31:
490:
barbed-end and a clamping protein (formins, VASP, Mena, WASP, and N-WASP). The primary substrate for these elongation motors is profilin-actin-ATP complex which is directly transferred to elongating filament ends. The pointed-end of each filament is oriented toward the cell's interior. In the case of lamellipodial growth, the Arp2/3 complex generates a branched network, and in filopodia a parallel array of filaments is formed.
1567:
327:, both of which preferentially bind with one-to-one stoichiometry to ATP-containing monomers. Although thymosin beta-4 is strictly a monomer-sequestering protein, the behavior of profilin is far more complex. Profilin enhances the ability of monomers to assemble by stimulating the exchange of actin-bound ADP for solution-phase ATP to yield actin-ATP and ADP. Profilin is transferred to the leading edge by virtue of its
162:, called cross-linking proteins, dictate the formation of these structures. Cross-linking proteins determine filament orientation and spacing in the bundles and networks. These structures are regulated by many other classes of actin-binding proteins, including motor proteins, branching proteins, severing proteins, polymerization promoters, and capping proteins.
319:, cell signalling is believed to activate cofilin, the actin-filament depolymerizing protein which binds to ADP-rich actin subunits nearest the filament's pointed-end and promotes filament fragmentation, with concomitant depolymerization in order to liberate actin monomers. In most animal cells, monomeric actin is bound to
649:
nucleus that is then "loaded" onto the end-tracker before processive motility can commence. To generate a new filament, Arp2/3 requires a "mother" filament, monomeric ATP-actin, and an activating domain from
Listeria ActA or the VCA region of N-WASP. The Arp2/3 complex binds to the side of the mother
636:
The tracking unit and cofactor dissociate from the adjacent protofilament, in a step that can be facilitated by ATP hydrolysis energy to modulate the affinity of the cofactor and/or the tracking unit for the filament; and this mechanoenzymatic cycle is then repeated, starting this time on the other
654:
axis of the mother filament. Then upon activation by ActA or VCA, the Arp complex is believed to undergo a major conformational change, bringing its two actin-related protein subunits near enough to each other to generate a new filament gate. Whether ATP hydrolysis may be required for nucleation
641:
When operating with the benefit of ATP hydrolysis, AC motors generate per-filament forces of 8–9 pN, which is far greater than the per-filament limit of 1–2 pN for motors operating without ATP hydrolysis. The term actoclampin is generic and applies to all actin filament end-tracking molecular
279:
Actin polymerization together with capping proteins were recently used to control the 3-dimensional growth of protein filament so as to perform 3D topologies useful in technology and the making of electrical interconnect. Electrical conductivity is obtained by metallisation of the protein 3D
489:
The actin filament network in non-muscle cells is highly dynamic. The actin filament network is arranged with the barbed-end of each filament attached to the cell's peripheral membrane by means of clamped-filament elongation motors, the above-mentioned "actoclampins", formed from a filament
612:
sequence known as the Lock, Load & Fire Model, in which an end-tracking protein remains tightly bound ("locked" or clamped) onto the end of one sub-filament of the double-stranded actin filament. After binding to Glycyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-registers on tracker proteins,
157:
Actin filaments are assembled in two general types of structures: bundles and networks. Bundles can be composed of polar filament arrays, in which all barbed ends point to the same end of the bundle, or non-polar arrays, where the barbed ends point towards both ends. A class of
617:
within the already clamped terminal subunit of the other subfragment is hydrolyzed ("fired"), providing the energy needed to release that arm of the end-tracker, which then can bind another
Profilin-ATP-actin to begin a new monomer-addition round.
296:. Treadmilling results in elongation in the barbed end and shortening in the pointed-end, so that the filament in total moves. Since both processes are energetically favorable, this means force is generated, the energy ultimately coming from ATP.
148:
demonstrated that actin is essential for muscle constriction. The mechanism in which actin creates long filaments was first described in the mid 1980. Later studies showed that actin has an important role in cell shape, motility, and cytokinesis.
341:, which binds to the side of an already existing filament (or "mother filament"), where it nucleates the formation of a new daughter filament at a 70-degree angle relative to the mother filament, effecting a fan-like branched filament network.
501:
motors are intracellular ATP-dependent enzymes that bind to and move along actin filaments. Various classes of myosin motors have very different behaviors, including exerting tension in the cell and transporting cargo vesicles.
117:, cell contractility, and mechanical stability. Microfilaments are flexible and relatively strong, resisting buckling by multi-piconewton compressive forces and filament fracture by nanonewton tensile forces. In inducing
514:
One proposed model suggests the existence of actin filament barbed-end-tracking molecular motors termed "actoclampin". The proposed actoclampins generate the propulsive forces needed for actin-based motility of
1408:
Dickinson RB, Southwick FS, Purich DL (October 2002). "A direct-transfer polymerization model explains how the multiple profilin-binding sites in the actoclampin motor promote rapid actin-based motility".
