83:
407:
receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis from the plasma membrane to early endosome and (ii) transport from the TGN to endosomes. In endocytosis, the clathrin coat is assembled on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, forming pits that invaginate to pinch off (scission) and become free CCVs. In cultured cells, the assembly of a CCV takes ~ 1min, and several hundred to a thousand or more can form every minute. The main scaffold component of clathrin coat is the 190-kD protein called clathrin heavy chain (CHC), which is associated with a 25- kD protein called clathrin light chain (CLC), forming three-legged trimers called triskelions.
204:
506:. The insertion of these hairpin-like α-helices forms a caveolae coat which leads to membrane curvature. In addition to insertion, caveolins are also capable of oligomerization which further plays a role in membrane curvature. Recent studies have also discovered that polymerase I, transcript release factor, and serum deprivation protein response also play a role in the assembly of caveolae. Besides caveolae assembly, researchers have also discovered that CAV1 proteins can also influence other endocytic pathways. When CAV1 binds to
20:
570:
558:
546:
228:, which usually occurs from highly ruffled regions of the plasma membrane, is the invagination of the cell membrane to form a pocket, which then pinches off into the cell to form a vesicle (0.5–5 μm in diameter) filled with a large volume of extracellular fluid and molecules within it (equivalent to ~100 CCVs). The filling of the pocket occurs in a non-specific manner. The vesicle then travels into the
603:
582:
518:
The process of cell uptake depends on the tilt and chirality of constituent molecules to induce membrane budding. Since such chiral and tilted lipid molecules are likely to be in a "raft" form, researchers suggest that caveolae formation also follows this mechanism since caveolae are also enriched in
433:
At any one moment, about 25% of the plasma membrane of a fibroblast is made up of coated pits. As a coated pit has a life of about a minute before it buds into the cell, a fibroblast takes up its surface by this route about once every 50 minutes. Coated vesicles formed from the plasma membrane have a
406:
Coats function to deform the donor membrane to produce a vesicle, and they also function in the selection of the vesicle cargo. Coat complexes that have been well characterized so far include coat protein-I (COP-I), COP-II, and clathrin. Clathrin coats are involved in two crucial transport steps: (i)
365:
are the last compartment of the endocytic pathway. Their chief function is to break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds. These are then returned to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. To accomplish this, lysosomes use
497:
before arriving at the cell surface to aid in caveolar formation. Caveolae formation is also reversible through disassembly under certain conditions such as increased plasma membrane tension. These certain conditions then depend on the type of tissues that are expressing the caveolar function. For
332:
are the first compartment of the endocytic pathway. Early endosomes are often located in the periphery of the cell, and receive most types of vesicles coming from the cell surface. They have a characteristic tubulo-vesicular structure (vesicles up to 1 μm in diameter with connected tubules of
158:
Study in mammalian cells confirm a reduction in clathrin coat size in an increased tension environment. In addition, it suggests that the two apparently distinct clathrin assembly modes, namely coated pits and coated plaques, observed in experimental investigations might be a consequence of varied
337:
in the acid pH of the compartment, and from which many of the receptors recycle to the cell surface (via tubules). It is also the site of sorting into transcytotic pathway to later compartments (like late endosomes or lysosomes) via transvesicular compartments (like multivesicular bodies (MVB) or
321:
The endocytic pathway of mammalian cells consists of distinct membrane compartments, which internalize molecules from the plasma membrane and recycle them back to the surface (as in early endosomes and recycling endosomes), or sort them to degradation (as in late endosomes and lysosomes). The
523:, the membrane starts to bend, leading to spontaneous curvature. This effect is due to the force distribution generated when the caveolin oligomer binds to the membrane. The force distribution then alters the tension of the membrane which leads to budding and eventually vesicle formation.
217:
is a form of receptor-mediated endocytosis that uses caveolae vesicles to bring molecules of various sizes into the cell. Unlike most endocytosis that uses caveolae to deliver contents of vesicles to lysosomes or other organelles, material endocytosed via potocytosis is released into the
181:. Caveolae are small (approx. 50 nm in diameter) flask-shape pits in the membrane that resemble the shape of a cave (hence the name caveolae). They can constitute up to a third of the plasma membrane area of the cells of some tissues, being especially abundant in
378:(1-2 μm in diameter) containing electron dense material. They have a high content of lysosomal membrane proteins and active lysosomal hydrolases, but no mannose-6-phosphate receptor. They are generally regarded as the principal hydrolytic compartment of the cell.
