456:, at the time he labelled the campaign imperialist. He envisaged a state free from any ethnic divisions where Jews could exist unpersecuted and free, retaining their religion. Some of his fears might have been argued to have been realised when after the city's fire, the Venizelos administration did not rebuild the original Jewish section, adopting instead a French town plan, but a considerable proportion of the Jewish population remained throughout the following decades, with the Greek government guaranteeing their rights in March 1926. Benaroya was always very interested in combating
412:; they elaborated the principle of personal autonomy, according to which national consciousness should be depoliticized and become a personal matter. Modern states should be based on free association and allow self-definition and self-organization of ethnicities in cultural affairs, while a mixed parliament, proportionally representing all nations of the realm, should decide on economic and political questions. The Federacion traced the origins of its federative position in Balkan authors of the
469:
555:. Afterwards he focused his action on Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated in a splinter group that—with help from Papanastasiou, then Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully to split the Communist Party. At that time he and Papanastasiou agreed on the need for reforms and not revolution, and on the priority of abolishing the monarchy. An equally urgent imperative, though, was combating racism and anti-Semitism.
252:
31:
1046:"Nea Athilea" for instance interpreted the clashes as a proof that in Thessaloniki the strike has ceased to be labor-related, and that the promotion of socialist demands was a pretext for Anti-Greek actions and Avraam Benaroya — Federation leader, Jewish socialist, and Bulgarian subject — was singled out as the mastermind behind this turn of events.
239:, as well as to some Bulgarian socialists, who worked there. Benaroya's influence grew, as he argued that any socialist movement in the city must take the form of a federation in which all national groups could participate. Due to the Bulgarian roots of its Jewish founder, the organization was viewed with suspicion by the
384:
Federacion sent two deputies representing
Thessaloniki (Aristotelis Sideris and Alberto Couriel) to the Greek Parliament, while it lost by only a few votes for a third seat. It already had strong links with internationalist groups and organizations all over Greece and abroad; from them the Socialist
379:
From 1915 onwards the
Federacion was buoyed by the popular reaction to the war. Both monarchist and Venizelist policy actually assisted the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was quick to turn the situation to
563:
Benaroya remained politically active after 1924 but as he stayed outside the principal political formations of the left, the communists and
Papanastasiou's socialists, his capacity for action was increasingly restricted. In Thessaloniki he had a difficult political life, especially after the
1033:"Due to the Bulgarian origins of its Jewish founder, Abraham Benaroya, the organization was viewed with suspicion by the Young Turks and later by the Greek government, as being close to the International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and Bulgarian socialist movement.
448:(1908) while once in Thessaloniki he founded a group called the Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies. He also played a leading role in the creation, in 1909, of the mainly Jewish Federacion. Apprehensive of what the resurgent Greek self-confidence behind the
510:
fuelled even more dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake of these developments
Benaroya, thrown in prison again, as well as most of the leading members of the party, were marginalized by the radicals. On the other hand, moderate socialists under
1070:
Benaroya, a
Bulgarian Jew, came to Salonica in 1908 in order to establish an organized Jewish socialist movement in this city... However, the new CUP regime in the Empire was suspicious about the activities of Benaroya regarding his Bulgarian
506:, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than twelve thousand workers of all nationalities, a good part of them Jews, became the focus of radical socialism. The fall of the Venizelos government (1920) and the war in
624:
Documents on the history of the Greek Jews: records from the historical archives of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Historiko Archeiotou, Hypourgeiou Exōterikōn (Greece), Panepistēmio Athēnōn, Kastaniotis Editions, 1998, p.
299:, respectively) but in practice the two latter sections were under-represented if not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's leadership, the strongest socialist party in the
420:, and stressed that the forthcoming peace should exclude any change of borders or transfer of populations. The Socialist Workers' Party, that was created under Benaroya's initiative near the end of the
336:. Alarmed by the growing power of socialist groups, the CUP subsequently launched a crack down, under which Benaroya was jailed three times, in early November 1910, June 1911 (when he was deported to
686:
Documents on the history of the Greek Jews: records from the historical archives of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Phōteinē Kōnstantopoulou, Thanos Veremēs, Kastaniotis Editions, 1998, p. 420.
157:
551:
193:
145:
392:
Papanastasiou and other reform-minded socialists strongly supported
Venizelos' liberal brand of nationalism. Benaroya and the Federacion, on the other hand, were influenced by
603:
303:. It created combative trade unions, attracted important intellectuals and gained a solid base of support among Macedonian workers while cultivating strong links with the
197:
503:
491:
Government persecution of the new movement led to a general strike in 1919. Subsequently, social and political polarization, as well as the prestige of the newborn
352:
In the aftermath of the incorporation of
Thessaloniki into the Greek state, Benaroya resisted the attempts to impose ethnic divisions in the city. Opposed to the
309:
1320:
1035:"Sociological papers", Volume 11, Universiṭat Bar-Ilan. Leon Tamman Foundation for Research into Jewish Communities, Bar-Ilan University, 2006, p.12.
