108:'Necklacing' represented the worst of the excesses committed in the name of the uprising. This was a particularly gruesome form of mob justice, reserved for those thought to be government collaborators, informers and black policemen. The executioners would force a car tire over the head and around the arms of the suspect, drench it in petrol, and set it alight. Immobilized, the victim burned to death.
67:, and who herself had endured torture and four imprisonments to a total of two years, stated, "With our boxes of matches, and our necklaces, we shall liberate this country", which was widely seen as an explicit endorsement of necklacing. This caused the ANC to initially distance itself from her, although she later took on a number of official positions within the party.
221:, Ivory Coast, were plagued by burglars stealing from their dormitories. The students took matters into their own hands by capturing the alleged thieves, and then executed them by placing tyres around their necks and setting the tyres on fire. Ivorian police, powerless to stop these necklacings, could do nothing but stand by and watch.
86:
Moloko said her sister was burned to death with a tire around her neck while attending the funeral of one of the youths. Her body had been scorched by fire and some broken pieces of glass had been inserted into her vagina, Moloko told the committee. Moloko added that a big rock had been thrown on her
99:
I was appalled at what they were doing. I was appalled at what I was doing. But then people started talking about those pictures ... then I felt that maybe my actions hadn't been at all bad. Being a witness to something this horrible wasn't necessarily such a bad thing to
112:
Some commentators have noted that the practice of necklacing served to escalate the levels of violence during the township wars of the 1980s and early 1990s as security force members became brutalized and afraid that they might fall victim to the practice.
903:
225:
749:
43:. The term "necklace" originated in the 1980s in black townships of apartheid South Africa where suspected apartheid collaborators were publicly executed in this fashion.
55:
government. Necklacing was primarily used on black police informants; the practice was often carried out in the name of the struggle, although the executive body of the
142:
to assassinate political enemies. Aristide himself allegedly showed strong support for this practice, calling it a "beautiful tool" that "smells good", encouraging his
913:
388:
240:
A form of necklacing where victims are forced inside a stack of tyres doused with petrol and set on fire is widely used by drug dealers in Brazil, notably in
71:
1027:
by Ntuthu Nomoyi and Willem
Schurink, "Violence in South Africa: A Variety of Perspectives", editors Elirea Bornman, René van Eeden, Marie Wentzel,
866:
1062:
529:
707:
935:
799:
717:
606:
95:
was the first to photograph a public execution by necklacing in South Africa in the mid-1980s. He later spoke of the images:
146:
supporters to use it against wealthy people as well as members of the
Lavalas party who were not as strong in their fervor.
138:(French), after a tire advertisement showing a man with a tire around his neck. It was used prominently by mobs allied with
1036:
849:
319:
1028:
750:"This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War review – a moving portrayal of the agonies of the conflict"
547:
467:
783:
206:
167:
51:
Necklacing was used by the black community to punish its members who were perceived as collaborators with the
745:
1024:
676:
432:
880:
871:
338:. The Killings in South Africa: The Role of the Security Forces and the Response of the State (Report).
1057:
1052:
995:
268:
171:
56:
436:
776:
Island of blood: frontline reports from Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and other South Asian flashpoints
301:
508:
Truth and
Reconciliation Commission, Human Rights Violations Submissions – Questions and Answers
410:
255:
139:
596:
543:
311:
305:
841:
503:
59:(ANC), the most broadly supported South African opposition movement, condemned it. In 1986,
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723:
570:
190:
155:
652:
8:
703:
202:
1025:
An exploratory study of insider accounts of necklacing in three Port
Elizabeth townships
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523:
389:"An Analysis of the Imprisonment and Detainment Treatment of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
339:
335:
1067:
1032:
972:
845:
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779:
713:
681:
602:
478:
315:
154:
In the early years of the 1960s, when the seeds of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka (
28:
999:
647:
166:
rioters used necklacing in anti-Tamil riots. Necklacing was also widely used in the
1077:
908:
876:
825:
362:
163:
967:
1072:
904:"Autorizado a visitar família, condenado por morte de Tim Lopes foge da prisão"
277:"Death By Tire Fire: A Brief History Of "Necklacing" In Apartheid South Africa"
250:
241:
64:
60:
1046:
482:
468:"Winnie Madikizela Mandela: Tragic Figure? Populist Tribune? Township Tough?"
276:
198:
143:
25:
677:"Enigmatic Father Aristide Exhibits A Haitian Character Lost in Translation"
837:
441:
179:
92:
75:
936:"Polícia encontra 4 corpos que seriam de traficantes queimados com pneus"
224:
In 2006, at least one person died in
Nigeria by necklacing in the deadly
194:
623:
336:"The Black Struggle for Political Power: Major Forces in the Conflict"
52:
229:
174:. A graphic description of one such necklacing appears in the book
127:
36:
940:
307:
A Human Being Died That Night: Forgiving
Apartheid's Chief Killer
218:
79:
70:
The first victim of necklacing, according to the South
African
186:
159:
832:
The Ends of the Earth: A Journey to the
Frontiers of Anarchy
668:
996:"Repórter foi capturado, torturado e morto por traficantes"
40:
32:
598:
A Burning Hunger: One Family's
Struggle Against Apartheid
956:– via Federação Nacional dos Policiais Federais.
