783:
the king kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. At this time most of the regional nobility were closely linked through kinship, and this behaviour towards their relatives was regarded as unacceptable. In the aftermath of these incidents, William de Roches and other of John's regional allies in Anjou and
Brittany deserted him in favour of Philip, and Brittany rose in fresh revolt. John's financial situation was tenuous: once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account, Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John. In 1202–1203 Philip II maintained an army of 3,307 men on the Norman border. It was composed of 257
839:
relief operation was blocked by Philip's forces, and John turned back to
Brittany in an attempt to draw Philip away from eastern Normandy. John successfully devastated much of Brittany, but did not deflect Philip's main thrust into the east of Normandy. Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive. John's situation began to deteriorate rapidly. The eastern border region of Normandy had been extensively cultivated by Philip and his predecessors for several years, whilst Angevin authority in the south had been undermined by Richard's giving away of various key castles some years before. His use of
751:
in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the duke of
Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the duke of Normandy, but as the count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur – with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself – and began a fresh war against John.
816:
689:
720:, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place – as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoulême. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by a sexual desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between
55:
760:
844:
In March 1204, Gaillard fell. John's mother
Eleanor died the following month. This was not just a personal blow for John, but threatened to unravel the widespread Angevin alliances across the far south of France. Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance. By August, Philip had taken Normandy and advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou as well. John's only remaining possession on the Continent was now the
668:, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. Armies of the period could be formed from either feudal or mercenary forces. Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time and proved an inflexible asset; mercenary forces, often called
640:, and hence was Henry II's grandson. Medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided, with Norman law favouring John and Angevin law favouring Arthur; the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned king at Westminster, backed by his mother,
799:
to have Arthur killed (though proof is lacking), to remove his potential rival and of undermining the rebel movement in
Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of
747:, whose own lands currently provided the key route for royal goods and troops across Aquitaine. Rather than negotiating some form of compensation, John treated Hugh "with contempt"; this resulted in a Lusignan uprising that was promptly crushed by John, who also intervened to suppress Raoul in Normandy.
913:
was a "masterpiece of ingenuity"; Ralph Turner terms his performance as a general "capable"; Lewis Warren places the blame on John's inability to inspire loyalty amongst the local nobles, rather than a simple lack of military skill. Frank McLynn is more damning, describing the military aspects of the
782:
John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at
Mirebeau. The king's treatment of his ally, William de Roches, and his new prisoners quickly undermined these gains. Despite de Roches being a powerful Anjou noble, John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst
770:
John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were
750:
Although John was the count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the
Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal to John's own feudal lord, Philip, in respect to decisions John took within his French lands. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris
843:
mercenaries in the central regions had rapidly eaten away his remaining support in this area too, which set the stage for a sudden collapse of
Angevin power. John retreated across the Channel in December, sending orders for the establishment of a fresh defensive line to the west of Chateau Gaillard.
798:
Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope
Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but the Pope's legate was unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he may have decided
838:
was still guarding the eastern flank of
Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully. John's
663:
Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as
803:
suggest that "John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the
1373:
775:, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His turn of speed caught Arthur by surprise and the entire rebel leadership were taken prisoner at the
541:
887:
This interpretation has been challenged by John Gillingham, whose minority view is that Richard, unlike John, successfully defended Normandy with a similar level of military resources.
743:, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interests of the
1368:
864:, the allied forces met those of Philip II. The French used couched lances to slay the Anglo-Flemish-German army's troops down to a formation of mercenary units.
534:
299:
527:
17:
945:"Philippe-Auguste s'empara bientôt de tout le territoire anglais au nord de la Loire et Jean ne conserva qu'une partie de la Guienne et de la Gascogne."
942:
900:
account can be questioned; as Frank McLynn points out, the Welsh monks appear "curiously well-informed" about the details of the incident in France.
292:
441:
285:
779:. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army.
1358:
1276:
214:
812:, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions.
909:
For positive interpretations of John's military skills in the campaign see Kate Norgate, who argues that John's attempt to
680:, could provide much greater military agility and operate all year long, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces.
410:
406:
402:
353:
848:. Philip requested John to release Eleanor of Brittany, claiming that she was to be his daughter-in-law, but to no avail.
348:
343:
323:
1312:
648:, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the
378:
219:
491:
446:
363:
1383:
809:
717:
476:
712:, would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry
637:
471:
1378:
461:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
910:
896:
Although all modern biographers of John believe that he had his rival, Arthur, killed, the details of the
835:
605:
572:
644:. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of
373:
46:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
633:
496:
1363:
1353:
815:
808:." Rumours of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister,
713:
693:
333:
232:
795:
under Cadoc. This army defended the border and was disbanded after Normandy had been conquered.
