Indira Gandhi - Knowledge

4536:

rights began with her help in establishing the Congress Party's Women's Section. In 1956, she wrote in a letter: "It is because of this that I am taking a much more active part in politics. I have to do a great deal of touring in order to set up the Congress Party Women's Section, and am on numerous important committees." Gandhi spent a great deal of time throughout the 1950s helping to organise women. She wrote to Norman in 1959, irritable that women had organised around the communist cause but had not mobilised for the Indian cause: "The women, whom I have been trying to organize for years, had always refused to come into politics. Now they are out in the field." Once appointed president in 1959, she "travelled relentlessly, visiting remote parts of the country that had never before received a VIP... she talked to women, asked about child health and welfare, inquired after the crafts of the region" Her actions throughout her ascent to power clearly reflect a desire to mobilise women. Gandhi did not see the purpose of feminism. She saw her own success as a woman, and also noted that: "Given the opportunity to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once."

4107:. After becoming prime minister, Gandhi expressed her intention of nationalising the banks to alleviate poverty in a paper titled, "Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation". The paper received overwhelming public support. In 1969, Gandhi moved to nationalise fourteen major commercial banks. After this, public sector bank branch deposits increased by approximately 800 percent; advances took a huge jump by 11,000 percent. Nationalisation also resulted in significant growth in the geographic coverage of banks; the number of bank branches rose from 8,200 to over 62,000, most of which were opened in unbanked, rural areas. The nationalisation drive not only helped to increase household savings, but it also provided considerable investments in the informal sector, in small- and medium-sized enterprises, and in agriculture, and contributed significantly to regional development and to the expansion of India's industrial and agricultural base. Jayaprakash Narayan, who became famous for leading the opposition to Gandhi in the 1970s, solidly praised her nationalisation of banks. 3618: 2572: 2337:

At one point, Indian forces along with Mukti Bahini rebels allied together and attacked Pakistani forces at Dhalai. The attack, supported and later successfully executed by India, was done to stop Pakistani cross-border shelling. The battle occurred more than a month before India's official intervention in December. Gandhi quickly dispatched more troops to the Eastern border with East Pakistan, hoping to support Mukti Bahini rebels and cease any Pakistani infiltration. Indian forces then clashed again with Pakistani forces after Indian forces crossed the border and secured Garibpur after a one-day battle lasting from 20 November 1971 to the 21st. The next day, on 22 November, Indian and Pakistani aircraft engaged in a dogfight over the Boyra Salient, in which thousands of people watched as 4 Indian

4524:

in setting up the Congress Party's Women's Section. Unsurprisingly, a lot of her involvement stemmed from her father. As an only child, Gandhi naturally stepped into the political light. And, as a woman, she naturally helped head the Women's section of the Congress Party. She often tried to organise women to involve themselves in politics. Although rhetorically Gandhi may have attempted to separate her political success from her gender, she did involve herself in women's organizations. The political parties in India paid substantial attention to Gandhi's gender before she became prime minister, hoping to use her for political gain. Even though men surrounded her during her upbringing, she still had a female role model as a child. Several books on Gandhi reference her interest in

4464: 2397:

Pakistan signed the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender at 16:31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971. The surrender signified the collapse of the East Pakistan Government along with the end of the war. 93,000 soldiers of the Pakistani security forces surrendered, the largest surrender since World War II. The entire four-tiered military surrendered to India along with its officers and generals. Large crowds flooded the scenes as anti-Pakistani slogans emerged and Pakistani POWs were beaten by the locals. Eventually, Indian officers formed a human-chain to protect Pakistani POWs and Niazi from being lynched by the belligerent locals. Most of the 93,000 captured were Pakistan Army officers or paramilitary officers, along with 12,000 supporters (

3863: 3957:

only a general and traditional commitment to the ideology by way of her political and family ties. Gandhi personally had a fuzzy concept of socialism. In one of the early interviews she gave as prime minister, Gandhi ruminated, "I suppose you could call me a socialist, but you have understand what we mean by that term ... we used the word because it came closest to what we wanted to do here–which is to eradicate poverty. You can call it socialism; but if by using that word we arouse controversy, I don't see why we should use it. I don't believe in words at all." Regardless of the debate over her ideology or lack thereof, Gandhi remains a left-wing icon. She has been described by