1610:
334:
binding site, and it employs its poly-L-proline binding site to dock onto end-tracking proteins. Once bound, profilin-actin-ATP is loaded into the monomer-insertion site of actoclampin motors.
272:, thereby forming the ATP-actin monomeric units needed for further barbed-end filament elongation. This rapid turnover is important for the cell's movement. End-capping proteins such as
869:
Galland R, Leduc P, Guérin C, Peyrade D, Blanchoin L, Théry M (May 2013). "Fabrication of three-dimensional electrical connections by means of directed actin self-organization".
264:. ADP bound cofilin severs ADP-rich regions nearest the (−)-ends. Upon release, the free actin monomer slowly dissociates from ADP, which in turn rapidly binds to the free ATP
376:, actin forms periodic rings that are stabilized by spectrin and adducin – and this ring structure was then found by He et al 2016 to occur in almost every neuronal type and
911:
US Patent US 9070702, Method for obtaining three-dimensional actin structures and uses thereof, Jean-Christophe
Gabriel, Laurent Blanchoin, Manuel Thery, Remi Galland
201:
have provided evidence of their fast-growing barbed-ends and their slow-growing pointed-end. This polarity has been determined by the pattern created by the
189:
subunits (globular actin, or G-actin), which as part of the fiber are referred to as filamentous actin, or F-actin. Each microfilament is made up of two
597:
to indicate a clasping device used for strengthening flexible/moving objects and for securely fastening two or more components, followed by the suffix -
609:
420:
In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are formed proximal to membrane surfaces. Their formation and turnover are regulated by many proteins, including:
312:. This subcellular location allows immediate responsiveness to transmembrane receptor action and the resulting cascade of signal-processing enzymes.
1643:
645:
Some actoclampins (e.g., those involving Ena/VASP proteins, WASP, and N-WASP) apparently require Arp2/3-mediated filament initiation to form the
923:"The interaction of Arp2/3 complex with actin: nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and formation of branching networks of filaments"
250:
586:
630:
The polymerization cofactor profilin and the ATP·actin combine to form a profilin-ATP-actin complex that then binds to the end-tracking unit
3452:
3472:
292:, the polymerization rate at the barbed end matches the depolymerization rate at the pointed end, and microfilaments are said to be
3404:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3285:
2994:
2974:
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2939:
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prevent the addition or loss of monomers at the filament end where actin turnover is unfavorable, such as in the muscle apparatus.
3614:
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3334:
3329:
3300:
3004:
2999:
2046:
1934:
1924:
1899:
1879:
1783:
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288:
As a result of ATP hydrolysis, filaments elongate approximately 10 times faster at their barbed ends than their pointed ends. At
2006:
1289:
Gervasi, María G.; Xu, Xinran; Carbajal-Gonzalez, Blanca; Buffone, Mariano G.; Visconti, Pablo E.; Krapf, Diego (2018-06-01).
1234:
853:
344:
Specialized unique actin cytoskeletal structures are found adjacent to the plasma membrane. Four remarkable examples include
2271:
1615:
368:
is formed by interconnected short actin filaments. In human embryonic kidney cells, the cortical actin forms a scale-free
1636:
17:
253:. Recent evidence suggests that the rate of ATP hydrolysis and the rate of monomer incorporation are strongly coupled.
209:. The pointed end is commonly referred to as the minus (−) end and the barbed end is referred to as the plus (+) end.
684:
304:
Intracellular actin cytoskeletal assembly and disassembly are tightly regulated by cell signaling mechanisms. Many
798:
Fuchs E, Cleveland DW (January 1998). "A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease".
260:-actin dissociates slowly from the pointed end, a process significantly accelerated by the actin-binding protein,
3963:
2790:
3059:
2902:
1629:
243:
event reduces the binding strength between neighboring subunits, and thus generally destabilizes the filament.
3938:
3492:
144:
Actin was first discovered in rabbit skeletal muscle in the mid 1940 by F.B. Straub. Almost 20 years later,
651:
308:
systems use the actin cytoskeleton as a scaffold, holding them at or near the inner face of the peripheral
206:
1232:
Sahl, Steffen J.; Hell, Stefan W.; Jakobs, Stefan (2017-09-06). "Fluorescence nanoscopy in cell biology".
2199:
129:-driven contractile molecular motors, wherein the thin filaments serve as tensile platforms for myosin's
3670:
45:
1041:
Sadegh, Sanaz; Higgins, Jenny L.; Mannion, Patrick C.; Tamkun, Michael M.; Krapf, Diego (2017-03-09).
