House mouse - Knowledge

1209:. Females who mate with multiple males tend to produce both pups in greater numbers, and with higher survival rates, increasing female fitness. Sperm competition that arises from polygamy favors males with faster, more motile sperm in higher numbers, increasing male fitness. The competitive aspect of insemination increases the frequency of polyandrous events and fertilizations. Polyandry has evolved to increase reproductive success. Male mating behavior is also affected in response to the practice of polygamous behavior. Compared to monogamous house mice, polygamous house mice mate for longer periods of time. This behaviour allows for an increase in both the transfer of sperm and paternity success, which in turn increases male fitness. 971:. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less female-female aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Male-male aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory. The high level of male-male aggression, with a low female-female aggression level is common in 1648: 1303: 75: 354: 657: 50: 1659:, with humans, their ease in maintenance and handling, and their high rate of reproduction. Laboratory mice typically belong to standardized inbred strains selected for the stability or clarity of specific harmful mutations. This allows research with laboratory mice to easily restrict genetic and biological variables, making them very useful model organisms in genetic and medicinal research.Mice have been used in scientific research since the 1650s. 257: 1478: 1112: 900: 5353: 1104: 923:; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other's 1401:, and later they spread to the eastern Mediterranean about 13,000 BC, only spreading into the rest of Europe around 1000 BC. This time lag is thought to be because the mice require agrarian human settlements above a certain size. The house mouse first arrived in the Americas in the early sixteenth century. It was carried aboard on the ships of Spanish explorers and 1565:, is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics. The U.S. CDC currently does not mention rickettsialpox or murine typhus on its website about diseases directly transmitted by rodents (in general). 31: 1277:

and inbreeding avoidance. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP haplotypes than would be expected if there were random mating. Another mechanism for avoiding inbreeding is evident when a female house mouse mates with multiple males. In such a case, there appears to be egg-driven sperm

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occurs in 30% of all wild populations of house mice. Litters from multiple sires tend to be more genetically diverse than litters of single sires. Multiple paternity is also more common in larger populations than smaller populations, because there is a larger number of mates and more diverse mates to

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The pups are born blind and without fur or ears. The ears are fully developed by the fourth day, fur begins to appear at about six days and the eyes open around 13 days after birth; the pups are weaned at around 21 days. Females reach sexual maturity at about six weeks of age and males at about eight

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which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free-living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in

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When infesting homes, house mice may pose a risk of damaging and compromising the structure of furniture and the building itself. They gnaw various materials to file down their growing teeth and keep the length under control. Common damage includes gnawed electrical wires, marks on wooden furniture

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organisms, and one of the most common rodents to infest human buildings. They commonly forage outdoors during the spring and summer, but retreat into buildings through the autumn and winter to seek warmth and food. They typically feed on unattended food, leftovers and garden produce. Their foraging

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of all tissues studied in mice. Thus it was suggested that oxidative DNA damages that arise from normal cellular metabolism could be highly relevant to aging and the diseases of aging. In another study, two types of DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine and DNA-protein crosslinks) were found to

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than do females, leaving less time for paternal care. Polygamous male house mice spend less time alone with pups. They are also less likely and slower to retrieve lost pups than males of monogamous mice. In contrast, the maternal investment is similar between female mice that have mated once versus

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period is about 19–21 days, and they give birth to a litter of 3–14 young (average six to eight). One female can have 5 to 10 litters per year, so the mouse population can increase very quickly. Breeding occurs throughout the year. (However, animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder

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calls in the 30 kHz–110 kHz range. The calls are most frequent during courtship when the male is sniffing and following the female; however, the calls continue after mating has begun, at which time the calls are coincident with mounting behaviour. Males can be induced to emit these calls

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to increase the temperature of the skin on the tail by as much as 10 °C (10 K; 18 °F) to lose body heat. Tail length varies according to the environmental temperature of the mouse during postnatal development, so mice living in colder regions tend to have shorter tails. The tail is

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Many studies have been done on mouse phylogenies to reconstruct early human movements. For example, one study suggests the possibility of a previously unsuspected early link between Northern Europe and Madeira on the basis of the origin of Madeiran mice. House mice were thought to be the primary

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House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behavior known as "tripoding". Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be

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New Zealand had no land mammals other than two species of bat prior to human occupation, and the house mouse is one of many species that have been introduced. Mice are responsible for a reduction in native bird species since they eat some of the same foods as birds. They are also known to kill

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Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents. House mice show a

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populations. The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive

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In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Female-female aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally

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The social behavior of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into species-specific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment

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is a competition to breed or engineer extremely long-lived laboratory mice. As of 2005, the record holder was a genetically engineered mouse that lived for 1,819 days (7 days short of 5 years). Another record holder that was kept in an enriched environment but did not receive any genetic,

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attributed to free-ranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great.

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coloured), but domesticated fancy mice and laboratory mice are produced in many colors ranging from white to champagne to black. They have short hair and some, but not all, sub-species have a light belly. The ears and tail have little hair. The hind feet are short compared to

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choose from. Within a population, males and females show different levels of multiple mating. Females show bias toward unrelated males rather than related males during sexual selection, resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression.

1025:-sensitive cones than other areas of the retina, although the biological significance of this structure is unknown. In 2007, mice genetically engineered to produce the third type of cone were shown to be able to distinguish a range of colors similar to that perceived by 416: in), though they can jump vertically up to 45 cm (18 in). The voice is a high-pitched squeak. House mice thrive under a variety of conditions; they are found in and around homes and commercial structures, as well as in open fields and agricultural lands. 4943:

in the state of Georgia; however, no PCR-positive mice were detected in our study. Eruptions of mouse populations in the absence of rats have been implicated in several outbreaks of murine typhus; however, these observations were not supported by laboratory data."

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As opposed to polygyny, polyandrous behavior in females is the act of breeding with several males in the same season. Variation in number of males that females mate with occurs among a population. Polyandrous behavior is a common mating pattern in the subspecies

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about four to six days long, with estrus itself lasting less than a day. If several females are held together under crowded conditions, they will often not have an estrus at all. If they are then exposed to male urine, they will come into estrus after 72 hours.

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Due to polyandry, males can be confused by the identity of new offspring. Multiple mating by females and paternity confusion can decrease rates of infanticide. If the males are uncertain if the offspring are theirs, they are less likely to kill the offspring.

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which prevents further copulation. The plug is not necessary for pregnancy initiation, as this will also occur without the plug. The presence or absence of the plug will not affect litter size either. This plug stays in place for some 24 hours. The

1532:(LCMV) can be transmitted by mice, but is not a commonly reported infection in humans, though most infections are mild and are often never diagnosed. Some concern exists that women should not be infected with LCMV during pregnancy. 1571:

is carried by a variety of wild and domestic animals including dogs, rats, swine, cattle, mice in general, and can be transmitted by the urine of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is still moist.

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breed so successfully, every three years or so they reach plague proportions, achieving densities of 1000 per hectare and causing massive disruption to communities, and losses to agriculture of A$ 36 million annually.

318:, the house mouse has benefited significantly from associating with human habitation to the point that truly wild populations are significantly less common than the semi-tame populations near human activity. 4682:

Courtney Jones, Stephanie K.; Byrne, Phillip G. (December 2017). "What role does heritability play in transgenerational phenotypic responses to captivity? Implications for managing captive populations".

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House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as

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increases genetic incompatibilities, levels of homozygosity, and the chance of expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Polyandry has been shown to increase offspring survival compared to monandry.

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Chaichan, P.; Mercier, A.; Galal, L.; Mahittikorn, A.; Ariey, F.; Morand, S.; Boumédiène, F.; Udonsom, R.; Hamidovic, A.; Murat, J.B.; Sukthana, Y.; Dardé, M.L. (2017). "Geographical distribution of

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Gündüz I, Auffray JC, Britton-Davidian J, Catalan J, Ganem G, Ramalhinho MG, Mathias ML, Searle JB (August 2001). "Molecular studies on the colonization of the Madeiran archipelago by house mice".

1621:). Until house mice arrived on the island in the 19th century with sailors, the birds did not have any mammalian predators. The mice have since grown unusually large and have learned to attack 927:

and normally enter another's territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.

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Frynta, Daniel; Slábová, Markéta; Váchová, Hana; Volfová, Radka; Munclinger, Pavel (2005). "Aggression and commensalism in house mouse: A comparative study across Europe and the near east".

1095:. If mice are blind from birth, super-normal growth of the vibrissae occurs presumably as a compensatory response. Conversely, if the vibrissae are absent, the use of vision is intensified. 2642:

Suzuki, H.; Nunome, M.; Kinoshita, G.; Aplin, K. P.; Vogel, P.; Kryukov, A. P.; Jin, M-L; Han, S-H; Maryanto, I.; Tsuchiya, K.; Ikeda, H.; Shiroishi, T.; Yonekawa, H.; Moriwaki, K. (2013).

