198:(CGRP) during the inflammatory response. Destruction of the nerve fibres causes neuropeptides to be released into pulp. The neuropeptides can cause an increase vascular permeability and vasodilation. The filtration of serum proteins and fluid from the vessel causes the tissue to become oedematous. The tissue pressure increases as the blood volume and interstitial fluid volume rises. The thin-walled venules are compressed and the resistance to flow in these vessels increases. This is accompanied with a decrease in blood flow causing an aggregation of red blood cells and subsequent increase in blood viscosity. This tissue also becomes
449:, measuring the absorption of deoxygenated haemoglobin. As both oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin absorb different amounts of red and infrared light, relationships between pulsatile changes in blood volume and light absorption values can establish saturation of arterial blood. In addition, using absorption curves for both oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin can determine the oxygen saturation levels. For the purposes of evaluating pulp vitality, it is imperative that the probes fit the anatomical contours and shape of the measured teeth.
532:
A systematic review conducted by Kahler, et al. (2017) showed similar clinical outcomes for teeth treated with REPs versus calcium hydroxide apexification/MTA apical barrier technique. They suggested that it should be considered as a first line treatment option in immature teeth with pulpal necrosis. They did state that a thorough discussion with the patient would be necessary as teeth treated with REP's can show variable root maturation and adverse outcomes.
480:, floor of the mouth, etc. In the clinical study completed by Alexandre T. Assaf, MRI scans were used to detect pulp vitality after trauma in children. The absence of re-perfusion of the dental pulp suggests the lack of revitalization of the affected teeth and hence necrosis of the pulp. In this study, MRI scans prove to be a promising tool to avoid excessive root treatment on traumatized teeth. However, a major flaw in this study is a small sample size of 7.
104:
5-20mm Hg, marked increases in pressure in the pulp due to inflammation can go up to 60mm Hg. The rise in pressure is commonly associated with an inflammatory exudate causing local collapse of the venous part of microcirculation. Tissues get starved of oxygen thus causing venules and lymphatics collapse which may lead to localized necrosis. A common clinical sign associated with the histopathology will be varying levels of suppuration and purulence.
1585:
531:
was then used. The advantage of this technique over apexification was that it shortened the number of appointments and the healing outcomes were better. A disadvantage of both these techniques was that it did not allow the root to mature and so regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) were utilised.
390:
Internal root resorption may be an indication of pulpal necrosis though it is not possible to diagnose accurately with radiographic presentation of this alone. This is because the pulp tissue apical to the resorptive lesion will still be vital to allow active resorption to take place, it provides the
111:
Further stages of destruction of pulp necrosis often leads to periapical pathosis, causing bone resorption (visible on radiographs) following bacterial invasion. The apical periodontal ligament (PDL) space widens and becomes continuous with apical radiolucency; the lamina dura of the apical area will
1482:
Assaf, Alexandre T.; Zrnc, Tomislav A.; Remus, Chressen C.; Khokale, Arun; Habermann, Christian R.; Schulze, Dirk; Fiehler, Jens; Heiland, Max; Sedlacik, Jan (September 2015). "Early detection of pulp necrosis and dental vitality after traumatic dental injuries in children and adolescents by 3-Tesla
514:
In an immature permanent tooth pulpal necrosis causes the development of the root to stop. This causes the walls of the root to become fragile and thin which can make these teeth more prone to cervical root fracture and ultimately the tooth may be lost. These teeth in the past were treated with the
416:
The cold test can be done by soaking a cotton pellet into 1,1,1,2 tetrofluoroethane, also known as Endo ice refrigerant spray. The cotton pellet will then be placed onto the middle third of the intact tooth surface. The clinical study done by
Gopikrishna indicated the tooth to be diagnosed as having
372:
In some cases of pulp necrosis there is a yellow, grey or brown crown discolouration. Dark coronal discoloration is believed to be an early sign of pulp degeneration. Teeth with said discolouration need to be treated with special care and further investigations are required before pulp necrosis can
268:
When a tooth is displaced from its normal position as a result of dental trauma, it can result in pulp necrosis due to the apical blood supply being compromised. This might be due to displacement of the tooth through avulsion or luxation. Furthermore, if the tooth is severely damaged, it could lead
460:
Another critically appraised topic also suggests that a pulse oximeter is more accurate than cold testing in diagnosing pulp necrosis, however comments raised regarding the validity of the evidence stated that the pulse oximeter adaptors were built by the respective authors causing some degree of
64:
In the initial stage of the infection, the pulp chamber is partially necrosed for a period of time and if left untreated, the area of cell death expands until the entire pulp necroses. The most common clinical signs present in a tooth with a necrosed pulp would be a grey discoloration of the crown
363:
The pain associated with pulp necrosis is often described as spontaneous. Hot temperatures are reported to have exacerbating factors, and cold temperatures are said to soothe this pain. In some cases, the pain presents as a long dull ache as this is due to necrosis of the apical nerves being the
103:
The dental pulp is located in the centre of a tooth, made up of living connective tissue and cells. It is surrounded by a rigid, hard and dense layer of dentine which limits the ability of the pulp to tolerate excessive build up of fluid. Normal interstitial fluid pressure in the pulp ranges from
1170:
Lauridsen, Eva; Hermann, Nuno Vibe; Gerds, Thomas
Alexander; Ahrensburg, Søren Steno; Kreiborg, Sven; Andreasen, Jens Ove (2012-01-11). "Combination injuries 3. The risk of pulp necrosis in permanent teeth with extrusion or lateral luxation and concomitant crown fractures without pulp exposure".
