165:, with one or more air chambers between the layers. If multiple chambers are used, they are typically shaped as stripes aligned with the long direction of the boot. It is typically placed on the leading edge of an aircraft's wings and stabilizers. The chambers are rapidly inflated and deflated, either simultaneously, or in a pattern of specific chambers only. The rapid change in shape of the boot is designed to break the adhesive force between the ice and the rubber, and allow the ice to be carried away by the air flowing past the wing. However, the ice must fall away cleanly from the trailing sections of the surface, or it could re-freeze behind the protected area. Re-freezing of ice in this manner was a contributing factor to the crash of
146:
298:
212:
94:
20:
285:
engine temperature limits and often necessitates reduced power settings during climb, which may cause a substantial loss of climb performance with particularly critical consequences if an engine were to fail. This latter concern has resulted in bleed air systems being uncommon in small turbine aircraft, although they have been successfully implemented on some small aircraft such as the
231:
to prevent ice forming and to break up accumulated ice on critical surfaces of an aircraft. One or two electrically-driven pumps send the fluid to proportioning units that divide the flow between areas to be protected. A second pump is used for redundancy, especially for aircraft certified for flight
372:
inside the structure which induce a shock wave in the surface to be cleared. Hybrid systems have also been developed that combine the EMEDS with heating elements, where a heater prevents ice accumulation on the leading edge of the airfoil and the EMED system removes accumulations aft of the heated
284:
A disadvantage of these systems is that supplying an adequate amount of bleed air can negatively affect engine performance. Higher-than-normal power settings are often required during cruise or descent, particularly with one or more inoperative engines. More significantly, use of bleed air affects
104:
Aircraft icing increases weight and drag, decreases lift, and can decrease thrust. Ice reduces engine power by blocking air intakes. When ice builds up by freezing upon impact or freezing as runoff, it changes the aerodynamics of the surface by modifying the shape and the smoothness of the surface
172:
Older pneumatic boots were thought to be subject to ice bridging. Slush could be pushed out of reach of the inflatable sections of the boot before hardening. This was resolved by speeding up the inflation/deflation cycle, and by alternating the timing of adjacent cells. Testing and case studies
391:
surfaces. Icephobicity is analogous to hydrophobicity and describes a material property that is resistant to icing. The term is not well defined but generally includes three properties: low adhesion between ice and the surface, prevention of ice formation, and a repellent effect on supercooled
331:
Small wires or other conductive materials can be embedded in the windscreen to heat the windscreen. Pilots can turn on the electric heater to provide sufficient heat to prevent the formation of ice on the windscreen. However, windscreen electric heaters may only be used in flight, as they can
236:, with additional mechanical pumps for the windshield. Fluid is forced through holes in panels on the leading edges of the wings, horizontal stabilizers, fairings, struts, engine inlets, and from a slinger-ring on the propeller and the windshield sprayer. These panels have
266:. Disadvantages are greater maintenance requirements than pneumatic boots, the weight of potentially unneeded fluid aboard the aircraft, the finite supply of fluid when it is needed, and the unpredictable need to refill the fluid, which complicates en route stops.
246:
inch (0.064 mm) diameter holes drilled in them, with 800 holes per square inch (120/cm). The system is self cleaning, and the fluid helps clean the aircraft, before it is blown away by the slipstream. The system was initially used during
131:
help prevent airflow problems and avert the risk of serious internal engine damage from ingested ice. These concerns are most acute with turboprops, which more often have sharp turns in the intake path where ice tends to accumulate.
343:
formed into thin filaments which are spun into a 10 micron-thick film. The film is a poor electrical conductor, due to gaps between the nanotubes. Instead, current causes a rapid rise in temperature, heating up twice as fast as
105:
which increases drag, and decreases wing lift or propeller thrust. Both a decrease in lift on the wing due to an altered airfoil shape, and the increase in weight from the ice load will usually result having to fly at a greater
932:
Kim, Philseok; Wong, Tak-Sing; Alvarenga, Jack; Kreder, Michael J.; Adorno-Martinez, Wilmer E.; Aizenberg, Joanna (28 August 2012). "Liquid-Infused
Nanostructured Surfaces with Extreme Anti-Ice and Anti-Frost Performance".
