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would be updated and released in two volumes of approximately 705 pages each covering tornadoes from 1680 to 1949 and 1950 to 2019. The new volumes will include updates on statistics, graphs, and charts, as well as analysis of trends in tornadic activity and examination of potential influence thereof
234:
In the process, Grazulis traveled the country visiting dozens of libraries, museums, university archives, historical societies, and the like, to eventually chronicle 60,000 tornadoes, 50,000 of them included in a single 1,400-page book that is widely referenced. It is estimated he read 25,000
258:
agencies, the
University of Chicago DAPPL database founded by Fujita which ended at his retirement in 1992, and the Grazulis Tornado Project database. As of 2023, the Grazulis database spans from 1680 to 2022 and includes all known
456:
before focusing on tornadoes and publishing books. He expanded to direct-to-video documentaries (which include extensive printed guides) and posters (with complementary background sheets) in the 1990s. Grazulis also wrote for
263:
tornadoes (those rated F2–F5 or causing a fatality). Grazulis' database was digitized and included in an international database combining many resources as they became more available in 2000-2020s, The
Tornado Archive.
361:
are used for the score of the outbreak. F2/EF2 tornadoes are given 2 points, F3/EF3 tornadoes are given 5 points, F4/EF4 tornadoes are given 10 points, and F5/EF5 tornadoes are given 15 points.
272:
In the early 1990s, he and Doris formed The
Tornado Project to market tornado videos, books, and posters. He collaborated with storm chaser Roy Britt to produce the popular
191:, a documentary film on tornadoes that was the first to consider tornadoes in a scientific context rather than as a hazard and was the first compilation of tornado footage.
179:(FSU) and was briefly a broadcaster, in part presenting the weather. He was a science teacher in New Jersey and worked on the "Earth Science Curriculum Project" with the
247:. In turn, proceeds of this book and of Tornado Project videos and posters were sufficiently robust to support an update that was published for the years 1992–1995.
231:
studies. Grazulis' tornado database work was considered important enough that he was awarded five years of additional funding from the
National Science Foundation.
307:. He used these for air flow experiments and for displays. Grazulis had long been interested in tornado simulators and included earlier laboratory studies in his
935:
340:
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and research libraries but also included local libraries when pertinent. The first book (which was two volumes), resulting from the NRC funded work, was
255:
299:
noting that despite his fascination with storms he had never actually seen a tornado. He saw his first tornado, a very large one, near
853:
254:
Grazulis amassed one of three authoritative tornado databases, those being the
National Tornado Database assembled and maintained by
915:
17:
303:
on
Memorial Day of that year. By the late 1990s, Grazulis also constructed a variety of designs of physical simulator models of
204:
469:
magazine and others, and presents at meteorological and storm chaser conferences. The following is a list of his major works:
829:
219:, with whom he collaborated in developing their respective databases. The objective was to determine tornado occurrence and
203:(NRC) to create a history of tornadoes. Specifically, he refined and augmented the databases of tornadoes maintained by the
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documentary featured a detailed instructional segment with an accompanying printed guide for constructing one's own.
638:
910:
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Maas, Malcolm; Supinie, Timothy; Berrington, Andrew; Emmerson, Samuel; Aidala, Ava; Gavan, Michael (2024).
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280:(TLC), and produced less advanced direct-to video documentaries catering to a wider audience, including
260:
436:(AMS) and was on the Fujita Scale Forum of the Fujita Scale Enhancement Project; which developed the
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which killed 94 people and passed approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) north of his childhood home.
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microfilm reels of (mostly major) newspapers. His work concentrated in state libraries and the U.S.
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183:(NSF). He and his wife Doris, also a teacher and a small business operator, then moved to the
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contains 51 photographs of tornadoes prior to 1970, the most extensive collection published.
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Grazulis in 2001 penned a book for a general readership, an homage and unofficial update to
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documentary series. In 1995, they adapted this collection for television to broadcast on
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731:"The Tornado Archive: Compiling and Visualizing a Worldwide, Digitized Tornado Database"
707:
687:
Verbout, Stephanie M.; Brooks, Harold E.; Leslie, Lance M.; Schultz, David M. (2006).
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is considered a critical and authoritative source among severe storms meteorologists.
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825:
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243:. The book filled a gap in tornado information and strong sales led to an expansion,
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Grazulis created a new scale called the outbreak intensity score (OIS) to rank
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775:"A Demonstration of Vortex Configurations in an Inexpensive Tornado Simulator"
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and first confronted the power of a tornado at age 11 following the violent
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353:. For the OIS, only significant tornadoes, those rated F2 to F5 on the
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715:
611:
Significant
Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events
521:
Significant
Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events
515:
Significant
Tornadoes 1880–1989: A Chronology and Analysis of Events
784:. Minneapolis, MN: American Meteorological Society. pp. 85–88.