202:
which suppresses the cellular metabolism in the area of the pulp that is affected. This causes necrosis. Necrosis is a histological term that means death of the pulp. It does not occur suddenly unless there has been trauma. The pulp may be partially necrotic for some time. The area of cell death
297:
Pulpitis is stated to be one of the stages of disease progression which leads to pulpal necrosis. This inflammation can be reversible or irreversible. Due to the enclosed nature of the pulp chamber - unlike normal inflammation - when inflamed, the increased pressure cannot be displaced to other
399:
There are a plethora of ways to diagnose pulp necrosis in a tooth. The diagnosis of pulp necrosis can be based on the following observations: negative vitality, a periapical radiolucency, a grey tooth discoloration and even peri-apical lesions. This altered translucency in the tooth is due to
433:
levels, making it non-invasive and an objective way to record patient response regarding pulpal diagnosis. In a study conducted in primary and immature permanent teeth, results clearly reflected that pulse oximetry can readily differentiate between vital and non-vital, necrosed teeth.
381:
Alterations in the gingiva such as fistulas or abscesses and radiographic signs such as periapical lesions and external root resorption are used in some studies to diagnose pulp necrosis however other studies state that these factors alone are not enough to diagnose a necrotic pulp.
203:
enlarges until the entire pulp is necrotic. Bacteria invade the pulp which causes the root canal system to become infected. Teeth that have total pulpal necrosis are usually asymptomatic except for those that have inflammation which has progressed to the periradicular tissues.
408:
Thermal testing is a common and traditional way used to detect pulp necrosis. These tests can exist in the form of a cold or hot test, which aims to stimulate nerves in the pulp by the flow of dentine liquid at changes in temperature. The liquid flow leads to movement of the
259:
The influx of bacteria and growth of a carious lesion (if gross and left untreated) inevitably leads to the centre of the tooth – the pulp chamber. Once this tissue damaging process reaches the pulp it results in irreversible changes – necrosis and pulpal infection.
456:
of the tooth, with oxygen saturation values recorded after 30 seconds of monitoring each tooth. The values were taken as a positive response (i.e. vital pulp) within the range of 75-85% oxygen saturation and a negative response below 75%, indicating pulp necrosis.
298:
tissues, resulting in pressure on the nerve of said tooth and tissues adjacent. In irreversible pulpitis where the inflammation of pulpal tissues are not reversible, pulpal blood supply will become compromised and therefore necrosis of pulpal tissues will occur.
573:
Lauridsen E, Hermann NV, Gerds TA, Ahrensburg SS, Kreiborg S, Andreasen JO (October 2012). "Combination injuries 3. The risk of pulp necrosis in permanent teeth with extrusion or lateral luxation and concomitant crown fractures without pulp exposure".
506:
Pulpal regeneration involves the removal of the necrotic pulp followed by the placement of medicament into the root canal system until it is non-symptomatic. Apical bleeding is then induced to create a clot at the apex which will be sealed by
1254:
Gopikrishna, Velayutham; Tinagupta, Kush; Kandaswamy, Deivanayagam (April 2007). "Evaluation of
Efficacy of a New Custom-Made Pulse Oximeter Dental Probe in Comparison With the Electrical and Thermal Tests for Assessing Pulp Vitality".