1539:) because they have fewer infestations with fleas than do rats, and because the fleas which house mice normally carry exhibit little tendency to bite humans rather than their natural host. 5375: 1071:

Odours from adult males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females and synchronise reproductive cycles in mature females (i.e. the

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along with—to a lesser extent—the hairless parts of the paws and ears. Blood flow to the tail can be precisely controlled in response to changes in ambient temperature using a system of

1469:. The effects of domestication can be rapid, with captive-reared mice differing in boldness and activity patterns compared to wild-caught mice after 4–5 generations in recent research. 361:

House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 centimetres (3–4 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2–4 in). The weight is typically 11–30 g (

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Chamero P, Marton TF, Logan DW, Flanagan K, Cruz JR, Saghatelian A, Cravatt BF, Stowers L (December 2007). "Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour".

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Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (August 2005). "Interim guidance for minimizing risk for human lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection associated with rodents".

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Izzotti A, Cartiglia C, Taningher M, De Flora S, Balansky R (December 1999). "Age-related increases of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA-protein crosslinks in mouse organs".

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in a female mouse. Offspring fertilized by multiple males can compete more strongly for mother's resources and can lead to a decrease in body size and variation in body size.

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Gerlach, Gabriele (1996). "Emigration mechanisms in feral house mice - a laboratory investigation of the influence of social structure, population density, and aggression".

1405:. About one hundred years later, it arrived in North America with French fur traders and English colonists. They have since been spread to all parts of the globe by humans. 1253:

Intrauterine insemination causes an evolutionary consequence resulting from polyandrous behavior. When multiple males mate with one female, there are multiple sets of sperm

1555:, is spread by mice in general, but is very rare and generally mild and resolves within two or three weeks if untreated. No known deaths have resulted from the disease. 3776:

Patris B, Baudoin C (October 2000). "A comparative study of parental care between two rodent species: implications for the mating system of the mound-building mouse

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Boursot P, Din W, Anand R, Darviche D, Dod B, von Deimling F, Talwar GP, Bonhomme F (1996). "Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny".

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are often found to hybridize. However, male hybrid mice typically experience hybrid sterility, which maintains reproductive separation between the two subspecies.

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Klemme, Ines; Firman, Renée Claire (April 2013). "Male house mice that have evolved with sperm competition have increased mating duration and paternity success".

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Importance of mice as a house and agricultural pest resulted in a development of a variety of mouse-related rituals and stories in world's cultures. The

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of 16 genes - 550kb - in this region produced a normal phenotype, excluding these genes in particular from the dysfunction being pursued in that study.

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Dobson, F Stephen; Jacquot Catherine (June 2002). "Experimental tests of spatial association and kinship in monogamous mice and polygynous mice".

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Mitchell-Jones A.J.; Amori G.; Bogdanowicz W.; Kryštufek B.; Reijnders PJH; Spitzenberger F.; Stubbe M; Thissen JBM; Vohralík V.; Zima J. (1999).

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because of their complexity. While females have the capability to produce ultrasonic calls, they typically do not do so during mating behaviour.

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Kimoto H, Haga S, Sato K, Touhara K (October 2005). "Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons".

2096:"Conversion of the nipple to hair-bearing epithelia by lowering bone morphogenetic protein pathway activity at the dermal-epidermal interface" 1482: 7253: 7201: 3027:

Szenczi P, Bánszegi O, Groó Z, Altbäcker V (2012). "Development of the social behavior of two mice species with contrasting social systems".

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male-biased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are

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population in Indian subcontinent some time around 700 kya. From there, this ancestral population migrated to Iran around 360 kya to form

1193:, which is lower in polygamous mice than in mice that are monogamous. This occurs due to the fact that males spend more time involved in 447:

also used for balance when the mouse is climbing or running, or as a base when the animal stands on its hind legs (a behaviour known as

6883: 6102: 1523: 5046:"Identification of Genetic Evidence for Dobrava Virus Spillover in Rodents by Nested Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR and TaqMan RT-PCR" 3691: 6872: 6839: 5557: 5485: 304:, characteristically having a pointed snout, large rounded ears, and a long and almost hairless tail. It is one of the most abundant 4380: 3740:

Dobson, F Stephen; Jacquot Catherine; Baudoin, Claude (October 2000). "An experimental test of kin association in the house mouse".

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chicks, which can be 90 cm tall, but are largely immobile, by working in groups and gnawing on them until they bleed to death.

7110: 2431:"Genetic variation and phylogeography of central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen" 7175: 6861: 5694: 4270: 6850: 1874:

Gregory SG, Sekhon M, Schein J, Zhao S, Osoegawa K, Scott CE, et al. (August 2002). "A physical map of the mouse genome".

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Terszowski G, Müller SM, Bleul CC, Blum C, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Pasquier LD, Amagai T, Boehm T, Rodewald HR (April 2006).

1441:, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 BC version. Human domestication led to numerous strains of " 1056:

The urine of house mice, especially that of males, has a characteristic strong odor. At least 10 different compounds, such as

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Mice are the most commonly used mammalian laboratory animal, due to their relatively close relationship, and associated high

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Wolff, Robert J. (1985). "Mating behaviour and female choice: Their relation to social structure in wild caught House mice (

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Both evolutionary and behavioral consequences result from the polygamous nature of the house mouse. One consequence is the

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provides a list with diseases transmitted by rodents, only a few of the diseases are transmitted through the house mouse.

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The tail, which is used for balance, has only a thin covering of hair as it is the main peripheral organ of heat loss in

1064:, etc., are detectable in the urine. Among them, five compounds are specific to males, namely 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, 7371: 6111: 5300: 1398: 7320: 3065:

Dobson, F Stephen; Baudoin, Claude (2002). "Experimental tests of spatial association and kinship in monogamous mice (

1706:(corresponds to October 27 of the Gregorian calendar in the 20th and 21st centuries), the next day after the feast of 5401: 4783:

Verhaegh EM, Moudrous W, Buiting AG, van der Eijk AA, Tijssen CC (2014). "" [Meningitis after a mouse bite].

2580: 1410: 954:, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species. 7089: 5519: 458:

organ in the chest, house mice have a second functional pinhead-sized thymus organ in the neck next to the trachea.

7328: 7123: 7014: 5890: 4878:"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underrecognized cause of neurologic disease in the fetus, child, and adult" 3199:

Calderone JB, Jacobs GH (2009). "Regional variations in the relative sensitivity to UV light in the mouse retina".

2480:"Genome-wide mapping in a house mouse hybrid zone reveals hybrid sterility loci and Dobzhansky-Muller interactions" 1364: 1013:

and have three. This means that mice do not perceive some of the colors in the human visual spectrum. However, the

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of the five subspecies. Some populations are hybrids of different subspecies, including the Japanese house mouse (

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Eremeeva ME, Warashina WR, Sturgeon MM, Buchholz AE, Olmsted GK, Park SY, Effler PV, Karpathy SE (October 2008).

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Schwarz & Schwarz, 1943) in the Western Mediterranean: A zooarchaeological revision of subfossil occurrences"

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and exposure to harsh environments. In protected environments, however, they often live two to three years. The

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Gray, Samantha J; Hurst, Jane L (1997). "Behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial dispersion of commensal

4720:"Effects of captivity on house mice behaviour in a novel environment: Implications for conservation practices" 4719: 371:–1 oz). In the wild they vary in color from grey and light brown to black (individual hairs are actually 7366: 7240: 5550: 5175: 1576: 1246:

The fitness of females increases in polyandrous lines due to more genetic diversity and greater litter size.

1379:. Dietary restriction was found to significantly reduce the age-related accumulation of 8-oxo-dG levels in 6261: 4225:

Firman RC, Simmons LW (September 2015). "Gametic interactions promote inbreeding avoidance in house mice".

1529: 431:; males have no nipples. When sexually mature, the most striking and obvious difference is the presence of 5044:

Weidmann, Manfred; Schmidt, P.; Vackova, M.; Krivanec, K.; Munclinger, P.; Hufert, F. T. (February 2005).

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in the South Atlantic is used by 20 species of seabirds for breeding, including almost all of the world's

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Sherborne AL, Thom MD, Paterson S, Jury F, Ollier WE, Stockley P, Beynon RJ, Hurst JL (December 2007).

1336: 1273:) gene cluster provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity that appears to underlie 1132:

by female pheromones. The vocalizations appear to differ between individuals and have been compared to

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in males is about double that of the female. From the age of about 10 days, females have five pairs of

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Hamilton ML, Van Remmen H, Drake JA, Yang H, Guo ZM, Kewitt K, Walter CA, Richardson A (August 2001).