305:
Electro-thermal systems use heating coils (much like a low output stove element) buried in the airframe structure to generate heat when a current is applied. The heat can be generated continuously, or intermittently.
313:
uses electro-thermal ice protection. In this case the heating coils are embedded within the composite wing structure. Boeing claims the system uses half the energy of engine fed
320:
Etched foil heating coils can be bonded to the inside of metal aircraft skins to lower power use compared to embedded circuits as they operate at higher power densities. For
760:
192:. Pneumatic de-Icing boots are sometimes found on other types, especially older aircraft. These are rarely used on modern jet aircraft. It was invented by
715:
487:
262:
Advantages of fluid systems are mechanical simplicity and minimal airflow disruption from the minuscule holes; this made the systems popular in older
597:
426:
1050:
352:
of choice for in-flight de-icing, while using half the energy at one ten-thousandth the weight. Sufficient material to cover the wings of a
328:
uses a flexible, electrically conductive, graphite foil attached to a wing's leading edge. Electric heaters heat the foil which melts ice.
1627:
1273:
2001:
281:
into tubes routed through wings, tail surfaces, and engine inlets. Spent air is exhausted through holes in the wings' undersides.
788:
568:
511:
1667:
666:
223:
Sometimes called a weeping wing, running wet, or evaporative system, these systems use a deicing fluid—typically based on
1622:
1567:
1432:
873:
Jung, Stefan; Dorrestijn, Marko; Raps, Dominik; Das, Arindam; Megaridis, Constantine M.; Poulikakos, Dimos (2011-02-14).
1687:
109:
to compensate for lost lift to maintain altitude. This increases fuel consumption and further reduces speed, making a
1043:
1006:
455:
684:
277:
systems are used by most large aircraft with jet engines or turboprops. Hot air is "bled" off one or more engines'
1457:
173:
performed in the 1990s have demonstrated that ice bridging is not a significant concern with modern boot designs.
980:
721:
493:
2006:
1657:
1255:
278:
176:
Pneumatic boots are appropriate for low and medium speed aircraft, without leading edge lift devices such as
1950:
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704:| Capitalizing on the Increased Flexibility that Comes from High Power Density Electrothermal Deicing
1632:
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189:
149:
When ice builds up on the leading edge, an engine-driven pneumatic pump inflates the rubber boots.
1960:
1935:
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1602:
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48:
569:"TKS Ice Protection: Flying year-round becomes a possibility with the TKS Ice Protection system"
545:
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68:
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88:
8:
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1059:
368:
Electro-mechanical
Expulsion Deicing Systems (EMEDS) use a percussive force initiated by
823:
71:, degrading control and handling characteristics as well as performance. An anti-icing,
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16:
Aircraft system which prevents the formation of ice on outside surfaces during flight
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392:
droplets. Icephobicity requires special material properties but is not identical to
360:
heaters have also been suggested, which could be left on continuously at low power.
120:
causing weight and aerodynamic imbalances that are amplified due to their rotation.
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1945:
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808:"From superhydrophobicity to icephobicity: forces and interaction analysis"
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32:
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79:, or enables the aircraft to shed the ice before it becomes dangerous.
24:
1022:
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891:
874:
832:
806:
Hejazi, Vahid; Sobolev, Konstantin; Nosonovsky, Michael (2013-07-12).
701:
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93:
72:
44:
40:
19:
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weighs 80 g (2.8 oz) and costs roughly 1% of nichrome.
64:
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56:
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113:
more likely to occur, causing the aircraft to lose altitude.
619:
805:
301:
Detail of propeller with electro-thermal deicing system
931:
875:"Are Superhydrophobic Surfaces Best for Icephobicity?"
872:
646:
587:
533:
1058:
592:
590:
403:materials. Candidates include carbon nanotubes and
180:, so this system is most commonly found on smaller
667:"787 integrates new composite wing deicing system"
407:(SLIPS) which repel water when it forms into ice.
1993:
399:To minimize accretion, researchers are seeking
376:
116:Ice accumulates on helicopter rotor blades and
1001:. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company.