364:
last part of the pulp to necrose. Therefore, the pain is from the apical nerves, which have residual vitality remaining when the majority of the pulp is necrosed due to the supply of blood to the more medial parts of the apical nerve.
123:, partial necrosis, total necrosis) in a variety of ways to irritants. This response depends on the severity and duration of the irritant involved. If the irritant is severe or persists for a sustained amount of time it can cause the
1384:
Dastmalchi, Nafiseh; Jafarzadeh, Hamid; Moradi, Saeed (September 2012). "Comparison of the
Efficacy of a Custom-made Pulse Oximeter Probe with Digital Electric Pulp Tester, Cold Spray, and Rubber Cup for Assessing Pulp Vitality".
417:
necrotic pulp if subjects felt no sensation after two 15-second applications every two minutes. It is worthy to note that a control test should be performed on the adjacent tooth to ensure further accuracy of results.
107:
Following the spread of local inflammation, chemical mediators such as IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1 are released from necrotic tissues leading to further inflammation and odema, which advances to total necrosis of the pulp.
139:. The odontoblasts may also be permanently damaged which causes them to release tissue injury factors which can then influence adjacent odontoblasts and underlying connective tissue. Odontoblasts can undergo
492:. This involves the use of biologically accepted mechanical and chemical treatment of the root system, followed by the placement of a root filling, allowing healing of the periradicular tissues to occur.
429:
test is a more accurate way to test for necrotic pulps as it primarily tests for vascular health of the pulp as compared to its nervous response. This method involves taking measurements of blood
355:
However, in some cases there may be no radiographic signs. For example, pulp necrosis caused by dental trauma which may only manifest/present itself with time, resulting in clinical changes.
135:
The odontoblast cell bodies decrease in number and size before any inflammatory changes occur. The outward flow of tubular fluid can cause the nuclei of odontoblasts to be aspirated into the
170:
comprise the initial inflammatory infiltrate. In response to bacterial assault and tissue injury non-specific inflammatory mediators are released. These inflammatory mediators include
1541:
Kahler, B; et al. (July 2017). "An
Evidence-based view of the Efficacy of Treatment Approaches for Immature Permanent Teeth with Pulp Necrosis Health and Disease States".
1755:
1750:
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A study was done to assess the accuracy of pulse oximetry in comparison to thermal and electrical tests. Customized pulse oximeter dental probes were placed on the
1084:
Moccelini BS, de
Alencar NA, Bolan M, Magno MB, Maia LC, Cardoso M (June 2018). "Pulp necrosis and crown discoloration: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1214:
Peterson, K.; Söderström, C.; Kiani-Anaraki, M.; Lévy, G. (June 1999). "Evaluation of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality".
1936:
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technique. A disadvantage of this was that it required multiple visits over a prolonged time and there could be an increased risk of cervical
1298:
Munshi, A.; Hegde, Amitha; Radhakrishnan, Sangeeth (January 2003). "Pulse oximetry: a diagnostic instrument in pulpal vitality testing".
219:
disease progressions which occur in stages; normal healthy tissue becomes inflamed (i.e. pulpitis) which if left untreated leads to
143:, a decrease in the number and size of the endoplasmic reticulum, and degeneration of mitochondria. It is unknown by which process (
1951:
1760:
1431:
Mainkar, Anshul; Kim, Sahng G. (May 2018). "Diagnostic
Accuracy of 5 Dental Pulp Tests: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
972:
Bjørndal L (July 2008). "The caries process and its effect on the pulp: the science is changing and so is our understanding".
285:
preparation – this may be due to excessive thermal insult and close proximity to the pulp during tooth preparation – or rapid
1968:
1016:
665:
1611:
1341:
Jafarzadeh, Hamid; Rosenberg, Paul A. (March 2009). "Pulse
Oximetry: Review of a Potential Aid in Endodontic Diagnosis".
832:
Levin, LG; et al. (December 2009). "Identify and Define All
Diagnostic Terms for Pulpal Health and Disease States".
69:. This altered translucency in the tooth is due to disruption and cutting off of the apical neurovascular blood supply.
112:
also be lost. The periapical lesion will enlarged with time and consequently, the pulp will be diagnosed as necrotic.