2624:) due primarily to intra-party politicking and the circumstances created by Sanjay Gandhi. The prevailing rumour was that he intended to dislodge Indira Gandhi, and the trio stood to prevent that. The Gandhi's Congress party was soundly crushed in the elections. The Janata Party's democracy or dictatorship claim seemed to resonate with the public. Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi lost their seats, and Congress was reduced to 153 seats (compared with 350 in the previous Lok Sabha), 92 of which were in the South. The Janata alliance, under the leadership of Morarji Desai, came to power after the State of Emergency was lifted. The alliance parties later merged to form the 9547:

the meeting today a rather brief—cool. I don't mean by that cool in terms of not trying to bring up I'll talk to her a little about Vietnam, and– Kissinger: I'd let her talk a little more, maybe today— Nixon: Yeah? Kissinger:—to be a little less forthcoming. But basically, Mr. President— Nixon: So I was trying to give her no excuses. Now I've talked to her, told her everything we're going to do. Now it's up to her. Kissinger: While she was a bitch, we got what we wanted too. You very subtly—I mean, she will not be able to go home and say that the United States didn't give her a warm reception and therefore, in despair, she's got to go to war.

4714: 4136: 2899: 3351: 2459:, she was effectively removed from office. However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign. She announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court and insisted that the conviction did not undermine her position. She said, "There is a lot of talk about our government not being clean, but from our experience the situation was very much worse when parties were forming governments." She dismissed criticism of the way her Congress Party raised election campaign money, saying all parties used the same methods. The prime minister retained the support of her party, which issued a statement backing her. 3687: 4540:

detail: "To a woman, motherhood is the highest fulfilment ... To bring a new being into this world, to see its perfection and to dream of its future greatness is the most moving of all experiences and fills one with wonder and exaltation." Her domestic initiatives did not necessarily reflect favourably on Indian women. Gandhi did not make a special effort to appoint women to cabinet positions. She did not appoint any women to full cabinet rank during her terms in office. Yet despite this, many women saw Gandhi as a symbol for feminism and an image of women's power.

1870: 3437: 14230: 3208: 948: 4532:; Jeanne d'Arc became a great heroine of mine. She was one of the first people I read about with enthusiasm." Another historian recounts Indira's comparison of herself to Joan of Arc: "Indira developed a fascination for Joan of Arc, telling her aunt, 'Someday I am going to lead my people to freedom just as Joan of Arc did'!" Gandhi's linking of herself to Joan of Arc presents a model for historians to assess Gandhi. As one writer said: "The Indian people were her children; members of her family were the only people capable of leading them." 1558: 4616: 3580:

started considering the possibility of bringing Indians settled in Africa within the framework of its policy goals to help recover its declining geo-strategic influence. Gandhi declared the people of Indian origin settled in Africa as "Ambassadors of India". Efforts to rope in the Asian community to join Indian diplomacy, however, came to naught, in part because of the unwillingness of Indians to remain in politically insecure surroundings, and because of the exodus of African Indians to Britain with the passing of the

1014: 19859: 4358:; it remains the only instance of India carrying out airstrikes in its own territory. The defeat of Pakistan in 1971 and the secession of East Pakistan as pro-India Bangladesh led to the collapse of the Mizo separatist movement. In 1972, after the less extremist Mizo leaders came to the negotiating table, Gandhi upgraded Mizoram to the status of a union territory. A small-scale insurgency by some militants continued into the late 1970s, but it was successfully dealt with by the government. The Mizo conflict was 2744: 3980:

currency devaluation became matters of intense national pride in India. After the bitter experience with Johnson, Gandhi decided not to request food aid in the future. Moreover, her government resolved never again to become "so vulnerably dependent" on aid, and painstakingly began building up substantial foreign exchange reserves. When food stocks slumped after poor harvests in 1972, the government made it a point to use foreign exchange to buy US wheat commercially rather than seek resumption of food aid.

