1422:
291:
365:
98:– meaning that he believed his authority to rule was divinely inspired. He considered his decisions were not subject to 'interference' by either Parliament or the Church, a political view that would remain remarkably consistent among his Stuart successors. When Parliament passed the acts that ended the rule of the House of Stuart, they effectively claimed that the monarch's power was derived from Parliament, not God.
252:
The Order attracted Irish and
Scottish Nationalists to its ranks. While these various interests gathered under the banner of restoring the House of Stuart, they also had a common streak against the scientific and secular democratic norms of the time. Some even planned (but did not execute) a military
187:
was to destroy
British power overseas and to restore the Jacobite claimants. It drew in a large part of French military resources, but was never launched because the Royal Navy kept control of the mouth of the Channel. As a result, French forces in Canada and India lacked resources and shipping, and
200:
In the years immediately after 1745, Jacobitism was rigorously suppressed. Jacobite sympathisers moved underground, forming secret clubs and societies to discuss their ideas in private, especially in certain areas of the United
Kingdom. John Shaw's Club, in Manchester was founded in 1735 and had
110:
belief was in the divine right of kings, and the restoration of the House of Stuart to the throne. However, Jacobitism was a complex mix of ideas; in
Ireland, it was associated with tolerance for Catholicism and the reversal of the land settlements of the 17th century. After 1707, many Scottish
456:, the Scottish secretary of the Jacobite League, wrote a polemic titled "The Royal House of Stuart: A Plea for its Restoration. An Appeal to Loyal Scotsmen" in 1898, which was published by the Legitimist Jacobite League. It was one amongst a large number of publications put out by the League.
211:
was particularly known for its
Jacobite sympathies. In the 18th century a group called the "Cycle Club" met to discuss Jacobite ideas – the full name of the club, rarely used in public was the "Cycle of the White Rose". The club was founded in 1710, and was closely associated with the
306:; Jacobite families from England and Scotland donated items. The exhibition was hugely popular and provoked a widespread new interest in the Stuart monarchs. The exhibition itself showed some distinctive Jacobite tendencies, as Guthrie points out in his book:
394:
The
Legitimist Jacobite League was a decidedly more militant, political organisation. They organised a series of protests and events, often centred on statues of Jacobite heroes. In January 1893, the League attempted to lay a wreath at the statue of
418:, attempted to extend Gladstone's Bill to remove limitations on Catholics to cover the Royal Family. This was an outcome devoutly wished for by the Neo-Jacobites as a step towards the restoration of the Stuarts.
310:
It is clear that the point of the whole exhibition in the New
Gallery ... was a Stuart restoration and to bring the Jacobite fact and the modern succession to the Stuart claim to the attention of the British
1457:
315:
However, the fact of Queen
Victoria having actively contributed to the exhibition clearly indicates that she did not regard the Neo-Jacobites as significantly threatening her throne.
148:, which granted religious freedom to all denominations in England and Scotland, and also due to James II's promise to the Irish Parliament of an eventual right to self-determination.
160:, particularly in Ireland where Catholics formed about 75% of the population. In Britain, Catholics were a small minority by 1689 and the bulk of Jacobite support came from
188:
were lost. Without the
Jacobite need for support, arguably France could have expanded its empire in India and North America in the 1750s. Instead, the British had a "
349:
302:
in London put on a major exhibition of works related to the House of Stuart. Queen
Victoria lent a number of items to the exhibition, as did the wife of her son
164:. In Scotland (excluding the Highlands and the Isles), it is estimated that about 2% of the population were Catholic, in addition to an Episcopalian minority.
