: 21718: 21711: 21705: 21698: 21694: 21688: 21681: 21677: 21674: 21668: 21661: 21658: 21652: 21645: 21641: 21636: 21629: 21625: 21619: 21612: 21608: 21603: 21596: 21590: 21584: 21580: 21576: 21571: 21564: 21560: 21556: 21551: 21544: 21540: 21539: 21538:Metamorphoses 21534: 21529: 21522: 21516: 21509: 21506:117; Seneca, 21505: 21501: 21495: 21489: 21488: 21481: 21474: 21471:Mousourakis, 21468: 21461: 21455: 21448: 21444: 21438: 21431: 21427: 21421: 21414: 21410: 21405: 21398: 21392: 21383: 21376: 21372: 21367: 21360: 21356: 21350: 21343: 21339: 21333: 21326: 21322: 21316: 21309: 21305: 21301: 21297: 21293: 21287: 21280: 21276: 21272: 21268: 21262: 21255: 21251: 21247: 21243: 21239: 21238:Clifford Ando 21235: 21230: 21223: 21219: 21214: 21207: 21201: 21194: 21193:dies feriatus 21190: 21186: 21182: 21178: 21174: 21168: 21159: 21152: 21148: 21147:indigitamenta 21144: 21139: 21135: 21131: 21130: 21125: 21119: 21112: 21108: 21102: 21095: 21091: 21085: 21078: 21074: 21070: 21064: 21057: 21051: 21044: 21040: 21035: 21028: 21022: 21015: 21011: 21007: 21003: 20999: 20993: 20986: 20982: 20978: 20972: 20965: 20959: 20952: 20946: 20939: 20935: 20931: 20925: 20918: 20912: 20905: 20901: 20900: 20895: 20889: 20882: 20877: 20873: 20868: 20862: 20855: 20851: 20847: 20841: 20834: 20829: 20822: 20816: 20809: 20803: 20796: 20792: 20787: 20780: 20779: 20774: 20770: 20766: 20762: 20759: 20755: 20754:Aulus Gellius 20750: 20743: 20739: 20734: 20727: 20724: 20720: 20716: 20713: 20707: 20700: 20694: 20688:II 20 and 21. 20687: 20683: 20679: 20675: 20671: 20667: 20663: 20662:Festi Epitome 20659: 20655: 20651: 20647: 20641: 20635: 20631: 20625: 20618: 20612: 20606: 20602: 20596: 20589: 20583: 20576: 20570: 20563: 20559: 20555: 20554:Clifford Ando 20550: 20543: 20539: 20534: 20527: 20523: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20505: 20501: 20495: 20488: 20484: 20478: 20471: 20465: 20458: 20452: 20445: 20439: 20432: 20426: 20419: 20418: 20413: 20412: 20406: 20398: 20394: 20390: 20384: 20377: 20371: 20364: 20358: 20351: 20347: 20346:Clifford Ando 20342: 20335: 20331: 20326: 20319: 20313: 20306: 20302: 20298: 20294: 20289: 20282: 20278: 20273: 20270:Festus s. v. 20267: 20260: 20254: 20247: 20240: 20231: 20224: 20218: 20211: 20205: 20196: 20187: 20178: 20172: 20168: 20164: 20159: 20152: 20148: 20142: 20135: 20130: 20124: 20119: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20099: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20078: 20074: 20069: 20062: 20056: 20049: 20043: 20036: 20030: 20023: 20019: 20015: 20011: 20005: 19996: 19989: 19985: 19979: 19972: 19968: 19963: 19956: 19952: 19948: 19942: 19935: 19931: 19926: 19919: 19915: 19909: 19902: 19898: 19894: 19888: 19881: 19877: 19873: 19872: 19867: 19863: 19859: 19855: 19849: 19842: 19836: 19829: 19823: 19817: 19813: 19809: 19808: 19803: 19797: 19790: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19772: 19766: 19762: 19756: 19749: 19745: 19740: 19733: 19729: 19723: 19716: 19710: 19703: 19700: 19694: 19687: 19684: 19678: 19671: 19667: 19661: 19654: 19648: 19641: 19635: 19628: 19622: 19615: 19609: 19602: 19598: 19593: 19586: 19582: 19578: 19574: 19571:it has given 19570: 19566: 19562: 19558: 19554: 19551: 19548: 19544: 19541: 19537: 19534:instead of a 19533: 19529: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19482: 19478: 19474: 19469: 19460: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19442: 19438: 19433: 19426: 19422: 19417: 19411: 19407: 19401: 19393: 19388: 19382: 19375: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19359: 19355: 19349: 19342: 19336: 19330: 19326: 19320: 19313: 19309: 19303: 19296: 19292: 19288: 19282: 19275: 19271: 19267: 19262: 19256: 19253: 19249: 19243: 19236: 19231: 19224: 19218: 19211: 19207: 19201: 19194: 19190: 19186: 19181: 19175: 19171: 19167: 19161: 19155: 19151: 19147: 19146: 19141: 19135: 19128: 19122: 19115: 19111: 19106: 19099: 19095: 19090: 19083: 19079: 19076: 19072: 19066: 19059: 19055: 19051: 19046: 19039: 19035: 19031: 19027: 19023: 19017: 19010: 19006: 19001: 18994: 18988: 18981: 18975: 18968: 18962: 18957: 18954: 18951: 18950: 18943: 18942: 18933: 18929: 18923: 18916: 18910: 18903: 18899: 18894: 18887: 18881: 18874: 18868: 18861: 18860: 18854: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18836: 18830: 18823: 18822: 18815: 18808: 18802: 18795: 18791: 18785: 18778: 18772: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18753: 18747: 18740: 18735: 18729: 18723: 18716: 18710: 18703: 18699: 18693: 18686: 18680: 18673: 18667: 18660: 18654: 18647: 18641: 18639: 18631: 18627: 18621: 18614: 18608: 18602: 18598: 18594: 18593: 18588: 18582: 18575: 18569: 18563: 18559: 18553: 18546: 18540: 18533: 18527: 18521: 18517: 18511: 18502: 18495: 18491: 18487: 18483: 18479: 18473: 18464: 18457: 18453: 18449: 18444: 18437: 18433: 18429: 18423: 18414: 18407: 18403: 18402: 18397: 18393: 18389: 18385: 18381: 18377: 18373: 18367: 18360: 18356: 18352: 18347: 18340: 18336: 18331: 18322: 18315: 18309: 18302: 18296: 18289: 18285: 18281: 18280: 18274: 18266: 18260: 18256: 18252: 18251: 18243: 18236: 18235:Festi epitome 18230: 18224: 18220: 18214: 18212: 18202: 18195: 18189: 18182: 18178: 18174: 18170: 18164: 18157: 18153: 18147: 18140: 18134: 18127: 18121: 18114: 18110: 18106: 18100: 18093: 18087: 18080: 18074: 18067: 18061: 18054: 18048: 18041: 18035: 18026: 18019: 18013: 18006: 18002: 17996: 17989: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17968: 17961: 17957: 17953: 17948: 17941: 17935: 17928: 17924: 17923:Fabius Pictor 17918: 17911: 17907: 17901: 17894: 17890: 17884: 17877: 17873: 17868: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17847: 17840: 17836: 17831: 17825: 17822:1, 1, 10, 2: 17821: 17817: 17814: 17809: 17802: 17798: 17794: 17788: 17781: 17775: 17768: 17764: 17759: 17752: 17746: 17739: 17735: 17734:Homeric Hymns 17731: 17725: 17718: 17712: 17703: 17696: 17690: 17683: 17677: 17670: 17666: 17662: 17656: 17649: 17643: 17636: 17632: 17628: 17624: 17620: 17615: 17608: 17604: 17600: 17596: 17592: 17591:indigitamenta 17588: 17584: 17580: 17574: 17567: 17564:; see Lipka, 17563: 17562: 17559:Antiquitates 17554: 17547: 17541: 17534: 17528: 17521: 17515: 17508: 17507:Aulus Gellius 17504: 17499: 17492: 17488: 17484: 17479: 17472: 17468: 17464: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17418: 17411: 17407: 17401: 17394: 17388: 17381: 17375: 17368: 17362: 17355: 17349: 17342: 17338: 17332: 17325: 17321: 17315: 17309:Char. 403.38. 17306: 17304: 17296: 17292: 17291: 17286: 17282: 17277: 17270: 17269: 17262: 17256: 17252: 17248: 17242: 17235: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17219: 17215: 17211: 17205: 17198: 17194: 17193: 17188: 17184: 17178: 17172: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17153: 17147: 17132: 17126: 17119: 17113: 17106: 17100: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17065: 17061: 17058:with that of 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17036: 17030: 17026: 17022: 17021: 17016: 17012: 17008: 17004: 17000: 16994: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16942: 16936: 16932: 16928: 16924: 16920: 16916: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16898: 16892: 16888: 16882: 16876: 16871: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16830: 16823: 16819: 16818:Constantine I 16815: 16811: 16807: 16804: 16798: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16779: 16774: 16767: 16761: 16754: 16753: 16746: 16739: 16735: 16729: 16722: 16718: 16713: 16707: 16703: 16697: 16690: 16684: 16677: 16673: 16667: 16660: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16630: 16624: 16618: 16614: 16610: 16604: 16597: 16591: 16584: 16580: 16577:S.P. Oakley, 16574: 16567: 16561: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16543: 16537: 16530: 16526: 16521: 16515: 16511: 16505: 16498: 16497: 16492: 16490: 16484: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16462: 16456: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16431: 16424: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16402: 16396: 16389: 16384: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16358: 16354: 16350: 16346: 16340: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16313: 16312: 16306: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16284: 16277: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16252: 16245: 16241: 16237: 16233: 16228: 16221: 16215: 16208: 16204: 16200: 16196: 16190: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16165: 16158: 16152: 16146: 16142: 16138: 16134: 16129: 16122: 16116: 16109: 16103: 16096: 16090: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16071: 16066: 16059: 16055: 16054: 16049: 16045: 16041: 16040:Clifford Ando 16036: 16029: 16025: 16019: 16013: 16009: 16003: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15983: 15976: 15972: 15967: 15960: 15954: 15947: 15941: 15934: 15930: 15926: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15893: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15870: 15864: 15857: 15851: 15844: 15840: 15835: 15826: 15819: 15813: 15806: 15800: 15793: 15788: 15782: 15778: 15774: 15769: 15763: 15759: 15755: 15750: 15743: 15739: 15733: 15726: 15720: 15714: 15710: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15664: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15640: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15612: 15605: 15601: 15597: 15592: 15585: 15584: 15579: 15573: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15554: 15547: 15543: 15539: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15522: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15492: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15471: 15464: 15460: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15442: 15438: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15419: 15413: 15404: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15364: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15341: 15336: 15329: 15325: 15324:H.H. Scullard 15320: 15313: 15307: 15300: 15294: 15287: 15281: 15274: 15268: 15261: 15255: 15253: 15245: 15239: 15232: 15226: 15219: 15213: 15206: 15200: 15193: 15187: 15180: 15176: 15175: 15168: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15144: 15137: 15131: 15124: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15091: 15085: 15079: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15058: 15052: 15045: 15039: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14997: 14990: 14989: 14982: 14975: 14969: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14949: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14926: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14905: 14898: 14892: 14883: 14876: 