448:, then of the University of Illinois, in a law review article published in the Harvard Law Review, which consisted of two chapters of the book that they would publish the following year. The Keeton-O'Connell plan provided that all automobile owners would be required to purchase a new form of insurance, called "basic protection coverage," under which a victim has recourse for his net economic loss against the insurer of his own car, his host's car or, if the victim is a pedestrian, any car involved. Fault is not required to be shown except for of damages in excess of $ 10,000 for bodily injury, the deductible of $ 100 for bodily injury and property damage. Recoverable loss under this type of policy does not include pain and suffering and is reduced by damages recovered from other sources. The proposal generated immense discussion in legal and insurance publications with some concluding it was too "revolutionary."
544:– policyholders are permitted to choose between traditional tort and no-fault recovery regimes. Under such systems, known as "choice" or "optional" no-fault, policyholders must select between "full tort” and "limited tort" (no-fault) options at the time the policy is written or renewed; once the policy terms are set forth an insured party may not change his/her mind without rewriting the policy. In both Kentucky and New Jersey, policyholders who do not make an affirmative choice in favor of either full tort or limited tort are assigned the no-fault option, while in Pennsylvania the full-tort option is the default. In states where there is a choice of coverage, most consumers choose traditional tort regimes because the cost of the no-fault regime is more expensive.
580:
retroactively. In 2019, a group of stakeholders filed a lawsuit, arguing that the 2019 no-fault law's fee schedule should not be applied retroactively. Attorneys have argued that the failure to include a "grandfather clause" in the 2019 law “punishes car accident victims and medical providers by leaving them subject to restrictions they never agreed to such as coverage limitations and a medical fee schedule whose reductions on reimbursement rates will deny them access to necessary medical care and treatment.” As of
January, 2023, the case was currently pending before the Michigan Supreme Court.
168:
431:
subtle handicaps find it difficult to seek recovery under no-fault. Another criticism is that some no-fault jurisdictions have among the highest automobile-insurance premiums in the country, but this may be more a matter of effect than cause: the financial savings from no-fault may simply make it more popular in areas with higher automobile-collision risk, or high insurance rates may cause more drivers to go uninsured, increasing the attraction of a no-fault system.
352:
66:
25:
231:
455:, a 1960 graduate of Harvard Law School, introduced a modified version of the Keeton-O'Connell plan in the Massachusetts legislature. The scheme was adopted in 1970. The law was challenged in court for claimed violations of numerous state and federal constitutional provisions. The scheme was defended by the state attorney general and also Harvard Law School professors
576:
reforms reduced compensation to some caregivers, which made it difficult for some catastrophically injured crash victims to access care from their auto insurance policy. Health insurance also covers the care of crash victims if auto insurance is either not existent or doesn't have enough coverage to pay claims.
575:
The goal of the no-fault changes was to lower premiums for drivers and, thus, make car insurance more affordable. However, Michigan’s average annual auto insurance rates are still the highest in the country - and
Detroit has the highest rates of any city in the U.S. Additionally, Michigan's no-fault
430:
Critics of no-fault argue that dangerous drivers not paying for the damage they cause encourages risky behavior, with only raised premiums and a higher risk rating as the potential consequence, and no jury awards or legal settlements. Detractors of no-fault also point out that legitimate victims with
439:
The number of traffic collisions causing fatalities and debilitating injuries had become by the mid-1960s the source of a litigation explosion that was "straining (and in some areas overwhelming) the judicial machinery." Much legal thinking in academia was devoted to the question of whether the tort
567:
Michigan's no-fault system is relatively uncommon. Before 2019, drivers had to purchase personal injury protection insurance that included unlimited, lifetime medical coverage. While this system protected people with catastrophic injuries, many consumers complained about the high insurance premiums
523:
threshold that states what categories of injuries are considered sufficiently serious to permit a tort (e.g., death, or permanent disability or disfigurement). The advantage of the verbal threshold is that it removes any incentive to inflate damage amounts artificially to meet some preset monetary
515:
threshold that sets a specific dollar (or other currency) amount that must be spent on medical bills before a tort is allowed. Disadvantages of this threshold are: (1) that it can encourage insured parties (and their medical providers) to exaggerate medical costs through over-utilization, and (2)
426:
insulates reckless or negligent drivers from financial disincentives of litigation; also, uninsured motorists often can't and won't end up paying for their liability, so in regions with many uninsured motorists, no-fault systems may make more sense; furthermore, traditional insurance is regressive
571:
In 2019, the
Michigan Legislature changed the state’s no-fault auto insurance law so that drivers will no longer be required to purchase unlimited medical coverage. Instead, under the PIP Choice system that was enacted, drivers have the choice of selecting medical coverage with limits of $ 50,000