3932:. In this context, Gandhi was accused of formulating populist policies to suit her political needs. She was seemingly against the rich and big business while preserving the status quo to manipulate the support of the left in times of political insecurity, such as the late 1960s. Although in time Gandhi came to be viewed as the scourge of the right-wing and reactionary political elements of India, leftist opposition to her policies emerged. As early as 1969, critics had begun accusing her of insincerity and 2145: 4483: 2369:(who later became a critic of Gandhi in 1984) led Indian Army's Eastern Command. The Indian Air Force quickly overcame the small contingent of Pakistani aircraft in East Pakistan, allowing for air superiority over the region. Indian forces liberated Jessore and several other towns during the Battle of Sylhet between 7 December and 15 December 1971, which saw India conduct its first heliborne operation. India then conducted another airdrop on December 9, with Indian forces led by Major General 4631: 4289:, three-fourths of the targeted four million houses was achieved in 1975 alone. Nevertheless, others have disputed the success of the program and criticised Gandhi for not doing enough to reform land ownership. The political economist, Jyotindra Das Gupta, cryptically questioned "whether or not the real supporters of land-holders were in jail or in power?" Critics also accused Gandhi of choosing to "talk left and act right", referring to her concurrent pro-business decisions and endeavours. 2350:, which saw Pakistani aircraft attacking Indian airbases and military installations across the Western border in a pre-emptive strike. The initial night-time attack by Pakistani forces was foiled, failing to inflict any major damage on Indian airbases, allowing Indian aircraft to counterattack into West Pakistan. Gandhi quickly declared a state of emergency and addressed the nation on radio shortly after midnight, stating: "We must be prepared for a long period of hardship and sacrifice." 3767:, rivals of the USSR, towards Pakistan. The support of the Soviets with arms supplies and the casting of a veto at the United Nations helped in winning and consolidating the victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. Before the war, Gandhi signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviets. They were unhappy with the 1974 nuclear test conducted by India but did not support further action because of the ensuing Cold War with the United States. Gandhi was unhappy with the 4055: 5386: 20955: 14911: 4579: 4668: 19814: 19241: 18278: 17497: 16933: 16118: 15895: 15455: 15129: 14812: 3987:. Gandhi not only abandoned the short-lived liberalisation programme but also aggressively expanded the public sector with new licensing requirements and other restrictions for industry. She began a new course by launching the Fourth Five-Year Plan in 1969. The government targeted growth at 5.7% while stating as its goals, "growth with stability and progressive achievement of self-reliance." The rationale behind the overall plan was Gandhi's 3953:, an attempt at economic reform. Nevertheless, others were more convinced of Gandhi's sincerity and devotion to socialism. Pankaj Vohra noted that "even the late prime minister's critics would concede that the maximum number of legislations of social significance was brought about during her tenure... she lives in the hearts of millions of Indians who shared her concern for the poor and weaker sections and who supported her politics." 2418: 1500: 3006: 3188:. Nixon later wrote of the war: " suckered . Suckered us ... this woman suckered us." Relations with the U.S. became distant as Gandhi developed closer ties with the Soviet Union after the war. The latter grew to become India's largest trading partner and its biggest arms supplier for much of Gandhi's premiership. India's new hegemonic position, as articulated under the "Indira Doctrine", led to attempts to bring the 5414: 19625: 18999: 17977: 17368: 16683: 15938: 15726: 15172: 14960: 3975:(IBRD), meant to ease the short-run costs of adjustment to a liberalised economy, never materialised. American policy makers had complained of continued restrictions imposed on the economy. At the same time, Indo-US relations were strained because of Gandhi's criticism of the American bombing campaign in Vietnam. While it was thought at the time, and for decades after, that President Johnson's policy of withholding 5400: 2656: 2242:, broke out between India and China. India won by repelling Chinese attacks and forced the subsequent withdrawal of Chinese forces from the region. Throughout the conflict, the Indian losses were 88 killed and 163 wounded while Chinese casualties stood at 340 killed and 450 wounded, according to the Indian Defense Ministry. Chinese sources made no declarations of casualties but alleged India to be the aggressor. 3771:, but once again calculations involving relations with Pakistan and China kept her from criticising the Soviet Union harshly. The Soviets became the main arms supplier during the Gandhi years by offering cheap credit and transactions in rupees rather than in dollars. The easy trade deals also applied to non-military goods. Under Gandhi, by the early 1980s, the Soviets had become India's largest trading partner. 4594: 2121:" (Hindi for a "dumb doll") of the Congress party bosses who had orchestrated her election and then tried to constrain her. Indira was a reluctant successor to her famed father, although she had accompanied him on several official foreign visits and played an anchor role in bringing down the first democratically elected communist government in Kerala. According to certain sources it was the socialist leader 33: 2712:

July 1979. Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi promised Singh that Congress (I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions. The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Singh refused to drop them, Congress (I) withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.