14872: 14871:Clifford Ando 14867: 14860: 14854: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14834: 14832: 14824: 14820: 14814: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14793: 14786: 14782: 14781:Clifford Ando 14777: 14770: 14769: 14762: 14755: 14751: 14745: 14738: 14732: 14725: 14721: 14715: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14696: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14667: 14660: 14656: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14635: 14628: 14622: 14615: 14609: 14602: 14599:4.3 and 6.1; 14598: 14594: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14575:For example, 14572: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14552: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14533: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14468: 14459: 14452: 14446: 14440: 14434: 14427: 14421: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14397: 14391: 14384: 14378: 14371: 14365: 14358: 14352: 14345: 14339: 14332: 14326: 14319: 14313: 14306: 14300: 14293: 14290: 14284: 14277: 14271: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14251: 14244: 14238: 14231: 14225: 14218: 14214: 14213: 14206: 14197: 14190: 14184: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14169: 14165: 14160: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14127: 14123: 14118: 14111: 14107: 14102: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14072: 14070: 14062: 14058: 14053: 14046: 14042: 14041:H.H. Scullard 14037: 14035: 14027: 14026: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13990: 13983: 13979: 13973: 13966: 13965: 13958: 13952:cit. p.18 ff. 13951: 13950:Recherches... 13945: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13913: 13910: 13904: 13897: 13891: 13884: 13878: 13871: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13819: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13793: 13786: 13781: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13753:Capite aperto 13749: 13742: 13738: 13733: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13706: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13679: 13673: 13666: 13660: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13637: 13633: 13628: 13621: 13616: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13578:De re publica 13575: 13571: 13570: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13544:Livy 9.1.10; 13541: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13513: 13506: 13501: 13494: 13488: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13467: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13447: 13441:Livy I 20, 7. 13438: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13390: 13384: 13377: 13371: 13364: 13358: 13351: 13345: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13305: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13243: 13237: 13230: 13224: 13222: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13178: 13170: 13164: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13138: 13137: 13130: 13121: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13097: 13090: 13084: 13077: 13073: 13072: 13065: 13056: 13049: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13027: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13002: 12995: 12989: 12980: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12952: 12946: 12944: 12934: 12927: 12921: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12897: 12891: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12867: 12860: 12856: 12851: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12830: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12791: 12785: 12776: 12769: 12765: 12760: 12753: 12747: 12740: 12734: 12727: 12723: 12718: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12698: 12691: 12685: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12666: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12645: 12638: 12635:J. Linderski 12632: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12584: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12562: 12559: 12553: 12546: 12542: 12536: 12529: 12523: 12516: 12510: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12464:Synonyms for 12461: 12454: 12448: 12441: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12412: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12365: 12364:voveo, vovere 12361: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12304: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12246: 12244: 12241:say that the 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12210: 12209: 12204: 12200: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12157: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12064: 12063: 12057: 12056:suovetaurilia 12052: 12043: 12041: 12040:sacred spring 12031: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12012: 12006: 12001: 11997: 11996:St. Augustine 11993: 11991: 11990: 11985: 11984:legal actions 11981: 11977: 11973: 11972:(certa verba) 11969: 11965: 11961: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11870: 11856: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11810: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11748: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11710: 11700: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11636:St. Augustine 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493:and the noun 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11451: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11419: 11410: 11408: 11405:concept, see 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11386: 11380: 11379:Twelve Tables 11376: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11330:, with which 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11294: 11293:confraternity 11290: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11276: 11275: 11271: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11195: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11129: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11038:sancta dearum 11035: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10992:sanctus civis 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10900:, in Umbrian 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10871: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10825:(the same as 10824: 10820: 10810: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10672: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10523:sacra publica 10519: 10515: 10514: 10510:as a form of 10509: 10505: 10501: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10416: 10410: 10400: 10398: 10397:public slaves 10394: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10322:oversaw. The 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10302:. There were 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10284:Quirinal Hill 10281: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10268:. During the 10267: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10180:Sacra privata 10177: 10175: 10174:Sacra publica 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10158:sacra publica 10155: 10154: 10150:, and to the 10149: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10138:hills of Rome 10135: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10111: 10110:sacra publica 10106: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9976:capite velato 9973: 9969: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9890:to execute a 9889: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9874:who harmed a 9873: 9869: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9812:Anything not 9810: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9702:ritus graecus 9698: 9696: 9695:Graecus ritus 9692: 9688: 9684: 9683:Magna Graecia 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9647:ritus graecus 9643: 9641: 9640: 9639:capite velato 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612:ritus graecus 9609: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9467: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9443:sacrum signum 9440: 9436: 9435:St. Augustine 9432: 9428: 9426: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9245:Roman Britain 9241: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9194:cultus deorum 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9138: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9082:lectisternium 9079: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9071:lectisternium 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9010:Forum Boarium 9007: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8867:prece quaesit 8864: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8768: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8735:oblative sign 8732: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8702:Antonius Musa 8699: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8615:Christian God 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8436: 8430: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8405:say that the 8404: 8400: 8396: 8382: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8365:found in the 8364: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8305: 8297: 8295: 8294:abstract noun 8291: 8287: 8284:, along with 8283: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8269:founding hero 8266: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8189:P. Decius Mus 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8052:augural books 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7962:Flamen Dialis 7959: 7958: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7841:According to 7834: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7637:Julius Caesar 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7262:as quoted by 7261: 7257: 7253: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7169:said that "a 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6378:), or in the 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335:Indo-European 6332: 6328: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6304:lectisternium 6297:lectisternium 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6236:Aulus Gellius 6233: 6232:Fabius Pictor 6229: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6175:jurisprudence 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6013: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5961:indigitamenta 5954:indigitamenta 5951: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5830:funeral rites 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5579:ritus graecus 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304:Indo-European 