417:
No-fault systems generally exempt individuals from the usual liability for causing bodily injury if they do so in a car collision; when individuals purchase "liability" insurance under those regimes, the insurance covers bodily injury to the insured party and their passengers in a car collision,
326:
and their passengers are reimbursed by the policyholder's own insurance company without proof of fault, and are restricted in their right to seek recovery through the civil-justice system for losses caused by other parties. No-fault insurance has the goal of lowering premium costs by avoiding
506:
published a study which found that costs were higher in no-fault systems. In the case of economic (medical and wage-loss) damages, most no-fault systems permit injured parties to seek recovery only for damages that are not covered by available first-party insurance benefits. In the case of
579:
In addition to loosening its coverage rules and changing compensation for caregivers, the 2019 laws also made widespread changes to medical reimbursement rates, commonly referred to as the "fee schedules." The law did not expressly address whether the new few schedules should be applied
528:
In terms of damages to vehicles and their contents, those claims are still based on fault. No-fault systems focus solely on issues of compensation for bodily injury, and such policies pay the medical bills for drivers and their companions no matter whose fault the collision was.
1555:
418:
regardless of which party would be liable under ordinary legal tort rules. Some no-fault systems often grant "set" or "fixed" compensation for certain injuries regardless of the unique aspects of the injury or the injured party, but this is not universally true.
440:
system should be replaced with another method of allocating risks of loss from collisions. Empirical analyses were published showing the financial impact of automobile collisions. The first comprehensive legislative proposal was put forward by
Professors
469:
brief. The
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts overruled the objections in a unanimous decision. The decision opened the way for widespread adoption of no-fault automobile insurance schemes, a development that was encouraged by the federal
421:
Proponents of no-fault insurance argue that automobile collisions are inevitable and that at-fault drivers are not necessarily higher risk and should not necessarily be punished; moreover, they note that the presence of
507:
non-economic (pain-and-suffering) damages, most no-fault systems permit injured parties to seek compensation only in cases of exceptionally "serious" injury, which can be defined in either of two ways:
427:
because drivers of inexpensive cars are liable for damage to any car, no matter its value, even though they themselves add only a small amount of liability to the pool with their less valuable cars.
338:
funds typically are run as no-fault systems. This is supposed to simplify the injured worker's claim, since they do not need to prove that someone's negligence caused their illness or injuries.
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524:
loss figure. The primary disadvantage is that seriously injured claimants may be barred from compensation where their injury does not match their state's threshold definition language.
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require policyholders to operate under a "no-fault" scheme in which individuals injured in automobile collisions are limited in their ability to seek recovery from other drivers or
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1279:"Andary v. USAA Michigan Court of Appeals ruling: No-Fault changes do not apply retroactively (Updated with New DIFS Bulletin issued on 10/5/2022)"
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owners involved in a collision. An additional 8 states have an "add-on" system in which the insured party retains the right to sue. In 2012,
490:" liability system for auto insurance in which recovery is governed by principles of provable negligence. However, twelve U.S. states and the
1153:
572:(for drivers on Medicaid), $ 250,000, $ 500,000 and unlimited. Drivers on Medicare may be eligible to forgo all No-Fault medical coverage.
547:
24 states originally enacted no-fault laws in some form between 1970 and 1975; several of them have repealed their no-fault laws over time.
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1991:
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102:
318:. The term "no-fault" is most commonly used in the United States, Australia, and Canada when referring to state or provincial
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83:
38:
1801:
Randall R. Bovbjerg & Frank A. Sloan, No-Fault For
Medical Injury: Theory and Evidence, 67 U. Cin. L. Rev. 53 (1998)
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on 1 October 2007, but the
Florida legislature passed a new no-fault law which took effect 1 January 2008.
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2006:
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that, unless indexed, it can become ineffective over time because of inflationary effects on medical costs.
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2001:
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1530:"65B.51 DEDUCTION OF COLLATERAL BENEFITS FROM TORT RECOVERY; LIMITATION ON RIGHT TO RECOVER DAMAGES"
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1945:
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over the causes of the collision, while providing quick payments for injuries or loss of property.