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Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge

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House mice can sometimes transmit diseases, contaminate food, and damage food packaging. Although the

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Achiraman S, Archunan G (December 2002). "Characterization of urinary volatiles in Swiss male mice (

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Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, et al. (December 2002).

1790: 739:) (southwestern and Central Asia). However, due to significant genetic similarity observed between ( 7391: 6747: 6405: 6379: 5871: 5608: 5543: 5383: 5379: 5363: 4326: 4268:

Garfield, Natasha; Karaplis, Andrew C. (2001). "Genetics and animal models of hypoparathyroidism".

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on the males. These are large compared to the rest of the body and can be retracted into the body.

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Yokoyama S, Shi Y (December 2000). "Genetics and evolution of ultraviolet vision in vertebrates".

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Horn CC, Kimball BA, Wang H, Kaus J, Dienel S, Nagy A, Gathright GR, Yates BJ, Andrews PL (2013).

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risks the contamination and degradation of food supplies, and can also spread other pests such as

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House mice usually live in proximity to humans, in or around houses or fields. They are native to

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on islands to where they have spread during the period of European exploration and colonisation.

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The visual apparatus of mice is basically similar to that of humans but differs in that they are

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success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from non-related females.

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Moro, Dorian; Morris, Keith (2000). "Movements and refugia of Lakeland Downs short-tailed mice,

7381: 7154: 6974: 6936: 6693: 6059: 5645: 1672: 1323: 1270: 1178: 1046: 3863:"The frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice ( 2399: 2279: 1327:

pharmacological, or dietary treatment lived for 1,551 days (4 years, 90 days).

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had a traditional annual "Mouse Day" celebration. In the eastern Balkans (most of Bulgaria,

7361: 7315: 7193: 7058: 6983: 5798: 5631: 5220:"Editorial: Animal-friendly methods for rodent behavioral testing in neuroscience research" 4755:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (page last updated: June 7, 2011). 2018-09-04. 4600: 4234: 4181: 3982: 3878: 3699: 3652:"Experimental evolution of sperm quality via postcopulatory sexual selection in house mice" 3498: 3396: 3345: 3251: 2784: 2593: 2324: 1938: 1883: 1828: 1173:

in that males are highly territorial and protective of their mates, while females are less

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Many more subspecies' names have been given to house mice, but these are now regarded as

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Buck, CW, Tolman N, Tolman, W (November 1925). "The Tail as a Balancing Organ in Mice".

1942: 1887: 1832: 1177:. The communal nursing groups that result from these behaviors lead to lower numbers of 6773: 6657: 6639: 6480: 6135: 5985: 5144: 5119: 5021: 4996: 4972: 4947: 4902: 4877: 4624: 4530: 4526: 4307: 4202: 4169: 4109: 4084: 4060: 4003: 3966: 3942: 3899: 3862: 3805: 3603: 3576: 3516: 3467: 3420: 3369: 3318: 3275: 3224: 3181: 3133: 3117: 3010: 2975: 2807: 2772: 2699: 2686: 2652: 2643: 2625: 2516: 2479: 2455: 2430: 2350: 2233: 2160: 2120: 2095: 1907: 1851: 1817:"Taxonomic assessment of two wild house mouse subspecies using whole-genome sequencing" 1816: 1695: 1656: 1269:

is detrimental, it tends to be avoided. In the house mouse, the major urinary protein (

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of both sexes. The tear fluid and urine of male mice also contains pheromones, such as

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In several different mouse strains, a significant increase was observed with age in

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In both agricultural and urban environments house mice are often preyed upon by the

7050: 6684: 6525: 6396: 6205: 5757: 5675: 5476: 5457: 5241: 5231: 5139: 5131: 5065: 5057: 5016: 5008: 4967: 4959: 4897: 4889: 4850: 4752: 4735: 4731: 4692: 4608: 4571: 4522: 4470: 4433: 4425: 4283: 4242: 4197: 4189: 4148: 4104: 4096: 4042: 3998: 3990: 3934: 3894: 3886: 3836: 3789: 3749: 3722: 3663: 3598: 3588: 3524: 3506: 3471: 3451: 3424: 3404: 3373: 3353: 3322: 3302: 3259: 3208: 3163: 3109: 3082: 3036: 3006: 2967: 2925: 2885: 2802: 2792: 2732: 2707: 2681: 2665: 2661: 2629: 2601: 2548: 2511: 2501: 2491: 2450: 2442: 2332: 2225: 2198: 2152: 2115: 2107: 1946: 1911: 1891: 1846: 1836: 1785: 1647: 1642: 1592: 1561: 1547: 1368: 1302: 1194: 1165:

Although house mice can be either monogamous or polygamous, they are most commonly

829: 797: 717: 597: 470: 439: 338: 330: 5061: 3938: 2059:

Hotchkiss AK, Vandenbergh JG (July 2005). "The anogenital distance index of mice (

2011: 7276: 7128: 6489: 6288: 4357: 3739: 3593: 2797: 2605: 2446: 2251:

Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW (December 2001). "Animal models of nociception".

1703: 1683: 1614: 1490: 1367:

was attributed to an age related increase in the sensitivity of these tissues to

1356: 1274: 1042: 7245: 7206: 7097: 7084: 6738: 6702: 6559: 6439: 5670: 5567: 5286: 5236: 4948:"Rickettsia typhi and R. felis in rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), Oahu, Hawaii" 4893: 4854: 4772:. Iowa State University Center for Food Security and Public Health. March 2010. 3491:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2111: 1841: 1741: 1542: 1536: 1318:

House mice usually live less than one year in the wild, due to a high level of

1291: 1072: 853: 841: 357:

The house mouse is best identified by the sharp notch in its upper front teeth.

334: 158: 4193: 3622:"Researchers add mice to list of creatures that sing in the presence of mates" 3293:

Neitz M, Neitz J (May 2001). "The uncommon retina of the common house mouse".

3212: 2844: 2753: 2737: 2724: 2408:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. 7350: 7188: 6648: 6544: 6507: 6498: 6414: 4718:

Courtney Jones, Stephanie K.; Munn, Adam J.; Byrne, Phillip G. (April 2017).

4681: 4670: 4295: 3621: 3177: 3129: 2677: 2613: 2172: 1776: 1568: 1556: 1402: 1190: 1065: 1026: 681: 601: 557: 448: 424: 402: in) long; the normal gait is a run with a stride of about 4.5 cm ( 322: 197: 59: 54: 5498: 4809: 4153: 4136: 4100: 3841: 3824: 3511: 2496: 2337: 2312: 2202: 1765: 867:

A recent study using 89 whole-genome sequences revealed that the modern day

7167: 6959: 6621: 6550: 6471: 6026: 5582: 5255: 5153: 5135: 5079: 5030: 4981: 4963: 4911: 4862: 4823: 4796: 4704: 4620: 4482: 4447: 4429: 4303: 4254: 4211: 4118: 4085:"Socially mediated polyandry: a new benefit of communal nesting in mammals" 4056: 4012: 3908: 3801: 3677: 3612: 3463: 3416: 3365: 3314: 3271: 3048: 2971: 2816: 2695: 2621: 2525: 2346: 2264: 2129: 2076: 1960: 1903: 1860: 1766:

Musser, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G. (2021) .

1602: 1449:. Domestic varieties of the house mouse are bred as a food source for some 1442: 1076: 968: 920: 875: 419:

Newborn males and females can be distinguished on close examination as the

353: 5716: 5525: 3561: 3538: 3220: 3168: 3155: 3113: 2560: 2464: 672:, which means they are amongst the closest relatives of humans other than 7281: 7227: 7136: 7024: 6968: 6630: 6349: 6074: 5967: 5602: 4031:"Polyandry facilitates postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 2589: 1735: 1679: 1580: 1450: 1446: 1431:

Fancy mice may be of colours and/or have markings not found in wild mice.

1422: 1380: 1311: 1150: 1140: 1092: 1022: 1010: 935: 909: 772:). A notable region of hybridization is a region in general Europe where 713: 605: 326: 315: 310: 146: 30: 5446: 5012: 3408: 3357: 2669: 1951: 1926: 1895: 942:

in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.

656: 7115: 6603: 6183: 5432: 5325:

Handbook of Mouse Auditory Research: From Behavior to Molecular Biology

4279: 3520: 3455: 3121: 2237: 2189:

Siegel, Michael I. (1970). "The tail, locomotion and balance in mice".