425:
stood, as did Vivian, as a candidate in East Bradford for the "Individualist Party" on a thoroughly Jacobite platform, and Walter Clifford Mellor (the son of
1466:
274:
and revered him as a martyr. This certainly played into the Jacobite narrative, and this thread of near-Jacobite thought was kept alive by men such as
352:. Vivian and Massue were leading members of the neo-Jacobite revival, while Erskine soon focused his political endeavours on the related cause of
1651:
1452:
172:
Various groups of Jacobites attempted to overthrow Parliament during the 17th and 18th centuries. Significant uprisings included the 1689–1691
1579:
469:
323:
The new popularity sparked a renewed fervour for the Jacobite cause. In opposition to this, and coupled with the approaching tricentenary of
254:
176:, a number of Jacobite revolts in Scotland and England between 1689 and 1746, and a number of unsuccessful minor plots. The collapse of the
1607:
446:
327:'s birth in 1899, Cromwell also became a popular figure. Immediately following the exhibition, new Jacobite groups began to form. In 1890,
433:
constituency. All three candidates lost. In 1895, Vivian stood in North Huntingdonshire as a Jacobite and lost again. In 1906, he was the
1502:
415:
476:, was commanding German troops against the British on the Western Front. The various Neo-Jacobite societies are now represented by the
238:
1641:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1231:
184:
1291:
246:
1512:
375:
The continuing Order of the White Rose focused on a romantic ideal of a Jacobite past, expressed through the arts. Art dealer
1614:
1301:
1216:
575:
438:
959:
217:
430:
249:, a Jacobite group that was the spiritual successor to the Cycle Club. The Order was officially founded on 10 June 1886.
140:
That James II had been illegally deprived of his throne, therefore the House of Stuart should be restored to the throne.
1584:
1351:
1361:
1286:
768:
1141:
145:
1559:
1381:
59:
that originated in Scotland. Nine Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603. The last of these,
1522:
1336:
1306:
989:
303:
729:
Emanuel Swedenborg, Secret Agent on Earth and in Heaven: Jacobites, Jews and Freemasons in Early Modern Sweden
1636:
1564:
1517:
1281:
1246:
1241:
1226:
924:
1507:
1341:
1062:
72:
1646:
1600:
1544:
1050:
861:
1487:
1082:
1006:
1589:
1574:
1371:
1346:
1296:
1256:
1126:
1077:
337:
173:
1492:
1251:
1191:
952:
422:
356:. The League was a "publicist for Jacobitism on a scale unwitnessed since the eighteenth century".
224:) was their patron from 1780 onwards. The Cycle Club continued in various forms until around 1860.
36:
1569:
1326:
1271:
1206:
1161:
1146:
1116:
404:
376:
177:
1594:
1366:
1181:
1067:
1036:
473:
213:
76:
694:
1554:
1549:
1356:
1316:
1261:
1156:
1136:
1055:
758:
345:
242:
161:
128:
95:
1311:
1096:
477:
403:, but were thwarted by a "considerable detachment of police" sent on the personal order of
396:
353:
299:
271:
8:
1536:
1176:
1171:
1045:
1031:
1026:
1001:
984:
945:
829:
714:
The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present
259:
221:
68:
205:(who may have been a "double agent" reporting on Jacobite activity) and Thomas Gaskell.
201:
several prominent members who had Jacobite sympathies, including its founder John Shaw,
1471:
1462:
1421:
1376:
1221:
1196:
1131:
1040:
1011:
996:
620:
612:
526:
434:
411:
112:
591:
Magennis, Eoin (1998). "A 'Beleaguered Protestant'?: Walter Harris and the Writing of
241:
circulated a leaflet seeking Jacobite sympathisers, and amongst those who replied was
1236:
1186:
1166:
1151:
1072:
764:
624:
571:
530:
442:
426:
189:
290:
1107:
1021:
604:
518:
332:
88:
453:
380:
324:
267:
157:
80:
52:
40:
24:
137:
The "unequivocal scriptural injunction of non-resistance and passive obedience",
1497:
328:
275:
63:
of Scotland became King James I of England and Ireland after the death of
60:
28:
1630:
979:
509:
Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism".
400:
279:
925:"From Jacobitism to the SNP: the Crown, the Union and the Scottish Question"
123:
Although Jacobite ideology was varied, it broadly held to four main tenets:
489:
364:
216:, though a number of prominent families in the Wrexham area were members.
465:
421:
Jacobites started to stand as candidates for parliament. In 1891, artist
410:
They also found supporters within Parliament. In 1891, Irish Nationalist
388:
384:
318:
208:
64:
56:
616:
452:
In Scotland, a number of Scottish Nationalists were drawn to the cause.
1016:
968:
608:
202:
107:
32:
84:
344:
The Order of the White Rose split in 1891, when Vivian, Erskine and
1447:
522:
468:: by this time the heiress to the Jacobite claim was the elderly
115:
that created Great Britain but opposed the idea of Divine right.
848:
Irish Women's Writing, 1878–1922: Advancing the Cause of Liberty
144:
The majority of Irish people supported James II due to his 1687
568:
Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720
23:
was a political movement active during the 25 years before the
294:
Catalogue for the 1899 Exhibition of the Royal House of Stuart
253:
overthrow of the Hanoverian monarchy, with the aim of putting
180:
in Scotland ended Jacobitism as a serious political movement.