923:
David Carpenter provides an accessible summary of Power's argument on the collapse of Normandy.
451:
338:
697:
625:
398:
209:
103:
1301:
The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340
641:
621:
368:
171:
328:
8:
867:
Following this decisive defeat, John faced unrest in his kingdom, and was forced to sign
736:
732:
709:
645:
629:
601:
486:
393:
166:
831:
819:
665:
861:
845:
776:
772:
764:
567:
466:
224:
195:
183:
148:
31:
1308:
1272:
857:
597:
309:
143:
132:
127:
122:
624:'s death on 6 April 1199, there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne:
744:
701:
673:
456:
1266:
677:
501:
187:
175:
593:
688:
1327:
481:
383:
669:
519:
1285:
897:
860:
assembled an alliance of states against France, John registered in. In the
800:
649:
506:
1297:
De Krijgskunst in West-Europa in de Middeleeuwen, IXe tot begin XIVe eeuw
868:
823:
792:
740:
54:
763:
John's successful 1202 campaign, which culminated in the victory of the
759:
388:
604:
conquered the Anglo-Angevin territories in Normandy, resulting in the
1129:
Holt (1984), p.94; Turner, p.94; Bradbury (1998), p.159; Moss, p.119.
943:
de l'histoire du moyen age, depuis la chute de l'empire romain d ...
856:
The struggle for Normandy was renewed a decade later. In 1214, when
771:
threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by
277:
788:
589:
80:
735:, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of
731:
Unfortunately, Isabella had already been engaged to be married to
1304:
725:
1207:
Norgate (1902), p.96; Turner, p.98; Warren, p.88; McLynn, p.473.
784:
721:
660:, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two.
653:
609:
1374:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
805:
657:
30:"Normandy Campaigns" redirects here. Not to be confused with
728:, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.
1141:
612:
when the Anglo-Angevin territory was greatly diminished.
628:, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of
1369:
13th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
791:, 133 foot crossbowmen, 2,000 foot sergeants and 300
59:
Phillip II's successful invasion of Normandy in 1204
656:and Philip's forces moving down the valley toward
1303:]. Translated by Willard, S. (2nd ed.).
1325:
608:. The Normandy Campaigns ended in a victory for
600:as well as fighting off rebellions from nobles.
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1158:
1156:
1116:
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1110:
1108:
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1087:
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1083:
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1079:
549:
535:
293:
1170:
1168:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
957:
716:. To remarry, John first needed to abandon
586:Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France
40:Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France
1294:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1103:
1076:
542:
528:
300:
286:
1165:
1045:
1029:
966:
830:In late 1203, John attempted to relieve
814:
758:
687:
1265:Kohn, George Childs (31 October 2013).
188:
176:
14:
1326:
683:
826:, was captured by the French in 1204.
523:
307:
281:
1264:
787:, 267 mounted sergeants, 80 mounted
102:Normandy is formally annexed to the
914:campaign as a "disastrous failure".
676:but actually recruited from across
24:
27:Wars in Normandy from 1202 to 1204
25:
1395:
871:to appease the English nobility.
636:, who held a claim as the son of
1290:The Loss of Normandy (1189-1204)
53:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1132:
1123:
1094:
1067:
1020:
999:Warren, pp.57–8; Barlow, p.280.
917:
903:
890:
881:
18:Normandy campaigns of 1202–1204
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
948:
936:
718:Isabel, Countess of Gloucester
13:
1:
1258:
615:
1359:Military history of Normandy
874:
851:
822:, seen here overlooking the
7:
1234:Carpenter (2004), pp.264–5.
754:
10:
1400:
1295:Verbruggen, J.F. (1997) .
29:
606:Siege of Château Gaillard
563:
319:
263:
241:
157:
113:
63:
52:
44:
39:
1138:Gillingham (1994), p.76.
954:Carpenter (2004), p.264.
930:
911:relieve Château Gaillard
253:Breton army under Arthur
250:French army under Philip
47:First Hundred Years' War
592:from 1202 to 1204. The
827:
767:
705:
158:Commanders and leaders
1384:John, King of England
818:
762:
714:Isabella of Angoulême
694:Isabella of Angoulême
691:
622:Richard the Lionheart
264:Casualties and losses
104:crown lands of France
1026:Huscroft, pp.169–70.