642:
motors, irrespective of whether they are driven actively by an ATP-activated mechanism or passively.
613:
Profilin-ATP-actin is delivered ("loaded") to the unclamped end of the other sub-filament, whereupon
601:
to indicate its protein origin. An actin filament end-tracking protein may thus be termed a clampin.
3903:
1604:
1594:
1600:
388:
578:. When assembled under suitable conditions, these end-tracking molecular motors can also propel
249:
actin polymerization is catalyzed by a class of filament end-tracking molecular motors known as
1183:"STED Nanoscopy Reveals the Ubiquity of Subcortical Cytoskeleton Periodicity in Living Neurons"
633:
The cofactor and monomer are transferred to the barbed-end of an actin already clamped filament
614:
556:
382:
224:
141:
advancement. Microfilaments have a tough, flexible framework which helps the cell in movement.
130:
1576:
3958:
2322:
1676:
328:
315:
Because actin monomers must be recycled to sustain high rates of actin-based motility during
257:
220:
159:
1181:
D'Este, Elisa; Kamin, Dirk; Göttfert, Fabian; El-Hady, Ahmed; Hell, Stefan W. (March 2015).
2591:
1517:
1460:
1364:
1353:"Nematode sperm motility: nonpolar filament polymerization mediated by end-tracking motors"
1129:
1064:
934:
878:
807:
646:
626:
The following steps describe one force-generating cycle of an actoclampin molecular motor:
1590:
1209:
1118:"Actin, Spectrin, and Associated Proteins Form a Periodic Cytoskeletal Structure in Axons"
8:
3898:
2531:
1291:"The actin cytoskeleton of the mouse sperm flagellum is organized in a helical structure"
305:
236:
232:
202:
198:
1572:
1521:
1464:
1368:
1133:
1068:
938:
882:
811:
2351:
1981:
1538:
1506:"Diffusion rate limitations in actin-based propulsion of hard and deformable particles"
1505:
1481:
1448:
1385:
1352:
1323:
1290:
1271:
1158:
1117:
1093:
1054:
1042:
1018:
985:
775:
742:
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could explain the forces achieved during actin-based motility. They proposed a simple
134:
121:, one end of the actin filament elongates while the other end contracts, presumably by
1422:
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2113:
1543:
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102:
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63:
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819:
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filament, forming a Y-shaped branch having a 70-degree angle with respect to the
524:
462:
324:
97:
in diameter and made up of two strands of actin. Microfilament functions include
1529:
1472:
1376:
1043:"Plasma Membrane is Compartmentalized by a Self-Similar Cortical Actin Meshwork"
3802:
3665:
2362:
2193:
1702:
1621:
927:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
605:
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338:
74:
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1314:
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1009:
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528:
394:
349:
309:
240:
205:
of myosin S1 fragments: they themselves are subunits of the larger myosin II
1141:
947:
702:"The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments"
3710:
2765:
2520:
2064:
1656:
1547:
1490:
1430:
1394:
1332:
1267:
1218:
1167:
1102:
1027:
981:
898:
784:
727:
547:
516:
400:
293:
289:
227:-bound actin then itself binds the barbed end, and the ATP is subsequently
78:
3682:
3660:
986:"Feisty filaments: actin dynamics in the red blood cell membrane skeleton"
966:
827:
700:
Gunning PW, Ghoshdastider U, Whitaker S, Popp D, Robinson RC (June 2015).
593:- to indicate the involvement of an actin filament, as in actomyosin, and
3856:
3807:
3677:
3567:
2897:
2341:
2296:
2215:
2137:
1685:
675:
Roberts K, Raff M, Alberts B, Walter P, Lewis J, Johnson A (March 2002).
539:
429:
194:
145:
110:
98:
35:
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2121:
2110:
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1712:
1306:
718:
701:
579:
574:
543:
316:
228:
219:, starts with the self-association of three G-actin monomers to form a
216:
181:, microfilaments are the thinnest fibers of the cytoskeleton. They are
126:
114:
82:
71:
49:
41:
505:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3687:
3525:
3520:
3515:
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2483:
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2210:
890:
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520:
409:
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138:
122:
94:
67:
30:
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of about 2 seconds, while the half time for the dissociation of the
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2800:
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3024:
3019:
2911:
2848:
2336:
2281:
2222:
2205:
2166:
1652:
1449:"Force generation by cytoskeletal filament end-tracking proteins"
1288:
482:
451:
425:
369:
269:
261:
245:
90:
699:
655:
and/or Y-branch release is a matter under active investigation.
