33:
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Gxarha's outlet, and spoke with
Nongqawuse and Mhlakaza. When he returned, he announced that the New World would begin in eight days. On the eighth day the sun would rise, blood-red, and before setting again, there would be a huge thunderstorm, after which "the dead would arise". During the next eight days the cattle-killing climaxed. These prophecies also failed to come true.
232:", possibly introduced by European cattle. Mhlakaza did not believe her at first but when Nongqawuse described one of the men, Mhlakaza (himself a diviner) recognised the description as that of his dead brother, and became convinced she was telling the truth. Mhlakaza repeated the prophecy to Sarili. The cattle-killing frenzy affected not only the
251:
Nongqawuse predicted that the ancestors' promise would be fulfilled on
February 18, 1857, when the sun would become red. After the failure of Nongqawuse's prophecy, her followers initially blamed those who had not obeyed her instructions. They later turned against her. Chief Sarili visited the River
183:
of South Africa. When she returned, Nongqawuse told
Mhlakaza that she had met the spirits of two of her ancestors. She claimed that the spirits had told her that the Xhosa people should destroy their crops and kill their cattle, the source of their wealth as well as food. Nongqawuse claimed that the
169:
Mhlakaza was a religious man, a Xhosa spiritualist, who left
Xhosaland after his mother's death and spent time in the Cape Colony, where he became familiar with Christianity. He returned to Xhosaland in 1853. Mhlakazi was to have a major influence in Nongqawuse's life, acting as an interpreter and
146:
in
Eastern Cape South Africa. She was Xhosa. Little is known of Nongqawuse's parents, as they died when she was young. According to historian Jeffrey B. Peires, Nongqawuse stated in a deposition that "Mhlakaza was my uncle ... my father's name Umhlanhla of the Kreli tribe. He died when I was
271:, and have their portrait taken by a photographer. This is the widely circulated image of Nongqawuse that most people are familiar with. After her release, she lived on a farm in the Alexandria district of the eastern Cape. She died in 1898.
178:
In April 1856, 15-year-old
Nongqawuse and her friend Nombanda, who was between the ages of 8 and 10, went to scare birds from her uncle's crops in the fields by the sea at the mouth of the River Gxarha in the present day
243:(stingy ones), refused to slaughter and neglect their crops, and this refusal was used by Nongqawuse to rationalize the failure of the prophecies during a period of fifteen months (April 1856 – June 1857).
119:
90:
162:. During this period, Xhosa lands were being encroached upon by European settlers. The orphaned Nongqawuse was raised by her uncle Mhlakaza, who was the son of a councillor of Xhosa King
255:
The practices ended by early 1858. By then, approximately 40,000 people had starved to death and more than 400,000 cattle had been slaughtered. The population of
610:
720:
564:
Bradford, Helen (1996). "Women, Gender and
Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and its Frontier Zones, c. 1806–70".
139:
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In return, the spirits would sweep all
European settlers into the sea. The Xhosa people would be able to replenish the granaries and fill the
236:, Sarili's clan, but the whole of the Xhosa nation. Historians estimate that the Gcaleka killed between 300,000 and 400,000 head of cattle.
268:
780:
263:
gave
Nongqawuse to Major Gawler and she stayed at his home for a period. One day, Mrs. Gawler decided to dress her, along with the
790:
675:
Stapleton, Timothy J. (1991). "'They No Longer Care for Their Chiefs': Another Look at the Xhosa Cattle-Killing of 1856-1857".
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229:
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310:, a millennialist philosophy that called for a return to a pre-colonial era among Native Americans in the
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Nongqawuse is believed to have been quite conscious and aware of the tensions between the Xhosa and the
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760:
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472:
Making Empire: Colonial
Encounters and the Creation of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-Century Africa
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All living cattle would have to be slaughtered, having been reared by contaminated hands.
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in independent Xhosaland but close to the border of the recently established colony of
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decreased from 105,000 to fewer than 27,000 due to the resulting famine. The chief of
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Not all Xhosa people believed Nongqawuse's prophecies. A small minority, known as the
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The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856–7
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Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People
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577:
497:
Ashforth, Adam (1991). "The Xhosa Cattle Killing and the Politics of Memory".