4653: 3512:. Furthermore, they were also apprehensions in the region about Gandhi's plans, particularly after India played a big role in breaking up Pakistan and facilitating the emergence of Bangladesh as a sovereign country in 1971. India's entry into the nuclear weapons club in 1974 also contributed to tensions in Southeast Asia. Relations only began to improve following Gandhi's endorsement of the 2913:"I am alive today, I may not be there tomorrow ... I shall continue to serve until my last breath and when I die, I can say, that every drop of my blood will invigorate India and strengthen it ... Even if I died in the service of the nation, I would be proud of it. Every drop of my blood ... will contribute to the growth of this nation and to make it strong and dynamic." 2494:, while he was on a run. Few International organisations and Government officials issued request letters to Indira Gandhi pleading her to relinquish such decrees. Fernandes had called a nationwide railway strike in 1974, that shut the railways for three weeks and became the largest industrial action in Asia. Ghandhi had turned furious over him and the strike was massively cracked down. 2842:, which demanded greater autonomy for the Sikh-majority state. Meanwhile, a small group of Sikhs, including some of Bhindranwale's followers, turned to militancy after being targeted by government officials and police for supporting the Anandpur Resolution. In 1982, Bhindranwale and approximately 200 armed followers moved into a guest house called the Guru Nanak Niwas near the 5372: 4269:

right-wing parties that stood in opposition to Gandhi's attempts to abolish royal privileges. The motion to abolish privy purses, and the official recognition of the titles, was originally brought before the Parliament in 1970. It was passed in the Lok Sabha but fell short of the two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha by a single vote. Gandhi responded by having a

2444:, to defend her in court. She gave evidence in her defence during the trial. After almost four years, the court found her guilty of dishonest election practices, excessive election expenditure, and of using government machinery and officials for party purposes. The judge, however, rejected the more serious charges of bribery, laid against her in the case. 3172:. Repression and violence by the Pakistani army led to 10 million refugees crossing the border into India over the following months. Finally, in December 1971, Gandhi intervened directly in the conflict to liberate Bangladesh. India emerged victorious following the war with Pakistan to become the dominant power of South Asia. India had signed a 4311:

established the official government policy of bilingualism in India and satisfied the non-Hindi-speaking Indian states. She thus put herself forward as a leader with a pan-Indian vision. Nevertheless, critics alleged that her stance was actually meant to weaken the position of rival Congress leaders from the northern states such as

2401:). Hostilities officially ended on 17 December 1971. 8,000 Pakistani soldiers were killed along with 25,000 wounded; Indian forces suffered only 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. India claimed to have captured 3.6k square kilometres of Pakistani land on the Western Front while losing 126 square kilometres of land to Pakistan. 3850:

control. During 1972 the KGB claimed to have planted 3,789 articles in Indian newspapers–probably more than in any other country in the non-Communist world." According to its files, the number fell to 2,760 in 1973 but rose to 4,486 in 1974 and 5,510 in 1975. Mitrokhin estimated that in some major NATO countries, despite

4520:

Gandhi's complex feelings toward her gender and feminism. Her egalitarian upbringing with her cousins helped contribute to her sense of natural equality. "Flying kites, climbing trees, playing marbles with her boy cousins, Indira said she hardly knew the difference between a boy and a girl until the age of twelve."

4067:

to over 20% by 1973–74, due to the international oil crisis. Gandhi declared inflation the gravest of problems in 1974 (at 25.2%) and devised a severe anti-inflation program. The government was successful in bringing down inflation during the emergency; achieving negative figures of −1.1% by the end of 1975–76.