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2551:
2308:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1737:
498:
447:
440:
433:
353:
38:
1180:
467:
Filament barbed-end cappers such as
Capping Protein and CapG,
439:
Filament-nucleator known as the Actin-Related
Protein-2/3 (or
3822:
3594:
3577:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3324:
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2016:
1949:
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1824:
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1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1694:
405:
357:
190:
186:
86:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3873:
3844:
3759:
3636:
3631:
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3180:
3175:
3170:
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2959:
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2836:
2831:
2291:
2286:
2244:
2157:
2147:
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2036:
2026:
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2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1909:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
377:
373:
273:
1040:
868:
337:
Another important component in filament formation is the
125:
molecular motors. Additionally, they function as part of
1407:
674:
89:, but are modified by and interact with numerous other
741:
Kelpsch, Daniel J.; Tootle, Tina L. (December 2018).
920:
670:
668:
550:. Actoclampin motors also propel such intracellular
1446:
665:
3950:
1651:
1447:Dickinson RB, Caro L, Purich DL (October 2004).
408:in the midpiece, i.e., the first segment of the
380:, across seemingly every animal taxon including
283:
93:in the cell. Microfilaments are usually about 7
1503:
1350:
1225:
843:
494:Actin acts as a track for myosin motor motility
1346:
1344:
1342:
1231:
921:Mullins RD, Heuser JA, Pollard TD (May 1998).
839:
837:
797:
1637:
1115:
740:
27:Filament in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
1116:Xu, K.; Zhong, G.; Zhuang, X. (2013-01-25).
979:
604:Dickinson and Purich recognized that prompt
193:, interlaced strands of subunits. Much like
1339:
834:
743:"Nuclear actin: from discovery to function"
1644:
1630:
1442:
1440:
481:Actin depolymerizing proteins such as ADF/
1603:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1593:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1537:
1480:
1384:
1322:
1208:
1198:
1157:
1092:
1058:
1017:
956:
946:
774:
717:
679:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 1616.
446:Filament cross-linkers (e.g., α-actinin,
165:
1351:Dickinson RB, Purich DL (January 2007).
862:
404:. And in mammalian sperm, actin forms a
29:
1504:Dickinson RB, Purich DL (August 2006).
1437:
1411:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
14:
3951:
693:
415:
1625:
1235:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
424:Filament end-tracking protein (e.g.,
372:structure. First found in neuronal
24:
25:
3975:
1558:
621:
299:
197:, actin filaments are polarized.
81:. They are primarily composed of
2272:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
1565:
844:Pollard TD, Earnshaw WD (2004).
474:Filament-severing proteins like
3493:Microtubule organising proteins
1497:
1401:
1282:
1174:
1109:
1034:
457:Actin monomer-binding proteins
231:. ATP hydrolysis occurs with a
152:
1210:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-05F3-D
973:
914:
905:
791:
734:
13:
1:
3540:Microtubule severing proteins
1423:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00212-6
990:Current Opinion in Hematology
677:Molecular Biology of the Cell
658:
360:cells. In red blood cells, a
284:Mechanism of force generation
133:-dependent pulling action in
2200:actin depolymerizing factors
1616:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1200:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.007
1002:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000227
848:(First ed.). SAUNDERS.
820:10.1126/science.279.5350.514
350:human embryonic kidney cells
7:
3678:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
1530:10.1529/biophysj.106.082362
1473:10.1529/biophysj.104.045211
1377:10.1529/biophysj.106.090472
10:
3980:
546:, podosome formation, and
173:Measuring approximately 6
46:Fluorescein isothiocyanate
3934:
3891:
3790:
3696:
3651:
3560:
3539:
3491:
3314:
3106:
3058:
2910:
2896:
2862:
2809:
2778:
2758:
2637:
2519:
2350:
2332:
2321:
2264:
2057:
1736:
1693:
1684:
1670:
1663:
1077:10.1103/PhysRevX.7.011031
637:sub-filament growth site.
239:is about 6 minutes. This
215:actin polymerization, or
109:, changes in cell shape,
3904:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1605:Medical Subject Headings
1595:Medical Subject Headings
1295:Journal of Cell Science
1142:10.1126/science.1232251
948:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6181
706:Journal of Cell Science
3964:Actin-based structures
1601:Microfilament+proteins
557:Listeria monocytogenes
383:Caenorhabditis elegans
160:actin-binding proteins
77:that form part of the
52:
34:Actin cytoskeleton of
2524:(hard alpha-keratins)
2355:(soft alpha-keratins)
33:
3939:cytoskeletal defects
3899:Major sperm proteins
647:actin polymerization
199:Electron micrographs
2352:Epithelial keratins
1522:2006BpJ....91.1548D
1510:Biophysical Journal
1465:2004BpJ....87.2838D
1453:Biophysical Journal
1369:2007BpJ....92..622D
1357:Biophysical Journal
1252:10.1038/nrm.2017.71
1134:2013Sci...339..452X
1069:2017PhRvX...7a1031S
939:1998PNAS...95.6181M
883:2013NatMa..12..416G
812:1998Sci...279..514F
510:track filament ends
506:A proposed model –
416:Associated proteins
306:signal transduction
237:inorganic phosphate
18:Actin microfilament
1575:has a profile for
1307:10.1242/jcs.215897
980:Gokhin, David S.;
719:10.1242/jcs.165563
135:muscle contraction
53:
3946:
3945:
3887:
3886:
3647:
3646:
2892:
2891:
2774:
2773:
2317:
2316:
2260:
2259:
1581:
1301:(11): jcs215897.