427:List of aircraft icing accidents and incidents
23:Supercooled large droplet (SLD) ice on a NASA
1044:
332:overheat the windscreen. They can also cause
63:intakes. Ice buildup can change the shape of
215:Propeller blade with fluid deicing system –
1023:SAE paper on Electro-Thermal Ice Protection
257:Tecalemit-Kilfrost-Sheepbridge Stokes (TKS)
219:is sprayed from hub outward to cover blades
75:, or ice protection system either prevents
1051:
1037:
717:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
489:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
140:
900:
890:
849:
831:
724:. 2016-08-24. p. 41. Archived from
496:. 2016-08-24. p. 40. Archived from
296:
210:
144:
92:
18:
996:
973:Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions
761:"How They Work: Ice Protection Systems"
652:
625:
539:
450:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 106.
405:slippery liquid infused porous surfaces
97:Ice accumulation on a rotor blade in a
1994:
1032:
664:
566:
512:"FAA Information for Operators 09005"
445:
363:
317:systems, and reduces drag and noise.
528:Federal Aviation Administration 2015
336:deviation errors by as much as 40°.
984:(Report). 8 October 2015. AC 91-74B
702:http://papers.sae.org/2009-01-3165/
82:
13:
740:"De-icing aeroplanes: Sooty skies"
292:
14:
2018:
1016:
777:. Air & Space Magazine. 2004.
791:. NASA STI. 2002. Archived from
665:Sloan, Jeff (30 December 2008).
199:
2002:Aircraft ice protection systems
981:Federal Aviation Administration
965:
925:
866:
799:
781:
767:
753:
732:
722:Federal Aviation Administration
714:"Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems".
707:
695:
677:
658:
639:Federal Aviation Administration
604:. 11 April 1946. Archived from
575:. Werner Publishing Corporation
553:Federal Aviation Administration
494:Federal Aviation Administration
486:"Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems".
472:Federal Aviation Administration
135:
1961:In-flight entertainment system
1658:Horizontal situation indicator
789:"Deicing and Anti-Icing Unite"
560:
504:
479:
439:
123:Anti-ice systems installed on
89:Icing (aviation) § Effect
1:
1025:by Strehlow, R. and Moser, R.
957:– via ACS Publications.
775:"Electro- mechanical Deicing"
685:"AERO – 787 No-Bleed Systems"
432:
157:is usually made of layers of
1941:Environmental control system
377:Passive (icephobic coatings)
269:
7:
742:. The Economist. 2013-07-26
720:(FAA-H-8083-25B ed.).
492:(FAA-H-8083-25B ed.).
410:
255:, having been developed by
10:
2023:
1618:Course deviation indicator
1309:Electro-hydraulic actuator
573:Plane & Pilot Magazine
380:
206:ground deicing of aircraft
203:
167:American Eagle Flight 4184
86:
1908:
1887:
1849:Conventional landing gear
1820:
1716:
1551:
1417:
1254:
1070:
47:surfaces, such as wings,
1633:Flight management system
448:A Dictionary of Aviation
446:Wragg, David W. (1973).
373:portion of the airfoil.
204:Not to be confused with
190:Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia
1936:Emergency oxygen system
1698:Turn and slip indicator
1493:Leading-edge droop flap
1463:Drag-reducing aerospike
1438:Adaptive compliant wing
1433:Active Aeroelastic Wing
671:www.compositesworld.com
387:Passive systems employ
141:Pneumatic deicing boots
69:flight control surfaces
1976:Passenger service unit
1777:Self-sealing fuel tank
1673:Multi-function display
997:Szurovy, Geza (1999).
763:. Aviation Week. 2010.
302:
220:
150:
101:
37:ice protection systems
28:
2007:Ice in transportation
1956:Ice protection system
1874:Tricycle landing gear
1864:Landing gear extender
1081:Aft pressure bulkhead
598:"De-Icing for To-day"
311:Boeing 787 Dreamliner
300:
214:
184:aircraft such as the
148:
96:
61:environmental control
43:from accumulating on
22:
1921:Auxiliary power unit
1329:Flight control modes
999:Cessna Citation Jets
567:E. McMann, Michael.