460:, while over later years he shifted his emphasis to reflect the sizable Thessaloniki Jewish community that chose to remain within the Greek state.
236:
1330:
1300:
232:
1340:
1315:
1285:
828:
259:
Idealistic and pragmatic at the same time, in
Thessaloniki Benaroya played a leading role in the creation, in 1909, of the mainly Jewish
1130:
The emergence / development of social and working class movement in the city of Thessaloniki (working associations and labor unions)
1305:
1275:
785:
485:
833:, 1876-1923, British Academic Press in association with the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, 1994, p. 60.
1227:
1005:
185:
663:
1325:
381:
316:
Unlike other parties which were organised on ethnic lines, as a cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the
1310:
530:
and a military revolution ensued that deposed King Constantine. The new government undertook many reforms, notably the
268:
1244:
1186:
1057:
924:
902:
816:
793:
719:
640:
611:
606:, Volume 3, Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum, Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. House, 2007,
385:
Workers Party was to spring up in due time. However, another socialist faction, headed by the future Prime Minister
341:
271:, it was conceived as a federation of separate sections, each representing the four main ethnic groups of the city:
481:
260:
149:
1280:
805:
773:
568:
of 1935 that destroyed the Republic and the hopes of the democratic left. In the 1940s he lost a son during the
1112:
1091:
743:
674:
444:
since the beginning of his career and made efforts to promote Jewish causes throughout it. His first book was
432:
that would safeguard the rights of minorities and participate in a federative Republic of the Balkan peoples.
408:, who, sensitive to matters national, searched ways to utilize socialism as a cohesive force for the decrepit
1127:
916:
Jüdisches biographisches Lexikon: eine Sammlung von bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten, jüdischer Herkunft ab 1800
1290:
324:, was a socialist MP in the new Ottoman parliament until 1912. Indeed, its leaders initially supported the
1073:
Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, Volumes 10–11, Ortadoğu ve Balkan İncelemeleri Vakfı, Isis, 2005, p. 83.
985:, Judaica bulgarica, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 2002, p. 264.
1335:
1270:
623:
1295:
546:
161:
480:
After a historic meeting with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted in the birth of the
573:
512:
417:
386:
48:
758:
635:Ιστορία του νέου Ελληνισμού 1770 - 2000 (2003). Τομ. 6. Μέρος Τέταρτο. Ελληνικά Γράμματα σελ 261.
527:
369:
85:
243:
and later by the Greek government, as being close to the IMRO and Bulgarian socialist movement.
389:, who sided with Venizelos in foreign affairs, also had deputies elected in the same election.
747:
356:, Benaroya and another Jewish socialist were exiled for two and a half years at the island of
1233:
1116:
914:
723:
361:
212:
267:, Federacion. The organization took this name because, built on the federative model of the
1265:
1260:
413:
304:
8:
576:, and led a small socialist party in Greece after his return collaborating himself with
1205:
876:
845:
425:
373:
288:
201:
113:
1086:, British Academic Press, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, 1994,
786:
Marc David Baer, The Dönme: Jewish converts, Muslim revolutionaries, and secular Turks
364:, Benaroya and the Federacion, adhering to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for
360:. In contrast to most of the prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed
1240:
1223:
1182:
1108:
1087:
1053:
1001:
920:
898:
880:
868:
812:
789:
739:
715:
670:
636:
607:
577:
569:
429:
409:
337:
333:
181:
776:, Conference on Jewish Social Studies (U.S.), Indiana University Press, 1945, p. 323
545:
considering the circumstances not suitable for a revolution, were expelled from the
860:
652:
515:
started preparing their own revolution: their primary aim was now to overthrow the
296:
287:. It published its literature in the languages of these four groups (i.e., Ladino,
137:
372:
and his militaristic entourage, this led to the loss of support for Federacion in
1174:
441:
421:
365:
353:
264:
129:
105:
994:
565:
538:
516:
357:
321:
317:
300:
292:
284:
153:
121:
864:
1254:
1179:
Sephardi Jewry. A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries
872:
457:
393:
173:
541:, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and opposed radical
495:, strengthened the radicals and before long the party was affiliated to the
1215:
1142:
1017:
763:, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 2010, Routledge, pp. 316-317.
588:, where he ran a small convenient store. He died in 1979, aged ninety two.
564:
Liberals' more nationalist turn by the end of the decade, and the repeated
492:
397:
220:
1133:, “Balkan Studies”, Thessaloniki, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1997, p. 298, 300, 303.