1128:(6118): 452–456.
1047:Physical Review X
855:978-1-4160-2388-3
753:(12): 1999–2013.
747:Anatomical Record
563:Shigella flexneri
406:helical structure
366:hexagonal lattice
103:amoeboid movement
64:protein filaments
16:(Redirected from
3971:
2908:
2907:
2348:
2347:
2330:
2329:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1244:Nature Portfolio
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1193:(8): 1246–1251.
1178:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1062:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
982:Fowler, Velia M.
977:
971:
970:
960:
950:
918:
912:
909:
903:
902:
891:10.1038/nmat3569
871:Nature Materials
866:
860:
859:
841:
832:
831:
795:
789:
788:
778:
759:10.1002/ar.23959
738:
732:
731:
721:
697:
691:
690:
672:
610:mechanoenzymatic
589:is derived from
525:dendritic spines
21:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3930:
3883:
3786:
3692:
3643:
3556:
3535:
3487:
3310:
3102:
3054:
2900:
2888:
2858:
2805:
2770:
2754:
2638:Ungrouped alpha
2633:
2523:
2515:
2354:
2340:
2334:
2324:
2313:
2256:
2053:
1732:
1674:
1659:
1650:
1611:"Microfilament"
1587:
1586:
1585:
1578:actin filament
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1502:
1498:
1445:
1438:
1406:
1402:
1349:
1340:
1287:
1283:
1230:
1226:
1179:
1175:
1114:
1110:
1039:
1035:
978:
974:
919:
915:
910:
906:
867:
863:
856:
842:
835:
806:(5350): 514–9.
796:
792:
739:
735:
712:(11): 2009–19.
698:
694:
687:
673:
666:
661:
624:
523:, invadipodia,
512:
496:
418:
346:red blood cells
332:
325:thymosin beta-4
302:
286:
207:protein complex
171:
155:
60:actin filaments
44:, stained with
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Corneodesmosin
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:Nuclear lamins
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2196:
2194:Arp2/3 complex
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2119:
2108:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1672:Microfilaments
1665:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1598:
1591:Microfilaments
1571:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:External links
1557:
1554:
1553:
1516:(4): 1548–63.
1496:
1459:(4): 2838–54.
1436:
1417:(2): 296–301.
1400:
1338:
1281:
1224:
1173:
1108:
1033:
996:(3): 206–214.
972:
933:(11): 6181–6.
913:
904:
861:
854:
833:
790:
733:
692:
685:
663:
662:
660:
657:
639:
638:
634:
631:
623:
622:Steps involved
620:
606:ATP hydrolysis
511:
504:
495:
492:
487:
486:
479:
472:
465:
455:
444:
437:
417:
414:
339:Arp2/3 complex
330:
301:
300:Actin in cells
298:
285:
282:
256:Subsequently,
170:
164:
154:
151:
58:, also called
56:Microfilaments
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3976:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Delta catenin
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Alpha catenin
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:cytoplasmic:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:Neurofilament
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:chromosome 12
2694:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:chromosome 17
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:chromosome 12
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:chromosome 17
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:Hair keratins
2518:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:chromosome 12
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:chromosome 12
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:chromosome 17
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:Intermediate
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
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1853:
1851:
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1828:
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1823:
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1818:
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1813:
1811:
1808:
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1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
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1792:
1790:
1785:
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1780:
1777:
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1770:
1767:
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1762:
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1757:
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1729:
1726:
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1701:
1700:
1698:
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1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
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1633:
1628:
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1624:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:(2): 622–31.
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1053:(1): 011031.
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:(5): 416–21.
