Insurance - Knowledge

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low value. Risk retention can be either active or passive. Active risk retention refers to the situation where an individual recognises the risk and deliberately elects to retain all or part of that risk. This may be achieved by a firm or individual electing to carry the first $ 500 of any loss as a policy excess (or deductible). An excess (or deductible) is a provision in the policy whereby a specified amount is deducted from the loss payment otherwise payable to the insured. Alternatively, the risk manager may decide to self-insure the entire risk thereby saving what they would have paid as an insurance premium. Active risk retention is used because a policy excess will eliminate small policy claims and the administrative expense of adjusting these claims resulting in reduced premiums. It is also used where insurance is either unavailable or too expensive.

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insurance is subject to a deductible and obligates the insurer to defend the insured against lawsuits, which is normally accomplished by assigning counsel to defend the insured. In many instances, a commercial insured may elect to self-insure. Above the primary insurance or self-insured retention, the insured may have one or more layers of excess insurance to provide coverage additional limits of indemnity protection. There are a variety of types of excess insurance, including "stand-alone" excess policies (policies that contain their own terms, conditions, and exclusions), "follow form" excess insurance (policies that follow the terms of the underlying policy except as specifically provided), and "umbrella" insurance policies (excess insurance that in some circumstances could provide coverage that is broader than the underlying insurance).

2530:. Such pools begin their operations by capitalization through member deposits or bond issuance. Coverage (such as general liability, auto liability, professional liability, workers compensation, and property) is offered by the pool to its members, similar to coverage offered by insurance companies. However, self-insured pools offer members lower rates (due to not needing insurance brokers), increased benefits (such as loss prevention services) and subject matter expertise. Of approximately 91,000 distinct governmental entities operating in the United States, 75,000 are members of self-insured pools in various lines of coverage, forming approximately 500 pools. Although a relatively small corner of the insurance market, the annual contributions (self-insured premiums) to such pools have been estimated up to 17 billion dollars annually. 1945: 2409:(active risk retention) is the deliberate decision to pay for otherwise insurable losses out of one's own money. This can be done on a formal basis by establishing a separate fund into which funds are deposited on a periodic basis, or by simply forgoing the purchase of available insurance and paying out-of-pocket. Self-insurance is usually used to pay for high-frequency, low-severity losses. Such losses, if covered by conventional insurance, mean having to pay a premium that includes loadings for the company's general expenses, cost of putting the policy on the books, acquisition expenses, premium taxes, and contingencies. While this is true for all insurance, for small, frequent losses the transaction costs may exceed the benefit of volatility reduction that insurance otherwise affords. 341: 2769:

self-insurance vehicle. Captives may take the form of a "pure" entity, which is a 100% subsidiary of the self-insured parent company; of a "mutual" captive, which insures the collective risks of members of an industry; and of an "association" captive, which self-insures individual risks of the members of a professional, commercial or industrial association. Captives represent commercial, economic and tax advantages to their sponsors because of the reductions in costs they help create and for the ease of insurance risk management and the flexibility for cash flows they generate. Additionally, they may provide coverage of risks which is neither available nor offered in the traditional insurance market at reasonable prices.

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Thus, "discrimination" against (i.e., negative differential treatment of) potential insureds in the risk evaluation and premium-setting process is a necessary by-product of the fundamentals of insurance underwriting. For instance, insurers charge older people significantly higher premiums than they charge younger people for term life insurance. Older people are thus treated differently from younger people (i.e., a distinction is made, discrimination occurs). The rationale for the differential treatment goes to the heart of the risk a life insurer takes: older people are likely to die sooner than young people, so the risk of loss (the insured's death) is greater in any given period of time and therefore the

81: 1969:, also commonly called hazard insurance or homeowners insurance (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as HOI), provides coverage for damage or destruction of the policyholder's home. In some geographical areas, the policy may exclude certain types of risks, such as flood or earthquake, that require additional coverage. Maintenance-related issues are typically the homeowner's responsibility. The policy may include inventory, or this can be bought as a separate policy, especially for people who rent housing. In some countries, insurers offer a package which may include liability and legal responsibility for injuries and property damage caused by members of the household, including pets. 2050:

someone who slips and falls on the property; automobile insurance also includes an aspect of liability insurance that indemnifies against the harm that a crashing car can cause to others' lives, health, or property. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is twofold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder and indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Liability policies typically cover only the negligence of the insured, and will not apply to results of wilful or intentional acts by the insured.

2997: 2641: 1856: 1148: 1986:, and of cargo in transit, regardless of the method of transit. When the owner of the cargo and the carrier are separate corporations, marine cargo insurance typically compensates the owner of cargo for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier or the carrier's insurance. Many marine insurance underwriters will include "time element" coverage in such policies, which extends the indemnity to cover loss of profit and other business expenses attributable to the delay caused by a covered loss. 2862:, the global insurance market wrote $ 6.782 trillion in direct premiums in 2022. ("Direct premiums" means premiums written directly by insurers before accounting for ceding of risk to reinsurers.) As usual, the United States was the country with the largest insurance market with $ 2.959 trillion (43.6%) of direct premiums written, with the People's Republic of China coming in second at only $ 697 billion (10.3%), Japan coming in third at $ 337 billion (5.0%), and the United Kingdom coming in fourth at $ 363 billion (5.4%). However, the 2054: 1325: 1801: 2244:(DBA) insurance provides coverage for civilian workers hired by the government to perform contracts outside the United States and Canada. DBA is required for all U.S. citizens, U.S. residents, U.S. Green Card holders, and all employees or subcontractors hired on overseas government contracts. Depending on the country, foreign nationals must also be covered under DBA. This coverage typically includes expenses related to medical treatment and loss of wages, as well as disability and death benefits. 696: 947:– the insured typically must directly suffer from the loss. Insurable interest must exist whether property insurance or insurance on a person is involved. The concept requires that the insured have a "stake" in the loss or damage to the life or property insured. What that "stake" is will be determined by the kind of insurance involved and the nature of the property ownership or relationship between the persons. The requirement of an insurable interest is what distinguishes insurance from 2212: 1520: 11821: 2007: 1112:

discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could encourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had historically not aggressively pursued loss control measures—particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes—because of concerns over rate reductions and legal battles. However, since about 1996 insurers have begun to take a more active role in loss mitigation, such as through

3156: 1540: 11845: 2544: 7428: 1351:. Incoming claims are classified based on severity and are assigned to adjusters, whose settlement authority varies with their knowledge and experience. An adjuster undertakes an investigation of each claim, usually in close cooperation with the insured, determines if coverage is available under the terms of the insurance contract (and if so, the reasonable monetary value of the claim), and authorizes payment. 278:. The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which the insured has an 11833: 2402:

plan, the current year's premium is based partially (or wholly) on the current year's losses, although the premium adjustments may take months or years beyond the current year's expiration date. The rating formula is guaranteed in the insurance contract. Formula: retrospective premium = converted loss + basic premium × tax multiplier. Numerous variations of this formula have been developed and are in use.

801:(GFIA), which was formally founded in 2012 to aim to increase insurance industry effectiveness in providing input to international regulatory bodies and to contribute more effectively to the international dialogue on issues of common interest. It consists of its 40 member associations and 1 observer association in 67 countries, which companies account for around 89% of total insurance premiums worldwide. 1454: 3027:

compensation comes in the form of a commission as a percentage of the insurance premium, creating a conflict of interest in that the broker's financial interest is tilted toward encouraging an insured to purchase more insurance than might be necessary at a higher price. A broker generally holds contracts with many insurers, thereby allowing the broker to "shop" the

2899:, the Third Non-Life Directive and the Third Life Directive, both passed in 1992 and effective 1994, created a single insurance market in Europe and allowed insurance companies to offer insurance anywhere in the EU (subject to permission from authority in the head office) and allowed insurance consumers to purchase insurance from any insurer in the EU. As far as 1153: 1151: 1152: 3095:

evenly spread across the scores. The credit scores were also found to predict risk within each of the ethnic groups, leading the FTC to conclude that the scoring models are not solely proxies for redlining. The FTC indicated little data was available to evaluate benefit of insurance scores to consumers. The report was disputed by representatives of the

2116:(PI), protects insured professionals such as architectural corporations and medical practitioners against potential negligence claims made by their patients/clients. Professional liability insurance may take on different names depending on the profession. For example, professional liability insurance in reference to the medical profession may be called 1041:. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: identification of participating parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and 587:. The ancient Greeks had marine loans. Money was advanced on a ship or cargo, to be repaid with large interest if the voyage prospers. However, the money would not be repaid at all if the ship were lost, thus making the rate of interest high enough to pay for not only for the use of the capital but also for the risk of losing it (fully described by 2518:) did not insure property such as government buildings. If a government building was damaged, the cost of repair would be met from public funds because, in the long run, this was cheaper than paying insurance premiums. Since many UK government buildings have been sold to property companies and rented back, this arrangement is now less common. 1300:, do not believe that it is possible to sustain a profit from float forever without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Reliance on float for profit has led some industry experts to call insurance companies "investment companies that raise the money for their investments by selling insurance". 2945:(a green circle with a tick and 'Реестр ЦБ РФ' (Unified state register of insurance entities) text box) appeared in the search for Yandex system, informing the consumer that the company's financial services are offered on the marked website, which has the status of an insurance company, a broker or a mutual insurance association. 1150: 2843:

of the insurance company becoming insolvent, leaving their policyholders with no coverage (or coverage only from a government-backed insurance pool or other arrangements with less attractive payouts for losses). A number of independent rating agencies provide information and rate the financial viability of insurance companies.

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profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. Suppose there is no such chance of loss. In that case, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance (see the U.S.

3023:; the industry learned the hard way that many courts will not enforce policies against insureds when the judges themselves cannot understand what the policies are saying. Typically, courts construe ambiguities in insurance policies against the insurance company and in favor of coverage under the policy. 1366:. The adjuster must obtain legal counsel for the insured—either inside ("house") counsel or outside ("panel") counsel, monitor litigation that may take years to complete, and appear in person or over the telephone with settlement authority at a mandatory settlement-conference when requested by a judge. 4967:

Risk retention occurs when an individual or business firm retains all or part of a given risk. Risk retention is generally appropriate when the frequency of loss is low and its severity is low. Risk retention can also be appropriate for high-frequency, low-severity risks where potential losses are of

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If a person is financially stable and plans for life's unexpected events, they may be able to go without insurance. However, they must have enough to cover a total and complete loss of employment and of their possessions. Some states will accept a surety bond, a government bond, or even making a cash

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companies can be defined as limited-purpose insurance companies established with the specific objective of financing risks emanating from their parent group or groups. This definition can sometimes be extended to include some of the risks of the parent company's customers. In short, it is an in-house

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Retrospectively rated insurance is a method of establishing a premium on large commercial accounts. The final premium is based on the insured's actual loss experience during the policy term, sometimes subject to a minimum and maximum premium, with the final premium determined by a formula. Under this

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Calculable loss: There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the

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in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backed by pledges of landed estates. The first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347. In the next century, maritime insurance developed widely, and premiums were varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated

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and to not insure losses which would not cause a disruption in their life. However, consumers have shown a tendency to prefer low deductibles and to prefer to insure relatively high-probability, small losses over low-probability, perhaps due to not understanding or ignoring the low-probability risk.

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An independent insurance consultant advises insureds on a fee-for-service retainer, similar to an attorney, and thus offers completely independent advice, free of the financial conflict of interest of brokers or agents. However, such a consultant must still work through brokers or agents in order to

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The financial stability and strength of an insurance company is a consideration when buying an insurance contract. An insurance premium paid currently provides coverage for losses that might arise many years in the future. For that reason, a more financially stable insurance carrier reduces the risk

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is governmental risk management pools. They are self-funded cooperatives, operating as carriers of coverage for the majority of governmental entities today, such as county governments, municipalities, and school districts. Rather than these entities independently self-insure and risk bankruptcy from

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Long-term disability insurance covers an individual's expenses for the long term, up until such time as they are considered permanently disabled and thereafter Insurance companies will often try to encourage the person back into employment in preference to and before declaring them unable to work at

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Health insurance policies cover the cost of medical treatments. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, protects policyholders for dental costs. In most developed countries, all citizens receive some health coverage from their governments, paid through taxation. In most countries, health insurance

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Policyholders may hire their own public adjusters to negotiate settlements with the insurance company on their behalf. For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance-policy add-on, called loss-recovery insurance, which covers the cost of

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Benefit insurance – as it is stated in the study books of The Chartered Insurance Institute, the insurance company does not have the right of recovery from the party who caused the injury and must compensate the Insured regardless of the fact that Insured had already sued the negligent party for the

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An insurance underwriter's job is to evaluate a given risk as to the likelihood that a loss will occur. Any factor that causes a greater likelihood of loss should theoretically be charged a higher rate. This basic principle of insurance must be followed if insurance companies are to remain solvent.

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Insurance may also be purchased through an agent. A tied agent, working exclusively with one insurer, represents the insurance company from whom the policyholder buys (while a free agent sells policies of various insurance companies). Just as there is a potential conflict of interest with a broker,

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Insurance is just a risk transfer mechanism wherein the financial burden which may arise due to some fortuitous event is transferred to a bigger entity (i.e., an insurance company) by way of paying premiums. This only reduces the financial burden and not the actual chances of happening of an event.