2164: 1719: 1718:), the Mouse Day would usually be celebrated in the spring, during the 1628:

In the grain belt of southeastern Australia, the introduced subspecies

1552: 1128: 1006: 1002: 951: 793: 692: 673: 531: 509: 4696: 4246: 1075:). Odours of unfamiliar male mice may terminate pregnancies, i.e. the 7141: 7071: 6456: 6242: 6174: 6165: 6000: 5665: 4839:"Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an emerging obstetric pathogen?" 3994: 3040: 2929: 2648:

clarified by more extensive geographic sampling of mitochondrial DNA"

1622: 1462: 1319: 1181:

since more females are able to protect greater numbers of offspring.

1145: 1088: 1038: 789: 677: 544: 86: 6930: 4838: 4646: 4590: 3753: 3726: 3696:

University of Carolina, Irvine, Transgenic Mouse Facility Guidelines

3086: 2889: 2229: 2156: 256: 7076: 6953: 6588: 6373: 6041: 5950: 5813: 5745: 5571: 5382:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

4782: 3860: 1061: 939: 931: 912:, i.e. usually attempt to maintain contact with vertical surfaces. 685: 432: 378: 106: 5118:

Wanless RM, Angel A, Cuthbert RJ, Hilton GM, Ryan PG (June 2007).

3965:

Thonhauser KE, Thoß M, Musolf K, Klaus T, Penn DJ (January 2014).

3712: 2397: 1477: 720:(Western Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Oceania) 6767: 6126: 5769: 5718: 5440: 5285:

Plotnikova, Anna Arkadievna (Анна Аркадьевна Плотникова) (2004).

4945: 4460: 2847:"Experimental colonisation of contrasting habitats by house mice" 2405:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1927:"Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome" 1924: 1918: 1715: 1454: 1057: 1014: 593: 305: 136: 4137:"Polyandry, sperm competition, and reproductive success in mice" 3924: 3825:"Polyandry, sperm competition, and reproductive success in mice" 3064: 2725:"Ancestral variation and its impact on wild house mouse genomes" 7063: 7009: 5763: 5751: 5739: 4939:"A previous study reported house mice naturally infected with 2754:"Rattus Biologicus: Coprophagy: Healthy Behavior For Your Rats" 2573: 2403: 1711: 1691: 1579:

has been found in house mice. This is the most serious type of

1435:

The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the

1376: 1360: 1352: 1254: 1120: 1111: 1018: 570: 493: 455: 428: 301: 297: 126: 116: 96: 5043: 4997:"Leptospirosis in the family dog: a public health perspective" 2539:

Forejt, Jiří (October 1996). "Hybrid sterility in the mouse".

1651:

An individually ventilated and sealed cage for laboratory mice

731:

Two additional subspecies have been recognized more recently:

5625: 2949: 1503: 1348: 1344: 1340: 899: 861: 845: 837: 669: 4836: 3192: 3026: 1184: 1103: 1041:

for social communication, some of which are produced by the

5420: 5120:"Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions?" 4837:

Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP, Bell M, Rasmussen SA (June 2006).

4411: 2845:

Tattersall, Françoise H.; Smith, R. H.; Nowell, F. (1997).

2644:"Evolutionary and dispersal history of Eurasian house mice 2284:

Contribuciones mastozoológicas en homenaje a Bernardo Villa

2282:. In Víctor, Sánchez-Cordero; Medellin, Rodrigo A. (eds.). 1746: 1723: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1466: 1458: 1437: 1427: 1375:

is known to increase the lifespan of rodents and to retard

5117: 4645:. American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. Archived from 3478: 3386: 2641: 2089: 1514:

and construction supporting elements, and textile damage.

1139:

Following copulation, female mice will normally develop a

5520:

Comprehensive house mouse information, including pictures

4170:"The genetic basis of inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 4167: 3964: 3484: 3235: 2867: 2310: 1307: 1127:

Male house mice court females by emitting characteristic

946: 796:. Within Western Europe there are numerous populations – 5217: 3971:): effects on offspring genetic diversity and body mass" 3551: 2578:

genotypes in Asia: A link with neighboring continents".

4512: 3286: 2751: 1873: 1445:" or hobby mice with a variety of colours and a docile 1115:

A two-week-old fancy mouse, just about to open its eyes

1053:(Jacobson's organ), located at the bottom of the nose. 5516:

with information on habits, habitat and health threats

4497:

Museum Notes, Volume 36, Issue 1 – Volume 46, Issue 33

4261: 3545: 3485:

Rauschecker JP, Tian B, Korte M, Egert U (June 1992).

2147:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1559:(also called endemic typhus), caused by the bacterium 1290:

is associated with thyroid function in mice. However,

1201:

The polygamous behavior of female house mice promotes

1169:. They generally show characteristics of mate-defense 695:

are increasingly treated as distinct species by some:

5565: 4134: 4035:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

4029:

Firman RC, Simmons LW (March 2008). Snook, R. (ed.).

3656:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

3335: 2393: 2391: 2389: 1535:

House mice are not usually a vector of human plague (

1157:

weeks, but both can copulate as early as five weeks.

1087:

Mice can sense surfaces and air movements with their

264:

House mouse range (note: distribution is incomplete)

5477:

Pictures, movies and applets showing the anatomy of

5295:] (in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 64–68. 4924: 4082: 2250: 2142: 2058: 2770: 2478:Turner, Leslie M; Harr, Bettina (9 December 2014). 2143:Greene, Eunice Chace (1935). "Anatomy of the Rat". 1599:lizards and have a large effect on native insects. 930:House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are 4550: 4546: 4544: 4353:"Oldest mouse in captivity wins top science award" 3856: 3854: 3852: 3552:Sokolov VE, Tikhonova GN, Tikhonov IA (1996). "". 2386: 2215: 2188: 5522:, by the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 5366:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 5293:Ethnolinguistic Geography of the South Slav Lands 4414:"Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age?" 4083:Auclair Y, König B, Lindholm AK (November 2014). 3437: 3153: 3099: 2313:"Evidence for a functional second thymus in mice" 2280:"Use of the tail for communication in house mice" 2277: 2046:Mammals of Britain Their Tracks, Trails and Signs 2012:"Rodent-Proof Construction and Exclusion Methods" 7348: 4927:A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles 4267: 3861:Dean, M.D.; Ardlie, K.G.; Nachman, M.W. (2006). 2992: 2428: 2065:Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 4541: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 3849: 3554:Izvestiia Akademii Nauk. Seriia Biologicheskaia 3198: 2823: 2402:. In Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). 2009: 1791:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T13972A197519724.en 1314:, seen here playing with a mouse it has caught. 885:and then to Afghanistan around 260 kya to form 824:and identifies 5 subspecies and their origins: 800:– with a reduced chromosome count arising from 5092: 2014:. In Hygnstrom SE, Timm RM, Larson GE (eds.). 1098: 5702: 5551: 5318: 4994: 4843:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4666: 4664: 4350: 4224: 4028: 3822: 3775: 3649: 3619: 2429:Prager EM, Orrego C, Sage RD (October 1998). 2398:Musser, Guy G.; Carleton, Michael D. (2005). 2043: 5453:, includes NOD mouse sequence and annotation 5218:d'Isa R, Fasano S, Brambilla R (June 2024). 4875: 4398: 4218: 4161: 2288:Mammal Collection in Honor of Bernardo Villa 2028: 1384:increase with age in mouse brain and liver. 1278:selection against sperm from related males. 1241: 337:in biology and medicine. The complete mouse 5174:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from 5097:. Auckland, N.Z.: Oxford University Press. 4812:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 3692:"Mouse Husbandry, Breeding and Development" 3241: 3149: 3147: 2876:, on Thevenard Island, Western Australia". 2722: 2290:] (in Spanish). UNAM. pp. 157–62. 2244: 2151:. American Philosophical Society: iii–370. 2083: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1575:In Central Europe, the Dobriva sequence of 1483:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe 991: 5709: 5695: 5558: 5544: 5288:Этнолингвистическая география Южной Славии 4753:"Diseases directly transmitted by rodents" 4747: 4745: 4661: 4501:The house mouse originally came from India 4344: 3292: 3022: 3020: 2477: 2304: 1524:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 461: 255: 48: 29: 6103:Nolthenius's long-tailed climbing mouse ( 5402:Learn how and when to remove this message 5245: 5235: 5143: 5069: 5020: 4971: 4929:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. 4901: 4575: 4564:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4437: 4324: 4201: 4152: 4108: 4046: 4002: 3898: 3840: 3667: 3602: 3592: 3528: 3510: 3167: 3060: 3058: 2997:) housed in a semi-natural environment". 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2806: 2796: 2736: 2685: 2567: 2515: 2505: 2495: 2454: 2336: 2191:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2184: 2182: 2119: 2016:Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage 1950: 1850: 1840: 1789: 1185:Evolutionary and behavioural consequences 1049:. Mice detect pheromones mainly with the 950:areas where other small mammals, such as 4271:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 3967:"Multiple paternity in wild house mice ( 3698:. University of Carolina. Archived from 3144: 1981:"The natural history of the house mouse" 1967: 1810: 1808: 1646: 1481:Infestation of mice. Taxidermy display, 1476: 1426: 1301: 1110: 1102: 898: 760:) (the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar) 655: 352: 5927:Gray-bellied pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5198:"MGI — Biology of the Laboratory Mouse" 4785:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 4742: 4711: 4551:Cucchi T, Vigne JD, Auffray JC (2005). 4383:. Methuselah Foundation. Archived from 3574: 3156:"Mice made to see a rainbow of colours" 3017: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2037: 2022: 1260: 844:, a previously unknown subspecies from 7349: 5900:Indomalayan pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 4675: 4553:"First occurrence of the house mouse ( 3823:Firman RC, Simmons LW (7 March 2008). 3442:): bioassay of identified compounds". 3055: 2896: 2716: 2538: 2179: 1867: 1636: 1339:(8-oxo-dG) levels in nuclear DNA from 6935: 6934: 5690: 5539: 5321:"Auditory Communication among Adults" 5273:Tiergeschichten aus dem Pharaonenland 4995:Brown K, Prescott J (February 2008). 4130: 4128: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4024: 4022: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3920: 3918: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 2010:Baker RO, Bodman GR, Timm RM (1994). 1814: 1805: 1702:) was celebrated on October 9 of the 1205:, which affects both male and female 454:In addition to the regular pea-sized 333:, which is one of the most important 7269:434b353c-0b45-4431-a70e-5f5c568ae97e 7103:a225ae4c-f49f-484f-9d10-f51d290668c0 6112:Asiatic long-tailed climbing mouse ( 5909:Koopman's pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5514:National Pest Management Association 5492: 5346: 5224:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2936: 1517: 783: 727:) (Eastern Europe and northern Asia) 7357:IUCN Red List least concern species 5095:The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals 4331:Andrzej Bartke Mprize for Longevity 3102:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1777:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1759: 1586: 13: 5891:Palawan pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5312: 5271:, sourced to: Emma Brunner-Traut, 4527:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.9040391.x 4125: 4071: 4019: 3953: 3915: 3760: 3650:Firman RC, Simmons LW (May 2010). 3634: 3626:Washington University in St. Louis 3620:Michael Purdy (October 31, 2005). 3011:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04914.x 2824:Charles Q. Choi (April 16, 2013). 2723:Lawal, R.A.; Dumont, B.L. (2023). 1662: 1387: 1297: 957: 703:) (southern and southeastern Asia) 348: 14: 7408: 5342: 4671:the Rat and Mouse Club of America 4351:Connor, Steve (31 October 2004). 2581:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2100:The American Journal of Pathology 2090:Mayer JA, Foley J, De La Cruz D, 2018:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 1815:Lawal, R.A.; et al. (2022). 938:to acquire nutrients produced by 749:, the subspecies designation for 6094:Nilgiri long-tailed tree mouse ( 5936:Small pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5918:Large pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5351: 5050:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4724:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 4613:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01346.x 4577:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00445.x 4135:Firman, R.; Simmons, L. (2007). 4048:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00307.x 3891:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03068.x 3669:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00894.x 3575:Holy TE, Guo Z (December 2005). 2752:Hilscher-Conklin, Caryl (1998). 2636:This review cites this research. 1671:had a story about "The mouse as 1472: 1149:months, even though they do not 816:, 2013 confirms the theory that 735:Southwestern Asian house mouse ( 699:Southeastern Asian house mouse ( 73: 5531:Vocalizations during copulation 5278: 5262: 5211: 5190: 5160: 5111: 5086: 5037: 4988: 4933: 4918: 4882:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 4876:Bonthius, DJ (September 2012). 4869: 4830: 4803: 4776: 4759: 4635: 4584: 4515:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 4506: 4489: 4454: 4373: 4318: 3816: 3733: 3706: 3684: 3577:"Ultrasonic songs of male mice" 3568: 3431: 3380: 3329: 3093: 2986: 2861: 2838: 2764: 2745: 2532: 2471: 2422: 2361: 2271: 2209: 2136: 668:Mice are mammals of the Glires 6271:Miss Ryley's soft-furred rat ( 6262:Sand-colored soft-furred rat ( 5323:. In Willott, James F. (ed.). 4767:"Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis" 4736:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.007 2851:Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 2826:"Why Woodchucks Don't Upchuck" 2507:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-5B29-0 2094:, Widelitz R (November 2008). 2052: 2044:Lawrence MJ, Brown RW (1974). 2003: 1021:has a much greater density of 723:Eastern European house mouse ( 706:Western European house mouse ( 1: 5504:Biology of Laboratory Rodents 5426: 5062:10.1128/JCM.43.2.808-812.2005 4925:Shrewsbury, J. F. D. (1970). 4475:10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00189-8 4288:10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00435-0 3939:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.016 3794:10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00117-0 3307:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01773-2 3264:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02269-9 2370:The Atlas of European Mammals 1753: 945:Mice are generally afraid of 5717:Extant species of subfamily 5526:Some information on muricide 5327:. CRC Press. pp. 3–18. 5093:King, Caroline, ed. (1995). 