352:
in the phagocytic pathway. Late endosomes often contain proteins characteristic of nucleosomes, mitochondria and mRNAs including lysosomal membrane glycoproteins and acid hydrolases. They are acidic (approx. pH 5.5), and are part of the trafficking pathway of
606:
585:
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485:), play significant roles in the caveolar formation process. More specifically, CAV1 and CAV2 are responsible for caveolae formation in non-muscle cells while CAV3 functions in muscle cells. The process starts with CAV1 being synthesized in the
402:
of the cell. This pit then buds into the cell to form a coated vesicle in the cytoplasm of the cell. In so doing, it brings into the cell not only a small area of the surface of the cell but also a small volume of fluid from outside the cell.
268:
More recent experiments have suggested that these morphological descriptions of endocytic events may be inadequate, and a more appropriate method of classification may be based upon whether particular pathways are dependent on clathrin and
502:. Though there are many morphological features conserved among caveolae, the functions of each CAV protein are diverse. One common feature among caveolins is their hydrophobic stretches of potential hairpin structures that are made of
608:
587:
438:
and proceeds down the endocytic pathway. The actual budding-in process, whereby a pit is converted to a vesicle, is carried out by clathrin; Assisted by a set of cytoplasmic proteins, which includes
285:
133:(CCVs) are found in virtually all cells and form domains of the plasma membrane termed clathrin-coated pits. Coated pits can concentrate large extracellular molecules that have different
978:
Falcone S, Cocucci E, Podini P, Kirchhausen T, Clementi E, Meldolesi J (November 2006). "Macropinocytosis: regulated coordination of endocytic and exocytic membrane traffic events".
414:
are multisubunit complexes that perform this function at the plasma membrane. The best-understood receptors that are found concentrated in coated vesicles of mammalian cells are the
169:
are the most commonly reported non-clathrin-coated plasma membrane buds, which exist on the surface of many, but not all cell types. They consist of the cholesterol-binding protein
289:
607:
586:
1800:
Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (March 1977). "Role of the coated endocytic vesicle in the uptake of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts".
248:
is the process by which cells bind and internalize particulate matter larger than around 0.75 μm in diameter, such as small-sized dust particles, cell debris,
82:
281:
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approx. 50 nm diameter) and a mildly acidic pH. They are principally sorting organelles where many endocytosed ligands dissociate from their
121:
is mediated by the production of small (approx. 100 nm in diameter) vesicles that have a morphologically characteristic coat made up of the
2141:
434:
diameter of about 100 nm and a lifetime measured in a few seconds. Once the coat has been shed, the remaining vesicle fuses with
410:
Vesicles selectively concentrate and exclude certain proteins during formation and are not representative of the membrane as a whole.
1346:
Walther TC, Brickner JH, Aguilar PS, Bernales S, Pantoja C, Walter P (February 2006). "Eisosomes mark static sites of endocytosis".
1192:
Stoorvogel W, Strous GJ, Geuze HJ, Oorschot V, Schwartz AL (May 1991). "Late endosomes derive from early endosomes by maturation".
348:, usually from early endosomes in the endocytic pathway, from trans-Golgi network (TGN) in the biosynthetic pathway, and from
749:
692:
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some 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes, all of which are manufactured in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the
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receptors. Late endosomes are thought to mediate a final set of sorting events prior the delivery of material to lysosomes.
277:
765:
McMahon HT, Boucrot E (July 2011). "Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis".
708:
449:
Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas F Roth and
2134:
43:
1708:
Gaidarov I, Santini F, Warren RA, Keen JH (May 1999). "Spatial control of coated-pit dynamics in living cells".
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310:
257:
117:
97:
201:. Uptake of extracellular molecules is also believed to be specifically mediated via receptors in caveolae.
2335:
2127:
1585:"Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: the physiological mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses"
394:
The major route for endocytosis in most cells, and the best-understood, is that mediated by the molecule
86:
Schematic drawing illustrating clathrin-mediated (left) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (right) of
2239:
2340:
453:. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by Richard G. Anderson,
2234:
130:
2002:"Chirality-induced budding: a raft-mediated mechanism for endocytosis and morphology of caveolae?"