531:
449:
405:
325:
240:
1158:
542:
523:
453:
401:
276:
228:
537:
A little later, in December 1923, Benaroya, together with Couriel and
184:, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at the
499:
468:
216:
966:
951:
936:
695:
653:ΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ - ΜπεναρόγιαΟ «κόκκινος Αβραάμ» της Φεντερασιόν, 31/12/2010.
895:
The Communist Party of Bulgaria: origins and development, 1883-1936
507:
496:
347:
329:
307:. From 1910 to 1911 Benaroya edited its influential newspaper, the
1220:
Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950
1147:
Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950
1022:
Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950
534:, but after a general strike, workers were violently suppressed.
189:
808:
Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950
200:, he himself insisted that this was incorrect) and published in
1050:
Borderlines: genders and identities in war and peace, 1870-1930
581:
428:, and wanted to transform the Greek state into a federation of
280:
251:
74:
30:
328:, and Benaroya participated in the "Army of Freedom" march on
194:
Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists)
146:
Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists)
761:
The role of Jews in the late Ottoman and early Greek Salonica
585:
473:
177:
144:; 1887 – 16 May 1979) was a Jewish socialist, member of the
70:
66:
44:
198:
Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (Broad Socialists)
983:
Jews in the Bulgarian hinterland: an annotated bibliography
1163:, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan. 1949), p. 70
1084:
Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1923
272:
1105:
Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria
997:
For Freedom and Perfection (the life of Yané Sandansky)
424:, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national
156:. Benaroya played a key role in the foundation of the
1173:
246:
188:, but did not graduate, becoming rather a teacher in
1239:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, pp. 75–76,
463:
368:. As this happened to the same policy as pursued by
196:(although other sources suggest that he joined the
712:Biographical dictionary of European labour leaders
1236:Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders
759:Kostas Theologou & Panayotis G. Michaelides,
1252:
1161:A Note on "The Socialist Federation of Saloniki"
956:, Jewish Social Studies, 1949, pp. 70-71 - JSTOR
734:Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Gorny, Vangelis Kechriotis,
700:, Jewish Social Studies, 1949, pp. 70-71 - JSTOR
664:Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Vangelis Kechriotis,
348:The Federacion and the labour movement in Greece
831:Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
954:A Note on the Socialist Federation of Saloniki
919:, Hans Morgenstern, LIT Verlag Münster, 2009,
698:A Note on the Socialist Federation of Saloniki
233:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
1210:Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika)
549:and he was obliged to quit the editorship of
340:) and February 1912 (when he was deported to
237:People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)
1321:University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
981:Zhak Eskenazi, Alfred Krispin, Emmy Barouh,
1206:‘Avraam Benaroya and the impossible reform’
738:, Central European University Press, 2010,
669:, Central European University Press, 2010,
320:authorities. A prominent Bulgarian member,
29:
435:
853:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
736:Modernism: The Creation of Nation States
666:Modernism: The Creation of Nation-states
472:The tomb of Benaroya in the cemetery of
467:
446:The Jewish Question and Social Democracy
250:
206:The Jewish Question and Social Democracy
16:Ottoman and later Greek Jewish socialist
532:distribution of big estates to peasants
192:. Here Benaroya became a member of the
1253:
846:"Jewish Socialism in Ottoman Salonica"
843:
837:
486:General Confederation of Greek Workers
1331:Sephardi Jews from the Ottoman Empire
1301:Communist Party of Greece politicians
971:, Jewish Social Studies, 1945 - JSTOR
941:, Jewish Social Studies, 1945 - JSTOR
225:Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies
186:University of Belgrade Faculty of Law
969:The Socialist Federation of Saloniki
939:The Socialist Federation of Saloniki
714:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995,
488:, which helped unite Greek workers.
1341:Burials at South Cemetery in Israel
1316:Jewish concentration camp survivors
844:Ilicak, H. Şükrü (September 2002).
788:, Stanford University Press, 2010,
180:by a family of small merchants. A
109:
13:
1286:Bulgarian people of Jewish descent
1181:. University of California Press.