4952:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3594:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030386 2798:10.1371/journal.pone.0060537 2606:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.002 2553:10.1016/0168-9525(96)10040-8 1530:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 1212: 1032: 807: 7: 7387:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 6463:Little Indian field mouse ( 6051:Indochinese harvest mouse ( 5414: 4643:"The History Of Fancy Mice" 3742:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3715:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3075:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1749:found in fur of house mouse 1729: 1281: 1160: 1099:Life cycle and reproduction 1091:which are also used during 1005:and have only two types of 894: 10: 7413: 6748:Gray-bellied pygmy mouse ( 6380:Sumatran shrewlike mouse ( 5237:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1431310 4894:10.1016/j.spen.2012.02.002 4855:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.040 4499:. University of Nebraska. 3556:(in Russian) (2): 169–75. 3154:Odling Smee, Lucy (2007). 2447:10.1093/genetics/150.2.835 2278:Drickamer, Lee C. (2005). 2112:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070920 1842:10.1038/s41598-022-25420-x 1710:. In the western Balkans ( 1640: 1545:, caused by the bacterium 1420: 1416: 1392: 1119:Female house mice have an 1082: 873:emerged from an ancestral 691:The three widely accepted 382:mice, only 15–19 mm ( 7372:Mammals described in 1758 6943: 6830: 6760: 6581: 6449: 6427: 6392: 6366: 6347: 6331:Ethiopian striped mouse ( 6326: 6315: 6305: 6280:Kondana soft-furred rat ( 6240: 6218: 6196: 6163: 6152: 6124: 6072: 6039: 6018:Delacour's marmoset rat ( 5998: 5948: 5869: 5858: 5811: 5789: 5778: 5734: 5578: 5499:Nature Mouse Special 2002 4194:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041 3213:10.1017/s0952523800008361 2738:10.1101/2023.11.09.566486 2372:. T. & A. D. Poyser. 1699: 1242:Evolutionary consequences 996: 591: 584: 568: 561: 542: 535: 507: 491: 484: 474: 444:arteriovenous anastomoses 321:The house mouse has been 275: 268: 263: 254: 213: 208: 187: 180: 70:Scientific classification 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 6694:Free State pygmy mouse ( 6060:Eurasian harvest mouse ( 5488:Photographs. Short text. 5482:, from www.digimorph.org 5470: 4418:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1583:that can infect humans. 1330: 1222:as well as its relative 1037:House mice also rely on 992:Senses and communication 753:has now been questioned. 512:(rabbits, hares, pikas) 6406:Gairdner's shrewmouse ( 5977:Minahassa ranee mouse ( 5833:Long-tailed shrew rat ( 5462:genome assembly in the 5172:Biotechnology Australia 4555:Mus musculus domesticus 4333:. Methuselah Foundation 4327:"Latest Mprize Winners" 3512:10.1073/pnas.89.11.5063 3295:Trends in Neurosciences 3071:Mus musculus domesticus 3069:) and polygynous mice ( 2870:Leggadina lakedownensis 2758:Rat & Mouse Gazette 2497:10.7554/eLife.02504.001 2338:10.1126/science.1123497 2253:Pharmacological Reviews 2203:10.1002/ajpa.1330330113 2061:Mus musculus domesticus 1630:Mus musculus domesticus 1337:8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine 1224:Mus musculus domesticus 882:Mus musculus domesticus 758:Mus musculus gentilulus 751:Mus musculus bactrianus 741:Mus musculus bactrianus 737:Mus musculus bactrianus 709:Mus musculus domesticus 660:Japanese fancy mouse ( 462:Taxonomy and subspecies 239:Mus musculus gentilulus 232:Mus musculus domesticus 218:Mus musculus bactrianus 6730:Thomas's pygmy mouse ( 6721:Setzer's pygmy mouse ( 5799:Sulawesian shrew rat ( 5510:House Mouse Fact Sheet 5319:Nyby, John G. (2001). 5275:, Mainz, Zabern, 2000. 5136:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0120 4964:10.3201/eid1410.080571 4430:10.1073/pnas.171202698 3444:Journal of Biosciences 2972:10.1006/anbe.1996.0301 2400:"Superfamily Muroidea" 1784:: e.T13972A197519724. 1652: 1486: 1432: 1324:Methuselah Mouse Prize 1315: 1116: 1108: 1047:major urinary proteins 988:rather than seasonal. 986:opportunistic breeders 904: 870:Mus musculus castaneus 746:Mus musculus castaneus 701:Mus musculus castaneus 665: 662:Mus musculus molssinus 358: 225:Mus musculus castaneus 7303:Paleobiology Database 6667:African pygmy mouse ( 6569:Earth-colored mouse ( 6517:Sheath-tailed mouse ( 5506:by David G. Besselsen 5200:. Informatics.jax.org 4154:10.1093/beheco/arm158 4101:10.1093/beheco/aru143 3975:Ecology and Evolution 3969:Mus musculus musculus 3842:10.1093/beheco/arm158 3782:Behavioural Processes 3169:10.1038/news070319-12 3114:10.1007/s002650050277 2029:Lyneborg, L. (1971). 1722:week or early in the 1650: 1480: 1430: 1411:domestication of cats 1305: 1235:Inbreeding depression 1220:Mus musculus musculus 1114: 1106: 902: 888:Mus musculus musculus 788:The standard species 725:Mus musculus musculus 659: 356: 246:Mus musculus musculus 7367:Cosmopolitan mammals 7098:Fauna Europaea (new) 6810:Shortridge's mouse ( 6774:Ceylon spiny mouse ( 6640:Desert pygmy mouse ( 6613:Callewaert's mouse ( 6481:Fawn-colored mouse ( 6136:Red climbing mouse ( 5986:Lesser ranee mouse ( 5372:improve this article 5168:"Mice: a case study" 2218:Journal of Mammalogy 1979:Berry, R.J. (1970). 1694:), the "Mouse Day" ( 1591:Mice have become an 1489:Mice are widespread 1363:. This increase in 1292:mice with a knockout 1261:Inbreeding avoidance 1207:evolutionary fitness 936:eat their own faeces 6801:Rock-loving mouse ( 6792:Flat-haired mouse ( 5821:(Greater Sulawesian 5639:Medicago truncatula 5464:UCSC Genome Browser 5384:footnote references 5269:The mouse as vizier 5013:10.1503/cmaj.071097 4605:2001MolEc..10.2023G 4325:Gobel, D. (2013) . 4239:2015EcolL..18..937F 4186:2007CBio...17.2061S 3987:2014EcoEv...4..200T 3883:2006MolEc..15.4141D 3503:1992PNAS...89.5063R 3409:10.1038/nature05997 3401:2007Natur.450..899C 3358:10.1038/nature04033 3350:2005Natur.437..898K 3256:2000FEBSL.486..167Y 3201:Visual Neuroscience 3029:Aggressive Behavior 2918:Aggressive Behavior 2789:2013PLoSO...860537H 2670:10.1038/hdy.2013.60 2598:2017InfGE..53..227C 2329:2006Sci...312..284T 1952:10.1038/nature01262 1943:2002Natur.420..520W 1896:10.1038/nature00957 1888:2002Natur.418..743G 1833:2022NatSR..1220866L 1700:Миши ден, Мишин ден 1637:As a model organism 1373:Dietary restriction 1288:mouse chromosome 16 1191:paternal investment 1009:whereas humans are 802:Robertsonian fusion 756:pygmy house mouse ( 421:anogenital distance 40:Conservation status 6783:Phillips's mouse ( 6676:Temminck's mouse ( 6526:Macedonian mouse ( 5842:Tate's shrew rat ( 4141:Behavioral Ecology 4089:Behavioral Ecology 3829:Behavioral Ecology 3456:10.1007/BF02708376 2999:Journal of Zoology 2872:, and house mice, 2541:Trends in Genetics 2048:. Blandford Press. 2033:. Blandford Press. 1821:Scientific Reports 1653: 1619:Pterodroma incerta 1611:Diomedea dabbenena 1487: 1433: 1316: 1195:sexual competition 1117: 1109: 1017:area of the mouse 905: 792:is composed of 40 666: 359: 7397:Mammals of Europe 7344: 7343: 6937:Taxon identifiers 6928: 6927: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6658:Matthey's mouse ( 6343: 6342: 6301: 6300: 6289:Soft-furred rat ( 6252:soft-furred rats) 6148: 6147: 5958:(Pygmy tree mice) 5854: 5853: 5844:T. rhinogradoides 5684: 5683: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5334:978-1-4200-3873-6 5104:978-0-19-558320-5 4697:10.1002/zoo.21389 4649:on 5 October 2009 4593:Molecular Ecology 4247:10.1111/ele.12471 3877:(13): 4141–4151. 3871:Molecular Ecology 3748:(10): 1807–1812. 3395:(7171): 899–902. 3344:(7060): 898–901. 2878:Wildlife Research 2576:Toxoplasma gondii 2415:978-0-8018-8221-0 2379:978-0-85661-130-8 2297:978-970-32-2603-0 2063:): an analysis". 2031:Mammals of Europe 1669:Ancient Egyptians 1607:Tristan albatross 1518:Mice and diseases 1203:sperm competition 1051:vomeronasal organ 822:Southwestern Asia 798:chromosomal races 784:Chromosomal races 653: 652: 644: 643: 635: 634: 626: 625: 617: 616: 521: 520: 284: 283: 63: 16:Species of mammal 7404: 7337: 7336: 7324: 7323: 7311: 7310: 7298: 7297: 7285: 7284: 7272: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7249: 7248: 7246:NBNSYS0000005121 7236: 7235: 7223: 7222: 7210: 7209: 7197: 7196: 7184: 7183: 7171: 7170: 7158: 7157: 7145: 7144: 7132: 7131: 7119: 7118: 7106: 7105: 7093: 7092: 7080: 7079: 7067: 7066: 7054: 7053: 7041: 7040: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7005: 7004: 6992: 6991: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6932: 6931: 6739:Delicate mouse ( 6712:Peters's mouse ( 6703:Oubangui mouse ( 6595:Baoule's mouse ( 6560:Algerian mouse ( 6382:M. crociduroides 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6312: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6228:Blanford's rat ( 6161: 6160: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6029:H. longicaudatus 6011: 6010: 6009: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5893:C. calamianensis 5884: 5883: 5882: 5867: 5866: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5787: 5786: 5758:Euarchontoglires 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5338: 5307: 5306: 5282: 5276: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5239: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5178:on April 4, 2015 5164: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5024: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4905: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4561: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4424:(18): 10469–74. 4409: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4381:"Reversal Prize" 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4095:(6): 1467–1473. 4080: 4069: 4068: 4050: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4006: 3995:10.1002/ece3.920 3962: 3951: 3950: 3927:Animal Behaviour 3922: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3858: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3773: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3702:on July 4, 2007. 