1845:"Clathrin: a unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles"
427:
419:
334:
138:
134:
1073:
Lundmark R, Doherty GJ, Howes MT, Cortese K, Vallis Y, Parton RG, McMahon HT (November 2008).
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Dynamin-independent clathrin-independent pathways include the CLIC/GEEC pathway (regulated by
203:
2345:
2201:
2186:
2075:
486:
2013:
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1355:
856:
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398:. This large protein assists in the formation of a coated pit on the inner surface of the
8:
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90:
2017:
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Gruenberg J, Maxfield FR (August 1995). "Membrane transport in the endocytic pathway".
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925:
877:
844:
790:
510:, CAV1 inactivates it and regulates Cdc42 activity during membrane trafficking events.
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example, not all tissues that have caveolar proteins have a caveolar structure ie. the
38:
are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of
35:
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1844:
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and function in an acidic environment. The approximate pH of a lysosome is 4.8 and by
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from circulating blood), the transferrin receptor (which brings ferric ions bound by
63:
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1007:
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1399:"Molecular structure, function, and dynamics of clathrin-mediated membrane traffic"
1383:
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198:
87:
31:
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1600:
1497:
Benmerah A, Lamaze C (August 2007). "Clathrin-coated pits: vive la différence?".
1448:"Clathrin-independent pathways do not contribute significantly to endocytic flux"
821:
682:
537:
450:
399:
367:
2025:
1414:
1248:
569:
557:
545:
2108:
1849:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1075:"The GTPase-activating protein GRAF1 regulates the CLIC/GEEC endocytic pathway"
462:
1920:
1903:
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2329:
2312:
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249:
207:
From left to right: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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1375:
1332:
1323:
1306:
1108:
1059:
999:
964:
943:
Mineo C, Anderson RG (August 2001). "Potocytosis. Robert
Feulgen Lecture".
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244:
109:
67:
51:
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Luzio JP, Rous BA, Bright NA, Pryor PR, Mullock BM, Piper RC (May 2000).
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520:
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304:
224:
213:
174:
142:
105:
47:
1464:
1367:
1041:
519:
raft constituents. When caveolin proteins bind to the inner leaflet via
256:
cells. These processes involve the uptake of larger membrane areas than
2306:
2229:
1968:
1553:
1540:
Rappoport JZ (June 2008). "Focusing on clathrin-mediated endocytosis".
868:
645:
533:
482:
478:
474:
190:
186:
178:
991:
808:
Marsh M, McMahon HT (July 1999). "The structural era of endocytosis".
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2219:
2119:
845:"Clathrin polymerization exhibits high mechano-geometric sensitivity"
435:
349:
253:
237:
233:
194:
96:
Endocytosis pathways can be subdivided into four categories: namely,
1753:"Yolk Protein Uptake In The Oocyte Of The Mosquito Aedes Aegypti. L"
913:
900:
Parton RG, Simons K (March 2007). "The multiple faces of caveolae".
843:
Irajizad E, Walani N, Veatch SL, Liu AP, Agrawal A (February 2017).
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19:
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383:
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328:
261:
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responsible for the receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligands, e.g.
126:
101:
2249:
2191:
2104:
Endocytosis - researching endocytic mechanisms at endocytosis.org
1721:
443:
439:
270:
229:
122:
1157:
Mukherjee S, Ghosh RN, Maxfield FR (July 1997). "Endocytosis".
977:
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into the cell) and certain hormone receptors (such as that for
1345:
2103:
1583:
Granseth B, Odermatt B, Royle SJ, Lagnado L (December 2007).
1191:
1026:"Molecular mechanism of Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis"
507:
296:
2062:
Doherty GJ, McMahon HT (2009). "Mechanisms of endocytosis".
1582:
313:
is the only pathway dependent on both clathrin and dynamin.
1072:
639:
1707:
1953:"Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell"
276:
Dynamin-dependent clathrin-independent pathways include
46:
containing the ingested materials. Endocytosis includes
1632:
Robinson MS (March 1997). "Coats and vesicle budding".
1396:
1122:
Mellman I (1996). "Endocytosis and molecular sorting".
842:
1799:
1156:
1445:
465:, who discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1976.
1446:
Bitsikas V, Corrêa IR, Nichols BJ (September 2014).