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usually takes the form of first-party coverage for contamination of insured property either by external or on-site sources. Coverage is also afforded for liability to third parties arising from contamination of air, water, or land due to the sudden and accidental release of hazardous materials from

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Insurers may prohibit certain activities which are considered dangerous and therefore excluded from coverage. One system for classifying activities according to whether they are authorised by insurers refers to "green light" approved activities and events, "yellow light" activities and events which

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Under a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would defend and pay a claim on behalf of the insured who would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language, which enables the insurance carrier to manage and control the

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Large loss: The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer

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Insurance policies can be complex and some policyholders may not understand all the fees and coverages included in a policy. As a result, people may buy policies on unfavorable terms. In response to these issues, many countries have enacted detailed statutory and regulatory regimes governing every

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Dual insurance – having two or more policies with overlapping coverage of a risk (both the individual policies would not pay separately – under a concept named contribution, they would contribute together to make up the policyholder's losses. However, in case of contingency insurances such as life

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The first life insurance company known of record was founded in 1706 by the Bishop of Oxford and the financier Thomas Allen in London, England. The company, called the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, collected annual premiums from policyholders and paid the nominees of deceased

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Many institutional insurance purchasers buy insurance through an insurance broker. While on the surface it appears the broker represents the buyer (not the insurance company), and typically counsels the buyer on appropriate coverage and policy limitations, in the vast majority of cases a broker's

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Neither insurance consultants nor insurance brokers are insurance companies and no risks are transferred to them in insurance transactions. Third party administrators are companies that perform underwriting and sometimes claims handling services for insurance companies. These companies often have

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Livestock insurance is a specialist policy provided to, for example, commercial or hobby farms, aquariums, fish farms or any other animal holding. Cover is available for mortality or economic slaughter as a result of accident, illness or disease but can extend to include destruction by government

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Liability insurance is a broad superset that covers legal claims against the insured. Many types of insurance include an aspect of liability coverage. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy will normally include liability coverage which protects the insured in the event of a claim brought by

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in specifically identified areas. In commercial fire insurance, it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer's capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers or are insured by a single insurer which

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has a long history in the property insurance industry in the United States. From a review of industry underwriting and marketing materials, court documents, and research by government agencies, industry and community groups, and academics, it is clear that race has long affected and continues to

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As a result, the premiums may go up if they determine that the policyholder will file a claim. However, premiums might reduce if the policyholder commits to a risk management program as recommended by the insurer. It is therefore important that insurers view risk management as a joint initiative

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The types of risk that a captive can underwrite for their parents include property damage, public and product liability, professional indemnity, employee benefits, employers' liability, motor and medical aid expenses. The captive's exposure to such risks may be limited by the use of reinsurance.

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Protected self-insurance is an alternative risk financing mechanism in which an organization retains the mathematically calculated cost of risk within the organization and transfers the catastrophic risk with specific and aggregate limits to an insurer so the maximum total cost of the program is

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insures against the risk of physical loss or damage to property during construction. Builder's risk insurance is typically written on an "all risk" basis covering damage arising from any cause (including the negligence of the insured) not otherwise expressly excluded. Builder's risk insurance is

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profits on "float". Float, or available reserve, is the amount of money on hand at any given moment that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest or other

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on that policy. Underwriting performance is measured by something called the "combined ratio", which is the ratio of expenses/losses to premiums. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss. A company with a combined

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Accidental loss: The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be pure because it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative

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in automobile insurance. The study found that these scores are effective predictors of risk. It also showed that African-Americans and Hispanics are substantially overrepresented in the lowest credit scores, and substantially underrepresented in the highest, while Caucasians and Asians are more

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There are also companies known as "insurance consultants". Like a mortgage broker, these companies are paid a fee by the customer to shop around for the best insurance policy among many companies. Similar to an insurance consultant, an "insurance broker" also shops around for the best insurance

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can be many things to many people in many countries. But a summary of its essence is that it is a collection of insurance coverages (including components of life insurance, disability income insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance, and others), plus retirement savings, that requires

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Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as perils. An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are non-exhaustive lists of the many different types of

872:, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place, or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place, and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. 2929:

In India IRDA is insurance regulatory authority. As per the section 4 of IRDA Act 1999, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), which was constituted by an act of parliament. National Insurance Academy, Pune is apex insurance capacity builder institute promoted with support from

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Often a commercial insured's liability insurance program consists of several layers. The first layer of insurance generally consists of primary insurance, which provides first dollar indemnity for judgments and settlements up to the limits of liability of the primary policy. Generally, primary

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uses models of how climate extremes affect crop production to define certain climate triggers that if surpassed have high probabilities of causing substantial crop loss. When harvest losses occur associated with exceeding the climate trigger threshold, the index-insured farmer is entitled to a

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companies are insurance companies that provide policies to other insurance companies, allowing them to reduce their risks and protect themselves from substantial losses. The reinsurance market is dominated by a few large companies with huge reserves. A reinsurer may also be a direct writer of

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strike. The risk presented by any given person is assumed collectively by the community who all bear the cost of rebuilding lost property and supporting people whose needs are suddenly greater after a loss of some kind. In supportive communities where others can be trusted to follow community

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Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the

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to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and insurance fraud to refer to increased risk due to intentional carelessness or indifference. Insurers attempt to address carelessness through inspections, policy provisions requiring certain types of maintenance, and possible

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Insurance can have various effects on society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of losses and damage. On one hand it can increase fraud; on the other it can help societies and individuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate the effects of catastrophes on both households and

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When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a claim against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the premium. Insurance

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their customers. Agents can be captive, meaning they write only for one company, or independent, meaning that they can issue policies from several companies. The existence and success of companies using insurance agents is likely due to the availability of improved and personalised services.

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Affordable premium: If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, then it is not likely that insurance will be purchased, even if on offer. Furthermore, as the accounting

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provides protection against catastrophic or unpredictable losses. It is purchased by organizations who do not want to assume 100% of the liability for losses arising from the plans. Under a stop-loss policy, the insurance company becomes liable for losses that exceed certain limits called

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Gap insurance covers the excess amount on an auto loan in an instance where the policyholder's insurance company does not cover the entire loan. Depending on the company's specific policies it might or might not cover the deductible as well. This coverage is marketed for those who put low

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an agent has a different type of conflict. Because agents work directly for the insurance company, if there is a claim the agent may advise the client to the benefit of the insurance company. Agents generally cannot offer as broad a range of selection compared to an insurance broker.

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Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies, are regulated as insurance, and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and

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may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation.

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2002 (TRIA) set up a federal program providing a transparent system of shared public and private compensation for insured losses resulting from acts of terrorism. The program was extended until the end of 2014 by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act 2007

293:, which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insurer will compensate the insured, or their designated beneficiary or assignee. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the policyholder for the coverage set forth in the insurance policy is called the 3231:

insurance company, for example, recently had to pay $ 80 million to an independent inventor, Bancorp Services, in order to settle a patent infringement and theft of trade secret lawsuit for a type of corporate owned life insurance product invented and patented by Bancorp.

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participation by all citizens. By forcing everyone in society to be a policyholder and pay premiums, it ensures that everyone can become a claimant when or if they need to. Along the way, this inevitably becomes related to other concepts such as the justice system and the

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However, the bankruptcy of the insured with a "reimbursement" policy does not relieve the insurer. Certain types of insurance, e.g., workers' compensation and personal automobile liability, are subject to statutory requirements that injured parties have direct access to

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Many independent inventors are in favor of patenting new insurance products since it gives them protection from big companies when they bring their new insurance products to market. Independent inventors account for 70% of the new U.S. patent applications in this area.

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and non-catastrophic, meaning that the losses do not happen all at once and that individual losses are not severe enough to bankrupt the insurer; insurers may prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base.

1501:, have high interest rates on their loans, and those with 60-month or longer terms. Gap insurance is typically offered by a finance company when the vehicle owner purchases their vehicle, but many auto insurance companies offer this coverage to consumers as well. 817:

insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for the losses that only some insureds may incur. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an

2922:, which was eventually suspended as demand declined in a communist environment. In 1978, market reforms led to an increase in the market and by 1995 a comprehensive Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China was passed, followed in 1998 by the formation of 2738:

of mutual insurers to form stock companies, as well as the formation of a hybrid known as a mutual holding company, became common in some countries, such as the United States, in the late 20th century. However, not all states permit mutual holding companies.

1992:, often called tenants' insurance, is an insurance policy that provides some of the benefits of homeowners' insurance, but does not include coverage for the dwelling, or structure, with the exception of small alterations that a tenant makes to the structure. 1311:

do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards, so a poor economy generally means high insurance-premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the

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may be purchased by farmers to reduce or manage various risks associated with growing crops. Such risks include crop loss or damage caused by weather, hail, drought, frost damage, pests (including especially insects), or disease—some of these being termed

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In the late 19th century "accident insurance" began to become available. The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, formed in 1848 in England to insure against the rising number of fatalities on the nascent

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covers residential or commercial property that is rented to tenants. It also covers the landlord's liability for the occupants at the property. Most homeowners' insurance, meanwhile, cover only owner-occupied homes and not liability or damages related to

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policy in the United States typically includes coverage for damage to the home and the owner's belongings, certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of coverage for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.

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coverage that protects a person's or organization's insurable interest in materials, fixtures or equipment being used in the construction or renovation of a building or structure should those items sustain physical loss or damage from an insured peril.

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covers policyholders for the potential costs of legal action against an institution or an individual. When something happens which triggers the need for legal action, it is known as "the event". There are two main types of legal expenses insurance:

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Supplemental natural disaster insurance covers specified expenses after a natural disaster renders the policyholder's home uninhabitable. Periodic payments are made directly to the insured until the home is rebuilt or a specified time period has

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and expense loads are also used. Rating for different risk characteristics involves—at the most basic level—comparing the losses with "loss relativities"—a policy with twice as many losses would, therefore, be charged twice as much. More complex

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Subrogation – the insurance company acquires legal rights to pursue recoveries on behalf of the insured; for example, the insurer may sue those liable for the insured's loss. The Insurers can waive their subrogation rights by using the special

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In the United States, economists and consumer advocates generally consider insurance to be worthwhile for low-probability, catastrophic losses, but not for high-probability, small losses. Because of this, consumers are advised to select high

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is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e., a claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally three types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured:

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If the Insured has a "reimbursement" policy, the insured can be required to pay for a loss and then be "reimbursed" by the insurance carrier for the loss and out of pocket costs including, with the permission of the insurer, claim expenses.

1562:. Short-term and long-term disability policies are available to individuals, but considering the expense, long-term policies are generally obtained only by those with at least six-figure incomes, such as doctors, lawyers, etc. Short-term 688:, which became the meeting place for parties in the shipping industry wishing to insure cargoes and ships, including those willing to underwrite such ventures. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market 3239:

The first insurance patent to be granted was including another example of an application posted was. It was posted on 6 March 2009. This patent application describes a method for increasing the ease of changing insurance companies.

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and eleven associates established the first fire insurance company, the "Insurance Office for Houses", at the back of the Royal Exchange to insure brick and frame homes. Initially, 5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office.

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will be able to pay claims. For small losses, these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is hardly any point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.

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is an insurance that covers a wide range of incidents and perils, except those noted in the policy. All-risk insurance is different from peril-specific insurance that cover losses from only those perils listed in the policy. In

5561: 2821:. Non-admitted companies have not been approved by the state licensing agency, but are allowed to provide insurance under special circumstances when they meet an insurance need that admitted companies cannot or will not meet. 3294:

is not present due to the actuarial science behind the underwriting. Jewish rabbinical scholars also have expressed reservations regarding insurance as an avoidance of God's will but most find it acceptable in moderation.

2499:

leaders, this tacit form of insurance can work. In this manner the community can even out the extreme differences in insurability that exist among its members. Some further justification is also provided by invoking the

2850:. The ratings include the company's financial strength, which measures its ability to pay claims. It also rates financial instruments issued by the insurance company, such as bonds, notes, and securitization products. 1184:

Insurers' business model aims to collect more in premium and investment income than is paid out in losses, and to also offer a competitive price which consumers will accept. Profit can be reduced to a simple equation:

2231:

or a number of horses under common ownership. Coverage is typically for mortality as a result of accident, illness or disease but may extend to include infertility, in-transit loss, veterinary fees, and prospective

3416: 657:, which in 1666 devoured more than 13,000 houses. The devastating effects of the fire converted the development of insurance "from a matter of convenience into one of urgency, a change of opinion reflected in Sir 5270: 2709:

rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life, annuity, and pension business is long-term in nature – coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many

1939:

is a form of casualty insurance that covers policyholders for losses incurred as a result of fraudulent acts by specified individuals. It usually insures a business for losses caused by the dishonest acts of its

2979:

An insurance company may inadvertently find that its insureds may not be as risk-averse as they might otherwise be (since, by definition, the insured has transferred the risk to the insurer), a concept known as

848:

A large number of similar exposure units: Since insurance operates through pooling resources, the majority of insurance policies cover individual members of large classes, allowing insurers to benefit from the

3235:

There are currently about 150 new patent applications on insurance inventions filed per year in the United States. The rate at which patents have been issued has steadily risen from 15 in 2002 to 44 in 2006.

1376:

In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. In addition to this balancing act,

1252:

are sometimes used when multiple characteristics are involved and a univariate analysis could produce confounded results. Other statistical methods may be used in assessing the probability of future losses.

892:

insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.

2331:

Tax insurance is increasingly being used in corporate transactions to protect taxpayers in the event that a tax position it has taken is challenged by the IRS or a state, local, or foreign taxing authority

2150:

insures the lender against default by the borrower. Mortgage insurance is a form of credit insurance, although the name "credit insurance" more often is used to refer to policies that cover other kinds of

798: 3106:

All states have provisions in their rate regulation laws or in their fair trade practice acts that prohibit unfair discrimination, often called redlining, in setting rates and making insurance available.

857:, which is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, sports figures, and other famous individuals. However, all exposures will have distinct differences, which may lead to different premium rates. 1434:

insurance can take a number of different forms, such as the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity (PI), which are discussed below under that name; and the

11499: 1607:

Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. It is a broad spectrum of insurance that a number of other types of insurance could be classified, such as

4979:

Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, 55-60 (2014)

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by critics. That is, some insurance products or practices are useful primarily because of legal benefits, such as reducing taxes, as opposed to providing protection against risks of adverse events.

2082:

Environmental liability or environmental impairment insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of pollutants.

