104:, and trees. Unmanned aircraft are particularly sensitive to icing. In cold climates, particularly those at higher elevations, atmospheric icing is common in winter as elevated terrain interacts with supercooled clouds that can cause icing on contact. Ice loads are a major cause of catastrophic failures of overhead electrical power lines, as power lines can break under the sheer weight of accumulated ice. Therefore, estimation of maximum potential ice load is crucial in the structural design of power line systems to withstand ice loads, and this can be done with numerical icing models and examples that include
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85:, and supercooled water droplets cause icing on aircraft. Below −20 °C (−4 °F), icing is rare because clouds at these temperatures usually consist of ice particles rather than supercooled water droplets. Below −48 °C (−54 °F), supercooled water always freezes; therefore, icing is impossible.
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Makkonen, L. (2000) Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow deposits on structures. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 358 (1776): 2913-2939.
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Moore, Emily; Valeria
Molinero (24 November 2011). "structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice".
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does not always freeze at 0 °C (32 °F). Water that persists in liquid state below this temperature is said to be
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Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power
Networks. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, 381 p.
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357:: Hazards Following Ground Deicing and Ground Operations in Conditions Conducive to Aircraft Icing
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161:Nature
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