1304:
680:
322:principal components of the endocytic pathway are:
1901:
1307:"Lysosome-endosome fusion and lysosome biogenesis"
1269:
54:(cell eating). It is a form of active transport.
2327:
1023:
461:in 1977. Coated vesicles were first purified by
42:, which then buds off inside the cell to form a
1999:
1397:Kirchhausen T, Owen D, Harrison SC (May 2014).
1124:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
100:(also known as clathrin-mediated endocytosis),
2061:
1902:Parton RG, Tillu VA, Collins BM (April 2018).
1496:
764:
2135:
1950:
1666:
942:
684:Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular
1993:
1944:
1744:
1339:
899:
807:
386:serves as a portal of endocytosis in yeast.
1669:"The curious status of the Golgi apparatus"
687:(Fifth ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
493:. Then, these oligomers travel through the
468:
2159:Mechanisms for chemical transport through
2142:
2128:
1750:
1403:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2033:
1976:
1919:
1878:
1868:
1776:
1684:
1608:
1539:
1473:
1463:
1422:
1322:
1235:Weissmann G (November 1965). "Lysosome".
1234:
1098:
1049:
876:
344:receive endocytosed material en route to
2076:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.081307.110540
1631:
744:. Oxford University Press. p. vii.
735:
733:
681:Michaelis A, Green MM, Rieger R (1991).
202:
81:
18:
2000:Sarasij RC, Mayor S, Rao M (May 2007).
1121:
316:
2328:
2149:
1951:Kumari S, Mg S, Mayor S (March 2010).
1842:
1667:Glick BS, Malhotra V (December 1998).
1625:
1576:
1533:
1490:
902:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
767:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
532:Endocytosis. For example, coronavirus
232:and fuses with other vesicles such as
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1660:
1298:
1263:
1185:
1150:
1115:
1019:
1017:
971:
893:
739:
730:
2272:Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
1895:
1751:ROTH TF, PORTER KR (February 1964).
1701:
1024:Casamento A, Boucrot E (June 2020).
389:
2099:Endocytosis at biologyreference.com
1237:The New England Journal of Medicine
489:where it forms detergent-resistant
473:Caveolin proteins like caveolin-1 (
338:endosomal carrier vesicles (ECVs)).
173:(Vip21) with a bilayer enriched in
13:
2054:
1014:
536:binds to the ACE2 receptor of the
23:The different types of endocytosis
14:
2357:
2092:
2115:Types of Endocytosis (Animation)
1511:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00585.x
1136:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.575
601:
580:
568:
556:
544:
159:tensions in the plasma membrane.
1836:
1793:
1439:
1390:
1272:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1228:
1066:
945:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
719:from the original on 2016-10-10
709:"Ilya Mechnikov - Biographical"
2111:ASCB Image & Video Library
936:
836:
801:
758:
701:
674:
382:It was recently found that an
1:
2292:Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2109:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
2064:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1686:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81713-4
1646:10.1016/S0962-8924(96)10048-9
1171:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.759
667:
513:
374:(EM) usually appear as large
311:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
258:clathrin-mediated endocytosis
118:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
98:receptor-mediated endocytosis
1814:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90022-8
1601:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139022
1284:10.1016/0955-0674(95)80013-1
1206:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90459-C
822:10.1126/science.285.5425.215
7:
2026:10.1529/biophysj.106.085662
1415:10.1101/cshperspect.a016725
1249:10.1056/NEJM196511112732006
642:(Rab5-activating protein 6)
622:
77:
10:
2362:
2240:Secondary active transport
526:
57:
2305:
2257:
2248:
2210:
2167:
2157:
1921:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.075
1589:The Journal of Physiology
1091:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.044
617:Endocytosis animation (2)
596:Endocytosis animation (1)
62:The term was proposed by
2235:Primary active transport
1843:Pearse BM (April 1976).
469:Processes and components
131:Clathrin-coated vesicles
1542:The Biochemical Journal
1311:Journal of Cell Science
1030:The Biochemical Journal
980:Journal of Cell Science
139:low density lipoprotein
1870:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1255
1634:Trends in Cell Biology
1324:10.1242/jcs.113.9.1515
208:
93:
24:
2187:Facilitated diffusion
1243:(20): 1084–90 contd.