800:"Tyres: The Unusual Weapon Used During the 1984 Riots"
39:
around a victim's chest and arms, and setting it on
544:"Truth Commission Looks at First "Necklace" Murder"
944:(in Portuguese). 18 September 2008. Archived from
829:
640:
386:
300:
1044:
437:"Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela"
413:. South African History Online. 17 February 2011
461:
459:
477:. Vol. 13, no. 4. pp. 14–20.
31:and torture carried out by forcing a rubber
702:
217:In the early 1990s, university students in
867:"Muslims' rage over cartoons hits Nigeria"
858:
528:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
510:. Duduza. 4 February 1997. JB0289/013ERKWA
456:
363:"Is necklacing returning to South Africa?"
212:
197:after the erstwhile Indian prime minister
744:
431:
130:was used in Haiti, where it was known as
594:
465:
901:
360:
185:This technique was widely used against
1063:Extrajudicial killings in South Africa
1045:
988:
824:
773:
767:
621:
601:. Ohio University Press. p. 304.
568:
274:
149:
778:. New Delhi ; New York: Viking.
674:
16:Type of summary execution and torture
864:
865:Musa, Njadvara (19 February 2006).
675:Smith, C. Fraser (2 October 1994).
228:over satirical cartoon drawings of
207:assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards
72:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
13:
361:Fihlani, Pumza (12 October 2011).
116:
14:
1094:
1018:
628:. Durban: Just Done Publications
571:"Covering War in a Free Society"
569:Porter, Tim (18 February 2003).
466:Meintjes, Sheila (August 1998).
387:Monica McCausland (6 May 2020).
960:
928:
912:(in Portuguese). Archived from
895:
818:
792:
738:
696:
648:"Aristide's "Pe Lebrun" speech"
615:
588:
562:
548:South African Press Association
536:
87:face after she had been killed.
46:
902:Grellet, Fábio (24 May 2010).
496:
425:
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391:. South African History Online
380:
354:
328:
294:
193:, which took place throughout
104:Author Lynda Schuster writes:
63:, then-wife of the imprisoned
1:
261:
310:. Portobello Books. p.
275:Oliver, Mark (19 May 2018).
7:
872:The San Diego Union-Tribune
411:"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
74:, was a young black woman,
10:
1099:
1031:, Chapter 6, pp. 147–173,
254:in Portuguese. Journalist
595:Schuster, Lynda (2006) .
235:
172:Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
168:second armed insurrection
57:African National Congress
625:Shaking Hands with Billy
302:Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla
121:
504:"Evelina Puleng Moloko"
213:Ivory Coast and Nigeria
205:earlier that year, was
201:, having presided over
774:Pratap, Anita (2001).
475:Southern Africa Report
281:All That's Interesting
258:was a notable victim.
140:Jean-Bertrand Aristide
110:
102:
89:
622:Turton, A.R. (2010).
244:, where it is called
106:
97:
84:
948:on 25 September 2013
704:Subramanian, Samanth
191:1984 anti-Sikh riots
156:Sri Lankan Civil War
883:on 28 February 2007
804:Harperbroadcast.com
709:This Divided Island
656:. 27 September 1992
435:(27 January 1989).
203:Operation Blue Star
176:The Island of Blood
150:Sri Lanka and India
82:, on 20 July 1985:
746:Dalrymple, William
712:. Atlantic Books.
340:Human Rights Watch
1058:Execution methods
1053:Criminal homicide
998:(in Portuguese).
973:WordReference.com
826:Kaplan, Robert D.
719:978-0-85789-595-0
682:The Baltimore Sun
653:Haïti Observateur
608:978-0-8214-1652-5
550:. 4 February 1997
162:were being sown,
29:summary execution
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1004:. Retrieved
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962:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
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918:. Retrieved
914:the original
907:
897:
887:18 September
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
870:
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838:Random House
836:. New York:
831:
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808:. Retrieved
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754:The Guardian
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442:The Guardian
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246:micro-ondas,
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47:South Africa
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1083:Vigilantism
810:30 December
580:18 February
395:12 February
372:11 December
346:18 February
189:during the
170:led by the
136:Père Lebrun
1047:Categories
840:. p.
785:0670049034
660:10 January
514:7 December
488:7 December
262:References
132:Pé Lebrun,
22:Necklacing
1006:3 October
524:cite book
483:0820-5582
256:Tim Lopes
251:microwave
164:Sinhalese
53:apartheid
1068:Lynching
828:(1996).
759:5 August
730:5 August
706:(2015).
688:25 March
367:BBC News
304:(2006).
230:Muhammad
128:lynching
1078:Torture
941:O Globo
632:2 April
286:2 April
219:Abidjan
144:Lavalas
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979:6 July
952:6 July
920:6 July
848:
782:
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605:
481:
417:14 May
318:
236:Brazil
80:Duduza
37:petrol
1073:Tires
554:1 May
471:(PDF)
448:1 May
187:Sikhs
160:Eelam
122:Haiti
1033:ISBN
1029:HSRC
1008:2020
981:2013
954:2013
922:2013
889:2009
846:ISBN
812:2021
780:ISBN
761:2015
732:2015
714:ISBN
690:2021
662:2011
634:2021
603:ISBN
582:2008
556:2008
530:link
516:2013
490:2013
479:ISSN
450:2008
419:2018
397:2022
374:2013
348:2008
316:ISBN
288:2021
41:fire
33:tire
312:147
248:or
134:or
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78:of
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