510:. NUREG/CR-3670, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC
895:
639:"Coming Soon: An Update to the Definitive Book on U.S. Tornadoes"
613:. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
140:
120:
92:
877:
304:
728:
891:
686:
769:
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Grazulis earned a bachelor's degree in meteorology from
341:
List of tornado outbreaks by outbreak intensity score
689:"Evolution of the U.S. Tornado Database: 1954–2003"
664:
585:"Tom Grazulis: A Different Breed of Storm Chaser"
491:Tornado Video Classics II: The Magnificent Puzzle
452:Grazulis initially produced documentaries on the
902:
318:The Tornado Project's website in 2018 indicated
30:"Grazulis" redirects here. For the surname, see
735:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
936:Fellows of the American Meteorological Society
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95:history, statistical, and climatology research
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199:In 1979, Grazulis began working with the
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554:The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm
533:The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm
838:
773:; Thomas P. Grazulis (14–18 Sep 1998).
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14:
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722:
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527:Significant Tornadoes Update 1992–1995
508:Violent Tornado Climatology, 1880–1982
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205:National Severe Storms Forecast Center
143:and produced documentaries as head of
135:(born August 17, 1942) is an American
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187:area in 1970. In 1972, they released
824:: The Tornado Project. p. 637.
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211:, as well as the database headed by
856:from the original on 29 August 2023
848:Grazulis, Thomas (29 August 2023).
365:The outbreak intensity score (OIS)
194:
24:
357:and those rated EF2 to EF5 on the
139:who has written extensively about
27:American meteorologist (born 1942)
25:
957:
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329:Significant Tornadoes: 1974-2022
245:Significant Tornadoes, 1680-1991
241:Significant Tornadoes, 1880-1989
916:Florida State University alumni
818:Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022
796:Significant Tornadoes 1680-2019
665:Grazulis, Tom; Doris Grazulis.
539:Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022
434:American Meteorological Society
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347:Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022
155:
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550:Tornadoes of the United States
480:Approaching the Unapproachable
189:Approaching the Unapproachable
13:
1:
782:19th Conf Severe Local Storms
563:
556:. Both were published by the
327:. In 2023, the first volume,
201:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
609:Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993).
558:University of Oklahoma Press
432:Grazulis is a Fellow of the
150:
7:
637:Henson, Bob (3 June 2018).
463:magazine, occasionally for
282:Twister: Fury on the Plains
181:National Science Foundation
160:Thomas Grazulis grew up in
10:
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589:Weather People and History
583:Heidorn, Keith C. (1999).
496:Tornado Video Classics III
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29:
440:to supplant the original
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756:10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0123.1
486:Tornado Video Classics I
474:The New Jersey Shoreline
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335:Outbreak intensity score
177:Florida State University
162:Worcester, Massachusetts
83:Florida State University
18:Outbreak intensity score
911:American meteorologists
850:"The Outbreaks Section"
771:Doswell, Charles A. III
696:Weather and Forecasting
482:(1972 documentary film)
476:(1967 educational film)
822:St. Johnsbury, Vermont
501:Secrets of the Tornado
313:Secrets of the Tornado
286:Twister: Nature's Fury
274:Tornado Video Classics
185:St. Johnsbury, Vermont
166:1953 Worcester tornado
941:Scales in meteorology
669:. The Tornado Project
438:Enhanced Fujita scale
359:Enhanced Fujita scale
320:Significant Tornadoes
295:In 1997, he became a
290:Significant Tornadoes
249:Significant Tornadoes
217:University of Chicago
209:Kansas City, Missouri
591:. The Weather Doctor
278:The Learning Channel
223:distributions, i.e.
878:The Tornado Project
852:. Tornado Project.
814:Grazulis, Thomas P.
747:2024BAMS..105E1137M
708:2006WtFor..21...86V
643:Weather Underground
366:
311:documentaries. The
268:The Tornado Project
237:Library of Congress
225:tornado climatology
145:The Tornado Project
121:The Tornado Project
892:Thomas P. Grazulis
883:Thomas P. Grazulis
741:(7): E1137–E1152.
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133:Thomas P. Grazulis
41:Thomas P. Grazulis
831:978-1-879362-01-7
552:(1953), entitled
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370:Type of outbreak
351:tornado outbreaks
331:, was published.
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101:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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57:August 17, 1942
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858:. Retrieved
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702:(1): 86–93.
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385:Devastating
379:Significant
355:Fujita scale
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156:Early career
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117:Institutions
100:
926:1942 births
548:'s classic
466:Weatherwise
460:Storm Track
288:. His book
261:significant
207:(NSSFC) in
111:Meteorology
905:Categories
673:2014-04-04
667:"About Us"
648:2019-05-02
595:2014-04-04
564:References
339:See also:
213:Ted Fujita
53:1942-08-17
860:29 August
397:Number of
388:Historic
221:intensity
151:Biography
141:tornadoes
64:Worcester
854:Archived
816:(2023).
418:120–249
305:vortices
32:Gražulis
946:Tornado
896:Twitter
743:Bibcode
704:Bibcode
537:(2023)
531:(2001)
525:(1996)
519:(1993)
513:(1990)
506:(1984)
415:80–119
215:at the
93:Tornado
828:
617:
412:30–79
409:11–29
399:points
391:Super
382:Major
376:Minor
227:, for
107:Fields
778:(PDF)
692:(PDF)
448:Works
421:250+
406:7–10
373:Weak
168:, an
887:IMDb
862:2023
826:ISBN
615:ISBN
403:2–6
284:and
256:NOAA
47:Born
894:on
885:at
751:doi
739:105
712:doi
323:by
309:TVC
907::
840:^
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803:^
780:.
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737:.
733:.
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170:F4
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51:(
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