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44:
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However, there are other forms of no-fault insurance. For example, in the United States, most
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for losses, regardless of the source of the cause of loss. In this sense, it is similar to
1201:"Michigan average car insurance rates drop significantly, but still among highest in U.S."
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Right-to-sue part of SGI's no-fault plan: Ehrkamp, Andrew. Star - Phoenix 29 May 2002
1045:
Basic
Protection for the Traffic Victim: A Blueprint for Reforming Automobile Insurance
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829:"The Tort System and Automobile Claims: Evaluating the Keeton-O'Connell Proposal"
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1996:
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1377:"627.737 - Tort exemption; limitation on right to damages; punitive damages"
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1556:"17:28-1.9. - Immunity from liability for certain auto insurance providers"
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1225:"Insurance companies In Michigan have slashed catastrophic care coverage"
495:
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1250:"The Andary Case: Civil Justice for Some of Michigan's Most Vulnerable"
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994:"Basic Protection—A Proposal for Improving Automobile Claims Systems"
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1154:"How Michigan's auto insurance premiums became the nation's highest"
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1694:. Regina: Saskatchewan Government Insurance. 2014. pp. 2, 21.
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2026:
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1405:. State of Hawaii, Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
2686:
1804:
1072:"No Fault Auto Insurance Faces Constitutionality Test Today"
2381:
803:"Basic Concepts & Objectives of Workman's Compensation"
713:
487:
665:(only for bodily injury suffered in automobile collisions)
874:"Some Thoughts on Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts"
991:
Keeton, Robert E.; O'Connell, Jeffrey (December 1964).
1707:"Utah No-Fault Auto Insurance Laws & Regulations"
1704:
1042:
990:
584:
US states and
Canadian provinces with no-fault laws
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1766:. Insurance Bureau of Canada. 2014. Archived from
1636:. Insurance Bureau of Canada. 2014. Archived from
1457:. State of Kentucky, Department of Insurance. 2010
1331:. Insurance Bureau of Canada. 2014. Archived from
1300:"ELLEN M ANDARY V USAA CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY"
1070:
992:
932:
872:
827:
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931:Morris, Clarence; Paul, James C. N. (May 1962).
1140:What Happened to No-Fault Automobile Insurance?
1179:Department of Insurance and Financial Services
1043:Keeton, Robert E.; O'Connell, Jeffrey (1965).
1820:
1792:Jost, K. (1992, May 22). Too many lawsuits?.
1658:
1601:
175:The examples and perspective in this article
477:
1661:"North Dakota No-Fault Auto Insurance Laws"
451:In 1967 Massachusetts state representative
380:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1827:
1813:
1604:"Pennsylvania No-Fault Car Insurance Laws"
1175:"Information on Purchasing Auto Insurance"
1116:
1114:
934:"Financial Impact of Automobile Accidents"
930:
412:
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1420:
1151:
870:
821:
819:
780:Press Release - Choices in Auto Insurance
400:Learn how and when to remove this message
286:Learn how and when to remove this message
268:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1257:Michigan Association for Justice Journal
825:
1597:
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1524:
1522:
1520:
1430:. State of Kansas, Insurance Department
1428:"Filing a Motor Vehicle Accident Claim"
1276:
1111:
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1560:New Jersey Permanent Statutes Database
1417:
1064:
1062:
816:
551:repealed its no-fault system in 2003.
1808:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1403:"Motor Vehicle Insurance Information"
1108:, 360 Mass. 1, 271 N.E.2d 592 (1971).
939:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1592:
1517:
1501:"DIFS - Auto Insurance No-Fault FAQ"
1152:Livengood, Chad (October 24, 2017).
1068:
378:adding citations to reliable sources
345:
224:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1679:
1477:"Michigan's New Auto Insurance Law"
1277:Gursten, Steven (August 25, 2022).
1059:
826:Marryott, Franklin J. (July 1966).
777:Saskatchewan Government Insurance,
13:
1866:Accidental death and dismemberment
1442:
1247:
800:
240:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2835:
1353:
771:
754:Accident Compensation Corporation
34:This article has multiple issues.
1992:Directors and officers liability
1787:Insurance Information Institute
834:American Bar Association Journal
350:
250:guide to writing better articles
229:
166:
64:
23:
1752:
1743:
1733:"Choice no fault in New Jersey"
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1698:
1688:Your Guide to No Fault Coverage
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1121:Is no-fault insurance finished?