5301: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5178:, when it is 5177: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4984:Roman Britain 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765:, or perhaps 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4563:(sacerdotium) 4559: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4495:Imperial cult 4492: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4298:abstract noun 4295: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167:Imperial cult 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4133:Indo-European 4130: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965:curse tablets 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925:Ateius Capito 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3877:dies vitiosus 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3832:dies vitiosus 3829: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3776:dies vitiosus 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3760:Aulus Gellius 3757: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3728:According to 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3673:Imperial cult 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3514:dies Caesaris 3511: 3510:Imperial cult 3507: 3506:dies Augustus 3503: 3498: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3450:Roman emperor 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143:St. Augustine 3140: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:cultus deorum 3083: 3082: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682:and taken as 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:Aulus Gellius 2582: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Late Republic 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:Clavum figere 2337:clavum figere 2334: 2331: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2301:capite velato 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Twelve Tables 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2138:Carmen Arvale 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091:capite velato 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2069:ritus graecus 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:capite velato 2054: 2050: 2043:capite velato 2038: 2037:capite velato 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:, "to call." 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1952:derived from 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1816:Jus ad bellum 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1789:(ius fetiale) 1787: 1783: 1776:bellum iustum 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1569:) within the 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466:According to 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349:mentioned by 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:camp-building 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Palatine Hill 1168:, and on the 1167: 1166:Quirinal Hill 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1148:observed the 1147: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079:populi Romani 1078: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:woodland pear 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 992:Flamen Dialis 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948: 941: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 909: 904: 903: 898: 894: 890: 878: 874: 869: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:Ager hosticus 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782: 777: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 731: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 612: 610: 606:Ruins of the 604: 600: 598: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580: 575: 574: 569: 565: 564: 559: 549: 547: 543: 542: 537: 536: 531: 527: 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 481: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 342:of gods, see 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 317: 305: 300: 298: 293: 291: 286: 285: 283: 282: 277: 274: 271: 270: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 238: 237: 233: 232: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 205: 204: 203:Indigitamenta 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 186: 185:Dii Consentes 182: 181: 179: 178: 175: 172: 171: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 115: 112: 110: 109:imperial cult 107: 105: 102: 100: 99: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 82: 78: 76: 73: 72: 70: 69: 65: 64: 56: 52: 46: 42: 41: 38: 31: 30: 27: 19: 23850: 23765:Gubernaculum 23734:Golden Bough 23703:Neoplatonism 23698:Epicureanism 23627: 23600: 23581: 23562: 23555: 23541: 23046:Anna Perenna 23020: 22964: 22956: 22948: 22940: 22936: 22928: 22918: 22913: 22905: 22900: 22892: 22888: 22883: 22875: 22867: 22859: 22854: 22846: 22838: 22830: 22826: 22820: 22816: 22812: 22804: 22799: 22791: 22786: 22774: 22770: 22765: 22757: 22749: 22741: 22736: 22725: 22721: 22716: 22708: 22702: 22698: 22692: 22680: 22675: 22664: 22660: 22655: 22647: 22639: 22631: 22627: 22623: 22619: 22616:jurist Gaius 22610: 22602: 22594: 22586: 22581: 22570: 22565: 22554: 22549: 22538: 22534: 22526: 22518: 22510: 22506: 22502: 22498: 22493: 22485: 22482: 22478: 22473: 22465: 22460: 22452: 22447: 22439: 22438:W. W. Skeat 22434: 22426: 22421: 22413: 22404: 22396: 22392: 22384: 22376: 22371: 22363: 22358: 22347: 22342: 22334: 22329: 22321: 22318:De clementia 22317: 22312: 22304: 22299: 22291: 22283: 22275: 22267: 22259: 22255: 22251: 22246: 22233: 22223: 22215: 22207: 22203: 22198: 22190: 22185: 22177: 22172: 22164: 22154: 22149: 22138: 22130: 22122: 22110: 22105: 22097: 22093: 22089: 22081: 22073: 22068: 22060: 22052: 22036: 22032: 22027: 22019: 22014: 22006: 22005:Jörg Rüpke, 22001: 21992: 21984: 21980: 21976: 21971: 21963: 21959: 21955: 21951: 21946: 21936: 21931: 21920: 21916: 21911: 21900: 21895: 21887: 21882: 21873: 21866:mephitic air 21854: 21850: 21844: 21840: 21836: 21832: 21828: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21801: 21793: 21789: 21785: 21781: 21776: 21768: 21764: 21760: 21755: 21747: 21743: 21738: 21730: 21726: 21722: 21717: 21709: 21704: 21696: 21692: 21687: 21679: 21675: 21667: 21659: 21656: 21651: 21643: 21639: 21635: 21627: 21623: 21618: 21610: 21602: 21594: 21589: 21582: 21578: 21570: 21562: 21558: 21550: 21542: 21536: 21528: 21520: 21515: 21507: 21503: 21494: 21485: 21480: 21472: 21467: 21459: 21454: 21446: 21442: 21437: 21429: 21425: 21420: 21412: 21404: 21396: 21391: 21382: 21374: 21366: 21358: 21354: 21349: 21341: 21337: 21332: 21324: 21320: 21315: 21307: 21303: 21299: 21295: 21291: 21286: 21278: 21274: 21270: 21269:IX 19; Cic. 21266: 21261: 21253: 21245: 21241: 21229: 21221: 21213: 21205: 21200: 21192: 21167: 21158: 21150: 21146: 21142: 21137: 21133: 21127: 21123: 21118: 21110: 21106: 21101: 21093: 21089: 21084: 21076: 21072: 21068: 21063: 21055: 21050: 21042: 21034: 21026: 21021: 21013: 21009: 21005: 21001: 20998:Sacer esto.. 20997: 20992: 20984: 20980: 20976: 20971: 20963: 20958: 20950: 20945: 20937: 20929: 20924: 20916: 20911: 20903: 20897: 20893: 20888: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20866: 20861: 20853: 20850:porci sacres 20849: 20845: 20840: 20828: 20820: 20819:Jörg Rüpke, 20815: 20802: 20794: 20786: 20776: 20772: 20769:On Religions 20768: 20758:Attic Nights 20757: 20749: 20741: 20733: 20725: 20722: 20718: 20714: 20706: 20698: 20693: 20685: 20681: 20677: 20673: 20669: 20665: 20661: 20653: 20649: 20645: 20640: 20629: 20624: 20616: 20611: 20600: 20599:Jörg Rüpke, 20595: 20587: 20582: 20574: 20569: 20561: 20558:ius publicum 20557: 20549: 20541: 20533: 20525: 20519: 20511: 20503: 20499: 20494: 20486: 20482: 20477: 20469: 20464: 20456: 20451: 20443: 20438: 20430: 20425: 20415: 20409: 20405: 20396: 20392: 20388: 20383: 20375: 20370: 20362: 20357: 20349: 20341: 20333: 20325: 20317: 20312: 20304: 20296: 20288: 20280: 20276: 20271: 20266: 20258: 20253: 20245: 20239: 20230: 20217: 20204: 20195: 20186: 20177: 20166: 20158: 20150: 20146: 20141: 20133: 20117: 20098: 20080: 20072: 20068: 20061:Arcana Mundi 20060: 20059:Georg Luck, 20055: 20047: 20042: 20034: 20029: 20021: 20017: 20013: 20009: 20004: 19995: 19987: 19983: 19978: 19970: 19967:W.S. Teuffel 19962: 19954: 19950: 19946: 19945:A.A. Barb, " 19941: 19933: 19925: 19917: 19913: 19908: 19900: 19896: 19892: 19887: 19879: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19861: 19857: 19853: 19848: 19840: 19835: 19827: 19822: 19811: 19805: 19796: 19788: 19785:LacusCurtius 19776: 19771: 19760: 19755: 19747: 19739: 19731: 19727: 19722: 19714: 19709: 19701: 19698: 19693: 19685: 19682: 19677: 19669: 19665: 19660: 19652: 19647: 19639: 19634: 19626: 19621: 19613: 19608: 19600: 19592: 19584: 19580: 19576: 19572: 19569:Proto-Italic 19564: 19552: 19542: 19535: 19531: 19523: 19519: 19515: 19508: 19500: 19492: 19484: 19476: 19468: 19459: 19448: 19440: 19432: 19424: 19416: 19405: 19404:Jörg Rüpke, 19400: 19386: 19381: 19373: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19348: 19340: 19335: 19324: 19319: 19311: 19307: 19302: 19294: 19290: 19286: 19281: 19273: 19269: 19261: 19251: 19242: 19234: 19230: 19222: 19217: 19205: 19200: 19192: 19188: 19180: 19169: 19165: 19160: 19149: 19143: 19134: 19126: 19121: 19109: 19105: 19097: 19089: 19081: 19074: 19065: 19057: 19053: 19045: 19037: 19033: 19029: 19025: 19021: 19016: 19008: 19000: 18992: 18987: 18979: 18974: 18966: 18961: 18952: 18946: 18945: 18941: 18940: 18931: 18927: 18922: 18914: 18909: 18901: 18893: 18885: 18880: 18872: 18871:Jörg Rüpke, 18867: 18856: 18850: 18842: 18834: 18833:Paul Roche, 18829: 18819: 18814: 18806: 18801: 18784: 18776: 18771: 18763: 18759: 18746: 18738: 18734: 18722: 18714: 18709: 18701: 18697: 18692: 18685:In Catilinam 18684: 18679: 18671: 18666: 18658: 18653: 18645: 18629: 18625: 18620: 18612: 18607: 18596: 18590: 18581: 18573: 18568: 18557: 18552: 18544: 18539: 18531: 18526: 18515: 18510: 18501: 18493: 18489: 18485: 18482:T.P. Wiseman 18477: 18472: 18463: 18455: 18451: 18443: 18438:is proposed. 18432:dii involuti 18431: 18427: 18422: 18413: 18405: 18399: 18391: 18379: 18371: 18366: 18358: 18354: 18346: 18338: 18330: 18321: 18313: 18308: 18300: 18295: 18287: 18283: 18277: 18273: 18255:Philadelphia 18249: 18242: 18234: 18229: 18218: 18201: 18193: 18192:Jörg Rüpke, 18188: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18168: 18163: 18155: 18151: 18146: 18138: 18133: 18125: 18120: 18112: 18108: 18104: 18099: 18091: 18086: 18078: 18073: 18065: 18064:Paul Veyne, 18060: 18052: 18047: 18042:Paris, 1974. 