642:Eleanor of Aquitaine
172:Arthur I of Brittany
1379:Philip II of France
733:Hugh IX of Lusignan
710:Treaty of Le Goulet
708:The new peace, the
700:'s second wife, in
684:Treaty of Le Goulet
602:Philip II of France
228:(until August 1202)
167:Philip II of France
1268:Dictionary of Wars
862:Battle of Bouvines
846:Duchy of Aquitaine
836:besieged by Philip
828:
777:Battle of Mirebeau
768:
765:Battle of Mirebeau
706:
634:Arthur of Brittany
225:William des Roches
199:(from August 1202)
196:William des Roches
184:Hugh X of Lusignan
149:Kingdom of England
32:Operation Overlord
1349:Anglo-French wars
1344:Conflicts in 1204
1339:Conflicts in 1203
1334:Conflicts in 1202
1307:: Boydell Press.
1278:978-1-135-95494-9
1243:Turner, pp.102–3.
1100:Turner, pp.100–1.
858:Pope Innocent III
773:William de Roches
598:Kingdom of France
581:
580:
517:
516:
311:Anglo-French Wars
276:
275:
144:Duchy of Normandy
133:House of Lusignan
128:Duchy of Brittany
123:Kingdom of France
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
1391:
1318:
1282:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:Power, pp.135–6.
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1101:
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1092:
1089:
1074:
1073:Turner, pp.98–9.
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1018:
1015:
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921:
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832:Château Gaillard
820:Château Gaillard
702:Fontevraud Abbey
674:Duchy of Brabant
666:Château Gaillard
573:Château Gaillard
558:
554:
553:Anglo-French War
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521:
520:
314:
312:
302:
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65:
64:
57:
37:
36:
21:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1364:1200s in France
1354:1200s in Europe
1324:
1323:
1315:
1279:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
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1224:
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1211:
1206:
1202:
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1178:
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1148:Verbruggen 1997
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1119:
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678:Northern Europe
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556:
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550:
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256:
237:
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220:Hubert de Burgh
215:William Marshal
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137:
98:
84:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1397:
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1346:
1341:
1336:
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1313:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1252:Turner, p.103.
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1198:Turner, p.102.
1176:
1164:
1162:McLynn, p.306.
1152:
1150:, p. 165.
1140:
1131:
1122:
1120:Turner, p.101.
1102:
1093:
1091:Turner, p.100.
1075:
1066:
1044:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
990:Barrett, p.91.
983:
974:
965:
963:Barlow, p.305.
956:
947:
934:
932:
929:
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916:
902:
889:
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756:
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685:
682:
617:
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594:Angevin Empire
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259:Mercenary army
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92:French victory
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1314:0-85115-630-4
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:. Routledge.
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1225:Power, p.135.
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1174:Warren, p.83.
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1080:
1070:
1064:Turner, p.99.
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1042:Turner, p.98.
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1023:
1017:Warren, p.59.
1014:
1008:Warren, p.57.
1005:
996:
987:
981:Warren, p.51.
978:
972:Warren, p.53.
969:
960:
951:
944:
939:
935:
920:
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906:
899:
893:
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859:
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723:
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671:
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647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:were wars in
587:
574:
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562:
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531:
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632:, and young
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114:Belligerents
45:Part of the
869:Magna Carta
834:, although
824:River Seine
793:mercenaries
789:crossbowmen
741:count of Eu
596:fought the
97:Territorial
1328:Categories
1259:References
672:after the
670:Brabançons
616:Background
875:Footnotes
852:Aftermath
745:Lusignans
698:King John
646:Philip II
557:1202–1204
502:1803–1814
497:1793–1802
492:1778–1783
487:1754–1763
482:1746–1763
477:1744–1748
472:1702–1713
467:1689–1697
462:1689–1815
452:1666–1667
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437:1557–1559
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427:1522–1526
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417:1496–1498
411:1415–1453
407:1369–1389
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399:1337–1453
389:1294–1303
384:1242–1243
369:1215–1217
364:1213–1214
359:1202–1204
354:1199–1200
349:1197–1199
344:1193–1196
334:1173–1174
329:1116–1120
324:1109–1113
210:King John
71:1202–1204
755:Campaign
652:towards
638:Geoffrey
630:Henry II
590:Normandy
568:Mirebeau
242:Strength
83:, France
81:Normandy
76:Location
1305:Suffolk
841:routier
810:Eleanor
785:knights
726:Gascony
272:Unknown
269:Unknown
186: (
174: (
99:changes
1311:
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739:, the
722:Poitou
654:Angers
620:After
610:France
89:Result
1299:[
931:Notes
806:Seine
737:Raoul
658:Tours
1309:ISBN
1273:ISBN
724:and
626:John
584:The
507:1815
457:1678
394:1324
379:1230
374:1224
339:1189
68:Date
189:POW
177:POW
1330::
1288:,
1179:^
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401:(
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20:)
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