876:
872:
865:
857:
851:
847:
840:
838:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
688:
686:0-8153-3218-1
682:
678:
671:
669:
664:
656:
653:
648:
643:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
619:
616:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:processes in
537:
533:
530:
529:intracellular
526:
522:
518:
509:
503:
500:
491:
484:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
421:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
395:Gallus gallus
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
247:
242:
241:autocatalyzed
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:self-assembly
168:
163:
161:
150:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:cell motility
116:
112:
108:
107:cell motility
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
47:
43:
40:
37:
32:
19:
3959:Cell biology
3936:
3711:Dystroglycan
3666:Beta catenin
2898:Microtubules
2766:Beta-keratin
2695:
2644:
2590:
2530:
2452:
2438:
2424:
2361:
2198:
2065:Tropomodulin
1671:
1657:cytoskeleton
1614:
1577:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1456:
1452:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1360:
1356:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1190:
1187:Cell Reports
1186:
1176:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1050:
1046:
1036:
993:
989:
984:(May 2016).
975:
930:
926:
916:
907:
874:
870:
864:
846:Cell Biology
845:
803:
799:
793:
750:
746:
736:
709:
705:
695:
676:
652:longitudinal
644:
640:
625:
603:
598:
594:
590:
584:
573:
567:
561:
555:
548:phagocytosis
517:lamellipodia
513:
508:actoclampins
507:
497:
488:
468:
419:
401:Mus musculus
399:
393:
387:
381:
343:
336:
314:
303:
294:treadmilling
290:steady-state
287:
278:
255:
251:actoclampins
244:
212:
211:
195:microtubules
172:
166:
156:
153:Organization
143:
79:cytoskeleton
59:
55:
54:
3857:Plakophilin
3808:Desmoplakin
3568:Tau protein
2342:Cytokeratin
2138:Tropomyosin
1686:Myofilament
1246:: 685–701.
587:actoclampin
582:particles.
540:endocytosis
463:thymosin β4
378:glial cells
280:structure.
146:H.E. Huxley
111:endocytosis
99:cytokinesis
42:fibroblasts
3953:Categories
3937:See also:
3909:Crescentin
3828:Periplakin
3818:Envoplakin
3706:Dystrophin
3323:axonemal:
2817:Internexin
2796:Peripherin
1060:1702.03997
659:References
580:biomimetic
575:Rickettsia
544:exocytosis
389:Drosophila
317:chemotaxis
229:hydrolyzed
217:nucleation
127:actomyosin
115:exocytosis
72:eukaryotic
50:phalloidin
3526:Centrin 3
3521:Centrin 2
3516:Centrin 1
2854:Syncoilin
2759:Not alpha
2325:filaments
2277:Fibrillin
1580:(Q329638)
1315:0021-9533
1260:1471-0072
1150:0036-8075
1085:2160-3308
1010:1065-6251
767:1932-8486
585:The term
552:pathogens
521:filopodia
443:) complex
410:flagellum
266:diffusing
233:half time
139:pseudopod
123:myosin II
68:cytoplasm
3892:Nonhuman
3852:Vinculin
3813:Dystonin
3745:Spectrin
3718:Utrophin
3698:Membrane
3653:Catenins
3585:Stathmin
3573:Dynactin
3453:DYNC2LI1
3448:DYNC1LI2
3443:DYNC1LI1
3108:Kinesins
2912:Tubulins
2801:Vimentin
2333:Type 1/2
2235:Profilin
2230:Gelsolin
2092:Troponin
1653:Proteins
1548:16731556
1491:15454475
1431:12361718
1395:17056726
1333:29739876
1276:20747438
1268:28875992