18039: 18034: 18025: 18017: 18012: 18004: 18000: 17995: 17985: 17980: 17972: 17971:W.W. Skeat, 17967: 17959: 17955: 17947: 17939: 17934: 17926: 17917: 17909: 17905: 17900: 17892: 17888: 17883: 17875: 17867: 17859: 17851: 17850:Jörg Rüpke, 17846: 17838: 17830: 17823: 17815: 17808: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17787: 17779: 17774: 17766: 17762: 17758: 17750: 17745: 17737: 17733: 17724: 17717:Arcana Mundi 17716: 17711: 17702: 17694: 17689: 17676: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17655: 17647: 17646:Georg Luck, 17642: 17634: 17622: 17614: 17606: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17586: 17582: 17573: 17568:, pp. 69–70. 17565: 17558: 17553: 17545: 17540: 17532: 17527: 17514: 17498: 17486: 17478: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17434: 17430: 17426: 17422: 17417: 17409: 17405: 17400: 17392: 17387: 17379: 17374: 17366: 17361: 17356:III 5, 1 ff. 17353: 17348: 17340: 17336: 17331: 17323: 17319: 17314: 17294: 17288: 17284: 17280: 17276: 17266: 17261: 17250: 17246: 17241: 17233: 17229: 17225: 17221: 17217: 17213: 17209: 17204: 17196: 17190: 17182: 17177: 17167: 17155: 17151: 17146: 17135:. Retrieved 17125: 17117: 17116:W. W. Skeat 17112: 17104: 17099: 17091: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17035: 17024: 17018: 17014: 17010: 17002: 16998: 16993: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16969: 16965: 16959: 16954: 16946: 16941: 16930: 16922: 16918: 16910: 16905:1.269, with 16902: 16897: 16886: 16881: 16870: 16862: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16846: 16842: 16838: 16834: 16829: 16809: 16805: 16797: 16789: 16786:Apex Omnium, 16785: 16781: 16773: 16765: 16760: 16750: 16745: 16737: 16733: 16728: 16720: 16712: 16705: 16701: 16696: 16688: 16683: 16675: 16671: 16666: 16658: 16653: 16623: 16612: 16608: 16603: 16595: 16590: 16582: 16578: 16573: 16565: 16560: 16553:postposition 16541: 16536: 16524: 16520: 16509: 16504: 16494: 16486: 16482: 16468: 16455: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16430: 16422: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16400: 16395: 16387: 16383: 16372: 16368: 16364: 16360: 16352: 16348: 16339: 16331: 16323: 16319: 16309: 16305: 16297: 16293: 16287: 16281: 16276: 16268: 16264: 16260: 16256: 16251: 16243: 16235: 16227: 16219: 16218:Georg Luck, 16214: 16206: 16198: 16194: 16189: 16181: 16177: 16169: 16164: 16156: 16151: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16128: 16120: 16119:Jörg Rüpke, 16115: 16107: 16102: 16094: 16089: 16081: 16065: 16057: 16051: 16043: 16035: 16027: 16023: 16018: 16007: 16002: 15994: 15990: 15982: 15974: 15966: 15958: 15957:Eric Orlin, 15953: 15945: 15940: 15932: 15928: 15922: 15917: 15909: 15905: 15897: 15892: 15884: 15880: 15872: 15868: 15863: 15855: 15850: 15842: 15834: 15825: 15817: 15812: 15804: 15799: 15787: 15776: 15768: 15757: 15749: 15737: 15732: 15724: 15719: 15708: 15700: 15689: 15688:Jörg Rüpke, 15684: 15676: 15672: 15668: 15663: 15646: 15636: 15631: 15623: 15619: 15611: 15603: 15599: 15591: 15581: 15572: 15561: 15553: 15545: 15535: 15530: 15526: 15521: 15511: 15507: 15499: 15491: 15483: 15475: 15470: 15456: 15448: 15440: 15433: 15425: 15416:Cassius Dio 15412: 15403: 15395: 15391: 15387: 15383: 15375: 15371: 15363: 15355: 15343: 15335: 15327: 15319: 15311: 15306: 15298: 15293: 15285: 15280: 15272: 15267: 15259: 15246:pp. 148–149. 15243: 15238: 15230: 15225: 15217: 15212: 15204: 15199: 15191: 15186: 15178: 15174:Colonia Ubii 15172: 15167: 15159: 15151: 15143: 15135: 15130: 15122: 15110: 15106: 15102: 15097: 15089: 15084: 15073: 15064: 15056: 15051: 15043: 15042:Jörg Rüpke, 15038: 15030: 15027:certain gods 15026: 15022: 15017: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14996: 14986: 14981: 14973: 14968: 14960: 14956: 14948: 14937: 14933: 14925: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14904: 14896: 14891: 14882: 14874: 14866: 14858: 14853: 14845: 14841: 14822: 14821:10.1; Ando, 14818: 14813: 14805: 14801: 14797: 14792: 14784: 14776: 14766: 14761: 14753: 14749: 14744: 14736: 14731: 14723: 14719: 14714: 14703: 14695: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14666: 14658: 14650: 14639: 14634: 14626: 14621: 14613: 14608: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14571: 14563: 14559: 14551: 14540: 14537:W.S. Teuffel 14532: 14524: 14520: 14515: 14507: 14502: 14491: 14490:C.O. Brink, 14486: 14475: 14467: 14458: 14450: 14445: 14433: 14425: 14420: 14412: 14408: 14403: 14395: 14390: 14382: 14377: 14369: 14364: 14356: 14351: 14343: 14338: 14330: 14325: 14317: 14312: 14304: 14299: 14288: 14283: 14275: 14270: 14263:Praetorship, 14262: 14258: 14250: 14243:Praetorship, 14242: 14237: 14229: 14224: 14216: 14210: 14205: 14196: 14189:Praetorship, 14188: 14183: 14171: 14159: 14151: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14125: 14117: 14109: 14101: 14094:Book 5, §755 14087: 14060: 14052: 14044: 14022: 14014: 14009: 14001: 13997: 13989: 13981: 13977: 13972: 13962: 13957: 13949: 13944: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13919: 13911: 13903: 13895: 13890: 13883:Arcana Mundi 13882: 13881:Georg Luck, 13877: 13869: 13864: 13856: 13851: 13843: 13839: 13834: 13826: 13816: 13808: 13800: 13792: 13784: 13780: 13772: 13767: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13740: 13732: 13721: 13705: 13692: 13684: 13672: 13664: 13659: 13648: 13643: 13635: 13627: 13615: 13607: 13597: 13593: 13588:XVIII 1, 2; 13585: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13512: 13500: 13492: 13487: 13479: 13471: 13466: 13458: 13454: 13446: 13437: 13426:regalia exta 13425: 13424:Festus, sv. 13420: 13412: 13404: 13396: 13388: 13383: 13375: 13370: 13362: 13357: 13349: 13344: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13323: 13312: 13304: 13296: 13289: 13284: 13276: 13268: 13257: 13249: 13241: 13236: 13228: 13212: 13201: 13195: 13177: 13135: 13129: 13120: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13096: 13088: 13083: 13069: 13064: 13055: 13047: 13039: 13031: 13026: 13001: 12993: 12988: 12979: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12958: 12950: 12933: 12925: 12920: 12912: 12903: 12895: 12890: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12866: 12858: 12850: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12829: 12818: 12810: 12809:; in Latin, 12802: 12797: 12789: 12784: 12775: 12767: 12759: 12751: 12746: 12738: 12733: 12725: 12717: 12709: 12705: 12697: 12689: 12684: 12674: 12670: 12665: 12653: 12649: 12644: 12636: 12631: 12623: 12615: 12610: 12602: 12598: 12590: 12582: 12576: 12568: 12560: 12557: 12552: 12540: 12535: 12527: 12522: 12514: 12509: 12501: 12495: 12481: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12460: 12452: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12420: 12415: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12355: 12349: 12347: 12333: 12329: 12315: 12305: 12300: 12290: 12287:vito, vitare 12286: 12282: 12266: 12258: 12254: 12252: 12242: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12196: 12175:). See also 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12158: 12156:, "enemy"). 12153: 12149: 12141: 12137: 12123: 12119: 12117: 12106: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12068: 12037: 12023: 12019: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11987: 11979: 11976:Mid Republic 11971: 11959: 11957: 11950: 11934: 11928: 11924: 11922: 11906: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11867: 11848: 11844: 11830: 11824: 11820: 11818: 11807: 11801: 11797: 11796:To create a 11795: 11786: 11775:inauguration 11770: 11764: 11752: 11750: 11747:Roman temple 11731: 11729: 11726:tabernaculum 11713: 11707: 11706: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11677:superstitio, 11676: 11668: 11660: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11632:superstitio, 11631: 11627: 11623: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11598:superstition 11589: 11588: 11578: 11562:confarreatio 11560: 11552: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11518: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11490: 11476: 11472:Roman people 11459: 11458: 11436: 11432: 11417: 11416: 11394: 11385:ius publicum 11382: 11374: 11372: 11365: 11361: 11355: 11335: 11327: 11320:Pythagoreans 11315: 11312:inscriptions 11303: 11288: 11282: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11236: 11226: 11220: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11178: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11144: 11132: 11126: 11124: 11106: 11100: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11056:and equates 11053: 11042:Imperial era 11037: 11033: 11002: 11000: 10991: 10983: 10975: 10965: 10960: 10956: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10930: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10905: 10901: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10868: 10858: 10857:plus suffix 10854: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10816: 10804: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10783:sacrosanctus 10782: 10780: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10728: 10720: 10717:sacrosanctus 10716: 10710: 10707:sacrosanctus 10690: 10678: 10670: 10668: 10663: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10613: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10583: 10566: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10528: 10521: 10517: 10511: 10507: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10479: 10471: 10465: 10457: 10456: 10440: 10436: 10428: 10412: 10408: 10406: 10392: 10388:gens Pinaria 10386: 10382:gens Potitia 10380: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10332: 10327: 10303: 10295: 10287: 10279: 10273: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10232: 10227: 10219: 10199: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10157: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10109: 10107: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10078: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10056:per se. The 10053: 10033: 10025: 10021: 10019: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9974: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9921: 9920: 9913: 9910:dies profani 9909: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9891: 9883: 9871: 9867: 9865: 9860: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9836:(resecratio) 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9813: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9777: 9776:had its own 9765: 9761: 9755: 9751: 9737: 9727: 9726: 9711: 9705: 9701: 9699: 9694: 9678: 9646: 9644: 9637: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9615: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9589: 9582: 