1900:Escape crew capsule
1807:War emergency power
1678:Pitot–static system
1523:Variable-sweep wing
1231:Vertical stabilizer
824:2013NatSR...3E2194H
279:compressor sections
118:aircraft propellers
1608:Attitude indicator
1588:Airspeed indicator
1583:Aircraft periscope
902:20.500.11850/32592
812:Scientific Reports
364:Electro-mechanical
339:One proposal used
303:
287:Cessna CitationJet
221:
151:
102:
29:
1989:
1988:
1916:Aircraft lavatory
1653:Heading indicator
1598:Annunciator panel
1578:Air data computer
1488:Leading-edge cuff
947:10.1021/nn302310q
892:10.1021/la104762g
833:10.1038/srep02194
628:, pp. 31–32.
417:Atmospheric icing
229:isopropyl alcohol
39:keep atmospheric
27:research aircraft
2014:
1971:Navigation light
1951:Hydraulic system
1926:Bleed air system
1854:Drogue parachute
1528:Vortex generator
1146:Interplane strut
1053:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1012:
993:
991:
989:
977:
959:
958:
941:(8): 6569–6577.
929:
923:
922:
904:
894:
885:(6): 3059–3066.
870:
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477:
476:, p. 16–17.
468:
462:
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443:
422:Icing conditions
341:carbon nanotubes
322:general aviation
245:
244:
240:
234:icing conditions
83:Effects of icing
77:formation of ice
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:Ram air turbine
1946:Flight recorder
1904:
1883:
1816:
1797:Thrust reversal
1721:
1712:
1683:Radar altimeter
1648:Head-up display
1558:
1547:
1443:Anti-shock body
1425:
1413:
1274:Artificial feel
1256:Flight controls
1250:
1116:Fabric covering
1066:
1062:components and
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350:heating element
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293:Electro-thermal
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225:ethylene glycol
209:
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107:angle of attack
91:
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2020:
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2004:
1987:
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1966:Landing lights
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1888:Escape systems
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1871:
1866:
1861:
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1851:
1846:
1841:
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1826:arresting gear
1818:
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1782:Splitter plate
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1101:Cruciform tail
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1096:Crack arrestor
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1018:
1017:External links
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798:
795:on 2003-04-05.
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728:on 2023-06-20.
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694:
689:www.boeing.com
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500:on 2023-06-20.
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394:hydrophobicity
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155:pneumatic boot
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87:Main article:
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57:engine intakes
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1909:Other systems
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1638:Glass cockpit
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1573:Air data boom
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1354:Rudder pedals
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1212:
1211:Trailing edge
1209:
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1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Stressed skin
1189:
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1021:
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1008:0-7603-0785-7
1004:
1000:
995:
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723:
719:
718:
710:
703:
698:
690:
686:
680:
672:
668:
661:
655:, p. 58.
654:
649:
643:, p. 21.
642:
640:
634:
627:
622:
608:on 2012-03-15
607:
603:
599:
593:
591:
574:
570:
563:
557:, p. 22.
556:
554:
548:
542:, p. 31.
541:
536:
530:, p. 20.
529:
524:
513:
507:
499:
495:
491:
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482:
475:
473:
467:
459:
457:9780850451634
453:
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329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
299:
290:
288:
282:
280:
276:
267:
265:
264:business jets
260:
258:
254:
250:
235:
230:
226:
218:
213:
207:
200:Fluid deicing
197:
195:
194:B.F. Goodrich
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
147:
133:
130:
126:
121:
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114:
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108:
100:
95:
90:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
1955:
1931:Deicing boot
1859:Landing gear
1802:Townend ring
1792:Thrust lever
1767:NACA cowling
1732:Autothrottle
1724:fuel systems
1722:devices and
1513:Stall strips
1483:Krueger flap
1453:Channel wing
1399:Wing warping
1389:Stick shaker
1384:Stick pusher
1304:Dual control
1289:Centre stick
1156:Leading edge
1126:Flying wires
1086:Cabane strut
998:
986:. Retrieved
979:
966:Bibliography
938:
934:
927:
882:
878:
868:
815:
811:
801:
793:the original
783:
769:
755:
744:. Retrieved
734:
726:the original
716:
709:
697:
688:
679:
670:
660:
653:Szurovy 1999
648:
638:
633:
626:Szurovy 1999
621:
610:. Retrieved
606:the original
601:
577:. Retrieved
572:
562:
552:
547:
540:Szurovy 1999
535:
523:
506:
498:the original
488:
481:
471:
466:
447:
441:
398:
386:
383:Icephobicity
367:
338:
330:
319:
308:
304:
283:
273:
261:
249:World War II
222:
175:
171:
152:
136:System types
122:
115:
103:
53:rotor blades
36:
30:
1879:Tundra tire
1762:Intake ramp
1693:Transponder
1478:Gurney flap
1419:Aerodynamic
1334:Fly-by-wire
1216:Triple tail
818:(1): 2194.