1219:25732815
1168:23239625
1103:28690919
1028:27055045
899:23396247
785:30312531
728:25788699
569:Vaccinia
532:vesicles
476:gelsolin
459:profilin
362:spectrin
321:profilin
310:membrane
213:In vitro
183:polymers
179:diameter
167:In vitro
91:proteins
83:polymers
3879:PLEKHA7
3833:Plectin
3798:Plakins
3723:Ankyrin
3622:Dynamin
3552:Spastin
3547:Katanin
3511:CAMSAP3
3506:CAMSAP2
3501:CAMSAP1
3473:DYNLRB2
3468:DYNLRB1
3438:DYNC1I2
3433:DYNC1I1
3428:DYNC2H1
3423:DYNC1H1
3316:Dyneins
3040:TUBGCP6
3035:TUBGCP5
3030:TUBGCP4
3025:TUBGCP3
3020:TUBGCP2
2849:Synemin
2592:type II
2454:type II
2337:Keratin
2282:Filamin
2223:Destrin
2206:Cofilin
2167:Actinin
1738:Myosins
1655:of the
1573:Scholia
1539:1518650
1518:Bibcode
1482:1304702
1461:Bibcode
1386:1751402
1365:Bibcode
1324:6031324
1159:3815867
1130:Bibcode
1122:Science
1094:5500227
1065:Bibcode
1019:4966542
967:9600938
935:Bibcode
879:Bibcode
828:9438837
808:Bibcode
800:Science
776:6289869
483:cofilin
452:fimbrin
426:formins
370:fractal
364:-actin
354:neurons
270:cytosol
268:in the
262:cofilin
246:In vivo
203:binding
191:helical
66:in the
3780:SPTBN5
3775:SPTBN4
3770:SPTBN2
3765:SPTBN1
3755:SPTAN1
3590:Tektin
3483:DYNLT3
3478:DYNLT1
3463:DYNLL2
3458:DYNLL1
3405:DNALI1
3390:DNAH17
3385:DNAH14
3380:DNAH13
3375:DNAH12
3370:DNAH11
3365:DNAH10
3286:KIF26B
3281:KIF26A
3256:KIF21B
3251:KIF21A
3246:KIF20B
3241:KIF20A
3231:KIF18B
3226:KIF18A
3216:KIF16B
3201:KIF13B
3196:KIF13A
2995:TUBB4Q
2980:TUBB2C
2975:TUBB2B
2970:TUBB2A
2950:TUBA4A
2945:TUBA3E
2940:TUBA3D
2935:TUBA3C
2930:TUBA1C
2925:TUBA1B
2920:TUBA1A
2863:Type 5
2822:Nestin
2810:Type 4
2786:Desmin
2779:Type 3
2532:type I
2363:type I
2309:TRIOBP
1975:MYO18B
1970:MYO18A
1966:XVIII
1960:MYO15A
1695:Actins
1607:(MeSH)
1597:(MeSH)
1546:
1536:
1489:
1479:
1429:
1393:
1383:
1331:
1321:
1313:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1242:(11).
1217:
1166:
1156:
1148:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1026:
1016:
1008:
965:
955:
897:
852:
826:
783:
773:
765:
726:
683:
536:motile
534:, and
499:Myosin
450:, and
448:fascin
441:Arp2/3
434:N-WASP
356:, and
221:trimer
62:, are
39:embryo
3840:Talin
3823:MACF1
3791:Other
3750:SPTA1
3615:TEKT5
3610:TEKT4
3605:TEKT3
3600:TEKT2
3595:TEKT1
3578:DCTN1
3561:Other
3415:DNAL4
3410:DNAL1
3400:DNAI2
3395:DNAI1
3360:DNAH9
3355:DNAH8
3350:DNAH7
3345:DNAH6
3340:DNAH5
3335:DNAH3
3330:DNAH2
3325:DNAH1
3306:KIFC3
3301:KIFC2
3296:KIFC1
3291:KIF27
3276:KIF25
3271:KIF24
3266:KIF23
3261:KIF22
3236:KIF19
3221:KIF17
3211:KIF15
3206:KIF14
3191:KIF12
3186:KIF11
3166:KIF5C
3161:KIF5B
3156:KIF5A
3151:KIF4B
3146:KIF4A
3141:KIF3C
3136:KIF3B
3131:KIF2C
3126:KIF2A
3121:KIF1B
3116:KIF1A
3088:MAP1B
3083:MAP1A
3050:TUBE1
3045:TUBD1
3015:TUBG2
3010:TUBG1
3005:TUBB8
3000:TUBB6
2990:TUBB4
2985:TUBB3
2965:TUBB1
2955:TUBA8
2304:Espin
2265:Other
2252:Titin
2058:Other
2047:MYLL1
2042:MYLK2
2032:MYLIP
2017:MYL6B
1950:MYO10
1940:MYO9B
1935:MYO9A
1925:MYO7B
1920:MYO7A
1900:MYO5C
1895:MYO5B
1890:MYO5A
1880:MYO3B
1875:MYO3A
1865:MYH16
1860:MYH15
1855:MYH14
1850:MYH13
1845:MYH11
1840:MYH10
1825:MYH7B
1784:MYO1H
1779:MYO1G
1774:MYO1F
1769:MYO1E
1764:MYO1D
1759:MYO1C
1754:MYO1B
1749:MYO1A
1664:Human
1272:S2CID
1055:arXiv
958:27619