1033:

An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the "insured" party once risk is assumed by an "insurer", the insuring party, by means of a

2088:(E&O) is business liability insurance for professionals such as insurance agents, real estate agents and brokers, architects, third-party administrators (TPAs) and other business professionals. 3134:, and the reaction against this practice has in some instances led to political disputes about the ways in which insurers determine premiums and regulatory intervention to limit the factors used. 640: 11514: 1030:

Under an "indemnification" policy, the insurance carrier can generally either "reimburse" or "pay on behalf of", whichever is more beneficial to it and the insured in the claim handling process.

755:(YAR) for the distribution of costs between ship and cargo in the event of general average. In 1873 the "Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations", the forerunner of the 1554:

policies provide financial support in the event of the policyholder becoming unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as

1439:(BOP), which packages into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners' insurance packages the coverages that a homeowner needs. 1296:

companies was $ 142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $ 68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance-industry insiders, most notably

2967:

between policyholder and insurer since a robust risk management plan minimizes the possibility of a large claim for the insurer while stabilizing or reducing premiums for the policyholder.

1205:, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks, and taking the brunt of the risk should it come to fruition. 247:

is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of

5540:, Cianciarulo, Krys; Cardot, Stephen & Weiseth, Thomas, "Systems and methods for insuring data over the internet", published 2005-07-26, assigned to Portogo Inc. 3762: 1000:

To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be reinstated to the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly,

2830:

policy among many companies. However, with insurance brokers, the fee is usually paid in the form of commission from the insurer that is selected rather than directly from the client.

1959:

protects against property loss due to flooding. Many U.S. insurers do not provide flood insurance in some parts of the country. In response to this, the federal government created the

4192: 3074:

is the practice of denying insurance coverage in specific geographic areas, supposedly because of a high likelihood of loss, while the alleged motivation is unlawful discrimination.

297:. If the insured experiences a loss which is potentially covered by the insurance policy, the insured submits a claim to the insurer for processing by a claims adjuster. A mandatory 1721:

will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.

2984:. This 'insulates' many from the true costs of living with risk, negating measures that can mitigate or adapt to risk and leading some to describe insurance schemes as potentially 8159: 8046: 2073:

insurance or general liability insurance covers a business or organization against claims should its operations injure a member of the public or damage their property in some way.

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that insurers must manage and overcome. Disputes between insurers and insureds over the validity of claims or claims-handling practices occasionally escalate into litigation (see

1228:

to approximate the rate of future claims based on a given risk. After producing rates, the insurer will use discretion to reject or accept risks through the underwriting process.

860:

Definite loss: This type of loss takes place at a known time and place from a known cause. The classic example involves the death of an insured person on a life insurance policy.

2359:

is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, loss of personal belongings, travel delay, and personal liabilities.

2317:

the insured site. The policy usually covers the costs of cleanup and may include coverage for releases from underground storage tanks. Intentional acts are specifically excluded.

7455: 5346: 2478:

Some communities prefer to create virtual insurance among themselves by other means than contractual risk transfer, which assigns explicit numerical values to risk. A number of

740:

laying "the framework for scientific insurance practice and development" and "the basis of modern life assurance upon which all life assurance schemes were subsequently based."

375:

BC, respectively. Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessel capsizing.

5299: 4860: 2304:

is purchased by businesses to protect themselves financially in the event that a promotion ends up becoming more successful than was originally anticipated and/or budgeted for.

2079:(D&O) protects an organization (usually a corporation) from costs associated with litigation resulting from errors made by directors and officers for which they are liable. 3374: 2907:

took over insurance regulation from the General Insurance Standards Council in 2005; laws passed include the Insurance Companies Act 1973 and another in 1982, and reforms to

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Claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance; it is the actual "product" paid for. Claims may be filed by insureds directly with the insurer or through

2892:

works to harmonize the country's different laws and regulations. The National Conference of Insurance Legislators (NCOIL) also works to harmonize the different state laws.

2398:

known. A properly designed and underwritten Protected Self-Insurance Program reduces and stabilizes the cost of insurance and provides valuable risk management information.

1660:

is designed to protect individuals and corporations operating in high-risk areas around the world against the perils of kidnap, extortion, wrongful detention and hijacking.

3272:

Muslim scholars have varying opinions about life insurance. Life insurance policies that earn interest (or guaranteed bonus/NAV) are generally considered to be a form of

8056: 4248: 1239:

of insured perils and the expected average payout resulting from these perils. Thereafter an insurance company will collect historical loss-data, bring the loss data to

533: 3252:

basis as typically provided by traditional insurers (e.g. clients can purchase an insurance for one single flight rather than a longer-lasting travel insurance plan).

2160:

is business insurance over the accounts receivable of the insured. The policy pays the policy holder for covered accounts receivable if the debtor defaults on payment.

1746:

provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of

2732:

or proprietary companies. Mutual companies are owned by the policyholders, while shareholders (who may or may not own policies) own proprietary insurance companies.

3142:

must be higher to cover the greater risk. However, treating insureds differently when there is no actuarially sound reason for doing so is unlawful discrimination.

2817:

Admitted insurance companies are those in the United States that have been admitted or licensed by the state licensing agency. The insurance they provide is called

10477: 5282: 2094:

protects the insured from giving away a large prize at a specific event. Examples would include offering prizes to contestants who can make a half-court shot at a

3711:

that if merchandise is thrown overboard for the purpose of lightening a ship, the loss is made good by the assessment of all which is made for the benefit of all.

2250:

provides individuals and organizations operating outside of their home country with protection for automobiles, property, health, liability and business pursuits.

661:'s inclusion of a site for "the Insurance Office" in his new plan for London in 1667." A number of attempted fire insurance schemes came to nothing, but in 1681, 1925:

that causes damage to the property. Most ordinary home insurance policies do not cover earthquake damage. Earthquake insurance policies generally feature a high

1886:

may also appear under this subcategory, including air traffic control and refuelling operations for international airports through to smaller domestic exposures.

1753:

In the United States, the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from

4681: 782:. This gave the British working classes the first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. This system was greatly expanded after the 4047: 2224: 1892:(also known as boiler and machinery insurance, or equipment breakdown insurance) insures against accidental physical damage to boilers, equipment or machinery. 1087:

require insurer consultation and/or waivers of liability, and "red light" activities and events which are prohibited and outside the scope of insurance cover.

930:

When a company insures an individual entity, there are basic legal requirements and regulations. Several commonly cited legal principles of insurance include:

1406:

Companies also use Broking firms, Banks and other corporate entities (like Self Help Groups, Microfinance Institutions, NGOs, etc.) to market their products.

5246: 1336:. The insurer may require that the claim be filed on its own proprietary forms, or may accept claims on a standard industry form, such as those produced by 3925: 2199: 759:(ILA), was founded in Brussels. It published the first YAR in 1890, before switching to the present title of the "International Law Association" in 1895. 6866: 3248:

Insurance on demand (also IoD) is an insurance service that provides clients with insurance protection when they need, i.e. only episodic rather than on

2295: 4696:

Born, Lorna; Spillane, Charles; Murray, Una (20 December 2018). "Integrating gender into index-based agricultural insurance: a focus on South Africa".

4222: 2394:

is a type of insurance policy (typically automobile insurance) where insureds are indemnified by their own insurer regardless of fault in the incident.

4775: 4028: 6641: 1693: 710: 5614: 4829: 11492: 321:, whereby another insurance company agrees to carry some of the risks, especially if the primary insurer deems the risk too large for it to carry. 5003: 2320:

Purchase insurance is aimed at providing protection on the products people purchase. Purchase insurance can cover individual purchase protection,

1689: 8031: 2889: 5205: 1582:

provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.

1053:

premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims – in theory for a relatively few claimants – and for

6656: 5921: 3770: 1573: 1057:

costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (called reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's

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values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and

1135:

Self-insurance – situations where risk is not transferred to insurance companies and solely retained by the entities or individuals themselves

797:

In 2008, the International Network of Insurance Associations (INIA), then an informal network, became active and it has been succeeded by the

11504: 1907: 4189: 2430:. This is a large, complicated topic that engenders tremendous debate, which can be further studied in the following articles (and others): 2279:

Media liability insurance is designed to cover professionals that engage in film and television production and print, against risks such as

8108: 5901: 4502: 2959:

Insurance is a risk for both the insurance company and the insured. The insurance company understands the risk involved and will perform a

9499: 1464:

Vehicle insurance protects the policyholder against financial loss in the event of an incident involving a vehicle they own, such as in a

7995: 7767: 6651: 2328:, care plans and even mobile phone insurance. Such insurance is normally limited in the scope of problems that are covered by the policy. 3869: 3053:

This is associated with reduced purchasing of insurance against low-probability losses, and may result in increased inefficiencies from

8103: 6027: 2076: 5437:

Gregory D. Squires (2003), "Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas",

2374:

Divorce insurance is a form of contractual liability insurance that pays the insured a cash benefit if their marriage ends in divorce.

985:

Mitigation – In case of any loss or casualty, the asset owner must attempt to keep loss to a minimum, as if the asset was not insured.

7462: 5295: 4876: 1782:

called "benevolent societies" which cared for the surviving families and paid funeral expenses of members upon death. Guilds in the

968:

Contribution – insurers, which have similar obligations to the insured, contribute in the indemnification, according to some method.

680:

became available. By the end of the seventeenth century, London's growth as a centre for trade was increasing due to the demand for

5644: 4078: 1419:

would typically cover both the property risk (theft or damage to the vehicle) and the liability risk (legal claims arising from an

8341: 5051: 3684: 3298:

Some Christians believe insurance represents a lack of faith and there is a long history of resistance to commercial insurance in

1944: 1566:

covers a person for a period typically up to six months, paying a stipend each month to cover medical bills and other necessities.

11882: 11524: 9439: 6859: 5834: 4545: 3565: 5421: 5182: 1277:. In 2007, U.S. industry profits from float totaled $ 58 billion. In a 2009 letter to investors, Warren Buffett wrote, "we were 9494: 7355: 7202: 6661: 5519: 2919: 2448: 1666:

is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that

979:– the cause of loss (the peril) must be covered under the insuring agreement of the policy, and the dominant cause must not be 937:– the insurance company indemnifies or compensates the insured in the case of certain losses only up to the insured's interest. 2265: 1766:

Burial insurance is an old type of life insurance which is paid out upon death to cover final expenses, such as the cost of a

11534: 9434: 7064: 6646: 5786: 5708: 5034: 4960: 4368: 4297: 2923: 2269: 1983: 544: 4587: 3916: 1852:

may, like casualty insurance, be used as a broad category of various subtypes of insurance, some of which are listed below:

766:

built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s Chancellor

605:

Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kinds of contracts) were invented in

8224: 7019: 5916: 4393: 1579: 885: 726: 5154:"Insurance Regulation in the United States: Regulatory Federalism and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners" 8731: 7431: 7004: 5862: 4628: 4056: 3994:

The charters, acts of Parliament, and by-laws of the corporation of the Amicable Society for a perpetual assurance office

2806: 2253:

Hired-in Plant Insurance covers liability where, under a contract of hire, the customer is liable to pay for the cost of

1256:

Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's

5809: 5670: 5372: 5134: 4125: 2608: 2415:

is a type of insurance purchased by insurance companies or self-insured employers to protect against unexpected losses.

2371:

protects the holder from adverse changes in interest rates, for instance for those with a variable rate loan or mortgage

11509: 10289: 7074: 6852: 6057: 3004: 2888:, with "periodic proposals for federal intervention", and a nonprofit coalition of state insurance agencies called the 530: 5792:

Insurance Law and Regulation: Cases and Materials by Kenneth S. Abraham. New York, N.Y : Foundation Press, 2005.

3597: 2580: 1273:(grouping together 400 insurance companies and 94% of UK insurance services) has almost 20% of the investments in the 1160:(William H. Watson, 1922) is a slapstick silent film about the methods and mishaps of an insurance broker. Collection 1124:

According to the study books of The Chartered Insurance Institute, there are variant methods of insurance as follows:

11529: 9535: 8027: 7365: 5986: 5797: 4925: 4902: 4419: 3976: 3836: 3618: 2627: 896: 340: 17: 8868: 5296:"The role and powers of the Chinese insurance regulatory commission in the administration of insurance law in China" 4273: 4060: 2349:

or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records performed at the time of a

888:

pronouncement number 113: "Accounting and Reporting for Reinsurance of Short-Duration and Long-Duration Contracts").

876:

elements such as ordinary business risks or even purchasing a lottery ticket are generally not considered insurable.

11247: 9222: 8130: 8078: 6052: 4503:"The Coexistence of Multiple Distribution Systems for Financial Services: The Case of Property-Liability Insurance" 2113: 2109: 2085: 1960: 1415:

insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set out below. For example,

1138:

Reinsurance – situations when the insurer passes some part of or all risks to another Insurer, called the reinsurer

5243: 2238:

covers the loss of income, and the expenses incurred, after a covered peril interrupts normal business operations.

8980: 7419: 7235: 7009: 6631: 6022: 6012: 5475: 4749: 4562: 3464: 3110:

In determining premiums and premium rate structures, insurers consider quantifiable factors, including location,

2900: 2587: 2453: 2287: 2235: 2163: 1481:

Medical coverage, for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses

1270: 826:

is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also

762:

By the late 19th century governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age.

118: 5588: 4032: 2654:

Insurance companies may provide any combination of insurance types, but are often classified into three groups:

868:, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. 42: 10517: 7920: 7828: 6636: 5503:, Minguijon Perez, Salvador, "Individual evaluation system for motorcar risk", published 1996-03-06 3469: 3409: 3349: 3096: 2565: 1362:, who is under no contractual obligation to cooperate with the insurer and may in fact regard the insurer as a 1161: 169: 3227:

Many insurance executives are opposed to patenting insurance products because it creates a new risk for them.