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1941:
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and discolouration of the tooth. Tests for a necrotic pulp include: vitality testing using a thermal test or an
1127:
JACOBSEN, INGEBORG (August 1980). "Criteria for diagnosis of pulp necrosis in traumatized permanent incisors".
1946:
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Pulpal necrosis can also occur as a result of dental treatments such as iatrogenic damage due to overzealous
17:
1870:
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1875:
626:
Berggreen E, Bletsa A, Heyeraas KJ (September 2007). "Circulation in normal and inflamed dental pulp".
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There are additional signs of pulp necrosis which may be detected during radiographic assessment:-;
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1989:
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Yu, C; Abbott, PV (2007). "An overview of the dental pulp: its functions and responses to injury".
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Smaïl-Faugeron V, Glenny AM, Courson F, Durieux P, Muller-Bolla M, Fron
Chabouis H (May 2018).
1996:
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58:
1045:"Predictive factors for pulp necrosis in traumatized primary incisors: a longitudinal study"
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215:– this can occur with or without the involvement of bacteria. It is the result of various
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Goodell, GC; Tordik, PA; Moss, D (December 2005). "Pulpal and periradicular diagnosis".
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have been used to detect and evaluate several head and neck regions including the
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and infection and finally resulting in loss of pulp tissue (i.e. pulpless canals)
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884:"A clinical classification of the status of the pulp and the root canal system"
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Aldrigui JM, Cadioli IC, Mendes FM, Antunes JL, Wanderley MT (November 2013).
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441:, one of which transmits red light to measure the absorption of oxygenated
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Pulpal regeneration can be considered if the following criteria are met:
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disruption and cutting off of the apical neurovascular blood supply.
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721:"Biological Markers for Pulpal Inflammation: A Systematic Review"
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Hargreaves KM, Goodis HE, Tay FR, Seltzer S (February 2012).
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1042:
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The most basic treatment for teeth with pulpal necrosis is
1383:
1006:
211:
Pulp necrosis arises due to the cellular death within the
88:. Discolouration may be visually obvious, or more subtle.
689:"Pulp Therapy for Primary and Immature Permanent Teeth".
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Apexogenesis is not applicable as there is apical closure
127:
to die and cause initiation of an inflammatory response.
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clastic cells with nutrients via a viable blood supply.
718:
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499:
Incomplete root development and incomplete apex closure
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925:"Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth"
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1937:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
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437:
The pulse oximeter consists of a probe containing 2
1340:
719:Rechenberg DK, Galicia JC, Peters OA (2016-11-29).
306:Pulp necrosis may or may not arise with symptoms.
812:
660:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33:is a clinical diagnostic category indicating the
2122:
1038:
1036:
553:"Dental Pulp Necrosis MeSH Descriptor Data 2018"
309:Signs and symptoms of pulpal necrosis include;
1612:
1526:"Guide to Clinical Endodontics 6th edition".
1086:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
1049:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
1033:
655:
483:
413:and mechanical stimulation of pulpal nerves.
1077:
965:
916:
929:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
682:
555:. National Library of Medicine. 6 July 2009
385:
27:Tissue death within the interior of a tooth
1626:
1619:
1605:
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545:
72:Sequelae of a necrotic pulp include acute
49:. It is often the result of many cases of
1060:
948:
899:
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744:
376:
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881:
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190:. They can interact with neuropeptides (
1952:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
1761:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
1485:Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
1300:Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
542:
367:
206:
14:
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1011:. Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence Pub.
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1932:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
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527:. The apical barrier technique with
1528:American Association of Endodontics
1312:10.17796/jcpd.26.2.2j25008jg6u86236
276:
24:
1927:Localized aggressive periodontitis
1421:
1242:
1228:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00769.x
1141:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1980.tb01231.x
901:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00522.x
860:
792:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00525.x
523:due to an increase in exposure to
465:3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging
273:, and subsequently pulp necrosis.
25:
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1129:European Journal of Oral Sciences
709:
646:
602:
98:
1942:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
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1185:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01100.x
1009:Seltzer and Bender's Dental Pulp
640:10.1111/j.1601-1546.2010.00249.x
588:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01100.x
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613:"Dental Pulp Cavity Definition"
196:calcitonin gene-related peptide
154:
130:
941:10.1002/14651858.CD003220.pub3
882:Abbott PV, Yu C (March 2007).