1159:Physiological Reviews
957:10.1007/s004180100289
442:and adaptors such as
206:
85:
22:
2161:biological membranes
1769:10.1083/jcb.20.2.313
986:(Pt 22): 4758–4769.
317:Principal components
50:(cell drinking) and
2018:2007BpJ....92.3140S
2006:Biophysical Journal
1861:1976PNAS...73.1255P
1710:Nature Cell Biology
1465:10.7554/eLife.03970
1368:10.1038/nature04472
1360:2006Natur.439..998W
1042:10.1042/bcj20190342
861:2017SMat...13.1455I
500:blood-brain barrier
481:), and caveolin-3 (
459:Joseph L. Goldstein
372:electron microscopy
355:mannose-6-phosphate
2336:Cellular processes
2181:mediated transport
2151:Membrane transport
1969:10.1038/cr.2010.19
1554:10.1042/BJ20080474
1354:(7079): 998–1003.
869:10.1039/C6SM02623K
713:www.nobelprize.org
292:and IL2Rβ uptake.
209:
94:
70:was discovered by
25:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2169:Passive transport
1595:(Pt 3): 681–686.
1085:(22): 1802–1808.
1036:(12): 2327–2345.
992:10.1242/jcs.03238
816:(5425): 215–220.
751:978-0-19-963851-2
694:978-3-642-75333-6
661:Trans-endocytosis
612:
591:
390:Clathrin-mediated
199:endothelial cells
2353:
2341:Membrane biology
2255:
2254:
2212:Active transport
2177:Simple diffusion
2144:
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2121:
2120:
2087:
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2037:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1914:(8): R402–R405.
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1872:
1855:(4): 1255–1259.
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1317:(9): 1515–1524.
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969:
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855:(7): 1455–1462.
840:
834:
833:
805:
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798:
762:
756:
755:
740:Marsh M (2001).
737:
728:
727:
725:
724:
705:
699:
698:
678:
630:Active transport
614:
613:
593:
592:
572:
560:
548:
455:Michael S. Brown
305:macropinocytosis
153:and many others.
88:synaptic vesicle
72:Élie Metchnikoff
32:cellular process
16:Cellular process
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2055:Further reading
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538:epithelial cell
529:
516:
477:), caveolin-2 (
471:
451:Keith R. Porter
418:(which removes
400:plasma membrane
392:
368:Golgi apparatus
319:
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2093:External links
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2012:(9): 3140–58.
1992:
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1808:(3): 351–364.
1792:
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1659:
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391:
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342:Late endosomes
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1963:(3): 256–75.
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53:
49:
45:
41:
40:cell membrane
37:
33:
29:
21:
2346:Cell anatomy
2297:Transcytosis
2277:Phagocytosis
2258:
2067:
2063:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1722:10.1038/8971
1713:
1709:
1703:
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838:
813:
809:
803:
770:
766:
760:
741:
721:. Retrieved
712:
703:
683:
676:
651:Phagocytosis
517:
472:
448:
432:
416:LDL receptor
412:AP2 adaptors
409:
405:
393:
381:
360:
341:
326:
320:
309:
294:
275:
267:
245:Phagocytosis
243:
223:
212:
164:
116:
110:phagocytosis
95:
68:Phagocytosis
61:
52:phagocytosis
27:
26:
2287:Potocytosis
2282:Pinocytosis
2259:Endocytosis
2070:: 857–902.
1757:J Cell Biol
1130:: 575–625.
849:Soft Matter
742:Endocytosis
656:Pinocytosis
521:cholesterol
424:transferrin
225:Pinocytosis
214:Potocytosis
191:fibroblasts
187:pneumocytes
179:glycolipids
175:cholesterol
143:transferrin
106:pinocytosis
48:pinocytosis
28:Endocytosis
2330:Categories
2307:Exocytosis
2230:Antiporter
1904:"Caveolae"
1716:(1): 1–7.
1458:: e03970.
723:2016-10-10
668:References
646:Exocytosis
534:SARS-CoV-2
514:Mechanisms
350:phagosomes
195:adipocytes
151:antibodies
36:substances
2225:Symporter
2220:Uniporter
1938:235331463
504:α-helices
491:oligomers
436:endosomes
362:Lysosomes
346:lysosomes
335:receptors
329:endosomes
254:apoptotic
238:lysosomes
234:endosomes
185:, type I
135:receptors
123:cytosolic
91:membranes
74:in 1882.