232:into known
125:jet engines
99:wind tunnel
33:aeronautics
1996:Categories
1869:Oleo strut
1757:Inlet cone
1752:Gascolator
1718:Propulsion
1708:Yaw string
1703:Variometer
1559:instrument
1538:Wing fence
1473:Gouge flap
1448:Blown flap
1404:Yaw damper
1379:Stabilator
1364:Side-stick
1299:Dive brake
1186:Stabilizer
1161:Lift strut
1151:Jury strut
746:2013-12-11
612:2013-12-11
579:17 October
433:References
381:See also:
326:ThermaWing
163:elastomers
129:turboprops
49:propellers
25:Twin Otter
1844:Autobrake
1772:NACA duct
1747:Fuel tank
1737:Drop tank
1720:controls,
1603:Astrodome
1593:Altimeter
1458:Dog-tooth
1423:high-lift
1374:Spoileron
1359:Servo tab
1339:Gust lock
1294:Deceleron
1279:Autopilot
1236:Wing root
1221:Twin tail
1206:Tailplane
1141:Hardpoint
1111:Empennage
1074:structure
911:0743-7463
842:2045-2322
401:icephobic
389:icephobic
370:actuators
315:bleed-air
275:Bleed air
270:Bleed air
196:in 1923.
182:turboprop
161:or other
1812:Wet wing
1787:Throttle
1533:Vortilon
1394:Trim tab
1324:Flaperon
1314:Elevator
1269:Airbrake
1241:Wing tip
1166:Longeron
1136:Fuselage
1072:Airframe
1060:Aircraft
955:22680067
935:ACS Nano
919:21319778
879:Langmuir
860:23846773
411:See also
346:nichrome
186:Saab 340
73:de-icing
65:airfoils
45:aircraft
41:moisture
1822:Landing
1613:Compass
1561:systems
1553:Avionic
1543:Winglet
1426:devices
1369:Spoiler
1264:Aileron
1246:Wingbox
1171:Nacelle
1121:Fairing
1064:systems
988:9 March
851:3709168
820:Bibcode
358:Aerogel
334:compass
253:British
251:by the
241:⁄
1557:flight
1518:Strake
1349:Rudder
1319:Elevon
1284:Canard
1226:V-tail
1201:T-tail
1131:Former
1091:Canopy
1005:
953:
917:
909:
858:
848:
840:
602:Flight
454:
348:, the
217:glycol
159:rubber
59:, and
1742:FADEC
1628:EICAS
1503:Slats
1344:HOTAS
1196:Strut
976:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
178:slats
111:stall
1824:and
1688:TCAS
1668:ISIS
1623:EFIS
1568:ACAS
1555:and
1508:Slot
1468:Flap
1421:and
1409:Yoke
1181:Spar
1106:Dope
1003:ISBN
990:2021
951:PMID
915:PMID
907:ISSN
856:PMID
838:ISSN
641:2015
581:2014
555:2015
474:2015
452:ISBN
309:The
188:and
153:The
67:and
1663:INS
1643:GPS
1498:LEX
1176:Rib
943:doi
897:hdl
887:doi
846:PMC
828:doi
354:747
243:400
227:or
127:or
31:In
1998::
978:.
949:.
937:.
913:.
905:.
895:.
883:27
881:.
877:.
854:.
844:.
836:.
826:.
814:.
810:.
687:.
669:.
600:.
589:^
571:.
396:.
324:,
289:.
259:.
169:.
55:,
51:,
35:,
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
1011:.
992:.
945::
939:6
921:.
899::
889::
862:.
830::
822::
816:3
749:.
691:.
673:.
615:.
583:.
517:.
460:.
239:1
208:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