2419:

is a form of reinsurance that is primarily used for capital management rather than to transfer insurance risk.

11824: 9382: 8247: 5622: 4846: 4677: 3318:) but many participate in community-based self-insurance programs that spread risk within their communities. 3012:

aspect of the insurance business, including minimum standards for policies and the ways in which they may be

2310:

insures pets against accidents and illnesses; some companies cover routine/wellness care and burial, as well.

1706: 1623:

Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the

1019:

From an insured's standpoint, the result is usually the same: the insurer pays the loss and claims expenses.

810: 756: 184: 99: 10631: 9452: 9445: 9417: 8006: 7989: 7845: 7808: 7385: 7230: 6919: 6794: 6042: 5943: 5254: 4624:"Recent Advances in the Analyses of Demand for Agricultural Insurance in Developing and Emerging Countries" 4179:

This discussion is adapted from Mehr and Camack's "Principles of Insurance", 6th edition, 1976, pp 34 – 37.

3100: 2904: 2594: 2134: 1650: 5556: 4897:

Margaret E. Lynch, Editor, "Health Insurance Terminology", Health Insurance Association of America, 1992,

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In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulatory regimes and different

2257:

equipment and for any rental charges due to a plant hire firm, such as construction plant and machinery.

1343:

Insurance-company claims departments employ a large number of claims adjusters, supported by a staff of

487: 10547: 9462: 9227: 8551: 7751: 7255: 6259: 6123: 6017: 4995: 4637: 2561: 2178:

is a business lines insurance product intended to provide coverage to corporations from Internet-based

1436: 1358:

Adjusting liability-insurance claims is particularly difficult because they involve a third party, the

479: 72: 5537: 5500: 5462: 4915: 2780:

and risk financing strategy of their parent. This can be understood against the following background:

2576: 2166:(CPI) insures property (primarily vehicles) held as collateral for loans made by lending institutions. 1576:

allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.

11344: 10800: 10350: 10335: 10308: 9958: 9788: 8051: 7864: 7858: 7595: 6914: 6338: 6227: 6037: 5938: 4163: 2885: 2301: 2091: 770:

introduced old age pensions, accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis for Germany's

709:

policies were taken out in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the

38: 9469: 5202: 752: 11691: 11432: 10599: 10492: 10360: 9474: 8217: 8017: 7833: 7578: 7448: 7265: 6711: 6463: 6368: 6333: 6313: 5981: 5933: 5226: 5153: 4316: 3087: 2458: 2291: 2260: 2058: 1663: 1612: 1585: 1543: 1190: 1073: 510: 3019:

For example, most insurance policies in the English language today have been carefully drafted in

2030:

Windstorm insurance is an insurance covering the damage that can be caused by wind events such as

11472: 11164: 10395: 10279: 9899: 9783: 9309: 8521: 7898: 7850: 7813: 7029: 6832: 6514: 6303: 6171: 6118: 5976: 5966: 5855: 3569: 3384: 3379: 3211: 2661:

companies, that provide life insurance, annuities and pensions products and bear similarities to

2554: 2368: 2023:

Volcano insurance is a specialized insurance protecting against damage arising specifically from

1972: 1627:

of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from

714: 685: 643: 499: 5775: 5759: 5754:

The Sun Insurance Office 1710–1960: The History of Two and a half Centuries of British Insurance

5077: 4533: 4412:

Delay, Deny, Defend : Why Insurance Companies Don't Pay Claims and What You Can Do About It

3806: 3741: 3210:. Early versions were independently invented and patented by a major US auto insurance company, 2996: 621:, on the 18th of June 1583, for £383, 6s. 8d. for twelve months on the life of William Gibbons. 11795: 11775: 11686: 11681: 10720: 10646: 10152: 10147: 9892: 9422: 8828: 8706: 8701: 8123: 8093: 8083: 7310: 7207: 7102: 6606: 6239: 6067: 4443:

Weir, Audrey A.; Hampton, John H. (March 1995). "Essentials of Risk Management and Insurance".

3656: 3449: 3364: 3193: 3103:, and the Center for Economic Justice, for relying on data provided by the insurance industry. 2934: 2867: 2183: 2157: 1930: 1882:

hulls and spares, and associated liability risks, such as passenger and third-party liability.

1859: 1717:

that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a

1709:. In most states, a person cannot purchase a policy on another person without their knowledge. 1478:

Liability coverage, for the legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage

1304: 823: 618: 549: 9705: 9479: 8838: 5575: 5102: 4800:

Seaman, S. M.; Kittredge, C. (Spring 1997). "Excess Liability Insurance: Law and Litigation".

4354: 4287: 2640: 11631: 11546: 11280: 11157: 10876: 10854: 10805: 10355: 10113: 9977: 8751: 8574: 8388: 8118: 7762: 6621: 6507: 6436: 6291: 6176: 6138: 3423: 3204: 2416: 1989: 1911: 1274: 1249: 844:

Risk which can be insured by private companies typically share seven common characteristics:

393: 298: 10442: 10062: 8945: 6844: 2365:

insures students against involuntary withdrawal from cost-intensive educational institutions

1855: 1243:, and compare these prior losses to the premium collected in order to assess rate adequacy. 61:

Equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another in exchange for payment

11706: 11138: 10994: 10707: 10202: 10096: 9712: 9412: 9407: 8788: 8234: 7968: 7881: 7757: 7535: 7375: 7250: 7034: 6730: 6673: 6296: 6276: 6103: 5991: 5911: 4646: 4623: 4360: 4101:

The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared

3802: 3737: 3689: 3339: 2714:. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year. 2247: 2015: 1918: 1837: 1646: 1563: 1551: 1370: 1297: 1079: 905: 869: 854: 850: 689: 654: 591:). Loans of this character have ever since been common in maritime lands under the name of 415: 389: 330: 219: 9506: 8556: 2918:

was nationalized in 1949 and thereafter offered by only a single state-owned company, the

378: 8: 11848: 11790: 11765: 11648: 11422: 11379: 11339: 11305: 11039: 11006: 10864: 10678: 10658: 10390: 10218: 10197: 9999: 9953: 9685: 9108: 8639: 8210: 8098: 8041: 8036: 8022: 7943: 7913: 7840: 7823: 7516: 7499: 7177: 7014: 6999: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6764: 6626: 6586: 6348: 6318: 6186: 6047: 5971: 5961: 5724: 4006: 3859: 2465: 2313: 2187: 2117: 2062: 2044: 2011: 1638: 1616: 1386: 1257: 1058: 1054: 901: 9053: 5479: 3792: 3728: 3549: 3169:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1107:, and preventive steps by the insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used 11872: 11743: 11738: 11551: 11384: 10911: 10889: 10884: 10842: 10815: 10775: 10229: 10123: 10077: 9989: 9948: 9931: 9814: 9809: 9530: 9511: 9324: 9248: 9012: 8813: 8808: 8502: 7925: 7886: 7818: 7718: 7668: 7663: 7370: 7335: 7245: 7172: 7049: 7044: 6969: 6924: 6825: 6737: 6616: 6541: 6358: 6323: 6234: 6191: 6161: 6133: 6128: 6098: 6072: 5896: 5848: 5752: 5403: 4809: 4753: 4731: 4659: 4468: 3798: 3733: 3694: 3459: 3389: 3315: 3130:

level. However, the use of such factors is often considered to be unfair or unlawfully

3028: 2858:

Advanced economies account for the bulk of the global insurance industry. According to

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Many credit cards offer payment protection plans which are a form of credit insurance.

11611: 11427: 11401: 11389: 11374: 11285: 11133: 10960: 10859: 10790: 10472: 10467: 10407: 10400: 10365: 10128: 9943: 9851: 9599: 9552: 9429: 9289: 9279: 9244: 9234: 9202: 9145: 9140: 9043: 8331: 8289: 8067: 8012: 7953: 7908: 7789: 7629: 7600: 7280: 7260: 6989: 6944: 6686: 6556: 6448: 6412: 6402: 6363: 6353: 6281: 6271: 6201: 5793: 5782: 5704: 5697: 5407: 5395: 5178: 5030: 4956: 4921: 4898: 4868: 4735: 4723: 4663: 4651: 4525: 4460: 4425: 4415: 4364: 4312: 4293: 3972: 3832: 3344: 3207: 2765: 2760: 2683: 2438: 2362: 1948: 1929:. Rates depend on location and hence the likelihood of an earthquake, as well as the 1608: 1465: 1448: 1420: 1416: 1217: 1173: 865: 767: 722: 630: 598:

The direct insurance of sea-risks for a premium paid independently of loans began in

575:

Concepts of insurance has been also found in 3rd century BC Hindu scriptures such as

536: 369: 365: 214: 209: 189: 8546: 8415: 8366: 5428:, Vol. 4, D. J. Ringold (ed.), Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 147–155. 4686:"Method for providing crop insurance for a crop associated with a defined attribute" 4223:"Losses From Malware May Not Be Covered Due To Your Policy's Hostile Acts Exclusion" 2793:

Rating structures which reflect market trends rather than individual loss experience

80: 11713: 11641: 11636: 11204: 11182: 11142: 11118: 11082: 11054: 11034: 10982: 10827: 10767: 10562: 10345: 10313: 10301: 10182: 10067: 9984: 9926: 9562: 9557: 9521: 9360: 9103: 9088: 9065: 9038: 8609: 8581: 8405: 8376: 8351: 8326: 8309: 8191: 8073: 7958: 7784: 7772: 7613: 7528: 7275: 7217: 6799: 6754: 6699: 6691: 6681: 6458: 6382: 6222: 6196: 6181: 6088: 5906: 5888: 5387: 5203:"The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks" 4713: 4705: 4641: 4517: 4452: 3930: 3646: 3561: 3354: 3187: 3075: 2729: 2723: 2679: 2662: 2422: 2356: 2241: 2070: 2031: 2002:

insurance is a three-party insurance guaranteeing the performance of the principal.

1979: 1889: 1845: 1729: 1514: 1510: 1348: 1333: 1128:

Co-insurance – risks shared between insurers (sometimes referred to as "Retention")

1042: 1038: 980: 962: 954: 909: 787: 783: 681: 677: 658: 611: 444: 306: 290: 194: 179: 9690: 8888: 8756: 8536: 4709: 3954: 3090:(FTC) released a report presenting the results of a study concerning credit-based 2809:, in which policyholders reciprocate in sharing risks, and Lloyd's organizations. 11770: 11718: 11349: 11212: 11067: 10977: 10967: 10955: 10934: 10810: 10795: 10577: 10572: 10412: 10323: 10207: 10192: 10187: 9968: 9882: 9663: 9486: 9457: 9192: 9017: 8736: 8669: 8445: 8393: 8356: 8179: 8088: 7983: 7948: 7935: 7869: 7471: 7305: 6994: 6811: 6774: 6750: 6551: 6546: 6526: 6485: 6480: 6427: 6422: 6286: 6266: 6143: 6108: 5303: 5250: 5209: 5186: 5161: 4833: 4549: 4397: 4341:

Introduction to Ratemaking and Loss Reserving for Property and Casualty Insurance

4340: 4323: 4196: 3660: 3417:

The Invisible Bankers: Everything the Insurance Industry Never Wanted You to Know

3404: 3359: 3328: 3091: 2960: 2926:(CIRC), which has broad regulatory authority over the insurance market of China. 2777: 2735: 2443: 2385: 2334: 2175: 1956: 1833: 1378: 1313: 1104: 976: 913: 665: 639: 554: 503: 464: 456: 440: 314: 248: 224: 143: 133: 10045: 8679: 8541: 5810:

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the US Insurance industry

5523: 4390: 3938: 2053: 1832:

damage. This may include specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance,

1592:

lost and accompanying medical expenses incurred because of a job-related injury.

491: 251:, primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. 11748: 11671: 11437: 11327: 11322: 11300: 11087: 11074: 11017: 10950: 10938: 10832: 10673: 10641: 10542: 10296: 10268: 10233: 10174: 9732: 9727: 9695: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9525: 9368: 9284: 9060: 8999: 8873: 8726: 8721: 8674: 8664: 8654: 8425: 8316: 8304: 8274: 7891: 7742: 7691: 7658: 7647: 7619: 7540: 7493: 7295: 7192: 7167: 7122: 6964: 6717: 6566: 6249: 6113: 6007: 5953: 5559:, Bakos, Thomas L., "Risk Assessment Company", published 2009-02-26 3934: 3651: 3434: 3131: 3123: 2896: 2863: 2658: 2522: 2507: 2406: 1966: 1902: 1841: 1771: 1684: 1424: 1382: 1324: 1261:

ratio over 100% may nevertheless remain profitable due to investment earnings.

1001: 958: 853:

in which predicted losses are similar to the actual losses. Exceptions include

827: 819: 737: 733: 718: 706: 507: 301:

required by an insurance policy before an insurer will pay a claim is called a

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General insurance companies can be further divided into these sub categories.

1921:

is a form of property insurance that pays the policyholder in the event of an

695: 11866: 11785: 11295: 10930: 10740: 10557: 10552: 10417: 10254: 10238: 10106: 10092: 9973: 9936: 9867: 9799: 9793: 9778: 9673: 9658: 9566: 9217: 9070: 9033: 9007: 8848: 8793: 8644: 8629: 8455: 8299: 8164: 8152: 8062: 7973: 7963: 7728: 7697: 7683: 7585: 7568: 7390: 7350: 7300: 7285: 7240: 7162: 7097: 6939: 6929: 6520: 6441: 6389: 6328: 6166: 6032: 5399: 5391: 5320: 4872: 4727: 4655: 4619: 4529: 4464: 4429: 3873:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 657–658. 3864: 3428: 3369: 3197: 3020: 2985: 2879: 2515: 2427: 2338: 2307: 2204: 1936: 1800: 1555: 1491: 1285: 1240: 1113: 822:, the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a 791: 771: 430: 423: 349: 344:

Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Pictured,

148: 85: 10427: 8863: 8659: 5373:"Insurance as maladaptation: Resilience and the 'business as usual' paradox" 3282:) and some consider even policies that do not earn interest to be a form of 1982:

and marine cargo insurance cover the loss or damage of vessels at sea or on

1786:

served a similar purpose, as did friendly societies during Victorian times.