937:
220:
was a member of the club, and Lady Watkin Wynne (the wife of
449:
as a Legitimist; this time he withdrew before the election.
1087:
359:
464:
The revival largely came to an end with the advent of the
227:
71:. The Stuarts ruled the United Kingdom until 1714, when
350:
Legitimist Jacobite League of Great Britain and Ireland
195:
319:
The Legitimist Jacobite League and other organizations
232:
656:
Francillon, R. E. (1905). "Underground Jacobitism".
167:
46:
760:Spectrum of Decadence: The Literature of the 1890s
441:and lost badly despite the support of his friend
282:who was known as 'the last Jacobite in England".
1628:
35:, and had the specific aim of replacing British
705:
134:The inalienable hereditary right of succession.
131:and the "accountability of Kings to God alone",
559:
445:. Finally, in 1907 he explored a candidacy in
953:
651:
649:
845:
832:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
727:Schuchard, Marsha Keith (28 October 2011).
341:, that espoused a Jacobite political view.
960:
946:
930:. University of Reading. 21 November 2013.
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
655:
646:
1051:"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender
726:
673:
671:
669:
667:
555:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
459:
285:
185:planned French invasion of Britain (1759)
146:Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience
39:with a restored monarch from the deposed
637:
590:
363:
360:The Neo-Jacobites in the political arena
289:
917:
841:
839:
756:
735:
711:
677:
546:
544:
542:
540:
508:
383:were members of the Order, while poets
1652:Social movements in the United Kingdom
1629:
846:Pilz, Anna; Standlee, Whitney (2016).
712:Pittock, Murray G. H. (17 July 2014).
664:
642:, New York: Basic Books, pp. 52–3
565:
228:The Neo-Jacobite Revival: 1886 to 1920
91:, ending the line of Stuart monarchs.
941:
692:
680:The Material Culture of the Jacobites
550:
836:
537:
196:Underground Jacobitism: 1750 to 1880
695:"The lingering love of the Stuarts"
570:. London: Allen Lane. p. 440.
368:The masthead of the first issue of
156:Jacobitism was closely linked with
13:
1056:"Charles III", The Young Pretender
678:Guthrie, Neil (12 December 2013).
233:The emergence of the Neo-Jacobites
14:
1663:
1458:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715
757:Pittock, Murray (1 August 2014).
168:Jacobite rebellions: 1680 to 1750
1642:Monarchism in the United Kingdom
1503:Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746
1420:
75:died. Parliament had passed the
47:The reign of the House of Stuart
1382:Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore
902:
887:
872:
854:
822:
807:
792:
777:
720:
660:. Vol. 21. pp. 17–30.
472:and her son and heir-apparent,
335:co-founded a weekly newspaper,
266:In parallel the Anglo-Catholic
1523:Old military roads of Scotland
1337:War of the Austrian Succession
1307:Capture of Eilean Donan Castle
990:Independent Highland Companies
967:
693:Stead, William Thomas (1905).
686:
631:
595:in Mid-18th-Century Ireland".
584:
517:(1, Scottish Special): 55–58.
502:
304:Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
1:
1518:Traitors Transported Act 1746
1282:War of the Quadruple Alliance
682:. Cambridge University Press.
495:
111:Jacobites wanted to undo the
101:
1073:Sophie, Electress of Hanover
245:. Together they founded the
7:
1513:Treason Outlawries Act 1748
909:"Stirling Burghs Vacancy".
483:
257:on the British throne. See
151:
118:
83:in 1704, which transferred
10:
1668:
1007:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
850:. Oxford University Press.
597:Eighteenth-Century Ireland
511:Journal of British Studies
429:MP), as a Jacobite in the
16:British political movement
1535:
1480:
1440:
1431:
1418:
1390:
1325:
1270:
1205:
1127:Williamite War in Ireland
1115:
1106:
975:
799:"The Stuart Exhibition".
784:"The Stuart Exhibition".
553:English Society 1660–1832
391:were drawn to the cause.
270:had revived sympathy for
174:Williamite War in Ireland
1493:Act of Proscription 1746
1292:Marquess of Tullibardine
911:Dundee Evening Telegraph
879:"Out of the Whirlwind".