9576: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9530: 9519: 9517: 9505: 9502:rex sacrorum 9501: 9477:rex sacrorum 9475: 9473: 9470:rex sacrorum 9461: 9457: 9456: 9442: 9438: 9430: 9429: 9422: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9383:Antiquitates 9382: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9318: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9275: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9229: 9223: 9215: 9211: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9163:rex sacrorum 9161: 9155: 9132: 9128:adding to it 9123: 9101: 9089: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9059: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9024: 9003: 8980: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8875:Imperial era 8866: 8862: 8852: 8841: 8833: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8817:("deadly"), 8814: 8806: 8794: 8790: 8787:bonae preces 8786: 8766: 8765: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8705: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8679: 8674: 8648: 8636: 8626: 8618: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8481:rather than 8476: 8464: 8462: 8453:exta reddere 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8414: 8411:public slave 8406: 8394: 8392: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8347: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8303: 8285: 8279: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8232: 8226: 8215: 8214: 8196: 8192: 8191:is "like" a 8176: 8173:sacred grove 8168: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8141: 8139: 8129: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8092: 8082: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8044:paludamentum 8043: 8031:paludamentum 8029: 8021: 8013: 8012: 8007:paludamentum 8005: 8004:wearing the 7981: 7977: 7957:rex sacrorum 7955: 7953: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7918:(entrails). 7913: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7889: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7830: 7814: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7784: 7782: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7750: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7684:interpreted 7675: 7667: 7666: 7656: 7632: 7620: 7614: 7604: 7597: 7589: 7588: 7573: 7565: 7549: 7541: 7535: 7512: 7505: 7500:Anna Perenna 7495: 7487: 7485: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7443:sacred grove 7436: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7406:dies nefasti 7405: 7401: 7399: 7387: 7377:by tradition 7372: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7288: 7267: 7248: 7238: 7230: 7223: 7205: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7127:king of Rome 7114: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7068: 7066: 7056: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6969: 6961: 6955:Di Consentes 6943: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6893: 6892: 6887:calyx-krater 6843: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6815: 6805: 6785: 6767: 6766: 6754: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6694: 6680: 6678: 6668: 6662: 6652: 6638: 6636: 6629: 6625: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6579: 6578:). See also 6575: 6571: 6568:king of Rome 6555: 6551: 6547: 6545: 6533: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6503: 6501: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6439: 6428: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6396:leges templi 6395: 6391: 6388:legum dictio 6387: 6383: 6380:inauguration 6367: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6350: 6347:lego, legere 6346: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6286: 6262: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6162: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6074: 6009: 5999:di indigetes 5997: 5989: 5978:indigitation 5970:divine names 5959: 5957: 5945: 5943: 5932: 5931:, the three 5928:rex sacrorum 5926: 5916: 5908: 5905:Regal period 5898: 5890: 5884: 5867: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5707: 5699: 5697: 5674:ager gabinus 5672: 5666: 5657:, a town of 5650: 5648: 5623: 5617: 5605: 5599: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565:Latin tribes 5562: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5542:The fifteen 5541: 5536: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5476: 5474: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5400: 5394: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5278:J. G. Frazer 5267: 5265: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5202: 5201:of the verb 5194: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5153: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4973: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4909:. The Greek 4902: 4895: 4888: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4804: 4799: 4778: 4770: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4644: 4642: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4522: 4504: 4503: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4449: 4438:Isaura Vetus 4415: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4305: 4293: 4288:by means of 4281: 4277: 4270: 4268: 4243: 4237: 4229: 4217: 4211: 4207:contract law 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:The formula 4192: 4178: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4135: 4131:derive from 4128: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4061: 4057: 4052:scholar and 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4005: 3980: 3960: 3944: 3941:divine wrath 3936: 3932: 3920: 3900: 3895:plural as a 3888: 3886: 3876: 3872: 3860:dies natalis 3858: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3836:Roman senate 3831: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3800:). Unlike a 3795: 3791: 3785: 3782:diem vitiare 3781: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3751: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3714:dies natalis 3713: 3705: 3704:adopted the 3697: 3695: 3676: 3670: 3666:dies natalis 3665: 3654:dies natalis 3653: 3651: 3618:owed to the 3612:dies natalis 3611: 3610:. The Roman 3601: 3598:dies natalis 3597: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3572:dies natalis 3559: 3555: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3518:dies Augusti 3517: 3513: 3505: 3502:dies Augusti 3501: 3499: 3490:dies imperii 3489: 3477: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3454:dies imperii 3453: 3447: 3444:dies imperii 3435: 3431: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3296: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3186: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3132: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3104:of the verb 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3068:Roman people 3059:ius publicum 3057: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3023: 3018:, an altar. 3013: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2929:"; contrast 2920: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2889: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2790: 2788: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2698: 2697:, hence the 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680:Q. Rex C. F. 2679: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2618: 2610:rex sacrorum 2608: 2605:Regal Period 2596: 2588: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2523: 2515: 2503: 2495: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2402: 2395: 2385: 2380:Epulum Jovis 2377: 2374:dies natalis 2373: 2365: 2341: 2340: 2321:. In Latin, 2270: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2174:carmen malum 2173: 2171: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2090: 2088: 2073: 2067: 2066:practice or 2055: 2046: 2036: 2022: 2015:public slave 2010: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1933: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1901: 1893:rex sacrorum 1891: 1879: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1754: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1594: 1593:). Contrast 1591:tabernaculum 1590: 1584: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1484:ex tripudiis 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1456: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1354: 1346: 1336: 1332: 1329:Roman people 1322: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1307:rex sacrorum 1305: 1301: 1295: 1292:magistracies 1287: 1281: 1277: 1266:king of Rome 1257: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1181: 1177: 1159: 1156:tabernaculum 1155: 1149: 1141: 1135: 1120:. Under the 1104: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1083:contaminare) 1082: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1017: 1016:in his lost 1009: 1001: 1000: 987: 975: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 945: 943: 917: 912: 906: 900: 896: 892: 886: 872: 861: 858:ager Romanus 857: 853: 849: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 815: 812:ager Gabinus 811: 799:ager Romanus 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 775: 773: 759: 747: 744:public works 729: 726: 722:Father Liber 684:, should be 664: 659: 639: 635: 627: 617: 616:In his work 615: 608: 594: 587: 577: 571: 567: 561: 557: 555: 545: 539: 533: 525: 519: 511: 507: 503: 501: 480: 360:Roman temple 333: 313: 241: 183: 96: 79: 55:head covered 36:ancient Rome 26: 23839:Persecution 23791:Gallo-Roman 23583:Res divinae 23455:Rhea Silvia 22953:John Scheid 22917:Macrobius, 22754:John Scheid 22661:Confessions 22659:Augustine, 22497:G. Dumezil 22483:auguraculum 22410:John Scheid 22115:John Scheid 21964:In Aeneidem 21721:H. Fugier, 21691:H. Fugier, 21655:M. Morani, 21447:sacramentum 21304:Staatsrecht 21132:(cf. Serv. 21094:Quest. Rom. 21039:John Scheid 20795:Res Divinae 20738:John Scheid 20712:John Scheid 20075:is used by 19891:Augustine, 19726:Macrobius, 19688:1931 p. 56. 