1107:, Cornell University Press, 2012,
452:might mean for Jews in Greece and
269:Social Democratic Party of Austria
247:The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière
158:Socialist Worker's party of Greece
14:
1352:
464:Partnership with Democratic Union
223:. He founded here a group called
484:(later named Communist) and the
482:Socialist Labour Party of Greece
231:left-wing faction, close to the
160:in 1918, the predecessor of the
1167:
1152:
1136:
1121:
1097:
1082:Mete Tunçay, Erik Jan Zürcher,
1076:
1063:
1039:
1027:
1011:
988:
975:
960:
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930:
908:
887:
829:Mete Tunçay, Erik Jan Zürcher,
822:
799:
779:
767:
752:
440:Benaroya was interested in the
176:in Bulgaria. He was raised in
728:
704:
689:
680:
657:
646:
629:
617:
597:
167:
1:
1306:Bulgarian emigrants to Israel
1276:Politicians from Thessaloniki
1198:
558:
261:Socialist Workers' Federation
227:and was in connection to the
150:Socialist Workers' Federation
7:
10:
1357:
1326:20th-century Sephardi Jews
1000:, Journeyman Press, 1988,
1311:Greek emigrants to Israel
865:10.1080/14683850208454706
547:Communist Party of Greece
504:Labour Centre of Salonica
162:Communist Party of Greece
134:Abrahán Eliezer Benarroya
125:
117:
91:
81:
55:
37:
28:
21:
1177:; Aron Rodrigue (2000).
591:
574:Nazi concentration camps
513:Alexandros Papanastasiou
387:Alexandros Papanastasiou
49:Principality of Bulgaria
172:Benaroya was born to a
133:
102:Avraam Eliezer Benaroya
86:South Cemetery (Israel)
23:Avraam Eliezer Benaroya
1281:Jews from Thessaloniki
1128:Iakovos J. Aktsoglou,
477:
436:Jewish ethnic activism
382:1915 general elections
256:
215:of 1908 he moved as a
148:, later leader of the
141:
1212:(Spring 1999), 38-43.
774:Jewish social studies
604:Encyclopaedia Judaica
471:
362:Eleftherios Venizelos
332:to help put down the
313:, printed in Ladino.
254:
213:Young Turk revolution
526:was defeated by the
430:autonomous provinces
310:Solidaridad Ovradera
305:Second International
255:Solidaridad Obradera
1291:Greek Sephardi Jews
1103:Mary C. Neuburger,
1052:, Routledge, 1998,
995:Mercia MacDermott,
897:, AMS Press, 1972,
893:Joseph Rothschild,
500:Third International
334:Countercoup of 1909
1204:Marketos, Spyros,
1159:Abraham Benaroya,
952:Abraham Benaroya,
696:Abraham Benaroya,
572:, he survived the
478:
426:self-determination
380:advantage. In the
257:
1336:Jewish socialists
1271:People from Vidin
1228:978-0-375-41298-1
1149:, 2004, pp. 288f.
1006:978-1-85172-014-9
811:, Vintage, 2006,
578:Alexandros Svolos
570:Greco-Italian war
418:Rigas Velestinlis
410:Habsburg monarchy
126:Αβραάμ Μπεναρόγια
99:
98:
63:(aged 91–92)
1348:
1296:Greek socialists
1234:A. Thomas Lane,
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1175:Benbassa, Esther
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1048:Billie Melman,
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1024:, 2004, p. 287.
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442:Jewish Question
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354:First World War
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235:(IMRO), called
170:
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60:
51:
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967:Joshua Starr,
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944:
937:Joshua Starr,
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859:(3): 115–146.
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806:Mark Mazower,
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727:
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517:Greek monarchy
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394:Austromarxists
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322:Dimitar Vlahov
301:Ottoman Empire
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154:Ottoman Empire
142:Avram Benaroya
110:אברהם בן-ארויה
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1216:Mazower, Mark
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174:Sephardi Jew
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61:(1979-05-16)
1266:1979 deaths
1261:1887 births
450:Megali Idea
406:Karl Renner
326:Young Turks
241:Young Turks
168:Early years
59:16 May 1979
1255:Categories
1199:References
1113:0801465508
1092:1850437874
744:9637326618
675:9637326618
559:Later life
524:Greek army
454:Asia Minor
402:Otto Bauer
366:neutrality
277:Bulgarians
211:After the
1060:, p. 430.
905:, p. 213.
881:145717501
873:1468-3857
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677:, p. 444.
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528:Kemalists
374:Macedonia
289:Bulgarian
229:Bulgarian
217:socialist
204:his work
202:Bulgarian
114:Bulgarian
95:Socialist
1222:, 2004,
1094:, p. 65.
1008:, p.386.
927:, s. 68.
539:Kordatos
508:Anatolia
497:Leninist
396:such as
330:Istanbul
263:, or in
208:(1908).
182:polyglot
92:Movement
796:, p. 90
748:p. 444.
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318:Ottoman
297:Turkish
190:Plovdiv
152:in the
138:Turkish
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342:Greece
338:Serbia
281:Greeks
265:Ladino
130:Ladino
106:Hebrew
75:Israel
877:S2CID
849:(PDF)
592:Notes
586:Holon
474:Holon
416:like
358:Naxos
293:Greek
285:Turks
178:Vidin
122:Greek
71:Jaffa
69:, or
67:Holon
45:Vidin
1241:ISBN
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1183:ISBN
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41:1887
38:Born
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104:(
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