1236: 895:

Limited risk of catastrophically large losses: Insurable losses are ideally

11728: 11663: 11616: 11312: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11177: 11172: 10837: 10695: 10422: 10377: 10247: 10243: 10211: 10101: 10023: 9994: 9919: 9914: 9904: 9804: 9722: 9653: 9608: 9339: 9319: 9304: 9268: 9263: 9239: 9155: 9048: 8925: 8746: 8716: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8586: 8497: 8398: 7634: 7573: 7557: 7523: 7315: 7024: 6954: 6769: 6581: 6576: 6536: 6497: 5451:

Credit-Based Insurance Scores: Impacts on Consumers of Automobile Insurance

5043: 3605: 3261: 3249: 3228: 3139: 3111: 3054: 2981: 2500: 2342: 2216: 1867: 1775: 1754: 1632: 1624: 1498: 1402: 1398: 1202: 1108: 1100: 839: 673: 580: 576: 526: 475: 229: 138: 113: 10432: 8955: 8950: 8940: 8903: 8893: 8833: 8766: 8279: 5179:"A Study on State Authority: Making a Case for Proper Insurance Oversight" 4588:"Builder's Risk Insurance: Specialized Coverage for Construction Projects" 4567:"Business insurance information. What does a businessowners policy cover?" 2211: 1820:

Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as

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a large judgment or catastrophic loss, such governmental entities form a

2412: 2350: 2099: 1999: 1783: 1733: 1559: 1519: 1363: 1308: 1225: 1172:, collecting premium payments periodically in return for on-going and/or 918: 588: 518: 495: 483: 460: 419: 385: 318: 267: 234: 4813: 4718: 4211:

C. Kulp & J. Hall, Casualty Insurance, Fourth Edition, 1968, page 35

4080:

Archivist and Records Manager at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies

2930:

Ministry of Finance and by LIC, Life & General Insurance companies.

11723: 11653: 11623: 11606: 11584: 11394: 11264: 11259: 10972: 10920: 10745: 10668: 10567: 10462: 10140: 10050: 10035: 10018: 10014: 9771: 9540: 9274: 9170: 9150: 9081: 8915: 8696: 8565: 8561: 8450: 8294: 8169: 7639: 7624: 7564: 7197: 7187: 7157: 7082: 7039: 6979: 6703: 6695: 6571: 6492: 6453: 6397: 4249:"Insurers waive terrorism exclusions for Christchurch shooting victims" 3693:. Translated by Scott, S.P. Central Trust Company. 1932. Archived from 3336:– abbreviation for depreciation, interest repairs, taxes, and insurance 3311: 3303: 3299: 3119: 3049: 2942: 2706: 2568: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2280: 2254: 2095: 2006: 1926: 1922: 1813: 1718: 1667: 1458: 1265: 1244: 1221: 1209: 584: 558: 405: 372: 302: 8935: 8898: 8440: 7117: 4472: 1539: 474:

that underlies all insurance. In 1816, an archeological excavation in

11755: 11701: 11601: 11579: 11564: 11366: 11097: 10989: 10925: 10735: 10690: 10626: 10611: 10457: 10328: 10118: 9909: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9545: 9334: 9314: 9197: 9160: 8853: 8818: 8649: 8569: 8430: 8147: 7978: 7874: 7380: 7225: 6949: 6745: 6561: 6531: 6502: 5592: 3642: 3593: 3545: 3399: 3127: 3079: 3071: 3066: 2884:

In the United States, insurance is regulated by the states under the

2527: 2511: 2491: 2325: 2207:, all-risk policy includes also the damages caused by the own driver. 1863: 1642: 1546:, or employers' liability insurance, is compulsory in some countries. 1359: 1232: 1231:

At the most basic level, initial rate-making involves looking at the

1046: 995: 934: 662: 562: 471: 452: 427: 397: 310: 8361: 8284: 5347:"Senior broker on the importance of reducing clients' risk exposure" 5142:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Treasury. pp. 67–68. 4980: 4501:

Berger, Allen N.; Cummins, J. David; Weiss, Mary A. (October 1997).

3826: 2543: 2190:, information governance liability, and activities related thereto. 282:

established by ownership, possession, or pre-existing relationship.

11696: 11406: 11334: 11022: 10750: 10730: 10651: 10487: 10385: 10318: 10087: 9846: 9717: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9387: 9258: 9182: 8930: 8883: 8514: 8489: 8477: 8202: 8184: 8001: 7605: 7400: 7345: 7290: 7152: 7132: 6974: 6896: 6469: 4521: 4486: 4456: 3438:– Latin for "utmost good faith", a legal doctrine used in insurance 2908: 2870:

is the actual second largest market, with 17 percent market share.

2859: 2784:

Heavy and increasing premium costs in almost every line of coverage

2495: 2479: 2473: 2321: 1879: 1809: 1671: 1431: 1034: 948: 610:

from investment, a separation of roles that first proved useful in

592: 514: 401: 286: 7440: 5777:

Risky Business: Why Insurance Markets Fail and What to Do About It

3829:

The Life Insurance Industry in India: Current State and Efficiency

11591: 11574: 11354: 11222: 11152: 11128: 11027: 10663: 10589: 10224: 10164: 10157: 10072: 10030: 9877: 9856: 9837: 9819: 9761: 9700: 9668: 9613: 9329: 9253: 9113: 9093: 9022: 8684: 8591: 8509: 8472: 8460: 7552: 7405: 7395: 7127: 7092: 6984: 6407: 6343: 4126:

The Cabinet Papers 1915-1982: National Health Insurance Act 1911.

3885:

The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal

3685:"The Civil Law, Volume I, The Opinions of Julius Paulus, Book II" 3610: 3333: 2847: 2776:

Captives are becoming an increasingly important component of the

2024: 1883: 1829: 1805: 1767: 1743: 1714: 1524: 745: 599: 540: 522: 274:, while a person or entity covered under the policy is called an 174: 5703:. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 277. 5371:

O'Hare, Paul; White, Iain; Connelly, Angela (1 September 2015).

4114:

Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815-1870

3858: 3260:

Certain insurance products and practices have been described as

3220:) and a Spanish independent inventor, Salvador Minguijon Perez. 3203:

A recent example of a new insurance product that is patented is

3192:

New assurance products can now be protected from copying with a

1069:

Policies typically include a number of exclusions, for example:

356:

Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by

11676: 11062: 10945: 10785: 10594: 10537: 10447: 9887: 9516: 9175: 9165: 9128: 9118: 9098: 8910: 8761: 7713: 7340: 7142: 6959: 6062: 4861:"Private REITs: Facilitating a Cleaner Exit with Tax Insurance" 3519:

Indian Life and Health Insurance Industry: A Marketing Approach

3115: 2938: 2711: 2487: 1778:

introduced burial insurance c. 600 CE when they organized

1747: 1736: 1697: 965:

bond of honesty and fairness. Material facts must be disclosed.

633: 565: 448: 65: 3375:

International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics

2644:

Certificate issued by Republic Fire Insurance Co. of New York

1453: 1373:

may come into play to limit the insurance company's exposure.

774:. In Britain more extensive legislation was introduced by the 11596: 11569: 11123: 10894: 10757: 10621: 10529: 10135: 9752: 8381: 8371: 8336: 7107: 7087: 6934: 6909: 6904: 6874: 6722: 5244:"The impact of changing regulation on the insurance industry" 3307: 3279: 3083:

affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.

3003:

was a major insurance loss, but there were disputes over the

2790:

Differential coverage standards in various parts of the world

2483: 2228: 1825: 1779: 1742:

In many countries, such as the United States and the UK, the

1628: 1337: 606: 357: 89: 5840: 5725:"Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, Insurance" 2834:

special expertise that the insurance companies do not have.

2286:

Nuclear incident insurance covers damages resulting from an

1303:

Naturally, the float method is difficult to carry out in an

1193:+ investment income – incurred loss – underwriting expenses. 1076:, excluding damage caused by nuclear and radiation accidents 912:

zones. In the United States, the federal government insures

617:

The earliest known policy of life insurance was made in the

11275: 11092: 10780: 10683: 10636: 10055: 9766: 9133: 9123: 8798: 8321: 7059: 7054: 6417: 5474: 5422:

Consumer Motivation for Purchasing Low-Deductible Insurance

4748: 4561: 4488:

Fear is the Key: A Behavioral Guide to Underwriting Cycles,

3887:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 274-277. 3274: 3000: 2991: 2796:

Insufficient credit for deductibles or loss control efforts

2346: 2179: 2140: 2103: 1821: 1725: 1589: 861: 204: 5837:– finding information on the insurance industry (UK focus) 3929:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2933:

In 2017, within the framework of the joint project of the

2846:

Insurance companies are rated by various agencies such as

2384:

Fraternal insurance is provided on a cooperative basis by

2290:

and is generally arranged at the national level. (See the

1099:

Insurance can influence the probability of losses through

727:

Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship

10437: 9756: 9678: 8526: 7112: 4285: 3730:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.

2787:

Difficulties in insuring certain types of fortuitous risk

2702: 1641:

provides protection against any loss or damage caused by

5814: 5615:"Insurance: A Christian Perspective - Faith in Business" 5536: 5463:

Consumers Dispute FTC Report on Insurance Credit Scoring

5283:"Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China – 1995" 5132: 4292:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 268–. 5829: 5824: 5370: 4920:. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books. pp. 75–76. 3609:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 692:

and several related shipping and insurance businesses.

5321:"Insurers' websites receive first marks | Банк России" 3255: 2805:

Other possible forms for an insurance company include

2728:

Insurance companies are commonly classified as either

1220:

of ratemaking (price-setting) of policies, which uses

672:

At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the

568:

in approximately 220 AD that was also included in the

270:. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a 5819: 4955:. Sydney, Australia: CCH/Wolters Kluwer. p. 40. 4776:"Insurance For Landlords: Protecting Your Investment" 3794:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 BC–1875 AD

2682:

companies, which sometimes provide life insurance or

1045:(events not covered). An insured is thus said to be " 5774:

Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy; Fisman, Ray (2023).

5758:. London, England: Oxford University Press. p. 5589:"Jewish Association for Business Ethics – Insurance" 5520:"(Source: Insurance IP Bulletin, December 15, 2006)" 5069: 4128:

The National Archives, 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.

3723: 3721: 3719: 3707:

TITLE VII. ON THE LEX RHODIA. It is provided by the

1705:

beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an

1475:

Property coverage, for damage to or theft of the car

646:

was the first organized market for marine insurance.

5815:

Federation of European Risk Management Associations

3521:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. 2676:

companies, which provides other types of insurance.

1951:

caused over $ 80 billion of storm and flood damage.

1750:as well as protection in the event of early death. 1369:If a claims adjuster suspects under-insurance, the 402:

only required to pay one-half the value of the ship

5751: 5696: 5694: 5426:Marketing and Public Policy Conference Proceedings 4695: 4500: 4153:, the Global Federation of Insurance Associations. 3412:(sector of the economy to which insurance belongs) 941:damages (for example, personal accident insurance) 553:. His article detailed an historical account of a 451:in approximately 1000 to 800 BC, plausibly by the 254:An entity which provides insurance is known as an 5380:Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4917:Workers compensation : a reference and guide 4613: 4611: 4609: 4007:"Today and History:The History of Equitable Life" 3716: 2837: 2521:In the United States, the most prevalent form of 1694:Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office 1082:, excluding damage from acts of war or terrorism. 830:through saving money for possible future losses. 711:Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office 64:"Insure" redirects here. Not to be confused with 11864: 4617: 4353:Feldstein, Sylvan G.; Fabozzi, Frank J. (2008). 4352: 4286:Peter Zweifel; Roland Eisen (24 February 2012). 4279: 4164:To Insure or Not to Insure?: An Insurance Puzzle 3586: 3581:238. If a skipper wrecks ... money to its owner. 3538: 2474:Closed community and governmental self-insurance 1645:activities. In the United States in the wake of 5830:National Association of Insurance Commissioners 5499: 4996:"The Industry Handbook: The Insurance Industry" 4799: 4276:, revised April 2019, accessed 19 December 2020 3630:§238. If a boatman sink ... one-half its value. 2911:and other aspects under discussion as of 2012. 2890:National Association of Insurance Commissioners 2812: 2378: 2296:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act 1216:The most complicated aspect of insuring is the 751:The first international insurance rule was the 5029:. Chartered Insurance Institute. p. 2/5. 4606: 4168:The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory 3672:238. If a sailor wreck ... its value in money. 2754: 1534: 1269:income on them until claims are paid out. The 1212:the premiums they collect from insured parties 470:The law of general average is the fundamental 84:An advertisement for a fire insurance company 8218: 7456: 6860: 5856: 5414: 5269:. Lloyd's. 30 August 2012. Archived from the 5201:C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). 5052:"The Business Model of Reinsurance Companies" 4045: 3827:Tapas Kumar Parida, Debashis Acharya (2016). 1732:, are financial instruments to accumulate or 1588:insurance replaces all or part of a worker's 1179: 961:) the insured and the insurer are bound by a 736:and it pioneered age based premiums based on 5441:Volume 25 Issue 4 pp. 391–410, November 2003 5024: 4946: 4944: 4317:Mitigating Disaster Losses Through Insurance 3763:"Duhaime's Timetable of World Legal History" 3042: 2717: 2490:groups, depend on support provided by their 2182:, and more generally from risks relating to 1724:Certain life insurance contracts accumulate 521:in approximately 133 AD during the reign of 7996:Hazard analysis and critical control points 5578:", Insurance IP Bulletin, 15 December 2008. 5133:Federal Insurance Office (September 2023). 4858: 4442: 4207: 4205: 4076: 3856: 2953: 1963:which serves as the insurer of last resort. 1142: 799:Global Federation of Insurance Associations 629:Insurance became far more sophisticated in 23: 8225: 8211: 7463: 7449: 7427: 6867: 6853: 5863: 5849: 5576:An Experiment in Better Patent Examination 4836:. Business.gov. Retrieved on 18 July 2013. 3961: 3099:, the National Fair Housing Alliance, the 3031:for the best rates and coverage possible. 2514:(which, for practical purposes, meant the 2077:Directors and officers liability insurance 1355:a public adjuster in the case of a claim. 1281:$ 2.8 billion to hold our float in 2008". 1049:" against the loss covered in the policy. 1012:A "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of policy" 24: 5480:"Issues Update: Regulation Modernization" 5444: 4941: 4717: 4645: 3971:2000, item # 2422, H. W. Wilson Company, 3852: 3850: 3848: 3641: 3592: 3544: 2873: 2628:Learn how and when to remove this message 2215:High-value horses may be insured under a 2170: 2139:Credit insurance repays some or all of a 1531:is often part of an employer's benefits. 684:. In the late 1680s, Edward Lloyd opened 653:as we know it today can be traced to the 636:, where specialized varieties developed. 7969:Structured or semi-structured interviews 5668: 4400:. Abi.org.uk. Retrieved on 18 July 2013. 4220: 4202: 3857:Lewis, Charlton; Ingram, Thomas (1911). 3635: 2995: 2992:Complexity of insurance policy contracts 2824: 2742: 2639: 2288:incident involving radioactive materials 2210: 2052: 2005: 1943: 1854: 1799: 1688: 1538: 1518: 1452: 1323: 1146: 694: 638: 339: 79: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6244: 5749: 5136:Annual Report on the Insurance Industry 5027:IF1 – Insurance, Legal & Regulatory 4913: 4409: 3926:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3655:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3566:Records of the Past Exploration Society 1119: 14: 11865: 11246: 7356:General Insurance Corporation of India 7203:Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company 7065:Western & Southern Financial Group 5453:, Federal Trade Commission (July 2007) 5128: 5126: 5124: 4647:10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-025306 4095: 4093: 3914: 3845: 3755: 3516: 3243: 2533: 2449:Social Security debate (United States) 346:Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild 11460: 11245: 10515: 8979: 8978: 8245: 8206: 7444: 6848: 5844: 5555: 5344: 5267:"Reforming UK insurance contract law" 5006:from the original on 7 September 2018 4990: 4988: 4950: 4827:Types of Business Insurance | SBA.gov 4622:; Mishra, Ashok K. (6 October 2020). 4246: 3267: 2924:China Insurance Regulatory Commission 1596: 904:constrains insurers' ability to sell 550:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 545:Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company 92:in coverage and paid insurance (1910) 11832: 8232: 7020:Ohio National Life Insurance Company 5671:"Amish Reluctantly Accept Donations" 5669:Rubinkam, Michael (5 October 2006). 3647:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3598:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3550:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3149: 3145: 2566:adding citations to reliable sources 2537: 1580:Total permanent disability insurance 1442: 886:Financial Accounting Standards Board 539:(1870–1892 AD), once employed as an 439:("Rhodian law"). It articulates the 384:(c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated that a 7470: 7432:List of largest insurance companies 7005:Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company 5465:www.consumeraffairs.com (July 2007) 5308:Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 5227:"FSA takes on insurance regulation" 5166:Florida State University Law Review 5121: 5075: 4629:Annual Review of Resource Economics 4221:Menapace, Michael (10 March 2019). 4090: 3996:, Gilbert and Rivington, 1854, p. 4 3256:Insurance industry and rent-seeking 3039:secure coverage for their clients. 2920:People's Insurance Company of China 2853: 2337:provides a guarantee that title to 1761: 1570:all and therefore totally disabled. 1504: 1176:benefits offered to policyholders. 1132:insurance, dual payment is allowed) 56: 10516: 8246: 8099:Bayesian statistics and Bayes nets 5902:Accidental death and dismemberment 5768: 5645:"Should Christians Buy Insurance?" 4985: 4773: 3999: 1674:conditions could result in a loss. 989: 57: 11894: 8028:Failure mode and effects analysis 7366:Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil 5803: 5214:The Journal of Risk and Insurance 4981:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253 4859:Blitz, Gary; Schoenberg, Daniel. 4678:US application 20,060,287,896 4445:The Journal of Risk and Insurance 3560:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3531:See, e.g., Vaughan, E. J., 1997, 2503:of explicit insurance contracts. 1678: 1314:underwriting, or insurance, cycle 1197:Insurers make money in two ways: 1090: 624: 433:in 235 AD was included about the 11843: 11831: 11820: 11819: 8131:Multi-criteria decision analysis 8079:Reliability centered maintenance 7426: 6028:Directors and officers liability 5049: 4845:Breathe Insurance Brokers Ltd., 4802:Tort & Insurance Law Journal 4139:British social policy, 1914-1939 3154: 2948: 2542: 2294:and, for the United States, the 2143:when the borrower is insolvent. 2114:professional indemnity insurance 2110:Professional liability insurance 1961:National Flood Insurance Program 1696:, Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, 1485: 414:(533), the second volume of the 335: 11844: 9379:Outdoors & sports equipment 7236:China Pacific Insurance Company 7010:New York Life Insurance Company 5825:Insurance Information Institute 5717: 5688: 5662: 5637: 5607: 5581: 5568: 5549: 5530: 5512: 5493: 5476:Insurance Information Institute 5468: 5456: 5431: 5364: 5338: 5313: 5288: 5276: 5260: 5236: 5219: 5195: 5171: 5146: 5095: 5018: 4973: 4907: 4891: 4852: 4839: 4820: 4793: 4767: 4754:"What is homeowners insurance?" 4750:Insurance Information Institute 4742: 4689: 4670: 4580: 4563:Insurance Information Institute 4555: 4494: 4479: 4436: 4403: 4384: 4356:The Handbook of Municipal Bonds 4346: 4333: 4328:Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 4306: 4266: 4240: 4214: 4182: 4173: 4156: 4144: 4131: 4119: 4106: 4070: 4039: 4021: 3986: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3877: 3820: 3484: 3465:Insurance in the United Kingdom 2974: 2901:insurance in the United Kingdom 2553:needs additional citations for 2454:Social Security (United States) 2236:Business interruption insurance 2164:Collateral protection insurance 1328:Claims examiner at work. (1992) 1271:Association of British Insurers 833: 713:, founded in London in 1706 by 459:and emergence of the purported 119:Development finance institution 11883:Services sector of the economy 8047:Cause and consequence analysis 7921:Occupational safety and health 7829:Identity and access management 5177:J Schacht, B Foudree. (2007). 4491:10 Conn. Ins. L.J. 255 (2004). 3915:Palmer, Sarah (October 2007). 3785: 3677: 3525: 3510: 3470:Insurance in the United States 3410:Tertiary sector of the economy 3350:Global assets under management 3097:Consumer Federation of America 2838:Financial stability and rating 2800: 2388:or other social organizations. 2341:is vested in the purchaser or 2193: 2086:Errors and omissions insurance 1379:fraudulent insurance practices 1162:EYE Film Institute Netherlands 547:, submitted an article to the 170:Bull (stock market speculator) 13: 1: 9383:Personal protective equipment 5870: 4953:Insurance and Risk Management 4710:10.1080/09614524.2018.1556608 4272:California State PTA (2019), 4057:Comite Maritime International 3498: 2645: 1844:, inland marine insurance or 1812:home would be considered an " 1574:Disability overhead insurance 1471:Coverage typically includes: 1064: 917:syndicates the risk into the 908:as well as wind insurance in 804: 757:International Law Association 447:established on the island of 100:Financial market participants 8007:Structured What If Technique 7990:Hazard and operability study 7846:Business continuity planning 7386:Reinsurance Group of America 7231:China Life Insurance Company 6920:American International Group 6795:Savings and loan association 5351:www.insurancebusinessmag.com 5255:Financial Services Authority 4247:Stock, Rob (19 March 2019). 3955:UK public library membership 3503: 3101:National Consumer Law Center 3060: 2905:Financial Services Authority 2813:Admitted versus non-admitted 2379:Insurance financing vehicles 2135:Payment protection insurance 2038: 1651:Terrorism Risk Insurance Act 1392: 416:codification of laws ordered 7: 11461: 7984:Preliminary hazard analysis 7803:Operational risk management 6228:Insurance-linked securities 5699:The riddle of Amish culture 5695:Donald B. Kraybill (1989). 4188:Irish Brokers Association. 4029:"Encarta: Health Insurance" 3982:members from a common fund. 3615:University of Chicago Press 3455:Insurance industry in China 3443:Country-specific articles: 3321: 2963:when writing the policy. 2916:insurance industry in China 2755:Captive insurance companies 2386:fraternal benefit societies 1789: 1658:Kidnap and ransom insurance 1535:Income protection insurance 1288:, the underwriting loss of 1170:subscription business model 1015:An "indemnification" policy 790:, to form the first modern 786:under the influence of the 780:National Insurance Act 1911 721:. Upon the same principle, 701:National Insurance Act 1911 364:traders as long ago as the 317:its own risk by taking out 10: 11899: 8068:Human reliability analysis 7752:Enterprise risk management 7256:Life Insurance Corporation 5917:Total permanent disability 5820:Insurance Bureau of Canada 5750:Dickson, P. G. M. (1960). 5742: 4914:Lencsis, Peter M. (1998). 4849:, accessed 1 November 2020 3212:Progressive Auto Insurance 3185: 3064: 2877: 2758: 2721: 2266:before the event insurance 2132: 2042: 1793: 1682: 1600: 1508: 1489: 1446: 1180:Underwriting and investing 993: 837: 328: 324: 73:Insurance (disambiguation) 70: 63: 11814: 11662: 11545: 11471: 11467: 11456: 11415: 11365: 11258: 11254: 11241: 11108: 11048: 11005: 10875: 10766: 10706: 10610: 10528: 10524: 10511: 10376: 10267: 10173: 9830: 9598: 9398: 8998: 8991: 8987: 8974: 8781: 8602: 8488: 8265: 8258: 8254: 8241: 8140: 8057:Layer protection analysis 8052:Cause-and-effect analysis 7934: 7859:Financial risk management 7741: 7706: 7596:Vulnerability (computing) 7485: 7478: 7414: 7328: 7266:MS&AD Insurance Group 7216: 7073: 6915:American Family Insurance 6895: 6888: 6820: 6672: 6657:Health insurance coverage 6597: 6381: 6210: 6152: 6081: 6000: 5952: 5922:Business overhead expense 5887: 5878: 5619:www.faith-in-business.org 5557:US patent 20090055227 5420:Schindler, R. M. (1994). 4676: 4594:. Adjusters International 4414:. Portfolio. p. 16. 3163:This article needs to be 3043:Limited consumer benefits 2751:insurance risks as well. 2718:Mutual versus proprietary 2302:Over-redemption insurance 2270:after the event insurance 2128: 2092:Prize indemnity insurance 1816:" for insurance purposes. 1319: 1264:Insurance companies earn 732:It was the world's first 11692:Mergers and acquisitions 11433:Research and development 9798:Chemical & hormonal 9453:Communications equipment 8018:Business impact analysis 7834:Vulnerability management 7780:Personal risk management 7579:Global catastrophic risk 6058:Protection and indemnity 5439:Journal of Urban Affairs 5392:10.1177/0263774X15602022 5208:23 November 2017 at the 4410:Feinman, Jay M. (2010). 4396:7 September 2009 at the 3767:Duhaime's Law Dictionary 3477: 3380:List of insurance topics 3088:Federal Trade Commission 2971:deposit with the state. 2954:Does not reduce the risk 2459:Social welfare provision 2292:nuclear exclusion clause 2261:Legal expenses insurance 2059:subprime mortgage crisis 1931:construction of the home 1896:Builder's risk insurance 1866:after ditching into the 1664:Political risk insurance 1523:Great Western Hospital, 1409: 1397:Insurers will often use 1143:Insurers' business model 1074:Nuclear exclusion clause 1009:A "reimbursement" policy 925: 595:and respondentia bonds. 88:, showing the amount of 39:latest accepted revision 10483:Painting and decorating 9507:Medical imaging systems 9440:Parts & peripherals 7899:Precautionary principle 7851:Disaster risk reduction 7422:ranking by Total Assets 7030:Progressive Corporation 6515:Explanation of benefits 5987:Variable universal life 5781:Yale University Press. 5285:. Lehman, Lee & Xu. 5078:"Lloyd's Organizations" 4698:Development in Practice 4227:The National Law Review 3870:Encyclopædia Britannica 3831:. Springer. p. 2. 3385:Loss control consultant 2369:Interest rate insurance 2061:was the source of many 1437:business owner's policy 1401:to initially market or 396:that saved a ship from 285:The insured receives a 11796:State-owned enterprise 11776:Nonprofit organization 11687:Horizontal integration 9500:Scientific instruments 9463:Network infrastructure 8094:Monte Carlo simulation 8084:Sneak circuit analysis 7479:Risk type & source 7311:Taikang Life Insurance 7208:Zurich Insurance Group 7103:Assicurazioni Generali 6652:Health insurance costs 6053:Professional liability 5249:5 October 2018 at the 4046:F. L. Wiswall (2019), 3935:10.1093/ref:odnb/16829 3450:Insurance in Australia 3365:Insurance Hall of Fame 3194:business method patent 3008: 2874:Regulatory differences 2651: 2482:groups, including the 2220: 2184:information technology 2171:Cyber attack insurance 2158:Trade credit insurance 2066: 2019: 1952: 1871: 1860:US Airways Flight 1549 1817: 1701: 1547: 1527: 1461: 1329: 1305:economically depressed 1165: 824:financial intermediary 703: 699:Leaflet promoting the 647: 619:Royal Exchange, London 486:from the ruins of the 480:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 353: 93: 11139:Private investigation 8119:Cost/benefit analysis 7763:Regulatory compliance 6508:Out-of-pocket expense 6369:Workers' compensation 6023:Collateral protection 6013:Business interruption 5526:on 27 September 2007. 5025:David Ransom (2011). 4539:on 19 September 2000. 4343:. ACTEX Publications. 4195:11 April 2009 at the 3424:Universal health care 3217:U.S. patent 5,797,134 3186:Further information: 3086:In July 2007, the US 2999: 2886:McCarran–Ferguson Act 2825:Insurance consultants 2743:Reinsurance companies 2643: 2417:Financial reinsurance 2214: 2056: 2009: 1947: 1915:compensation payment. 