806:
771:
697:(6): 325–333. September 2017.
656:Soames JV, Southam JC (2005).
619:
566:
289:work causing excessive force.
269:to inflammation of the apical
13:
1:
1947:Abscesses of the periodontium
1483:magnetic resonance imaging".
535:
445:, and the other transmitting
1756:Chronic apical periodontitis
746:10.1371/journal.pone.0167289
394:
37:of cells and tissues in the
7:
1871:Calcifying odontogenic cyst
292:
91:Treatment usually involves
10:
2152:
1876:Glandular odontogenic cyst
1751:Acute apical periodontitis
1555:10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.003
1497:10.1016/j.jcms.2015.06.010
1445:10.1016/j.joen.2018.01.021
1399:10.1016/j.joen.2012.06.012
1355:10.1016/j.joen.2008.12.006
1269:10.1016/j.joen.2006.12.003
986:10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.037
846:10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.032
529:mineral trioxide aggregate
509:Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
484:Management & Treatment
345:Extensive/deep restoration
2020:
1960:
1912:
1900:
1884:
1856:
1819:
1789:
1743:
1702:
1691:
1635:
888:Australian Dental Journal
780:Australian Dental Journal
461:bias in the experiments.
226:
2131:Acquired tooth disorders
2071:Linear gingival erythema
1969:A. actinomycetemcomitans
386:Internal root resorption
331:Increased tooth mobility
328:Internal root resorption
186:(IL) and metabolites of
151:) the odontoblasts die.
474:Temporomandibular Joint
358:
2066:Horizontal bony defect
1892:Cracked tooth syndrome
1781:Vertical root fracture
1543:Journal of Endodontics
1433:Journal of Endodontics
1387:Journal of Endodontics
1343:Journal of Endodontics
1257:Journal of Endodontics
974:Journal of Endodontics
834:Journal of Endodontics
377:Abscess and/or fistula
115:The pulp can respond (
1922:Chronic periodontitis
1842:Chronic periodontitis
1735:Pink tooth of Mummery
1720:Irreversible pulpitis
439:light-emitting diodes
411:odontoblast processes
121:irreversible pulpitis
59:irreversible pulpitis
2106:Vertical bony defect
2051:Gingival enlargement
1643:Caries (tooth decay)
490:root canal treatment
368:Crown discolouration
316:Crown discolouration
271:periodontal ligament
207:Aetiology and Causes
86:electric pulp tester
74:apical periodontitis
2086:Periodontal disease
1848:Periodontal disease
1820:Gingiva/periodontal
1725:Reversible pulpitis
1715:Internal resorption
1710:External resorption
1678:Internal resorption
1674:External resorption
1216:Dental Traumatology
1173:Dental Traumatology
894:(1 Suppl): S17-31.
737:2016PLoSO..1167289R
691:Pediatric Dentistry
576:Dental Traumatology
421:Pulse Oximeter Test
117:reversible pulpitis
2081:Periodontal pocket
1976:Capnocytophaga sp.
1807:Periapical abscess
1771:Periapical abscess
515:calcium hydroxide
302:Signs and symptoms
65:and/or periapical
47:bacterial invasion
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
1815:
1814:
1692:Pulp/periapical (
1098:10.1111/ipd.12372
1062:10.1111/ipd.12019
1018:978-0-86715-480-1
980:(7 Suppl): S2–5.
840:(12): 1645–1657.
786:(1 Suppl): 4–16.
667:978-0-19-852794-7
628:Endodontic Topics
525:calcium hydroxide
431:oxygen saturation
217:connective tissue
16:(Redirected from
2143:
2046:Furcation defect
1910:
1909:
1866:Dentigerous cyst
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1669:tooth resorption
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1393:(9): 1182–1186.
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277:Dental Treatment
242:Dental Treatment
188:arachidonic acid
137:dentinal tubules
45:with or without
21:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2076:Occlusal trauma
2056:Gingival pocket
2016:
1956:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1852:
1821:
1811:
1785:
1776:Phoenix abscess
1739:
1687:
1682:Root resorption
1663:Hypercementosis
1631:
1625:
1591:Medicine portal
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1480:
1476:
1429:
1422:
1382:
1378:
1339:
1335:
1296:
1292:
1252:
1243:
1212:
1208:
1168:
1164:
1125:
1121:
1082:
1078:
1041:
1034:
1019:
1005:
1001:
970:
966:
935:(5): CD003220.