66:in 1963.
34:in which
2202:Carriers
2197:Channels
2179:(or non-
2084:19317650
2044:17237196
1987:20125123
1930:29689223
1830:25657719
1787:14126875
1738:12553151
1730:10559856
1654:17708916
1619:17599959
1570:24174632
1562:18498251
1527:12685926
1519:17547704
1484:25232658
1433:24789820
1376:16496001
1333:10751143
1222:31539542
1109:19036340
1060:32589750
1008:14303429
1000:17077125
965:11685539
930:10830810
922:17318224
887:28124714
830:10398591
795:15235357
787:21779028
717:Archived
623:See also
396:clathrin
384:eisosome
376:vacuoles
290:EGFR-NCE
264:pathway.
262:caveolae
218:cytosol.
171:caveolin
166:Caveolae
127:clathrin
125:protein
102:caveolae
78:Pathways
2250:Cytosis
2192:Osmosis
2035:1852369
2014:Bibcode
1978:7091825
1889:1063406
1857:Bibcode
1778:2106398
1695:9875843
1610:2375507
1499:Traffic
1475:4185422
1424:3996469
1384:2838121
1356:Bibcode
1292:7495576
1257:5319614
1214:1850321
1179:9234965
1144:8970738
1100:2726289
1051:7319585
878:5452080
857:Bibcode
810:Science
575:Stage 3
563:Stage 2
551:Stage 1
527:Gallery
444:adaptin
440:dynamin
271:dynamin
230:cytosol
64:De Duve
58:History
44:vesicle
2082:
2042:
2032:
1985:
1975:
1936:
1928:
1887:
1880:430241
1877:
1828:
1822:191195
1820:
1785:
1775:
1736:
1728:
1693:
1652:
1617:
1607:
1568:
1560:
1525:
1517:
1482:
1472:
1431:
1421:
1382:
1374:
1348:Nature
1331:
1290:
1255:
1220:
1212:
1177:
1142:
1107:
1097:
1058:
1048:
1006:
998:
963:
928:
920:
885:
875:
828:
793:
785:
748:
691:
327:Early
197:, and
108:, and
1934:S2CID
1826:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1566:S2CID
1523:S2CID
1452:eLife
1380:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1004:S2CID
926:S2CID
791:S2CID
508:Cdc42
297:Graf1
30:is a
2080:PMID
2040:PMID
1983:PMID
1926:PMID
1885:PMID
1818:PMID
1802:Cell
1783:PMID
1726:PMID
1691:PMID
1673:Cell
1650:PMID
1615:PMID
1558:PMID
1515:PMID
1480:PMID
1429:PMID
1372:PMID
1329:PMID
1288:PMID
1253:PMID
1210:PMID
1194:Cell
1175:PMID
1140:PMID
1105:PMID
1056:PMID
996:PMID
961:PMID
918:PMID
883:PMID
826:PMID
783:PMID
746:ISBN
689:ISBN
640:RAP6
483:CAV3
479:CAV2
475:CAV1
457:and
303:and
301:MEND
286:ADBE
278:FEME
260:and
252:and
236:and
177:and
2072:doi
2030:PMC
2022:doi
1973:PMC
1965:doi
1916:doi
1875:PMC
1865:doi
1810:doi
1773:PMC
1765:doi
1718:doi
1681:doi
1642:doi
1605:PMC
1597:doi
1593:585
1550:doi
1546:412
1507:doi
1470:PMC
1460:doi
1419:PMC
1411:doi
1364:doi
1352:439
1319:doi
1315:113
1280:doi
1245:doi
1241:273
1202:doi
1167:doi
1132:doi
1095:PMC
1087:doi
1046:PMC
1038:doi
1034:477
988:doi
984:119
953:doi
949:116
910:doi
873:PMC
865:doi
818:doi
814:285
775:doi
430:).
428:EGF
420:LDL
282:UFE
2332::
2078:.
2068:78
2066:.
2038:.
2028:.
2020:.
2010:92
2008:.
2004:.
1981:.
1971:.
1961:20
1959:.
1955:.
1932:.
1924:.
1912:28
1910:.
1906:.
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1873:.
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1824:.
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781:.
771:12
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1967::
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1918::
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1867::
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240:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