638:Phillips, Kevin (1999),
1297:General Joseph Wightman
1162:Battle of Killiecrankie
377:Charles Augustus Howell
286:The Stuarts Exhibition
247:Order of the White Rose
218:Charlotte Williams-Wynn
37:parliamentary democracy
1367:Battle of Falkirk Muir
1182:Declaration of Finglas
1068:Act of Settlement 1701
894:"Mr. Herbert Vivian".
551:Clark, J.C.D. (2000).
474:Crown Prince Rupprecht
460:The end of the revival
412:Sir John Pope Hennessy
372:
313:
295:
255:Princess Maria Theresa
1357:Battle of Prestonpans
1317:Battle of Coille Bhan
1302:Anglo-French Alliance
1262:Battle of Sheriffmuir
1227:1715 general election
699:The Review of Reviews
431:North Huntingdonshire
367:
346:Melville Henry Massue
308:
293:
243:Melville Henry Massue
162:High Church Anglicans
129:divine right of kings
96:Divine right of kings
1637:Neo-Jacobite Revival
1545:"James III and VIII"
1312:Battle of Glen Shiel
1097:Royal Stuart Society
1093:Neo-Jacobite Revival
1037:William III & II
814:"More Exhibitions".
801:Glasgow Evening Post
566:Harris, Tim (2006).
478:Royal Stuart Society
423:Gilbert Baird Fraser
354:Scottish Nationalism
214:Williams-Wynn family
21:Neo-Jacobite Revival
1537:Jacobite succession
1177:Battle of the Boyne
1172:Massacre of Glencoe
1157:General Hugh Mackay
1046:Jacobite succession
1032:Glorious Revolution
1002:Union of the Crowns
868:. J. Lection. 1895.
862:"Our Library Table"
260:Jacobite succession
222:Robert Watkin Wynne
69:Union of the Crowns
31:. The movement was
1647:Political theories
1472:Indemnity Act 1717
1463:Disarming Act 1715
1377:Battle of Culloden
1372:Siege of Inverness
1352:Duke of Cumberland
1342:Lord George Murray
1257:Siege of Inverness
1197:Treaty of Limerick
1137:King William's War
1027:James II & VII
896:Nottingham Journal
786:St James's Gazette
658:The Monthly Review
609:10.3828/eci.1998.8
373:
296:
239:Bertram Ashburnham
94:James claimed the
1624:
1623:
1585:"Robert I and IV"
1531:
1530:
1508:Sheriffs Act 1747
1426:a Jacobite banner
1416:
1415:
1362:Siege of Carlisle
1252:Battle of Preston
1192:Siege of Limerick
1187:Battle of Aughrim
1167:Battle of Dunkeld
1152:Patrick Sarsfield
898:. 2 January 1906.
803:. 9 January 1889.
577:978-0-7139-9759-0
443:Winston Churchill
427:John James Mellor
190:Year of Victories
77:Act of Settlement
1659:
1555:"Henry IX and I"
1438:
1437:
1434:and later events
1424:
1147:Sir Ewen Cameron
1113:
1112:
1108:Jacobite risings
1022:The Killing Time
962:
955:
948:
939:
938:
932:
931:
929:
921:
915:
914:
913:. 29 April 1908.
906:
900:
899:
891:
885:
884:
876:
870:
869:
858:
852:
851:
843:
834:
833:
826:
820:
819:
811:
805:
804:
796:
790:
789:
788:. 12 April 1888.
781:
775:
774:
754:
733:
732:
724:
718:
717:
709:
703:
702:
690:
684:
683:
675:
662:
661:
653:
644:
643:
640:The Cousins Wars
635:
629:
628:
593:Fiction Unmasked
588:
582:
581:
563:
557:
556:
548:
535:
534:
506:
470:Queen of Bavaria
333:Ruaraidh Erskine
89:House of Hanover
79:in 1701 and the
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1527:
1488:Jurors Act 1745
1476:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1412:
1386:
1328:
1321:
1273:
1266:
1208:
1201:
1142:Viscount Dundee
1132:Nine Years' War
1118:
1102:
971:
966:
936:
935:
927:
923:
922:
918:
908:
907:
903:
893:
892:
888:
883:. 4 April 1891.
878:
877:
873:
860:
859:
855:
844:
837:
830:"The Whirlwind"
828:
827:
823:
813:
812:
808:
798:
797:
793:
783:
782:
778:
771:
755:
736:
725:
721:
710:
706:
701:. Vol. 32.