921:
917:
880:
861:
830:
826:
811:
807:
776:
772:
717:
710:
688:
687:
683:
668:
654:
647:
624:
620:
611:
610:
603:
571:
567:
558:
556:
551:
550:
543:
538:
486:
478:salivary glands
467:
423:
406:
397:
388:
379:
370:
361:
304:
295:
279:
266:
257:
229:
209:
157:
133:
101:
95:or extraction.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1905:periodontology
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1802:Radicular cyst
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1577:
1576:
1533:
1518:
1474:
1439:(5): 694–702.
1420:
1376:
1349:(3): 329–333.
1333:
1306:(2): 141–145.
1290:
1263:(4): 411–414.
1241:
1222:(3): 127–131.
1206:
1179:(5): 379–385.
1162:
1135:(4): 306–312.
1119:
1092:(5): 432–442.
1076:
1032:
1017:
999:
964:
915:
859:
824:
805:
770:
708:
681:
666:
658:Oral pathology
645:
618:
601:
565:
540:
539:
537:
534:
504:
503:
500:
485:
482:
466:
463:
447:infrared light
427:pulse oximeter
422:
419:
405:
402:
396:
393:
387:
384:
378:
375:
373:be diagnosed.
369:
366:
360:
357:
353:
352:
346:
343:
333:
332:
329:
326:
317:
314:
303:
300:
294:
291:
278:
275:
265:
262:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
243:
240:
235:
228:
225:
208:
205:
156:
153:
132:
129:
100:
99:Histopathology
97:
82:radicular cyst
78:dental abscess
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Periodontitis
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:P. intermedia
1994:
1992:
1991:
1990:P. gingivalis
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1901:To be grouped
1899:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:Periodontitis
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Pulp necrosis
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:tooth disease
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
911:
907:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
820:
816:
809:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
766:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
713:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
677:
673:
669:
663:
659:
652:
650:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
614:
608:
606:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:(5): 379–85.
581:
577:
569:
554:
548:
546:
541:
533:
530:
526:
522:
521:root fracture
518:
517:apexification
512:
510:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
462:
458:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
432:
428:
418:
414:
412:
404:Thermal Tests
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
351:
347:
344:
342:
338:
337:
336:
330:
327:
325:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
299:
290:
288:
284:
274:
272:
264:Dental Trauma
261:
255:Dental Caries
249:
247:
244:
241:
239:
238:Dental Trauma
236:
234:
233:Dental Caries
231:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
150:
146:
142:
141:vacuolization
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
96:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
62:
60:
56:
52:
51:dental trauma
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:Pulp necrosis
19:
18:Necrotic pulp
2011:T. denticola
2009:
2004:T. forsythia
2002:
1995:
1988:
1983:F. nucleatum
1981:
1974:
1967:
1961:Pathogenesis
1729:
1667:
1636:Hard tissues
1546:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1436:
1432:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1055:(6): 460–9.
1052:
1048:
1008:
1002:
977:
973:
967:
932:
928:
918:
891:
887:
837:
833:
827:
818:
814:
808:
783:
779:
773:
728:
724:
694:
690:
684:
657:
631:
627:
621:
579:
575:
568:
557:. Retrieved
513:
505:
494:
487:
468:
459:
451:
436:
424:
415:
407:
398:
389:
380:
371:
362:
354:
350:pulp capping
334:
308:
305:
296:
280:
267:
258:
213:pulp chamber
210:
164:plasma cells
158:
155:Inflammation
134:
131:Odontoblasts
125:odontoblasts
114:
110:
106:
102:
90:
71:
67:radiolucency
63:
39:pulp chamber
30:
29:
2136:Endodontics
1824:Periodontal
634:(1): 2–11.