1912:Index-based insurance 1858: 1803: 1692: 1586:Workers' compensation 1544:Workers' compensation 1542: 1522: 1457:A wrecked vehicle in 1456: 1327: 1275:London Stock Exchange 1250:multivariate analyses 1168:Insurers may use the 1158:Accidents will happen 1156: 698: 642: 529:. In 1851 AD, future 411:Digesta seu Pandectae 343: 305:(or if required by a 299:out-of-pocket expense 83: 11707:Vertical integration 9713:Speciality chemicals 9553:Electrical equipment 9470:Consumer electronics 7882:Strategic management 7758:Corporate governance 7536:Anthropogenic hazard 7251:Kyobo Life Insurance 7035:Prudential Financial 6731:Corpus Juris Civilis 5574:Bakos, Nowotarski, " 5345:Libatique, Roxanne. 5103:"Admitted Insurance" 4951:Teale, John (2013). 4865:Transaction Advisors 4847:Plant Hire Insurance 4832:29 June 2010 at the 4548:22 June 2010 at the 4322:20 June 2010 at the 4190:Insurance Principles 4137:Bentley B. Gilbert, 3007:'s insurance policy. 2562:improve this article 2345:, free and clear of 2248:Expatriate insurance 2225:Bloodstock insurance 1919:Earthquake insurance 1838:earthquake insurance 1617:liability insurances 1613:workers compensation 1564:disability insurance 1552:Disability insurance 1371:condition of average 1120:Methods of insurance 1080:War exclusion clause 906:earthquake insurance 870:Occupational disease 866:automobile accidents 851:law of large numbers 655:Great Fire of London 644:Lloyd's Coffee House 500:prescribed the rules 455:during the proposed 331:History of insurance 220:Financial regulation 71:For other uses, see 11791:Sole proprietorship 11766:Joint-stock company 11040:Veterinary medicine 10865:Property management 10659:Passenger transport 9686:Commodity chemicals 9512:Optical instruments 9480:Video game consoles 9373:Musical instruments 9214:Media reproduction 8042:Event tree analysis 8037:Fault tree analysis 8023:Root cause analysis 8002:Toxicity assessment 7944:Exposure assessment 7914:Disaster management 7841:Incident management 7824:Security management 7517:Psychosocial hazard 7500:Reputational damage 7178:RSA Insurance Group 7015:Northwestern Mutual 7000:National Life Group 6790:Rochdale Principles 6785:Mutual savings bank 6780:Mutual organization 6765:Cooperative banking 6682:Mesopotamian banker 5962:Longevity insurance 5835:The British Library 5675:The Washington Post 5302:11 May 2011 at the 5294:Thomas JE. (2002). 5273:on 14 January 2013. 5225:Haurant S. (2005). 5185:10 May 2011 at the 5160:11 May 2011 at the 5152:Randall S. (1998). 4510:Journal of Business 4485:Fitzpatrick, Sean, 4289:Insurance Economics 4162:Gollier C. (2003). 3554:Records of the Past 3290:). Some argue that 3244:Insurance on demand 2534:Insurance companies 2466:Stop-loss insurance 2314:Pollution insurance 2188:information privacy 2118:medical malpractice 2063:liability insurance 2045:Liability insurance 2012:terrorism insurance 1739:when it is needed. 1639:Terrorism insurance 1387:insurance bad faith 1258:underwriting profit 809:Insurance involves 313:). The insurer may 124:Insurance companies 29:Page version status 11878:Financial services 11739:Putting-out system 11248:Information sector 11169:Personal services 10776:Financial services 10248:offshore platforms 10097:advanced materials 10078:Ready-mix concrete 9531:Laser construction 9491:Clocks and watches 9325:Injection moulding 9296:Other fabrication 9249:household hardware 8124:Risk–benefit ratio 7926:Swiss cheese model 7887:Risk communication 7795:Disease management 7669:Exchange rate risk 7664:Interest rate risk 7371:Korean Reinsurance 7336:Arch Capital Group 7246:Great Eastern Life 7173:Royal London Group 7050:UnitedHealth Group 7045:Sun Life Financial 6970:Markel Corporation 6925:Berkshire Hathaway 6542:Insurable interest 6043:Payment protection 5944:Payment protection 5002:. 7 January 2004. 4879:on 23 October 2018 4339:Brown RL. (1993). 3992:Amicable Society, 3969:Famous First Facts 3535:, New York: Wiley. 3460:Insurance in India 3390:Outline of finance 3316:Brethren in Christ 3268:Religious concerns 3009: 3005:World Trade Center 2819:admitted insurance 2674:casualty insurance 2652: 2434:National Insurance 2392:No-fault insurance 2227:covers individual 2221: 2200:All-risk insurance 2148:Mortgage insurance 2067: 2025:volcanic eruptions 2020: 1990:Renters' insurance 1973:Landlord insurance 1953: 1876:Aviation insurance 1872: 1850:property insurance 1818: 1796:Property insurance 1730:endowment policies 1702: 1603:Casualty insurance 1597:Casualty insurance 1548: 1528: 1462: 1345:records management 1330: 1294:casualty insurance 1166: 975:Causa proxima, or 945:Insurable interest 778:government in the 753:York Antwerp Rules 704: 651:Property insurance 648: 531:U.S. Supreme Court 488:Temple of Antinous 467:(c. 1100–c. 750). 354: 280:insurable interest 94: 35: 11860: 11859: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11637:Natural resources 11482:Production-based 11452: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11390:Vocational school 11237: 11236: 11233: 11232: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10468:Electrical wiring 10454:Specialty trades 10408:Civil engineering 10263: 10262: 9937:Vulcanized rubber 9733:Cleaning products 9573:Electric lighting 9290:Surface finishing 9280:Powder metallurgy 9235:Metal fabrication 8981:Industrial sector 8970: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8869:Rare-earth metals 8777: 8776: 8200: 8199: 8013:Scenario analysis 7954:Scenario planning 7909:Crisis management 7790:Stress management 7737: 7736: 7630:Reputational risk 7438: 7437: 7424: 7376:Lloyd's of London 7324: 7323: 7281:Ping An Insurance 7261:Meiji Yasuda Life 6990:Mutual of America 6945:CUNA Mutual Group 6842: 6841: 6687:Code of Hammurabi 6662:Vehicle insurance 6557:Replacement value 6449:Actual cash value 6413:Adverse selection 6403:Actuarial science 6377: 6376: 6309:Kidnap and ransom 6282:Extended warranty 5929:Income protection 5787:978-0-300-26855-3 5710:978-0-8018-3682-4 5242:Adams J. (2012). 5109:. 29 January 2018 5076:Liberto, Daniel. 5036:978-0-85713-094-5 4962:978-1-922042-88-0 4370:978-0-470-10875-8 4299:978-3-642-20547-7 4077:Dr. Ruth Frendo, 4066:on 14 August 2019 3967:Anzovin, Steven, 3953:(Subscription or 3905:Dickson (1960): 7 3896:Dickson (1960): 4 3860:"Insurance" 3805:. 1915. pp. 3740:. 1915. pp. 3345:Financial adviser 3184: 3183: 3146:Insurance patents 2766:Captive insurance 2761:Captive insurance 2684:employee benefits 2638: 2637: 2630: 2612: 2439:Social safety net 2363:Tuition insurance 1949:Hurricane Katrina 1466:traffic collision 1449:Vehicle insurance 1443:Vehicle insurance 1417:vehicle insurance 1349:data entry clerks 1334:brokers or agents 1218:actuarial science 1154: 955:Utmost good faith 855:Lloyd's of London 768:Otto von Bismarck 723:Edward Rowe Mores 690:Lloyd's of London 678:business ventures 631:Enlightenment-era 537:Joseph P. Bradley 534:Associate Justice 525:(117–138) of the 264:insurance carrier 260:insurance company 242: 241: 215:Financial planner 210:Financial analyst 205:Banks and banking 190:Corporate finance 47:19 September 2024 26: 18:Insurance company 16:(Redirected from 11890: 11847: 11846: 11835: 11834: 11823: 11822: 11719:Enforced breakup 11714:Decentralization 11642:Physical capital 11469: 11468: 11458: 11457: 11256: 11255: 11243: 11242: 11119:Customer service 11035:Residential care 10983:Public relations 10791:Financial advice 10768:Asset management 10563:Department store 10526: 10525: 10513: 10512: 10493:Site preparation 10341:Telecom networks 10309:Waste management 10285:Gas distribution 9969:Synthetic fibers 9696:Industrial gases 9435:Computer systems 9369:Medical supplies 8996: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8976: 8975: 8406:Animal husbandry 8377:Medicinal plants 8263: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8243: 8242: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8204: 8203: 8192:Opportunity cost 8141:Related concepts 8074:Bow tie analysis 7959:Contingency plan 7785:Health insurance 7773:Internal control 7614:Operational risk 7529:Natural disaster 7483: 7482: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7442: 7441: 7430: 7429: 7416: 7306:T&D Holdings 7276:Income Insurance 6893: 6892: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6800:Social insurance 6755:Friendly society 6647:Health insurance 6475:Short rate table 6223:Catastrophe bond 6124:Lenders mortgage 5885: 5884: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5763: 5757: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5702: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5621:. 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Archived from 4856: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4774:Miller, Nathan. 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4721: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4649: 4615: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4559: 4553: 4540: 4538: 4532:. Archived from 4507: 4498: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4407: 4401: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4283: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4059:, archived from 4054: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4035:on 17 July 2009. 4031:. Archived from 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3937:. Archived from 3917:"Lloyd, Edward ( 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3862: 3854: 3843: 3842: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3803:Prudential Press 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3769:. Archived from 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3738:Prudential Press 3725: 3714: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3690:Constitution.org 3681: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3602: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3542: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3492: 3488: 3355:Insurance broker 3219: 3188:Insurance patent 3179: 3176: 3170: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3092:insurance scores 3076:Racial profiling 2854:Across the world 2724:Mutual insurance 2680:Health insurance 2663:asset management 2650: 2647: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2570: 2546: 2538: 2423:Social insurance 2357:Travel insurance 2242:Defense Base Act 2186:infrastructure, 2071:Public liability 1984:inland waterways 1980:Marine insurance 1890:Boiler insurance 1846:boiler insurance 1762:Burial insurance 1515:Dental insurance 1511:Health insurance 1505:Health insurance 1399:insurance agents 1155: 1039:insurance policy 788:Beveridge Report 784:Second World War 725:established the 719:Sir Thomas Allen 682:marine insurance 659:Christopher Wren 612:marine insurance 561:compiled by the 445:marine insurance 307:health insurance 291:insurance policy 195:Personal finance 180:Financial market 134:Investment funds 129:Investment banks 96: 95: 21: 11898: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11855: 11802: 11771:Nationalization 11658: 11628:Primary inputs 11549: 11541: 11474: 11473:Classification 11463: 11444: 11411: 11361: 11345:Social networks 11262: 11250: 11229: 11213:Business travel 11115:Administrative 11104: 11088:Amusement parks 11052: 11044: 11018:Dentist offices 11001: 10871: 10838:Pension funding 10811:Risk management 10796:Holding company 10762: 10702: 10614: 10606: 10578:Specialty store 10573:Online shopping 10520: 10499: 10372: 10259: 10169: 9826: 9784:Pharmaceuticals 9728:Aroma compounds 9664:Petroleum jelly 9594: 9583:Home appliances 9578:Electric motors 9526:spotting scopes 9487:Instrumentation 9400: 9394: 9376:Office supplies 8983: 8962: 8946:Dimension stone 8880:Other minerals 8825:Mining of ores 8773: 8598: 8484: 8431:Other livestock 8317:Permanent crops 8250: 8237: 8231: 8201: 8196: 8180:Problem solving 8136: 8089:Markov analysis 7949:Hazard analysis 7936:Risk assessment 7930: 7865:Diversification 7743:Countermeasures 7733: 7702: 7548:Technology risk 7474: 7472:Risk management 7469: 7439: 7434: 7425: 7410: 7320: 7212: 7148:Mutua Madrileña 7069: 6995:Mutual of Omaha 6884: 6873: 6843: 6838: 6816: 6812:Insurance cycle 6775:Fraternal order 6668: 6599: 6593: 6552:Proximate cause 6547:Insurance fraud 6527:General average 6486:Claims adjuster 6428:Risk management 6423:Risk assessment 6387: 6384: 6373: 6339:Prize indemnity 6206: 6154: 6148: 6077: 6038:Over-redemption 5996: 5948: 5939:National health 5880: 5874: 5869: 5806: 5771: 5769:Further reading 5766: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5625:on 1 March 2021 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5419: 5415: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304:Wayback Machine 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5265: 5261: 5251:Wayback Machine 5241: 5237: 5224: 5220: 5210:Wayback Machine 5200: 5196: 5187:Wayback Machine 5176: 5172: 5162:Wayback Machine 5151: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4963: 4949: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4857: 4853: 4844: 4840: 4834:Wayback Machine 4825: 4821: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4618:Ali, Williams; 4616: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4592:Adjusting Today 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4556: 4550:Wayback Machine 4536: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4484: 4480: 4441: 4437: 4422: 4408: 4404: 4398:Wayback Machine 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4363:. p. 614. 4351: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4324:Wayback Machine 4311: 4307: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4274:Insurance Guide 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4197:Wayback Machine 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4099:E. P. Hennock, 4098: 4091: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4052: 4049:A Brief History 4044: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3944: 3942: 3941:on 15 July 2011 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3855: 3846: 3839: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3773:on 24 June 2021 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3700: 3698: 3697:on 24 June 2021 3683: 3682: 3678: 3665: 3663: 3661:Yale Law School 3640: 3636: 3623: 3621: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3574: 3572: 3543: 3539: 3533:Risk Management 3530: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3441: 3405:Social security 3360:Insurance fraud 3340:Earthquake loss 3329:Agent of record 3324: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3215: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3069: 3063: 3045: 2994: 2977: 2961:risk assessment 2956: 2951: 2882: 2876: 2856: 2840: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2778:risk management 2763: 2757: 2745: 2736:Demutualization 2726: 2720: 2648: 2634: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2571: 2569: 2559: 2547: 2536: 2476: 2444:Social security 2381: 2335:Title insurance 2196: 2176:Cyber-insurance 2173: 2137: 2131: 2047: 2041: 2010:The demand for 1957:Flood insurance 1834:flood insurance 1798: 1792: 1764: 1687: 1681: 1605: 1599: 1537: 1517: 1509:Main articles: 1507: 1494: 1488: 1451: 1445: 1412: 1395: 1322: 1182: 1147: 1145: 1122: 1105:insurance fraud 1093: 1067: 998: 992: 990:Indemnification 977:proximate cause 928: 842: 836: 807: 666:Nicholas Barbon 627: 602:about 1300 AD. 555:Severan dynasty 513:established in 504:membership dues 465:Greek Dark Ages 457:Dorian invasion 441:general average 426:written by the 380:Codex Hammurabi 338: 333: 327: 249:risk management 225:Fund governance 76: 69: 62: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11896: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11841: 11829: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11749:Temporary work 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11672:Centralization 11668: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11626: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11594: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11556: 11554: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11488: 11479: 11477: 11465: 11464: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11438:Basic research 11430: 11425: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11382: 11377: 11371: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11269: 11267: 11252: 11251: 11239: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11167: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11155: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11077: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11059: 11057: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11011: 11009: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10970: 10968:Legal services 10965: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10939:system testing 10928: 10923: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10881: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10801:Money transfer 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10712: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10674:Passenger rail 10671: 10666: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10642:Moving company 10639: 10634: 10629: 10618: 10616: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10548:Consumer goods 10545: 10543:Car dealership 10534: 10532: 10522: 10521: 10518:Service sector 10509: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10382: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10338: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10273: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10241: 10236: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10179: 10177: 10175:Heavy industry 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10114:Metal refining 10111: 10110: 10109: 10107:Synthetic gems 10104: 10099: 10090: 10084:Other mineral 10082: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9974:Thermoplastics 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9854: 9849: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9800:contraceptives 9796: 9794:Blood products 9791: 9781: 9779:Fine