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The valley where Nongqawuse alleged to have met the spirits is still called
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123:
111:
642:
Gqob, William W. "IX: The Tale Of Nongqawuse". In Dr. A.C. Jordan (ed.).
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159:
50:
32:
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428:
Examination of Nonqause before the Chief Commissioner of April 9, 1858,
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611:"Ingxoxo Enkulu NgoNongqawuse (A Great Debate about Nongqawuse's Era)"
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The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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During this time many Xhosa herds were plagued with "
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People must abandon witchcraft, incest, and adultery.
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Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine of 1856–1857
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572:(3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 351–370.
343:"Nongqawuse - The Xhosa Cattle Killings of 1856"
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203:New cattle enclosures would have to be erected.
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474:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
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209:Doors would have to be weaved with buka roots.
147:young." Nongqawuse’s parents died during the
37:Nongqawuse (right) with fellow prophet Nonkosi
120:Xhosa cattle-killing and famine of 1856–1857
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314:, inspired allegedly by a prophetic dream.
220:with more beautiful and healthier cattle.
31:
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609:Bradford, Helen; Qotole, Msokoli (2008).
184:ancestors who had appeared to them said:
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114:prophet. Her prophecies resulted in a
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206:New milk sacks would have to be made.
138:Nongqawuse was born in 1841 near the
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430:British Kaffraria Government Gazette
278:(Xhosa for "Valley of Nongqawuse").
13:
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200:New houses would have to be built.
14:
807:
714:
737: (archived October 22, 2012)
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781:South African religious leaders
731:Nongqawuse - Prophetess of Doom
197:New grain would have to be dug.
153:Eighth Frontier War (1850–1853)
791:19th-century religious leaders
566:The Journal of African History
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1:
727: (archived March 4, 2016)
645:Towards An African Literature
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409:South African History Online
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16:Xhosa prophet (c. 1841–1898)
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534:Peires, Jeffrey B. (1989).
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10:
812:
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450:"The Xhosa Cattle Killing"
170:organiser of her visions.
721:Cattle-Killings (1856-57)
706:A History of South Africa
578:10.1017/s0021853700035519
312:West of the United States
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771:Inmates of Robben Island
766:Female religious leaders
194:Cultivation would cease.
110:; c. 1841 – 1898) was a
118:that culminated in the
704:Welsh, Frank (2000).
276:Intlambo kaNongqawuse
188:The dead would arise.
107:[noᵑǃʱawuːse]
656:Mostert, N. (1992).
303:The Heart of Redness
224:Obeying the prophecy
174:Spiritual experience
103:Xhosa pronunciation:
434:Grahamstown Journal
370:, pp. 581–592.
71:Gxarha, Cape Colony
796:Cape Colony people
511:10.1007/BF01114479
499:Sociological Forum
295:, Xhosa prophetess
116:millenarian belief
761:Cape Colony women
480:978-0-521-88968-1
452:. Siyabona Africa
257:British Kaffraria
181:Wild Coast region
151:campaigns of the
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405:"Nongqawuse"
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660:. Pimlico.
414:20 November
383:Peires 1989
353:20 November
308:Ghost Dance
267:prophetess
160:Cape Colony
51:Cape Colony
745:Categories
547:0253205247
319:References
241:amagogotya
149:Waterkloof
134:Early life
99:Nongqawuse
77:Occupation
25:Nongqawuse
627:2309-9585
602:245927707
586:0021-8537
540:. Ravan.
527:143085706
324:Citations
301:'s novel
299:Zakes Mda
247:Aftermath
776:Prophets
635:41056603
293:Nontetha
282:See also
49:Gxarha,
733:at the
723:at the
490:Sources
456:24 July
269:Nonkosi
261:Bomvana
234:Gcaleka
81:Prophet
56:Centane
54:(today
46:c. 1841
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218:kraals
693:JSTOR
649:(PDF)
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598:S2CID
590:JSTOR
523:S2CID
515:JSTOR
112:Xhosa
662:ISBN
623:ISSN
582:ISSN
542:ISBN
476:ISBN
458:2017
416:2019
355:2019
68:1898
65:Died
43:Born
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