443:haemoglobin
287:orthodontic
192:substance P
184:nterleukins
168:macrophages
160:Lymphocytes
93:endodontics
2125:Categories
2061:Gingivitis
2036:Edentulism
2022:Pathologic
1833:Gingivitis
1744:Periapical
1694:Endodontal
559:2018-10-24
536:References
339:Untreated
176:bradykinin
2101:Recession
1914:Diagnoses
1858:Bone cyst
1790:Ungrouped
1648:Attrition
1627:Acquired
1505:1010-5182
1453:0099-2399
1407:0099-2399
1363:0099-2399
1320:1053-4628
1277:0099-2399
1236:1600-4469
1193:1600-4469
1149:0909-8836
1027:794664259
470:MRI scans
395:Diagnosis
348:Previous
250:Infection
200:ischaemic
180:serotonin
172:histamine
145:apoptosis
2041:Fremitus
2031:Calculus
2024:entities
1797:Pulpitis
1653:Abrasion
1571:21655918
1563:28511779
1513:26165761
1461:29571914
1415:22892732
1371:19249589
1328:11874005
1285:17368329
1201:22233180
1114:48359961
1106:29896799
1071:23331274
994:18565367
959:29852056
910:17546859
854:19932339
815:Clinical
800:17546858
765:27898727
725:PLOS ONE
703:29179372
676:57006193
596:22233180
293:Pulpitis
246:Pulpitis
221:necrosis
149:necrosis
1766:Fistula
1658:Erosion
1530:. 2016.
1469:4262028
1157:6934614
950:6494507
756:5127562
733:Bibcode
324:fistula
322:and/or
320:Abscess
2096:Plaque
1703:Pulpal
1569:
1561:
1511:
1503:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1413:
1405:
1369:
1361:
1326:
1318:
1283:
1275:
1234:
1199:
1191:
1155:
1147:
1112:
1104:
1069:
1025:
1015:
992:
957:
947:
908:
852:
798:
763:
753:
701:
674:
664:
594:
341:caries
227:Causes
194:) and
55:caries
1903:from
1885:Other
1567:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1110:S2CID
454:crown
283:crown
43:tooth
41:of a
35:death
1559:PMID
1509:PMID
1501:ISSN
1457:PMID
1449:ISSN
1411:PMID
1403:ISSN
1367:PMID
1359:ISSN
1324:PMID
1316:ISSN
1281:PMID
1273:ISSN
1232:ISSN
1197:PMID
1189:ISSN
1153:PMID
1145:ISSN
1102:PMID
1067:PMID
1023:OCLC
1013:ISBN
990:PMID
955:PMID
933:2018
906:PMID
850:PMID
796:PMID
761:PMID
699:PMID
672:OCLC
662:ISBN
592:PMID
425:The
359:Pain
313:Pain
166:and
57:and
1551:doi
1493:doi
1441:doi
1395:doi
1351:doi
1308:doi
1265:doi
1224:doi
1181:doi
1137:doi
1094:doi
1057:doi
982:doi
945:PMC
937:doi
896:doi
842:doi
788:doi
751:PMC
741:doi
636:doi
584:doi
182:, i
147:or
80:or
2127::
1680:,
1676:,
1565:.
1557:.
1547:43
1545:.
1507:.
1499:.
1489:43
1487:.
1463:.
1455:.
1447:.
1437:44
1435:.
1423:^
1409:.
1401:.
1391:38
1389:.
1365:.
1357:.
1347:35
1345:.
1322:.
1314:.
1304:26
1302:.
1279:.
1271:.
1261:33
1259:.
1244:^
1230:.
1220:15
1218:.
1195:.
1187:.
1177:28
1175:.
1151:.
1143:.
1133:88
1131:.
1108:.
1100:.
1090:28
1088:.
1065:.
1053:23
1051:.
1047:.
1035:^
1021:.
988:.
978:34
976:.
953:.
943:.
931:.
927:.
904:.
892:52
890:.
886:.
862:^
848:.
838:35
836:.
819:27
817:.
794:.
784:52
782:.
759:.
749:.
739:.
729:11
727:.
723:.
711:^
695:39
693:.
670:.
648:^
632:17
630:.
604:^
590:.
580:28
578:.
544:^
511:.
476:,
178:,
174:,
162:,
119:,
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61:.
53:,
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1840:(
1826:)
1822:(
1696:)
1684:)
1672:(
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1553::
1515:.
1495::
1471:.
1443::
1417:.
1397::
1373:.
1353::
1330:.
1310::
1287:.
1267::
1238:.
1226::
1203:.
1183::
1159:.
1139::
1116:.
1096::
1073:.
1059::
1029:.
996:.
984::
961:.
939::
912:.
898::
856:.
844::
821:.
802:.
790::
767:.
743::
735::
705:.
678:.
642:.
638::
615:.
598:.
586::
562:.
20:)
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