19503:; from the 18775:A. Guarino 18394:2.138; and 18299:W.W. Skeat 18038:G. Dumezil 17910:De domo sua 17889:lex Voconia 17791:In Festus: 17459:Inauguratio 17431:praecidanea 17352:Macrobius, 17230:Fest. epit. 17150:G. Dumezil 17107:Paris, 1963 17042:holds that 16945:Schilling, 16766:Apex Omnium 16738:of Ammianus 16732:R.L. Rike, 16657:T.F. Hoad, 16365:Ars Poetica 16355:2.118; and 16349:De domo sua 16238:2.110–114; 16203:John Scheid 14934:Etymologiae 14817:Augustine, 14737:De domo sua 14720:De domo sua 14593:De domo sua 14521:De domo sua 14508:De domo sua 14472:Moses Hadas 14449:Serv. Dan. 14255:Cassius Dio 14057:John Scheid 13998:Graeco Ritu 13994:John Scheid 13694:Etymologiae 13574:Philippicae 13569:De officiis 13470:Macrobius, 13387:G. Dumezil 13374:Festus sv. 13333:res publica 13273:John Scheid 13071:Lex Ogulnia 12968:res publica 12883:auguraculum 12871:John Scheid 12658:Semo Sancus 12639:in ANRW pp. 12637:Augural law 12223:victimarius 12217:. Multiple 12205:called the 12203:victimarius 12199:victimarius 12193:victimarius 12187:victimarius 12152:related to 12108:victimarius 12101:and at the 12091:Taurobolium 11980:certa verba 11930:verba certa 11897:verba certa 11873:certa verba 11869:Verba certa 11864:verba certa 11851:beyond the 11823:, with the 11803:auguraculum 11733:auguraculum 11703:supplicatio 11689:superstitio 11669:superstitio 11661:superstitio 11628:superstitio 11606:superstitio 11594:Religiosity 11590:Superstitio 11585:superstitio 11543:, both the 11438:obnuntiatio 11425:magistrates 11395:sodalitates 11375:sodalitates 11362:sodalitates 11265:sodalitates 11134:obnuntiatio 11034:dia theaoon 10972:magistrates 10945:res sanctae 10929:) ... nor 10776:sacrosancti 10772:sacrosancta 10736:sacramentum 10695:. See also 10687:sacrificium 10598:iusiurandum 10594:sacramentum 10590:iusiurandum 10586:sacramentum 10567:Sacramentum 10555:sacramentum 10543:sacramentum 10518:sacramentum 10508:sacramentum 10491:sacramentum 10472:Sacramentum 10458:Sacramentum 10447:sacramentum 10046:magistrates 9983:wearing an 9707:mos maiorum 9622:ritu graeco 9599:caerimoniae 9431:Res divinae 9395:res divinae 9391:res divinae 9387:res humanae 9348:res humanae 9343:Res divinae 9337:res divinae 9263:superstitio 9225:mos maiorum 9188:offered by 9077:supplicatio 8999:Juno Regina 8719:procedure, 8675:precationes 8541:because it 8416:victimarius 8413:. See also 8260:ius divinum 7968:, then the 7964:, then the 7785:ostentarium 7779:ostentarium 7653:Mark Antony 7649:magistrates 7633:obnuntiatio 7621:obnuntiatio 7590:Obnuntiatio 7585:obnuntiatio 7574:(nuntiatio) 7562:magistrates 7550:(nuntiatio) 6838:from verb 6820:Mark Antony 6796:sacrificial 6792:blood sport 6753:. See also 6691:Roman coins 6572:ius divinum 6560:Quintillian 6556:commentarii 6409:mos maiorum 6291:magistrates 6228:absconditum 6216:, pledges; 6187:ius divinum 6181:ius divinum 6128:during the 6126:Holy Spirit 6061:procedure, 5909:inauguratio 5900:auguraculum 5881:inauguratio 5866:. See also 5856:Eucharistic 5842:). Compare 5810:praecidanea 5439:dies festus 5413:" (Spanish 5395:imperativae 5369:conceptivae 5229:. See also 5006:Fata deorum 5001:fata deorum 4597:(eximantur) 4568:inauguratio 4549:exauguratio 4537:exauguratio 4519:exauguratio 4409:Juno Regina 4254:utilitarian 4248:, however, 4224:unilateral 4115:substantive 4109:, feminine 3897:substantive 3869:Cassius Dio 3865:Mark Antony 3787:obnuntiatio 3780:The phrase 3758:performed. 3754:res divinae 3698:natalicium, 3390:. See also 3364:classified 3125:Anglo-Saxon 3096:. The noun 3029:inauguratio 3024:consecratio 3004:Consecratio 2999:consecratio 2866:commentarii 2850:commentarii 2840:commentarii 2825:commentarii 2817:commentarii 2799:Latin prose 2779:commentarii 2735:commentarii 2560:assemblies 2390:devoted to 2330:ritu Gabino 2093:influenced 1989:dietary law 1981:caerimoniae 1962:Etymologiae 1942:linguistics 1922:caerimoniae 1914:caerimoniae 1902:caerimoniae 1872:caerimoniae 1862:caerimoniae 1807:ius fetiale 1745:prodigiaque 1742:portentaque 1736:averruncare 1730:averruncare 1679:. Contrast 1586:auguraculum 1581:magistrates 1577:impetrativa 1536:obnuntiatio 1513:(silentium) 1461:Roman state 1453:magistrates 1178:auguraculum 1142:auguraculum 1132:auguraculum 1118:magistrates 1106:obnuntiatio 1019:ostentarium 1010:avertentium 964:(di superi) 950:and others 934:arbor felix 915:, "table." 877:Roman Spain 846:magistrates 672:), such as 530:abomination 124:Priesthoods 34:Religion in 23876:Categories 23784:Variations 23686:Philosophy 23665:Capitolium 23572:Propertius 23339:Averruncus 23324:Aeternitas 23314:Abundantia 23243:Proserpina 22919:Saturnalia 22843:Mary Beard 22781:in 134 AD. 22507:De Legibus 22389:Lactantius 22288:Mary Beard 22272:Jörg Rüpke 22222:, note to 22053:sodalicium 22022:pp. 36–37. 21851:Ampsanctus 21759:G. Dumezil 21723:Recherches 21673:Lithuanian 21487:fustuarium 21409:Jörg Rüpke 21371:Jörg Rüpke 21355:De legibus 21342:De legibus 21302:. Mommsen 21271:Har. Resp. 21236:5.46.2–3; 21149:(Arnobius 21025:G. Devoto 21010:homo sacer 20996:H. Bennet 20981:homo sacer 20953:II 3, 181, 20686:De Legibus 20674:consuetudo 20500:religiosus 20395:in Latin, 20301:Mary Beard 20281:propitious 20120:, p. 404) 19804:, note to 19781:Latin text 19734:, 4, 2005. 19728:Saturnalia 19511:. Compare 19477:pihom estu 19142:, note to 19075:Saturnalia 18849:, note to 18589:, note to 18505:Livy 1.39. 18398:, note to 18264:1584771429 18139:De Legibus 17860:Institutes 17835:Mary Beard 17749:A. Berger 17627:Censorinus 17623:Div. inst. 17619:Lactantius 17603:Kurt Latte 17566:Roman Gods 17522:II 13, 11; 17487:De legibus 17404:Veranius, 17354:Saturnalia 17335:Macrobius 17324:Ling. Lat. 17318:Macrobius 17236:II 639 ff. 17168:Saturnalia 17137:2022-08-27 17103:H. Fugier 17011:dies fasti 17003:dies fasti 16803:Mary Beard 16782:Res gestae 16736:Res Gestae 16687:Horsfall, 16546:accusative 16529:nominative 16137:Saturnalia 16050:, note to 15971:Mary Beard 15839:Mary Beard 15705:Georg Luck 15580:, note to 15558:P.A. Brunt 15504:Georg Luck 15455:, note to 15368:Jörg Rüpke 15344:Ad Atticum 15152:Saturnalia 15113:edited by 15070:Mary Beard 14955:, note to 14684:symballein 14672:stochasmos 14601:Quintilian 14342:Botsford, 14329:Botsford, 14316:Botsford, 14292:XV 27, 1-3 14200:Livy, 7.3. 13964:mola salsa 13718:Jörg Rüpke 13590:Modestinus 13560:Ad Atticum 13472:Saturnalia 13034:Rome 1959. 13019:patricians 12803:Saturnalia 12790:Saturnalia 12722:Mary Beard 12676:peregrinus 12671:peregrinus 12494:, note to 12408:References 12334:paianizein 12235:victimarii 12219:victimarii 12097:, red for 12062:victimarii 12034:ver sacrum 11913:magistrate 11883:invocation 11745:See also: 11714:suplicatio 11679:including 11549:suretyship 11468:magistrate 11401:. For the 11249:sodalicium 11096:religiosus 11048:describes 10949:religiosus 10932:religiosus 10885:religiosus 10753:(6.89.3). 10721:(potestas) 10559:gladiators 10415:municipium 10374:Ara Maxima 10275:gens Fabia 10216:Parentalia 10085:plural of 10054:sacerdotes 10048:, and the 10026:sacerdotes 9942:sakaraklum 9900:Dies sacri 9893:homo sacer 9856:religiosus 9841:ver sacrum 9790:homo sacer 9788:See also: 9770:Jörg Rüpke 9734:diminutive 9697:in Rome." 9663:Saturnalia 9655:Ara Maxima 9653:at Rome's 9605:religiones 9482:patricians 9439:res divina 9389:and 16 to 9319:religiosus 9291:Religiosus 9286:religiosus 9276:ira deorum 9268:religiones 9218:) was the 9216:religiones 9090:pulvinaria 9066:pulvinaria 8983:Punic Wars 8796:sotto voce 8783:invocation 8539:portendere 8484:observatio 8478:coniectura 8340:gephiarioi 8324:pontifices 8183:historian 8130:ira deorum 8116:Pax deorum 8108:pax deorum 8099:pax deorum 7982:sacerdotes 7943:observatio 7937:coniectura 7831:ostentaria 7819:haruspices 7730:coniectura 7721:Observatio 7713:Observatio 7709:observatio 7696:observatio 7668:Observatio 7663:observatio 7657:obnuntatio 7655:'s use of 7643:colleague 7611:popularist 7544:observatio 7515:sacred to 7357:patricians 7329:(not) ... 7070:mola salsa 7063:mola salsa 7057:mola salsa 6972:divination 6904:word from 6884:red-figure 6866:(Etruscan 6812:Lupercalia 6576:ius civile 6535:De Legibus 6384:sacerdotes 6193:pax deorum 6122:invocation 6052:accusative 5918:sacerdotes 5558:sacerdotes 5513:magistrate 5445:were thus 5443:dies festi 5421:, Catalan 5417:, Italian 5403:Roman Rite 5381:Sementivae 5373:Compitalia 5247:dies fasti 5175:dies fasti 4962:Roman Gaul 4960:temple of 4958:ambulatory 4900:Paelignian 4763:Bellona-Ma 4710:mola salsa 4663:), heart ( 4659:), liver ( 4625:sacerdotal 4565:. Compare 4533:Capitoline 4448:(Etruscan 4442:Asia Minor 4096:See also: 4058:disciplina 4044:(ritual). 4026:disciplina 4022:disciplina 3961:defixiones 3762:said that 3743:religiosus 3706:natalicium 3424:Decius Mus 3344:says that 3064:magistrate 2993:coniectura 2989:conjecture 2985:Coniectura 2970:participle 2962:coniectura 2951:disciplina 2932:observatio 2911:Coniectura 2903:Coniectura 2898:coniectura 2862:ius sacrum 2482:Pontifices 2455:patricians 2346:Necessitas 1950:caerimonia 1850:caerimonia 1838:caeremonia 1834:caerimonia 1828:caerimonia 1786:fetial law 1765:Averruncus 1443:, but the 1441:patricians 1425:, "bird"; 1300:while the 1241:magistrate 1186:magistrate 1164:), on the 1077:sacerdotes 1072:Attrectare 1068:attrectare 1062:attrectare 1028:red cornel 938:See also: 928:Ara Maxima 708:; and the 702:Proserpina 592:diminutive 526:abominatio 134:Pontifices 23811:Mithraism 23796:Mysteries 23645:Palladium 23623:Festivals 23399:Securitas 23349:Concordia 23293:Vertumnus 23111:Dīs Pater 23008:mythology 22922:III 2,12. 22479:Ad Aeneid 22399:, p. 216. 22379:, p. 221. 22337:, p. 216. 22324:, p. 216. 22045:colonnade 21985:Sinistrum 21835:valleys: 21581:I.8.9.2: 21508:Epistulae 21504:Satyricon 21500:Petronius 21267:Ant. Rom. 21122:Plutarch 20919:, 3, 1951 20835:II 64, 3. 20472:, 3, 1951 20414:VII.45 = 20104:Lucretius 19876:portentum 19866:prodigium 19664:K. Latte 19555:, as did 19547:voiceless 19545:into the 19327:, p. 158 19254:4 (2005). 19071:Macrobius 18932:et passim 18859:religione 18702:et passim 18661:, p. 127. 18648:, p. 330. 18599:, p. 330 18494:miraculum 18003:III, 89: 17671:, p. 279. 17520:Macrobius 17489:ii 8,20; 17187:XIII.14.1 17164:Macrobius 17162:, citing 17015:(fas est) 16970:for, fari 16568:, p. 150. 16564:Woodard, 16540:The form 16450:, p. 146. 16255:Juvenal, 16133:Macrobius 15935:, p. 248. 15924:imperator 15754:Max Weber 15658:is meant. 15542:Suetonius 15536:humanitas 15531:immanitas 15430:Suetonius 15154:1.16.36; 15148:Macrobius 14333:, p. 154. 14320:, p. 153. 14241:Brennan, 14110:In Verrem 13982:et passim 13885:, p. 510. 13604:E. Badian 13602:I 3, 40; 13297:et passim 13186:historian 13163:cite book 13155:173354759 13015:consulate 12953:, p. 115. 