595:clamp
374:axons
358:sperm
187:actin
87:actin
75:cells
36:mouse
3924:ParM
3919:MreB
3914:FtsZ
3874:ACF7
3867:PKP2
3862:PKP1
3845:TLN1
3760:SPTB
3738:ANK3
3733:ANK2
3728:ANK1
3637:DNM3
3632:DNM2
3627:DNM1
3531:PCM1
3181:KIF9
3176:KIF7
3171:KIF6
3098:MAP4
3093:MAP2
3060:MAPs
2960:TUBB
2903:MAPs
2901:and
2842:NEFH
2837:NEFM
2832:NEFL
2791:GFAP
2439:none
2297:FLNC
2292:FLNB
2287:FLNA
2037:MYLK
2027:MYL9
2022:MYL7
2012:MYL6
2007:MYL5
2002:MYL4
1997:MYL3
1992:MYL2
1987:MYL1
1916:VII
1910:MYO6
1871:III
1835:MYH9
1830:MYH8
1820:MYH7
1815:MYH6
1810:MYH4
1805:MYH3
1800:MYH2
1795:MYH1
1677:ABPs
1675:and
1544:PMID
1487:PMID
1427:PMID
1391:PMID
1329:PMID
1311:ISSN
1264:PMID
1256:ISSN
1215:PMID
1164:PMID
1146:ISSN
1099:PMID
1081:ISSN
1024:PMID
1006:ISSN
963:PMID
895:PMID
850:ISBN
824:PMID
781:PMID
763:ISSN
724:PMID
681:ISBN
591:acto
572:and
461:and
430:VASP
398:and
323:and
274:CapZ
137:and
113:and
3688:GAN
3671:APC
3078:EB3
3073:EB2
3068:EB1
2874:A/C
2557:33B
2552:33A
1956:XV
1931:IX
1906:VI
1791:II
1613:at
1534:PMC
1526:doi
1477:PMC
1469:doi
1419:doi
1415:406
1381:PMC
1373:doi
1319:PMC
1303:doi
1299:131
1248:doi
1205:hdl
1195:doi
1154:PMC
1138:doi
1126:339
1089:PMC
1073:doi
1014:PMC
998:doi
953:PMC
943:doi
887:doi
816:doi
804:279
771:PMC
755:doi
751:301
714:doi
710:128
615:ATP
554:as
469:etc
329:PIP
258:ADP
225:ATP
185:of
177:in
131:ATP
85:of
70:of
3955::
2884:B2
2879:B1
2872::
2748:80
2743:79
2738:78
2733:77
2728:76
2723:75
2718:74
2713:73
2708:72
2703:71
2687:40
2682:39
2677:28
2672:27
2667:26
2662:25
2657:24
2652:23
2627:86
2622:85
2617:84
2612:83
2607:82
2602:81
2582:38
2577:37
2572:36
2567:35
2562:34
2547:32
2542:31
2499:6C
2494:6B
2489:6A
2469:2A
2444:21
2432:18
2418:20
2413:19
2408:17
2403:16
2398:15
2393:14
2388:13
2383:12
2378:10
1982:LC
1946:X
1886:V
1745:I
1728:G2
1723:G1
1718:C1
1708:A2
1703:A1
1542:.
1532:.
1524:.
1514:91
1512:.
1508:.
1485:.
1475:.
1467:.
1457:87
1455:.
1451:.
1439:^
1425:.
1413:.
1389:.
1379:.
1371:.
1361:92
1359:.
1355:.
1341:^
1327:.
1317:.
1309:.
1297:.
1293:.
1270:.
1262:.
1254:.
1240:18
1238:.
1213:.
1203:.
1191:10
1189:.
1185:.
1162:.
1152:.
1144:.
1136:.
1124:.
1120:.
1097:.
1087:.
1079:.
1071:.
1063:.
1049:.
1045:.
1022:.
1012:.
1004:.
994:23
992:.
988:.
961:.
951:.
941:.
931:95
929:.
925:.
893:.
885:.
875:12
873:.
836:^
822:.
814:.
802:.
779:.
769:.
761:.
749:.
745:.
722:.
708:.
704:.
667:^
599:in
566:,
560:,
542:,
527:,
519:,
432:,
428:,
412:.
392:,
386:,
352:,
348:,
223:.
175:nm
105:,
101:,
95:nm
2594:/
2534:/
2509:8
2504:7
2484:5
2479:4
2474:3
2464:1
2456:/
2373:9
2365:/
2344:)
2339:,
2335:(
2245:2
2240:1
2216:2
2211:1
2187:4
2182:3
2177:2
2172:1
2158:4
2153:3
2148:2
2143:1
2131:3
2128:2
2125:1
2122:I
2117:2
2114:1
2111:C
2106:3
2103:2
2100:1
2097:T
2085:4
2080:3
2075:2
2070:1
1786:)
1713:B
1645:e
1638:t
1631:v
1584:.
1550:.
1528::
1520::
1493:.
1471::
1463::
1433:.
1421::
1397:.
1375::
1367::
1335:.
1305::
1278:.
1250::
1221:.
1207::
1197::
1170:.
1140::
1132::
1105:.
1075::
1067::
1057::
1051:7
1030:.
1000::
969:.
945::
937::
901:.
889::
881::
858:.
830:.
818::
810::
787:.
757::
730:.
716::
689:.
485:.
478:.
471:.
454:)
436:)
331:2
48:-
20:)
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