871:Calabresi, Guido (March 1961).
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1036:
984:
916:
856:
794:
341:
1:
1834:
1705:Ryskamp, Dani Alexis (2014).
787:
760:Transport Accident Commission
568:associated with this system.
2759:Savings and loan association
1764:Car Insurance Where You Live
1634:Car Insurance Where You Live
1329:Car Insurance Where You Live
472:Department of Transportation
310:is indemnified by their own
7:
2192:Insurance-linked securities
1562:. State of New Jersey. 2014
747:
562:
486:states have a "traditional
189:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2840:
1881:Total permanent disability
1536:. State of Minnesota. 2013
1069:Ward, Greg (May 6, 1971).
444:of Harvard Law School and
434:
2784:
2636:
2621:Health insurance coverage
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2345:
2174:
2116:
2045:
1964:
1916:
1886:Business overhead expense
1851:
1842:
1582:"Ontario No fault system"
1047:. Boston: Little, Brown.
478:Overview in United States
306:contract under which the
2022:Protection and indemnity
1711:AllAboutCarAccidents.com
1665:AllAboutCarAccidents.com
1608:AllAboutCarAccidents.com
1138:Anderson et al. (2012).
2479:Explanation of benefits
1951:Variable universal life
1534:2013 Minnesota Statutes
670:Quantitative threshold
532:In three U.S. states –
413:Motor Vehicle Insurance
298:In its broadest sense,
16:Insurance contract type
2616:Health insurance costs
2017:Professional liability
1659:Goguen, David (2014).
1602:Goguen, David (2014).
762:in Victoria, Australia
599:Qualitative threshold
2472:Out-of-pocket expense
2333:Workers' compensation
1987:Collateral protection
1977:Business interruption
1381:2013 Florida Statutes
336:workers' compensation
2695:Corpus Juris Civilis
374:improve this section
320:automobile insurance
316:first-party coverage
195:create a new article
187:improve this article
177:may not represent a
99:"No-fault insurance"
84:improve this article
2754:Rochdale Principles
2749:Mutual savings bank
2744:Mutual organization
2729:Cooperative banking
2646:Mesopotamian banker
1926:Longevity insurance
1181:. State of Michigan
1142:. RAND Corporation.
999:Harvard Law Journal
555:'s no-fault system
424:liability insurance
2824:Types of insurance
2506:Insurable interest
2007:Payment protection
1908:Payment protection
1640:on 23 October 2007
1383:. State of Florida
1356:"Delaware PIP Law"
1126:2013-04-20 at the
1077:Harvard Law Record
766:No-fault liability
716:($ 3000 Threshold)
700:($ 2500 Threshold)
694:($ 4000 Threshold)
688:($ 2000 Threshold)
682:($ 1000 Threshold)
676:($ 2000 Threshold)
300:no-fault insurance
2806:
2805:
2651:Code of Hammurabi
2626:Vehicle insurance
2521:Replacement value
2413:Actual cash value
2377:Adverse selection
2367:Actuarial science
2341:
2340:
2273:Kidnap and ransom
2246:Extended warranty
1893:Income protection
1770:on 6 October 2014
1106:Pinnick v. Cleary
710:90,000 threshold)
446:Jeffrey O'Connell
410:
409:
402:
312:insurance company
296:
295:
288:
278:
277:
270:
244:used on Knowledge
242:encyclopedic tone
223:
222:
215:
197:, as appropriate.
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
2831:
2764:Social insurance
2719:Friendly society
2611:Health insurance
2439:Short rate table
2187:Catastrophe bond
2088:Lenders mortgage
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1588:. June 10, 2024.
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1481:www.michigan.gov
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1455:"No Fault (PIP)"
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1248:Kissel, Lauren.
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879:Yale Law Journal
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854:
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845:
840:(7): 639–43, 639
831:
823:
814:
813:
811:
809:
801:Larson, Arthur.
798:
721:Choice no-fault
504:RAND Corporation
442:Robert E. Keeton
405:
398:
394:
391:
385:
354:
346:
291:
284:
273:
266:
262:
259:
253:
252:for suggestions.
248:See Knowledge's
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2780:
2776:Insurance cycle
2739:Fraternal order
2632:
2563:
2557:
2516:Proximate cause
2511:Insurance fraud
2491:General average
2450:Claims adjuster
2392:Risk management
2387:Risk assessment
2351:
2348:
2337:
2303:Prize indemnity
2170:
2118:
2112:
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2002:Over-redemption
1960:
1912:
1903:National health
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1744:
1739:. July 2, 2024.