3688: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3647: 3632: 3629: 3616: 3606: 3596: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3514: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3171: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3041:10.1002/ab.21431 3024: 3015: 3014: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2960:Animal Behaviour 2947: 2934: 2933: 2930:10.1002/ab.15555 2913: 2894: 2893: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2820: 2810: 2800: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2708:Genetics Society 2689: 2662:Nature Portfolio 2633: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2519: 2509: 2499: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2458: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2340: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1976: 1965: 1964: 1954: 1937:(6915): 520–62. 1922: 1916: 1915: 1882:(6899): 743–50. 1871: 1865: 1864: 1854: 1844: 1827:(20866): 20866. 1812: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1763: 1701: 1643:Laboratory mouse 1593:invasive species 1587:Invasive species 1562:Rickettsia typhi 1548:Rickettsia akari 1369:oxidative stress 1043:preputial glands 915:Mice are mostly 830:northern Eurasia 774:M. m. domesticus 770:M. m. molossinus 718:laboratory mouse 712:); includes the 598:Plesiadapiformes 587: 586: 573:(flying lemurs) 564: 563: 538: 537: 487: 486: 477: 476: 471:Euarchontoglires 467: 466: 440:thermoregulation 415: 414: 410: 407: 401: 400: 396: 391: 390: 386: 370: 369: 365: 339:reference genome 331:laboratory mouse 259: 193: 173:M. musculus 78: 77: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 20: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7392:Mammals of Asia 7347: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7332: 7327: 7319: 7314: 7306: 7301: 7293: 7288: 7280: 7277:Observation.org 7275: 7267: 7265: 7257: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7231: 7226: 7218: 7213: 7205: 7200: 7192: 7187: 7179: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7140: 7135: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7109: 7101: 7096: 7088: 7083: 7075: 7070: 7062: 7057: 7049: 7044: 7036: 7031: 7023: 7021: 7013: 7008: 7000: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6903:Stenocephalomys 6818: 6756: 6685:Neave's mouse ( 6649:Mahomet mouse ( 6577: 6519:M. fragilicauda 6508:Servant mouse ( 6499:Cypriot mouse ( 6445: 6423: 6415:Volcano mouse ( 6397:Mayor's mouse ( 6388: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6339: 6297: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6214: 6206:Crump's mouse ( 6192: 6156: 6144: 6120: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6035: 6008:(Marmoset rats) 6007: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5994: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5911:C. karlkoopmani 5880: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5862: 5850: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5782: 5774: 5730: 5715: 5685: 5680: 5574: 5568:model organisms 5564: 5495: 5493:Further reading 5473: 5429: 5417: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5369: 5360:This section's 5356: 5352: 5345: 5335: 5315: 5313:Further reading 5310: 5303: 5283: 5279: 5267: 5263: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5124:Biology Letters 5116: 5112: 5105: 5091: 5087: 5042: 5038: 4993: 4989: 4938: 4934: 4923: 4919: 4874: 4870: 4835: 4831: 4808: 4804: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4716: 4712: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4589: 4585: 4559: 4549: 4542: 4511: 4507: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4459: 4455: 4410: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4358:The Independent 4349: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4323: 4319: 4266: 4262: 4227:Ecology Letters 4223: 4219: 4174:Current Biology 4166: 4162: 4133: 4126: 4081: 4072: 4027: 4020: 3963: 3954: 3923: 3916: 3859: 3850: 3821: 3817: 3774: 3761: 3754:10.1139/z00-100 3738: 3734: 3727:10.1139/Z02-055 3711: 3707: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3648: 3635: 3573: 3569: 3550: 3546: 3483: 3479: 3436: 3432: 3385: 3381: 3334: 3330: 3291: 3287: 3240: 3236: 3197: 3193: 3152: 3145: 3098: 3094: 3087:10.1139/z02-055 3063: 3056: 3025: 3018: 2991: 2987: 2948: 2937: 2914: 2897: 2890:10.1071/WR99016 2866: 2862: 2843: 2839: 2769: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2721: 2717: 2572: 2568: 2547:(10): 412–417. 2537: 2533: 2476: 2472: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2396: 2387: 2380: 2366: 2362: 2323:(5771): 284–7. 2309: 2305: 2298: 2276: 2272: 2249: 2245: 2230:10.2307/1373415 2214: 2210: 2187: 2180: 2157:10.2307/1005513 2141: 2137: 2088: 2084: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2038: 2027: 2023: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1977: 1968: 1923: 1919: 1872: 1868: 1813: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1732: 1708:Saint Demetrius 1704:Julian calendar 1684:North Macedonia 1665: 1663:In folk culture 1645: 1639: 1615:Atlantic petrel 1589: 1551:and similar to 1520: 1475: 1425: 1419: 1409:reason for the 1395: 1390: 1388:Mice and humans 1357:skeletal muscle 1333: 1310:, as with this 1300: 1298:Life expectancy 1284: 1275:kin recognition 1263: 1244: 1215: 1187: 1163: 1107:A newborn mouse 1101: 1085: 1035: 999: 994: 960: 958:Social behavior 897: 810: 786: 654: 645: 636: 627: 618: 522: 464: 412: 408: 405: 403: 398: 394: 393: 388: 384: 383: 367: 363: 362: 351: 349:Characteristics 335:model organisms 204: 195: 189: 176: 72: 64: 53: 49: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7325: 7312: 7299: 7286: 7273: 7263: 7250: 7237: 7224: 7211: 7198: 7185: 7172: 7159: 7146: 7133: 7120: 7107: 7094: 7085:Fauna Europaea 7081: 7068: 7055: 7042: 7029: 7019: 7006: 6993: 6980: 6965: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6899: 6892: 6881: 6870: 6859: 6848: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6812:M. shortridgei 6807: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6700: 6691: 6682: 6678:M. musculoides 6673: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6637: 6628: 6622:Gounda mouse ( 6619: 6615:M. callewaerti 6610: 6601: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6566: 6557: 6551:Steppe mouse ( 6548: 6541: 6532: 6528:M. macedonicus 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6490:Cook's mouse ( 6487: 6478: 6472:Ryukyu mouse ( 6469: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6367: 6361: 6357:(Typical mice) 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6321: 6310: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6084:climbing mice) 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6027:Marmoset rat ( 6024: 6014: 6012: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5983: 5974: 5970:H. margarettae 5964: 5962: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5879:(Pencil-tailed 5864: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5839: 5835:T. macrocercus 5829: 5827: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5507: 5501: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5454: 5451:genome browser 5444: 5437:genome browser 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5364:external links 5359: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5343:External links 5341: 5340: 5339: 5333: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5302:978-5857592878 5301: 5277: 5261: 5210: 5189: 5159: 5110: 5103: 5085: 5056:(2): 808–812. 5036: 5007:(4): 399–401. 4987: 4958:(10): 1613–5. 4932: 4917: 4868: 4829: 4802: 4775: 4758: 4741: 4710: 4691:(6): 397–406. 4674: 4660: 4634: 4583: 4540: 4521:(4): 391–415. 4505: 4488: 4453: 4397: 4372: 4343: 4317: 4260: 4217: 4180:(23): 2061–6. 4160: 4147:(4): 695–702. 4124: 4070: 4018: 3952: 3933:(4): 751–758. 3914: 3865:Mus domesticus 3848: 3835:(4): 695–702. 3815: 3788:(1–3): 35–43. 3778:Mus spicilegus 3759: 3732: 3721:(6): 980–986. 3705: 3683: 3662:(5): 1245–56. 3633: 3631: 3630: 3567: 3544: 3497:(11): 5063–7. 3477: 3430: 3379: 3328: 3285: 3234: 3191: 3143: 3092: 3067:Mus spicilegus 3054: 3016: 2985: 2954:and grassland 2952:Mus domesticus 2935: 2895: 2874:Mus domesticus 2860: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2763: 2744: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2639: 2637: 2566: 2531: 2470: 2421: 2414: 2385: 2378: 2360: 2303: 2296: 2270: 2259:(4): 597–652. 2243: 2208: 2178: 2135: 2106:(5): 1339–48. 2082: 2051: 2036: 2021: 2002: 1966: 1917: 1866: 1804: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1742:Myobia musculi 1738: 1731: 1728: 1664: 1661: 1638: 1635: 1588: 1585: 1543:Rickettsialpox 1537:bubonic plague 1519: 1516: 1474: 1471: 1418: 1415: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1332: 1329: 1299: 1296: 1283: 1280: 1262: 1259: 1243: 1240: 1214: 1211: 1186: 1183: 1162: 1159: 1100: 1097: 1084: 1081: 1073:Whitten effect 1034: 1031: 998: 995: 993: 990: 959: 956: 896: 893: 854:western Europe 842:Southeast Asia 820:originates in 809: 806: 785: 782: 778:M. m. musculus 762: 761: 754: 729: 728: 721: 704: 651: 650: 647: 646: 642: 641: 638: 637: 633: 632: 629: 628: 624: 623: 620: 619: 615: 614: 611: 610: 590: 585: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 567: 562: 560: 554: 553: 550: 549: 541: 536: 534: 528: 527: 524: 523: 519: 518: 515: 514: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 490: 485: 483: 475: 473: 465: 463: 460: 425:mammary glands 350: 347: 325:as the pet or 282: 281: 273: 272: 266: 265: 261: 260: 252: 251: 250: 249: 242: 235: 228: 221: 211: 210: 206: 205: 196: 185: 184: 178: 177: 170: 168: 164: 163: 156: 152: 151: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7409: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382:Storage pests 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6794:M. platythrix 6790: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6776:M. fernandoni 6771: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6669:M. minutoides 6665: 6663: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6631:Hausa mouse ( 6629: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6571:M. terricolor 6567: 6565: 6563: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6553:M. spicilegus 6549: 6547: 6546: 6545:Mus nitidulus 6542: 6540: 6538: 6535:House mouse ( 6533: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6483:M. cervicolor 6479: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6440:M. lepidoides 6436: 6434: 6433:M. lepidoides 6430: 6429: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6273:M. kathleenae 6269: 6267: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6096:V. nilagirica 6092: 6091: 6089: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6053:M. erythrotis 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5979:H. minahassae 5975: 5973: 5971: 5968:Ranee mouse ( 5966: 5965: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614:Fission yeast 5612: 5610: 5609:Budding yeast 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596:Chlamydomonas 5593: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5406: 5403: 5395: 5385: 5381: 5380:inappropriate 5377: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849:(6): 1532–6. 