12926:et passim 12813:. On the 12764:Macrobius 12573:Vitruvius 12466:abominari 12451:J. Bayet 12373:do ut des 12354:, plural 12326:Macrobius 12307:Vitulatio 12146:etymology 12118:The word 12103:Robigalia 11974:; in the 11968:plaintiff 11813:liberatum 11644:Epicurean 11640:Lucretius 11634:known to 11533:sponsalia 11464:betrothal 11422:patrician 11352:eunuchism 11328:sodalicia 11297:convivial 11257:sodalitas 11244:collegium 11239:sodalitas 11233:sodalitas 11207:) of the 11187:silentium 11019:Tiberinus 10996:sanctuary 10837:. Thence 10751:Dionysius 10671:sacrarium 10654:phylakion 10616:sacrarium 10610:sacrarium 10571:sacrament 10557:sworn by 10533:(also as 10487:Roman law 10378:patrician 10370:explained 10318:that the 10235:following 10140:, to the 10063:collegium 10050:decurions 9952:sakarater 9768:," notes 9518:Although 9453:responsum 9447:sacrament 9174:The word 9135:July 2010 9032:propitius 8942:miraculum 8930:portentum 8915:prodigium 8899:prodigium 8871:Roman law 8819:infelices 8811:Thyestean 8807:Thyesteae 8729:invocatio 8645:etymology 8623:Augustine 8611:portentum 8603:Portentum 8599:prodigium 8591:portentum 8576:portentum 8571:miraculum 8535:portentum 8527:portentum 8513:portentum 8498:prodigium 8489:Portentum 8471:, not an 8465:portentum 8459:portentum 8445:exta dare 8429:porricere 8427:The verb 8423:porricere 8363:pomperias 8344:adharvayu 8300:pollucere 8160:do ut des 8152:expiation 8112:pax divom 8093:paludatae 8068:paludatus 8066:, he was 8026:adjective 8018:masculine 8014:Paludatus 7993:paludatus 7855:Suetonius 7797:wrote an 7772:abominari 7762:prodigium 7532:nuntiatio 7490:include: 7467:arboretum 7431:, plural 7269:religiosi 7264:Macrobius 7220:Cleopatra 7200:prodigium 7194:portentum 7182:miraculum 7167:Suetonius 7113:" (Latin 7046:mirabilia 7038:mirabilia 7030:Miraculum 7023:prodigium 7017:portentum 6996:miraculum 6984:miraculum 6978:miraculum 6926:lightning 6902:Latinized 6832:lustratio 6826:lustratio 6798:element. 6631:do ut des 6618:extispicy 6614:Etruscans 6566:, second 6490:. A site 6452:liberatio 6446:liberatio 6386:is named 6325:The word 6321:Roman law 6279:Veneralia 6224:sepulchra 6210:, rites; 6117:Epiclesis 6112:epiclesis 6108:epiclesis 6096:Pausanias 6092:epiklesis 6064:invocatio 6029:invocatio 6017:invocatio 6006:invocatio 5903:. In the 5761:lactentes 5751:smaller ( 5730:etymology 5625:sodalitas 5377:Paganalia 5324:Felicitas 5307:*dhe(i)l, 5299:pax divom 5203:for, fari 5191:etymology 5018:Fata deum 5010:fata deum 4878:Mithraeum 4805:fanaticus 4779:fanaticus 4771:fanaticus 4751:orgiastic 4733:Fanaticus 4728:fanaticus 4716:porricere 4691:(viscera) 4621:Macrobius 4607:numinibus 4593:(eximiae) 4581:adjective 4539:, though 4513:Roman law 4499:provinces 4479:invocatio 4464:Palladium 4446:Vortumnus 4317:liberatio 4269:The verb 4234:Max Weber 4218:do ut des 4203:Do ut des 4199:do ut des 4195:do ut des 4189:do ut des 4140:Old Latin 4104:adjective 4082:Macrobius 4034:haruspicy 4012:cosmology 3999:Etruscan 3977:Suetonius 3929:etymology 3851:Linderski 3812:vitiosus, 3808:dies ater 3748:marriages 3645:suffered 3314:, "god"; 3176:responsum 3138:do ut des 3054:dedicatio 2973:coniectum 2907:novae res 2868:were the 2651:centuriae 2617:) or the 2562:(comitia) 2540:collegium 2459:plebeians 2442:collegium 2435:collegium 2221:k'(e)stos 2178:maleficum 2115:usage, a 2049:libations 2001:calatores 1900:. Later, 1842:etymology 1695:patrician 1672:prodigium 1530:nuntiatio 1506:ex avibus 1480:ex avibus 1449:plebeians 1369:, plural 1253:auspicium 1192:while on 1126:plebeians 1115:patrician 1066:The verb 1036:black fig 1024:buckthorn 972:Macrobius 954:. A tree 920:Ara Pacis 895:, plural 834:(pacatus) 740:etymology 727:The word 624:Vitruvius 504:abominari 502:The verb 498:abominari 92:festivals 23851:Glossary 23822:See also 23718:Stoicism 23693:Cynicism 23655:Pomerium 23614:Concepts 23596:Apuleius 23516:She-wolf 23500:Hersilia 23419:Victoria 23319:Aequitas 23273:Summanus 23263:Silvanus 23248:Quirinus 23178:Libertas 23141:Hercules 23086:Cloacina 23071:Carmenta 23066:Bona Dea 23041:Angerona 23036:Agenoria 22825:1.335:; 22819:, Ovid, 22624:formulae 22557:, p. 62 22513:, 4.200. 22477:Servius 22316:Seneca, 22239:Lavinium 22051:and his 22049:Silvanus 21890:1.608-9. 21837:amsancti 21833:amsancti 21792:("it is 21671:Compare 21533:Apuleius 21361:, p. 44. 21353:Cicero, 21327:, p. 45. 21281:, p. 46. 21208:, p. 44. 21189:Tutilina 21069:hatrencu 21054:Scheid, 20951:Sermones 20719:religion 20397:eusebeia 20378:, p. 13. 20361:Cicero, 20210:haruspex 20012:Exordia 19951:Folklore 19880:ostentum 19779:11.272, 19642:1981 LV. 19513:Sanskrit 19509:*q(u)ei- 19473:Volscian 19387:Mercator 19370:peegnumi 19295:Historia 19291:pomerium 19289:and the 19164:Wardle, 19100:10.6–42. 18824:, 4.3.9. 18796:pp17-18. 18758:names a 18683:Cicero, 18233:Paulus 18167:F. Sini 18137:Cicero, 18103:F. Sini 17960:Book IV. 17730:Poseidon 17595:di certi 17583:Arethusa 17531:Cicero, 17509:XV 17, 1 17493:II 22,3. 17445:and the 17395:, p. 39. 17391:Turcan, 17341:bidentes 17226:Origines 17192:pomerium 17189:(on the 17064:Ausonius 16976:derives 16949:, p. 92. 16903:Georgics 16901:Vergil, 16824:dispute. 16822:Donatist 16643:Archived 16632:Archived 16550:enclitic 16542:fesnaf-e 16168:Cicero, 16076:3.69.5; 16072:5.54.7; 15906:evocatio 15742:Charites 15546:Claudius 15380:Degrassi 15258:Feeney, 15242:Feeney, 15021:Servius 14914:delubrum 14765:Cicero, 14756:, p.385. 14735:Cicero. 14718:Cicero, 14680:conicere 14629:, p. 64. 14506:Cicero, 14143:imperium 14112:5.21.53. 13909:Sanskrit 13907:Compare 13697:6.19.36 13586:Origines 13415:438-484. 13413:Curculio 13361:Cicero, 13348:Cicero, 13193:Vocontii 13183:Augustan 12805:for the 12474:refutare 12468:include 12380:See also 12330:vitulari 12312:pontiffs 12297:vitulari 12291:vitiosus 12271:plebeian 12177:piaculum 12171:larger ( 12095:chthonic 12073:was the 12028:Catullus 11989:nefastus 11853:pomerium 11841:Palatine 11837:Quirinal 11826:pomerium 11779:Auspices 11695:and the 11693:religio, 11681:druidism 11604:defined 11483:libation 11407:sodality 11403:Catholic 11322:such as 11318:. Roman 11289:collegia 11274:fetiales 11267:are the 11227:sinister 11217:sinister 11210:dictator 11174:portenta 11162:auspicia 11156:prodigia 11115:epitaphs 11050:Terminus 10968:senators 10953:di Manes 10926:profanum 10768:potestas 10675:Ausonius 10664:sacraria 10659:sacellum 10642:sacraria 10629:sacellum 10575:Apuleius 10551:Republic 10539:militiae 10513:piaculum 10480:sacratio 10427:defined 10385:and the 10366:Hercules 10058:sacerdos 10042:Senators 10024:(plural 10022:sacerdos 10016:sacerdos 9961:sacerdos 9947:sacellum 9850:profanum 9832:profanum 9819:profanum 9778:sacellum 9766:sacellum 9762:sacellum 9752:sacellum 9729:Sacellum 9723:sacellum 9651:Hercules 9463:decretum 9458:Responsa 9360:ais(u)na 9358:term is 9356:Etruscan 9311:di Manes 9214:(plural 9102:pulvinar 9064:(plural 9062:pulvinar 9056:pulvinar 9050:secundus 9026:Profanum 9021:profanum 8964:pontiffs 8936:monstrum 8924:ostentum 8911:Prodigia 8885:petition 8823:nefariae 8815:funestae 8755:precatio 8722:precatio 8686:are the 8683:precatio 8670:precatio 8640:precatio 8633:precatio 8621:), thus 8595:ostentum 8584:ostentum 8580:ostentum 8566:prodigia 8562:monstrum 8554:portenta 8543:portends 8533:derives 8504:monstrum 8494:ostentum 8469:haruspex 8371:pomperia 8348:sacerdos 8326:was the 8315:pontifex 8308:pontifex 8193:piaculum 8181:Augustan 8177:piaculum 8169:piaculum 8165:piaculum 8143:piaculum 8136:piaculum 8073:imperium 8062:pomerium 8048:paludati 8024:) is an 8022:paludati 7924:portenta 7896:portenta 7884:prodigia 7872:portenta 7859:ostentum 7851:ostendit 7847:ostentum 7837:ostentum 7767:prodigia 7755:, was a 7725:scientia 7717:oblative 7682:haruspex 7641:consular 7554:assembly 7481:Augustan 7396:nefastus 7386:, whose 7365:plebeian 7359:opposed 7285:nefandum 7239:monstrum 7228:Catiline 7212:Augustan 7188:ostentum 7171:monstrum 7163:monstrum 7143:monstrum 7139:monstrum 7133:monstrum 7115:immolare 7034:miracula 7011:ostentum 7005:monstrum 6944:manubiae 6937:Etruscan 6918:manubiae 6906:Etruscan 6870:, Roman 6816:lupercus 6808:colleges 6784:and the 6525:responsa 6456:liberare 6438:, Greek 6430:Libation 6376:augurium 6329:(plural 6309:(lectus) 6173:defines 6167:pontifex 6080:evocatio 6070:precatio 6048:vocative 6034:epithets 5974:epithets 5939:pontiffs 5923:Republic 5845:piaculum 5780:(dentes) 5769:bidentes 5554:flamines 5545:flamines 5521:Terminus 5478:fetiales 5465:profesti 5363:stativae 5156:, a pre- 5113:(plural 5076:Aurelian 5068:Augustus 4995:pro fano 4936:delubrum 4917:period, 4915:Augustan 4896:fesnaf-e 4884:such as 4882:Cognates 4767:Silvanus 4747:ecstatic 4743:Fanatici 4677:litation 4669:pulmones 4613:egregius 4601:(eximia) 4554:evocatio 4545:Juventas 4541:Terminus 4505:Evocatio 4491:Augustus 4487:Republic 4460:Volsinii 4451:Voltumna 4413:Etruscan 4402:evocatio 4398:pomerium 4394:evocatio 4370:evocatio 4352:evocatio 4314:and the 4228:(χάρις, 4064:include 3969:Claudius 3951:for the 3937:dei irae 3915:for the 3909:oblative 3893:feminine 3847:vitiosus 3828:Claudius 3824:Augustus 3683:Augustus 3608:libation 3592:(354 AD) 3486:Augustus 3482:republic 3459:imperium 3437:evocatio 3428:devotion 3416:chthonic 3285:adoption 3259:delubrum 3223:delubrum 3201:delubrum 3189:delubrum 3183:delubrum 3166:decretum 2922:portenta 2871:responsa 2821:senators 2808:collegia 2775:responsa 2747:responsa 2722:responsa 2695:comitium 2620:flamines 2615:Republic 2587:, these 2571:calendae 2535:to one. 2529:collegia 2525:Augustus 2477:) were: 2471:Augustus 2467:collegia 2465:, three 2447:collegia 2420:piaculum 2409:dictator 2319:colonies 2285:town of 2254:sacerdos 2249:castitas 2241:vitiates 2217:Castitas 2184:reading 2167:Augustus 2119:(plural 2080:pontifex 2064:Etruscan 2033:Augustus 1896:and the 1782:just war 1759:above). 1751:tutelage 1722:advised 1699:auspices 1677:oblativa 1614:imperium 1611:holding 1541:alio die 1502:ex caelo 1497:ex diris 1476:ex caelo 1472:auspicia 1414:auspicia 1407:auspicia 1396:auspicia 1371:auspices 1343:pontiffs 1302:augurium 1294:and the 1288:auspicia 1278:augurium 1264:, first 1258:Auspicia 1248:augurium 1237:augurium 1211:(plural 1209:Augurium 1204:augurium 1194:campaign 1122:Republic 1056:brambles 1006:chthonic 924:Augustan 842:incertus 804:pomerium 794:incertus 781:auspicia 756:plebeian 732:(aedile) 704:and the 682:Hercules 611:of Vesta 596:aedicula 573:delubrum 488:Glossary 369:Contents 340:epithets 336:theonyms 159:Epulones 154:Fetiales 149:Flamines 144:Vestales 75:libation 23834:Decline 23758:Objects 23660:Temples 23640:Charity 23374:Laverna 23364:Fortuna 23354:Feronia 23283:Veritas 23253:Salacia 23238:Priapus 23223:Penates 23203:Neptune 23198:Minerva 23193:Mercury 23156:Jupiter 23096:Dea Dia 23061:Bellona 23016:Deities 22895:, 2.77. 22807:1. 334. 22685:online. 22669:online. 22575:online. 22559:online. 22553:Meyer, 22543:online. 22429:p. 296. 22352:online. 22256:Latomus 22220:Servius 22208:ispant- 22143:online. 22033:(socii) 21975:Cicero 21925:online. 21905:online. 21862:Samnium 21841:sanctus 21794:sanctum 21788:1.8.8: 21746:1.8.9: 21742:Ulpian 21676:iung-iu 21185:Segetia 21177:Semonia 21088:Varro. 20932:in the 20844:Varro, 20634:online. 20605:online. 20400:boats." 20171:online. 20081:Annales 20077:Tacitus 19982:Pliny, 19912:Pliny, 19816:online. 19802:Servius 19775:Pliny, 19765:online. 19528:Umbrian 19495:); and 19481:Umbrian 19453:online. 19410:online. 19362:pangere 19354:pacisci 19329:online. 