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1024:September 13,
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1005:(2): 329–84.
1004:
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979:
972:September 13,
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945:(7): 913–33.
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904:September 13,
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:(4): 499–53.
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844:September 13,
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466:amicus curiae
462:
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457:Archibald Cox
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390:February 2020
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359:This section
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322:laws where a
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308:insured party
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73:This article
71:
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56:
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47:
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41:
40:
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30:
21:
20:
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2734:Credit union
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2546:Underwriting
2501:Insurability
2483:
2462:Co-insurance
2432:
2428:Cancellation
2287:
2219:Catastrophic
2204:Climate risk
2032:Trade credit
1798:, 2, 433-456
1793:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1633:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1607:
1585:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1533:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1432:. Retrieved
1407:. Retrieved
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1363:Delaware Gov
1362:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1328:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1206:. 2021-02-08
1203:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1147:
1134:
1101:
1091:– via
1085:. Retrieved
1080:
1076:
1044:
1038:
1028:– via
1022:. Retrieved
1002:
998:
986:
976:– via
970:. Retrieved
942:
938:
926:
922:
918:
908:– via
902:. Retrieved
882:
878:
866:
862:
858:
848:– via
842:. Retrieved
837:
833:
806:. Retrieved
796:
778:
740:Saskatchewan
735:Pennsylvania
704:Saskatchewan
698:North Dakota
658:Pennsylvania
648:North Dakota
578:
574:
570:
566:
546:
542:Pennsylvania
531:
527:
520:
512:
492:Commonwealth
481:
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450:
438:
429:
420:
416:
396:
387:
372:Please help
360:
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324:policyholder
299:
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209:
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176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2769:Trade union
2724:Cooperative
2397:Uncertainty
2256:Index-based
2224:Multi-peril
2182:Reinsurance
2141:Public auto
2046:Residential
1586:Thinkinsure
1309:January 31,
1284:January 31,
1262:January 31,
1159:January 31,
808:January 31,
496:Puerto Rico
342:Description
2813:Categories
2564:by country
2562:Insurance
2536:Total loss
2457:Deductible
2418:Cash value
2362:Act of God
2347:Insurance
2261:Parametric
2241:Expatriate
2117:Transport/
2083:Landlords'
2068:Earthquake
1956:Whole life
1876:Disability
1510:2021-03-19
1486:2021-03-19
1325:"Manitoba"
1234:2022-08-24
1210:2021-03-19
1093:HeinOnline
1030:HeinOnline
978:HeinOnline
910:HeinOnline
850:HeinOnline
788:References
730:New Jersey
638:New Jersey
538:New Jersey
329:litigation
327:expensive
258:March 2020
203:March 2020
140:March 2020
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2710:Syndicate
2676:Collegium
2571:Australia
2526:Risk pool
2496:Indemnity
2467:Copayment
2401:Knightian
2313:Terrorism
2283:Liability
2151:Satellite
2012:Pollution
1936:Term life
1845:insurance
1843:Types of
1836:Insurance
967:152323393
692:Minnesota
633:Minnesota
557:sunsetted
361:does not
304:insurance
191:talk page
45:talk page
2790:Category
2668:§275–277
2586:Pakistan
2434:Pro rata
2323:War risk
2288:No-fault
2199:Casualty
2156:Shipping
2126:Aviation
2103:Renters'
2098:Property
2093:Mortgage
2063:Contents
2037:Umbrella
1997:Fidelity
1965:Business
1861:Accident
1630:"Quebec"
1185:29 April
1124:Archived
1053:65028434
748:See also
725:Kentucky
680:Kentucky
643:New York
628:Michigan
623:Kentucky
603:Delaware
593:Manitoba
563:Michigan
549:Colorado
534:Kentucky
513:monetary
185:You may
2715:Benefit
2702:Digesta
2638:History
2372:Actuary
2328:Weather
2318:Tuition
2308:Takaful
2236:Deposit
2166:Vehicle
1774:21 June
1717:21 June
1671:21 June
1644:21 June
1614:21 June
1566:21 June
1540:21 June
1461:21 June
1434:21 June
1409:21 June
1387:21 June
1339:21 June
1229:NPR.org
1019:1339098
959:3310776
653:Ontario
608:Florida
553:Florida
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