chemicals 9776: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9659:Petrochemicals 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9604: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9560: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9519: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9442: 9437: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9423:Semiconductors 9420: 9418:Circuit boards 9415: 9404: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9366: 9363: 9358: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9285:Prefabrication 9282: 9277: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9242: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9218:Cassette tapes 9212: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9068: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9054:Vegetable oils 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9028: 9027:Dairy products 9025: 9020: 9015: 9004: 9002: 9000:Light industry 8993: 8985: 8984: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8582:Wild mushrooms 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8559: 8557:Natural rubber 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8342:Tropical fruit 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8275:Arable farming 8271: 8269: 8260: 8252: 8251: 8248:Natural sector 8239: 8238: 8230: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8207: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7892:Warning system 7884: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7747: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7692:Strategic risk 7688: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7659:Liquidity risk 7656: 7648:Financial risk 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7620:Execution risk 7610: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7541:Political risk 7533: 7532: 7531: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7494:Business risks 7489: 7487: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7296:SOMPO Holdings 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7168:Prudential plc 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123:CNP Assurances 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6965:Liberty Mutual 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6833:List of topics 6829: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6718:Burial society 6708: 6707: 6706: 6700:§235–238; §240 6692:§100–105; §126 6684: 6678: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6642:Climate change 6634: 6632:United Kingdom 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6577:Underinsurance 6574: 6569: 6567:Self-insurance 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6334:Political risk 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6314:Legal expenses 6311: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6094:Builder's risk 6091: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018:Business owner 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982:Universal life 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5934:Long-term care 5931: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5804:External links 5802: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5716: 5709: 5687: 5661: 5636: 5606: 5580: 5567: 5548: 5529: 5511: 5492: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5430: 5413: 5363: 5337: 5312: 5287: 5275: 5259: 5235: 5218: 5194: 5170: 5145: 5120: 5094: 5068: 5042: 5035: 5017: 4984: 4972: 4961: 4940: 4926: 4906: 4890: 4851: 4838: 4819: 4808:(3): 653–714. 4792: 4766: 4741: 4704:(4): 409–423. 4688: 4669: 4638:Annual Reviews 4620:Abdulai, Awudu 4605: 4579: 4554: 4522:10.1086/209730 4493: 4478: 4457:10.2307/253703 4435: 4420: 4402: 4391:What we do ABI 4383: 4369: 4345: 4332: 4305: 4298: 4278: 4265: 4239: 4213: 4201: 4181: 4172: 4155: 4143: 4130: 4118: 4112:Hermann Beck, 4105: 4089: 4069: 4038: 4020: 4009:. 26 June 2009 3998: 3985: 3960: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3876: 3865:Chisholm, Hugh 3844: 3837: 3819: 3784: 3754: 3715: 3676: 3652:Avalon Project 3634: 3585: 3562:Washington, DC 3537: 3524: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3440: 3439: 3435:Uberrima fides 3431: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3269: 3266: 3257: 3254: 3245: 3242: 3208:auto insurance 3182: 3181: 3162: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3132:discriminatory 3124:marital status 3065:Main article: 3062: 3059: 3044: 3041: 2993: 2990: 2976: 2973: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2935:Bank of Russia 2897:European Union 2878:Main article: 2875: 2872: 2864:European Union 2855: 2852: 2839: 2836: 2826: 2823: 2814: 2811: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2759:Main article: 2756: 2753: 2744: 2741: 2722:Main article: 2719: 2716: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694:Standard lines 2688: 2687: 2677: 2666: 2659:Life insurance 2636: 2635: 2550: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2523:self-insurance 2508:United Kingdom 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2420: 2410: 2407:self-insurance 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2332: 2329: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2209: 2208: 2195: 2192: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2133:Main article: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2112:, also called 2107: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2043:Main article: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1970: 1967:Home insurance 1964: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1916: 1903:Crop insurance 1900: 1893: 1887: 1842:home insurance 1794:Main article: 1791: 1788: 1763: 1760: 1685:Life insurance 1683:Main article: 1680: 1679:Life insurance 1677: 1676: 1675: 1661: 1655: 1636: 1601:Main article: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1556:mortgage loans 1536: 1533: 1506: 1503: 1490:Main article: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1425:home insurance 1411: 1408: 1394: 1391: 1321: 1318: 1298:Hank Greenberg 1214: 1213: 1206: 1195: 1194: 1191:earned premium 1181: 1178: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1118: 1114:building codes 1092: 1091:Social effects 1089: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1066: 1063: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1002:life insurance 994:Main article: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 973: 969: 966: 959:Uberrima fides 952: 942: 938: 927: 924: 923: 922: 893: 889: 881: 877: 873: 858: 838:Main article: 835: 832: 820:insurable risk 806: 803: 738:mortality rate 734:mutual insurer 715:William Talbot 707:Life insurance 686:a coffee house 626: 625:Modern methods 623: 508:burial society 394:ship charterer 337: 334: 329:Main article: 326: 323: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 200:Public finance 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 165:Angel investor 159: 158: 154: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 108: 107: 103: 102: 60: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11895: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11852: 11851: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11818: 11817: 11813: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11786:Privatization 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11560:Externalities 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11521:Market-based 11520: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11470: 11466: 11459: 11455: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11292:Audio-visual 11291: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11244: 11240: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11051: 11050:Entertainment 11047: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11004: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10806:Payment cards 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10741:Food delivery 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10721:Drink service 10719: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615:& Storage 10613: 10609: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10558:Grocery store 10556: 10554: 10553:General store 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10239:Rail vehicles 10237: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10212:wind turbines 10209: 10206: 10204: 10203:Machine tools 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10093:Carbon fibers 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Illegal drugs 9808: 9806: 9805:Generic drugs 9803: 9801: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9723:Agrochemicals 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9706:Pure elements 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9674:Synthetic oil 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Lens grinding 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9458:Mobile phones 9456: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9446:storage media 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401:& optical 9397: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9228:Optical discs 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9071:Bottled water 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8992:Manufacturing 8990: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752:Sea cucumbers 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416:Dairy farming 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322:Apples et al. 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8223: 8221: 8216: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8165:Risk appetite 8163: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8153:ISO/IEC 31010 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Decision tree 8061: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7974:Delphi method 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Brainstorming 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7729:Vulnerability 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7698:Residual risk 7696: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7684:Systemic risk 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7591:Security risk 7589: 7587: 7586:Safety hazard 7584: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7569:External risk 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7507:Personal risk 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7418:Methodology: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7391:RenaissanceRe 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Everest Group 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301:Sumitomo Life 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:QBE Insurance 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7241:Dai-ichi Life 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7163:Phoenix Group 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6940:CNA Financial 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6856: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6637:United States 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6521:Force majeure 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6442:Value of life 6440: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6304:Interest rate 6302: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6172:Inland marine 6170: 6168: 6167:GAP insurance 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155:Communication 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5977:Unitised fund 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:Mortgage life 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5799: 5798:9781587788826 5795: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5747: 5726: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5691: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5650: 5649:Crosswalk.com 5646: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5558: 5552: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5502: 5496: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5138: 5137: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4945: 4929: 4927:9781567201741 4923: 4919: 4918: 4910: 4904: 4903:1-879143-13-5 4900: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4842: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4679: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4516:(4): 515–46. 4515: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4421:9781101196281 4417: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4313:Kunreuther H. 4309: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3978: 3977:0-8242-0958-3 3974: 3970: 3964: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3886: 3883:J. Franklin, 3880: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3838:9789811022333 3834: 3830: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3710: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3662: 3658: 3657:New Haven, CT 3654: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3487: 3483: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3429:Welfare state 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370:Insurance law 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302:communities ( 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3265: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3198:United States 3195: 3189: 3178: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:credit scores 3108: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3021:plain English 3017: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2949:Controversies 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2880:Insurance law 2871: 2869: 2868:single market 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2642: 2632: 2629: 2621: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: – 2578: 2574: 2573:Find sources: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2551:This section 2549: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2516:civil service 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428:welfare state 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:real property 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308:Pet insurance 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2205:car insurance 2201: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2014:surged after 2013: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1937:Fidelity bond 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1808:damage to an 1807: 1802: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:criminal acts 1622: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1499:down payments 1493: 1492:Gap insurance 1486:Gap insurance 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383:business risk 1380: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:United States 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1241:present value 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1003: 997: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 967: 964: 960: 956: 953: 950: 946: 943: 939: 936: 933: 932: 931: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 890: 887: 882: 878: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 856: 852: 847: 846: 845: 841: 831: 829: 825: 821: 816: 812: 802: 800: 795: 793: 792:welfare state 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772:welfare state 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 749: 747: 741: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 702: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 645: 641: 637: 635: 632: 622: 620: 615: 613: 608: 603: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551: 546: 542: 538: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509: 505: 501: 498:. The tablet 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 443:principle of 442: 438: 437: 432: 429: 425: 424:legal opinion 422:(527–565), a 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 381: 376: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 351: 350:Ferdinand Bol 347: 342: 336:Early methods 332: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289:, called the 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 156: 155: 150: 147: 145: 144:Prime brokers 142: 140: 139:Pension funds 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 114:Credit unions 112: 111: 110: 109: 106:Organisations 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 91: 87: 86:Norwich Union 82: 78: 74: 67: 59: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 11849: 11837: 11825: 11744:Spinning-off 11729:Homesteading 11682:Conglomerate 11664:Organization 11617:Raw material 11612:Intermediate 11491: 11490: 11313:Broadcasting 11218:Cruise lines 11188:Maid service 11178:Dry cleaning 11149:Maintenance 10912:Architecture 10877:Professional 10822: 10696:Self storage 10600:Distribution 10378:Construction 10223:Other heavy 10148:Formed metal 10102:Mineral wool 10024:Safety glass 9995:Fused quartz 9990:Borosilicate 9654:Paraffin wax 9609:oil refining 9588:Transformers 9354:Other goods 9340:Stonemasonry 9320:Glassblowing 9305:Blow molding 9264:Locksmithing 9240:Boilermaking 8789:Fossil fuels 8587:Fungiculture 8542:Gutta-percha 8532:Frankincense 8527:Tree tapping 8498:Silviculture 8478:Fur trapping 8389:Horticulture 8337:Stone fruits 7903: 7857: 7809:Supply chain 7801: 7779: 7750: 7690: 7646: 7635:Country risk 7612: 7590: 7574:Extreme risk 7524:Natural risk 7506: 7492: 7417: 7316:Tokio Marine 7025:Pacific Life 6955:The Hartford 6876: 6831: 6824: 6770:Credit union 6736: 6729: 6710: 6582:Underwriting 6537:Insurability 6519: 6498:Co-insurance 6468: 6464:Cancellation 6255:Catastrophic 6240:Climate risk 6068:Trade credit 5871: 5776: 5753: 5728:. 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