19210:Romulus 19174:online. 19154:online. 19140:Servius 19116:XXV 27. 19052:, "The 18956:online. 18898:Martial 18855:1.310, 18847:Servius 18601:online. 18587:Servius 18562:online. 18545:Eclogue 18520:online. 18486:Annales 18396:Servius 18341:2.41.1. 18290:3 2004. 18223:online. 18156:Helikon 18001:in Aen. 17893:Latomus 17820:Digesta 17778:F.Sini 17625:1.6.7; 17579:Tutunus 17293:1.336; 17255:online. 17249:, Fasti 17171:1.16.2. 17072:de diis 17070:8, and 17040:Dumézil 17029:online. 16997:Varro, 16935:online. 16915:online. 16907:Servius 16891:online. 16706:passim. 16617:online. 16527:is the 16514:online. 16496:templum 16489:effatus 16483:(locus) 16479:Romulus 16377:online. 16332:Annales 16328:Tacitus 16289:Tacitus 16232:Juvenal 16155:F. Sini 16048:Servius 16012:online. 15781:online. 15762:online. 15713:online. 15694:online. 15578:Servius 15566:online. 15461:4.453; 15453:Servius 15418:51.19.3 15346:4.9.1; 15262:p. 149. 15138:p. 182. 15134:Nixon, 15078:online. 14991:12.139. 14953:Servius 14942:online. 14908:Festus 14899:II 225. 14897:ad Aen. 14840:, "The 14708:online. 14644:online. 14625:Brink, 14591:55 and 14558:, "The 14545:online. 14496:online. 14480:online. 14439:p. 819. 14426:de Div. 14424:Cicero 14368:In the 14215:record 14080:Servius 14017:7.612; 13933:saas-tu 13761:online. 13726:online. 13714:p. 58 M 13699:online. 13678:online. 13653:online. 13599:Digesta 13491:Varro, 13455:Phoenix 13409:Plautus 13407:2, 13; 13329:nobiles 13317:online. 13262:online. 13197:civitas 13103:, "The 12964:nobiles 12909:Wissowa 12833:Vergil 12688:Varro, 12648:Varro, 12492:Servius 12425:online. 12273:consul 12214:victima 12169:victima 12161:victima 12142:victima 12134:Servius 12120:victima 12071:victima 12046:victima 11964:praetor 11952:templum 11911:), the 11845:templum 11821:templum 11809:effatum 11798:templum 11787:templum 11771:temnein 11769:, from 11766:temenos 11753:templum 11741:templum 11685:religio 11654:Religio 11624:religio 11615:religio 11579:sponsio 11571:Dumézil 11553:sponsio 11541:sponsus 11525:sponsor 11521:sponsio 11510:sponsio 11499:Hittite 11491:spendoo 11460:Sponsio 11445:sponsio 11433:spectio 11418:Spectio 11413:spectio 11338:of the 11326:formed 11316:sodales 11304:sodales 11270:Luperci 11261:sodales 11253:sodalis 11180:ostenta 11128:templum 11107:sanctus 11076:Sanctus 11066:sanctus 11062:augusta 11054:sanctus 11031:Homeric 11011:Naevius 11003:sanctus 10976:sanctus 10961:sanctio 10957:sanctus 10917:sanctus 10906:foedera 10902:Sancius 10890:sanctio 10870:Sanctus 10865:sanctus 10851:foedera 10819:sanctio 10759:sanctus 10741:sanctio 10730:religio 10723:of the 10693:religio 10680:piscina 10636:of the 10634:sacella 10535:militum 10504:perjury 10324:Claudii 10308:Minerva 10212:Penates 10153:sacella 10132:of the 10098:privata 10093:publica 10038:-dho-ts 9992:victima 9905:nefasti 9880:clients 9659:Evander 9331:sanctus 9323:Jupiter 9272:atheism 9230:religio 9212:Religio 9200:Religio 9186:religio 9182:religio 9177:religio 9170:religio 9008:in the 8889:emperor 8873:of the 8853:persklu 8849:cognate 8846:Umbrian 8717:augural 8697:carmina 8558:ostenta 8373:(Latin 8320:college 8224:epithet 8198:devotio 8050:in the 7920:Ostenta 7910:fulgura 7900:monstra 7892:ostenta 7878:monstra 7867:ostenta 7813:for an 7790:ostenta 7686:fulgura 7645:Bibulus 7625:Clodius 7599:spectio 7568:spectio 7525:Virbius 7472:nemeton 7447:Servius 7252:Comitia 7151:monstro 7125:second 7091:Servius 7087:Vestals 7085:by the 6930:Jupiter 6894:Manubia 6872:Jupiter 6855:manubia 6844:lustrum 6836:lustrum 6802:Luperci 6787:venatio 6739:Spoleto 6703:obverse 6699:moneyer 6653:litatio 6645:consuls 6610:Litatio 6598:litatio 6588:litatio 6519:decreta 6479:effatio 6469:templum 6460:(locus) 6440:spondai 6435:libatio 6432:(Latin 6425:libatio 6356:religio 6287:lavatio 6281:on the 6263:lavatio 6257:lavatio 6151:Digesta 6124:of the 6104:epithet 6100:theonym 6059:augural 6050:or the 6020:, from 5947:templum 5798:mactare 5786:Hostiae 5776:incisor 5757:Hostiae 5741:victima 5726:victima 5718:Servius 5709:victima 5651:gabinus 5645:Gabinus 5630:Romulus 5620:college 5601:brahmin 5593:cognate 5589:filamen 5573:filamen 5504:templum 5499:augural 5448:nefasti 5433:In the 5385:Latinae 5349:on the 5184:fas est 5135:Servius 5101:fas est 4991:profane 4930:templum 4911:temenos 4893:Umbrian 4795:fanatic 4791:Boudica 4787:Icenian 4775:Tacitus 4671:). The 4629:epithet 4587:hostiae 4575:eximius 4529:Tarquin 4509:summons 4497:in the 4420:) from 4372:, from 4362:Victory 4346:effatio 4341:termini 4330:templum 4307:templum 4296:is the 4294:Effatio 4278:effatus 4265:effatio 4147:Servius 4136:*deywos 4054:praetor 4036:), the 3949:epithet 3792:(morbus 3769:nefasti 3662:Parilia 3643:Cassius 3628:triumph 3582:natales 3548:liminal 3495:consuls 3480:of the 3405:devotio 3398:devotio 3374:selecti 3342:Servius 3263:diluere 3255:Isidore 3248:templum 3231:(liber) 3215:Cincius 3171:Decreta 3147:religio 3129:worship 3090:cultus, 3081:religio 3043:templum 2966:conicio 2937:fulgura 2916:ostenta 2876:decreta 2771:decreta 2743:decreta 2727:college 2725:of the 2716:decreta 2672:Mommsen 2613:in the 2607:or the 2603:in the 2589:comitia 2580:calator 2575:Calends 2533:senator 2497:Augures 2414:religio 2392:Minerva 2387:templum 2362:Fortuna 2350:Atropos 2147:of the 2121:carmina 2011:calator 1995:calator 1977:carendo 1959:In his 1898:Vestals 1888:flamens 1854:Tacitus 1724:privati 1715:privati 1663:augural 1643:minores 1572:templum 1560:spectio 1518:spectio 1445:college 1432:templum 1401:auspice 1393:). See 1391:spicere 1381:, from 1315:auguria 1274:Servius 1262:Romulus 1213:auguria 1151:templum 1100:templum 1095:augures 988:felices 984:Vestals 980:Jupiter 956:(arbor) 952:infelix 902:templum 817:oppidum 748:(aedes) 730:aedilis 706:Lymphae 674:Minerva 644:Jupiter 634:, with 628:templum 563:templum 541:templum 512:ominari 276:Decline 174:Deities 139:Augures 87:temples 23801:Cybele 23727:Events 23675:Celtic 23543:Aeneid 23537:Virgil 23450:Aeneas 23384:Pietas 23369:Fontus 23344:Caelus 23334:Annona 23329:Africa 23298:Vulcan 23258:Saturn 23233:Pomona 23136:Genius 23126:Faunus 23116:Egeria 23056:Aurora 23051:Apollo 22831:hostia 22829:("the 22805:Aeneid 22699:passim 22531:online 22511:Aeneid 22466:et al. 22464:Beard 22225:Aeneid 22204:sipant 22131:Digest 22039:schola 21950:Pliny 21823:Aeneid 21786:Digest 21744:Digest 21710:Glotta 21579:Digest 21575:Ulpian 21510:71.32. 21441:Varro 21344:2.48a. 21129:inferi 21071:," in 21014:sacer 20964:Aeneid 20934:taboos 20808:Festus 20761:7.12.5 20658:Paulus 20560:," in 20516:Cicero 20455:Beard 20393:pietas 20374:Ando, 20279:s. v. 20134:precor 20129:quaeso 20123:quaeso 20102:As in 20091:druids 20086:preces 20018:passim 19895:21.8: 19862:L'Erma 19807:Aeneid 19579:as in 19561:Celtic 19550:labial 19516:cayati 19493:piatum 19445:online 19358:pactus 19248:online 19145:Aeneid 19078:3.20.3 18852:Aeneid 18818:Livy, 18792: 18628:", in 18592:Aeneid 18488:", in 18401:Aeneid 18376:Festus 18335:Seneca 18261: 18152:de leg 17999:Serv. 17958:Fasti 17862:2.1–9. 17813:Ulpian 17803:p.201. 17715:Luck, 17593:, but 17533:Brutus 17483:Cicero 17343:p.33 M 17285:hostia 17283:("the 17271:1.334. 17268:Aeneid 17160:online 17060:Themis 16814:online 16806:et al. 16764:Rike, 16691:p. 91. 16672:Aeneid 16544:is an 16525:Fíísnú 16493:for a 16442:54.5, 16415:53.1, 16357:Horace 16345:Cicero 16334:14.30. 16292:17.1: 16257:Satire 16236:Satire 16053:Aeneid 15929:et al. 15869:et al. 15867:Beard 15792:Festus 15638:Aeneid 15586:4.166. 15583:Aeneid 15513:passim 15463:Festus 15458:Aeneid 15348:Festus 15340:Cicero 14988:Aeneid 14957:Aeneid 14796:Ando, 14670:Greek 14589:Brutus 14265:p. 21. 14245:p. 21. 14191:p. 21. 14164:Festus 14126:Carmen 14122:Horace 14106:Cicero 14089:Aeneid 14084:Vergil 14015:Aeneid 13929:s'asti 13912:s'ista 13813:online 13805:online 13710:Festus 13622:1.1.1. 13572:I 36; 13546:Cicero 13335:", in 13294:online 13206:Justin 13153: 13143: 13050:18.14. 13032:Regnum 12994:Aeneid 12970:," in 12835:Aeneid 12823:p. 48. 12497:Aeneid 12486:1.46; 12478:Cicero 12283:vitium 12279:senate 12267:vitium 12263:augurs 12255:vitium 12249:vitium 12227:culter 12165:hostia 12154:hostis 12150:hostia 12138:hostia 12125:hostia 12099:Vulcan 12087:Cybele 12026:34 of 12024:Carmen 12011:carmen 11908:vitium 11885:, and 11849:templa 11783:senate 11761:sacred 11620:Seneca 11602:Cicero 11537:sponsa 11514:foedus 11506:foedus 11502:spant- 11497:, and 11429:augurs 11367:cultus 11348:Cybele 11340:druids 11223:augurs 11205:dictio 11151:signum 11147:signum 11141:signum 11081:castus 11070:sancti 11058:sancta 11023:Ennius 10941:sacrum 10913:Ulpian 10898:Sancus 10874:sancio 10855:sancu- 10847:Sancus 10839:sancio 10813:sancio 10733:and a 10650:hiero- 10500:iustum 10493:. The 10460:is an 10425:Festus 10316:Apollo 10312:Nautii 10300:flamen 10292:Gabine 10148:curiae 10119:curiae 10114:tribes 10083:neuter 10068:flamen 9989:. The 9981:flamen 9938:sakrim 9934:sakoro 9926:Italic 9667:Saturn 9602:, and 9535:Festus 9500:, the 9494:Festus 9305:but a 9190:Cicero 9088:, six 9042:petere 8968:augurs 8956:senate 8880:preces 8858:quaeso 8837:preces 8802:preces 8778:preces 8772:preces 8737:. The 8708:were " 8656:preces 8509:Cicero 8501:, and 8409:was a 8399:victim 8375:quinio 8359:pontis 8290:pietas 8281:Aeneid 8276:Vergil 8272:Aeneas 8234:Aeneid 8220:Aeneas 8216:Pietas 8211:Pietas 8205:pietas 8179:. The 8148:victim 8125:vitium 8040:Festus 7976:. The 7928:augurs 7823:Julian 7607:Cicero 7558:Cicero 7521:Egeria 7488:nemora 7486:Named 7459:saltus 7433:nemora 7369:consul 7341:Festus 7245:mundus 7237:, the 7235:Seneca 7218:calls 7216:Horace 7210:, the 7197:, and 7147:Cicero 7123:Sabine 7121:, the 7102:castus 7083:barley 7020:, and 6922:Seneca 6914:habere 6778:sacral 6751:Apulia 6747:Lucera 6743:Umbria 6719:was a 6695:lituus 6682:lituus 6675:lituus 6664:Lituus 6649:senate 6640:hostia 6626:litare 6596:, the 6530:Cicero 6351:legein 6267:Cybele 6241:flamen 6219:feriae 6171:Ulpian 6106:, the 6039:nomina 6012:prayer 5925:, the 5887:augurs 5862:; see 5852:Hostia 5839:vitium 5822:sacrum 5778:teeth 5749:hostia 5745:hostia 5734:hostis 5722:hostia 5704:animal 5700:hostia 5686:hostia 5659:Latium 5585:flamen 5527:flamen 5471:fetial 5429:festus 5389:Easter 5319:filius 5311:femina 5226:feriae 5119:Vergil 5080:Julian 5028:Virgil 5023:Aeneid 4966:Celtic 4933:, and 4898:, and 4889:fíísnú 4812:bishop 4809:Gallic 4801:Festus 4789:queen 4783:druids 4755:Cybele 4653:Cicero 4386:tactic 4271:effari 4230:charis 4171:Vergil 4157:, but 4143:deivos 4086:Festus 4074:Cicero 4070:Seneca 4048:, the 3973:druids 3953:Furies 3947:is an 3905:augurs 3797:vitium 3794:; see 3730:Festus 3716:; see 3691:Apollo 3675:. 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Glossary of ancient Roman religion

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