691:
687:
676:
665:
654:
647:
636:
632:
589:
585:
578:
564:
560:
549:
538:
507:
503:
498:
486:
466:First World War
462:
454:Theodore Napier
447:Stirling Burghs
381:Sebastian Evans
379:and journalist
362:
325:Oliver Cromwell
321:
288:
268:Oxford Movement
235:
230:
198:
170:
154:
121:
104:
81:Act of Security
55:was a European
53:House of Stuart
49:
41:House of Stuart
25:First World War
17:
12:
11:
5:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1622:
1621:
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1611:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1587:
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1562:
1557:
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1541:
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1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Dress Act 1746
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1481:The Forty-Five
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1429:
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1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
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1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:The Forty-Five
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Earl Marischal
1284:
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1268:
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1075:
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1043:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
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1009:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
987:
980:Scottish clans
976:
973:
972:
965:
964:
957:
950:
942:
934:
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901:
886:
871:
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769:
734:
719:
704:
685:
663:
645:
630:
583:
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558:
536:
523:10.1086/644534
500:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
485:
482:
461:
458:
437:candidate for
416:North Kilkenny
361:
358:
329:Herbert Vivian
320:
317:
287:
284:
276:Hurrell Froude
234:
231:
229:
226:
197:
194:
169:
166:
153:
150:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
120:
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103:
100:
48:
45:
29:United Kingdom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1551:
1550:"Charles III"
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1485:
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1479:
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1468:
1464:
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1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Clan Act 1715
1451:
1449:
1448:Riot Act 1714
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
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1373:
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1368:
1365:
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1360:
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1353:
1350:
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1247:Baronet Munro
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997:The Highlands
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978:
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866:The Athenaeum
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831:
825:
818:. 2 May 1889.
817:
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795:
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772:
770:9781317629528
766:
763:. Routledge.
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401:Charing Cross
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370:The Whirlwind
366:
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347:
342:
340:
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338:The Whirlwind
334:
330:
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298:In 1889, the
292:
283:
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280:James Yeowell
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183:However, the
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113:Acts of Union
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66:
62:
61:King James VI
58:
54:
44:
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38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1595:"Francis II"
1560:"Charles IV"
1432:Consequences
1272:The Nineteen
1217:…in Cornwall
1117:First rising
1092:
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910:
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824:
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716:. Routledge.
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490:Whig history
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105:
93:
50:
20:
18:
1575:"Francis I"
1232:Earl of Mar
1222:…in England
1207:The Fifteen
1017:Covenanters
1012:Restoration
389:Andrew Lang
385:W. B. Yeats
348:formed the
300:New Gallery
209:North Wales
192:" in 1759.
178:1745 rising
158:Catholicism
65:Elizabeth I
57:royal house
1631:Categories
1580:"Mary III"
1242:Lord Lovat
1063:Queen Anne
985:Clan chief
969:Jacobitism
496:References
203:John Byrom
102:Jacobitism
73:Queen Anne
33:monarchist
1570:"Mary II"
1083:George II
625:256129781
603:: 6–111.
531:144730991
414:, MP for
405:Gladstone
397:Charles I
272:Charles I
237:In 1886,
106:The core
85:the Crown
1391:Abortive
1078:George I
731:. Brill.
617:30064327
484:See also
439:Deptford
152:Religion
119:Ideology
108:Jacobite
1347:Lochiel
1237:Rob Roy
1088:Toryism
1041:Mary II
435:Liberal
311:public.
87:to the
67:in the
27:in the
1615:Joseph
1608:Sophie
1590:Albert
1565:Victor
1329:(1745)
1274:(1719)
1209:(1715)
1119:(1689)
767:
623:
615:
574:
529:
1441:Early
928:(PDF)
881:Globe
816:Globe
621:S2CID
613:JSTOR
527:S2CID
1467:1725
1465:and
1408:1759
1403:1744
1398:1708
1039:and
765:ISBN
572:ISBN
387:and
331:and
278:and
127:The
51:The
19:The
1601:Max
605:doi
519:doi
399:at
1633::
864:.
838:^
737:^
697:.
666:^
648:^
619:.
611:.
601:13
599:.
539:^
525:.
515:49
513:.
480:.
407:.
263:.
43:.
1099:)
1095:(
961:e
954:t
947:v
773:.
627:.
607::
580:.
533:.
521::
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