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4818:(30): 747–9. 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4667: 4665: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4599:(8): 2023–9. 4598: 4594: 4587: 4578: 4573: 4570:(3): 429–45. 4569: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4469:(2): 215–23. 4468: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387:on 2008-08-30 4386: 4382: 4376: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4233:(9): 937–43. 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4041:(3): 603–11. 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3450:(7): 679–86. 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3301:(5): 248–50. 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3250:(2): 167–72. 3249: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108:(3): 159–70. 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035:(4): 288–97. 3034: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966:(3): 511–24. 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2924:(3): 283–93. 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2783:(4): e60537. 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441:(2): 835–61. 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2224:(4): 267–71. 2223: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1985:Field Studies 1982: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1690:districts of 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1649: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1569:Leptospirosis 1566: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557:Murine typhus 1554: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1484: 1479: 1473:Mice as pests 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1403:Conquistadors 1400: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1121:estrous cycle 1113: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1066:aminotriazole 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1027:tetrachromats 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 989: 987: 981: 977: 974: 970: 964: 955: 953: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 901: 892: 890: 889: 884: 883: 878: 877: 872: 871: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 755: 752: 748: 747: 742: 738: 734: 733: 732: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 710: 705: 702: 698: 697: 696: 694: 689: 687: 683: 682:flying lemurs 679: 675: 671: 663: 658: 649: 648: 640: 639: 631: 630: 622: 621: 613: 612: 609: 607: 603: 602:Strepsirrhini 599: 595: 589: 588: 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 572: 566: 565: 559: 558:Primatomorpha 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547:(treeshrews) 546: 540: 539: 533: 530: 529: 526: 525: 517: 516: 513: 511: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 495: 489: 488: 482: 479: 478: 472: 469: 468: 459: 457: 452: 450: 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 381: 380: 374: 355: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 329:, and as the 328: 324: 319: 317: 314:. Although a 313: 312: 308:of the genus 307: 303: 300:of the order 299: 296:) is a small 295: 294: 289: 280: 279: 274: 271: 267: 262: 258: 253: 248: 247: 243: 241: 240: 236: 234: 233: 229: 227: 226: 222: 220: 219: 215: 214: 212: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 186: 183: 182:Binomial name 179: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 76: 71: 67: 61: 56: 55:Least Concern 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7377:Mus (rodent) 7015:mus-musculus 7002:Mus_musculus 6989:Mus_musculus 6975:Mus musculus 6945:Mus musculus 6944: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6840: 6811: 6802: 6793: 6785:M. phillipsi 6784: 6775: 6766: 6764: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6714:M. setulosus 6713: 6705:M. oubanguii 6704: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6650: 6641: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6605: 6604:Toad mouse ( 6596: 6587: 6585: 6570: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6536: 6534: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6501:M. cypriacus 6500: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6416: 6407: 6398: 6381: 6372: 6370: 6348: 6332: 6316: 6306: 6290: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6241: 6230:M. blanfordi 6229: 6219: 6207: 6197: 6185: 6184:Elvira rat ( 6177:C. cutchicus 6176: 6164: 6153: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6105:V. nolthenii 6104: 6095: 6082:(Long-tailed 6073: 6061: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6020:H. delacouri 6019: 5999: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5949: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5902:C. gliroides 5901: 5892: 5872:Chiropodomys 5870: 5859: 5843: 5834: 5812: 5800: 5791:Melasmothrix 5790: 5780:Melasmothrix 5779: 5756:Superorder: 5726: 5723:Melasmothrix 5722: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5618: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5583:Lambda phage 5479:Mus musculus 5478: 5458: 5449:Mus musculus 5448: 5435:Mus musculus 5434: 5421:findmice.org 5398: 5392:January 2017 5389: 5374:by removing 5361: 5324: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5202:. Retrieved 5192: 5180:. Retrieved 5176:the original 5171: 5162: 5130:(3): 241–4. 5127: 5123: 5113: 5094: 5088: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4955: 4951: 4940: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4888:(3): 89–95. 4885: 4881: 4871: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4788: 4787:(in Dutch). 4784: 4778: 4761: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4651:. Retrieved 4647:the original 4637: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4421: 4417: 4389:. Retrieved 4385:the original 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4356: 4346: 4335:. Retrieved 4330: 4320: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4144: 4140: 4092: 4088: 4038: 4034: 3981:(2): 200–9. 3978: 3974: 3968: 3930: 3926: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3700:the original 3695: 3686: 3659: 3655: 3625: 3587:(12): e386. 3584: 3581:PLOS Biology 3580: 3570: 3553: 3547: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3447: 3443: 3440:Mus musculus 3439: 3433: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3247: 3244:FEBS Letters 3243: 3237: 3207:(3): 463–8. 3204: 3200: 3194: 3159: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3081:(6): 980–6. 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3032: 3028: 3002: 2998: 2995:Mus musculus 2994: 2988: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2921: 2917: 2884:(1): 11–20. 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2830:Live Science 2829: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2757: 2747: 2728: 2718: 2657: 2651: 2646:Mus musculus 2645: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2404: 2369: 2363: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2194: 2190: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2103: 2099: 2085: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2015: 2005: 1993:. Retrieved 1988: 1984: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1824: 1820: 1795:. Retrieved 1781: 1775: 1770:Mus musculus 1769: 1761: 1740: 1677: 1666: 1654: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1610: 1603:Gough Island 1601: 1597: 1590: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1546: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1512: 1488: 1436: 1434: 1407: 1396: 1334: 1317: 1308:domestic cat 1286:A region of 1285: 1264: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1200: 1188: 1164: 1155: 1138: 1126: 1118: 1086: 1077:Bruce effect 1070: 1055: 1036: 1000: 982: 978: 965: 961: 944: 929: 914: 910:thigmotactic 906: 886: 880: 876:Mus musculus 874: 868: 866: 857: 849: 833: 825: 817: 813: 811: 787: 777: 773: 769: 763: 757: 750: 744: 740: 736: 730: 724: 707: 700: 690: 667: 661: 592: 569: 543: 508: 492: 480: 453: 437: 418: 377: 360: 323:domesticated 320: 309: 293:Mus musculus 292: 291: 287: 285: 277: 276: 244: 237: 230: 223: 216: 191:Mus musculus 190: 188: 172: 171: 159: 147: 24:House mouse 18: 7362:House mouse 7295:house-mouse 7228:NatureServe 7137:iNaturalist 6969:Wikispecies 6803:M. saxicola 6741:M. tenellus 6696:M. orangiae 6660:M. mattheyi 6537:M. musculus 6333:M. imberbis 6264:M. gleadowi 6175:Cutch rat ( 6114:V. oleracea 6075:Vandeleuria 5988:H. pusillus 5938:C. pusillus 5929:C. muroides 5823:shrew rats) 5632:Arabidopsis 5603:Tetrahymena 5439:, from the 5230:: 1431310. 4685:Zoo Biology 4282:: 288–294. 3160:News@nature 2956:Mus spretus 2857:(6): 350–8. 2664:: 375–390. 2592:: 227–238. 2590:Elsevier BV 2071:(4): 46–8. 1995:18 December 1797:17 February 1736:Mouse brain 1680:South Slavs 1451:carnivorous 1447:temperament 1423:Fancy mouse 1381:nuclear DNA 1179:infanticide 1141:mating plug 1093:thigmotaxis 1023:ultraviolet 1011:trichromats 963:buildings. 925:territories 917:crepuscular 818:M. musculus 794:chromosomes 714:fancy mouse 606:Haplorrhini 327:fancy mouse 316:wild animal 288:house mouse 278:Mus abbotti 209:Subspecies 7351:Categories 6878:Pithecheir 6732:M. sorella 6723:M. setzeri 6651:M. mahomet 6642:M. indutus 6624:M. goundae 6597:M. baoulei 6562:M. spretus 6510:M. famulus 6465:M. booduga 6417:M. vulcani 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