3971:

economy and agreeing to the devaluation of the currency in return for the restoration of foreign aid. The economy managed to recover in 1966 and ended up growing at 4.1% over 1966–1969. Much of that growth however, was offset by the fact that the external aid promised by the United States government and the

4115:, foreign-owned private oil companies had refused to supply fuel to the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force. In response, Gandhi nationalised some oil companies in 1973. However, major nationalisations occurred in 1974 and 1976, forming the oil majors. After nationalisation, the oil majors including the 5042:

and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Gandhi in the episodes "Indira Gandhi Becomes PM", "Split in Congress Party", "Story before Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Birth of Bangladesh", "1975–77 State of Emergency in

4539:

Gandhi felt guilty about her inability to fully devote her time to her children. She noted that her main problem in office was how to balance her political duties with tending to her children, and "stressed that motherhood was the most important part of her life." At another point, she went into more

4535:

Gandhi had been swept up in the call for Indian independence since she was born in 1917. Thus by 1947, she was already well immersed in politics, and by 1966, when she first assumed the position of prime minister, she had held several cabinet positions in her father's office. Her advocacy for women's

4310:

was to be the official national language by 1965. That was unacceptable to many non-Hindi-speaking states which wanted the continued use of English in government. In 1967, Gandhi introduced a constitutional amendment that guaranteed the de facto use of both Hindi and English as official languages. It

4024:

of fixed exchanged rates. The resulting turbulence in the foreign exchange markets was accentuated further by the oil shock of 1973. The government was able to exceed the targeted growth figure with an annual growth rate of 5.0–5.2% over the five-year period of the plan (1974–79). The economy grew at

3991:

of 1967. This had been her first economic policy formulation, six months after coming to office. The programme emphasised greater state control of the economy with the understanding that government control assured greater welfare than private control. Related to this point were a set of policies that

3961:

columnist, Pankaj Vohra, as "arguably the greatest mass leader of the last century." Her campaign slogan, Garibi Hatao ('Remove Poverty'), has become an often used motto of the Indian National Congress Party. To the rural and urban poor, untouchables, minorities and women in India, Gandhi was "Indira

2684:

run against her failed when he refused to contest the election saying he wanted to remain apolitical. However, the Janata government's home minister, Charan Singh, ordered her arrest along with Sanjay Gandhi on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant

2378:

landed in Tangail and defeated the Pakistani forces in the area, securing a direct route to Dhaka. Little Pakistani forces escaped the battle with only 900 out of 7000 soldiers retreating back to Dhaka alive. By December 12, Indian forces had reached the outskirts of Dhaka and had prepared to besiege

2345:

and damaged another. Both Pakistani pilots that were shot down were captured as prisoners of war. The Battle of Boyra instantly made the 4 Indian pilots celebrities and created large-scale nationalism as the Bangladesh Liberation War saw more and more Indian intervention and escalation. Other clashes

2336:

among Bengali Hindus, nationalists and intelligentsia. Gandhi's India was initially restrained from intervening in the insurgency but quickly started to support Bengali rebels through the provision of military supplies. Indian forces clashed multiple times with Pakistani forces in the Eastern border.

2279:

both in and of state and local governments as well as the urban commercial class. For their part, the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight. The programs created through Garibi Hatao, though carried out locally, were funded and developed by the Central

4749:

Being at the forefront of Indian politics for decades, Gandhi left a powerful legacy on Indian politics. Similarly, some of her actions have also caused controversies. One of the criticisms concerns her rule to have damaged internal party democracy in the Congress party. Her detractors accuse her of

4523:

Gandhi did not often discuss her gender but she involved herself in women's issues before becoming the prime minister. Before her election as prime minister, she became active in the organisational wing of the Congress party, working in part in the Women's Department. In 1956, she had an active role

4293:

wrote that "some have even seen the declaration of emergency rule in 1975 as a move to suppress dissent against Gandhi's policy shift to the right." Regardless of the controversy over the nature of the reforms, the long-term effects of the social changes gave rise to the prominence of middle-ranking

4066:

During Lal Bahadur Shastri's last full year in office (1965), inflation averaged 7.7%, compared to 5.2% at the end of Gandhi's first term in office (1977). On average, inflation in India had remained below 7% through the 1950s and 1960s. It then accelerated sharply in the 1970s, from 5.5% in 1970–71

3849:

is reported to have said that Mrs. Gandhi did not even return the suitcases". An extensive footprint in the Indian media was also described- "According to KGB files, by 1973 it had ten Indian newspapers on its payroll (which cannot be identified for legal reasons) as well as a press agency under its

3844:

not even remotely based on facts or records" and pointed out that the book is not based on official records from the Soviet Union. L.K Advani raised his voice because the book refers to ex-prime minister Indira Gandhi's (Codenamed VANO) relations with the KGB. The KGB was alleged to be directly link

2867:

was shot dead as he left the Temple compound. The next day, Harchand Singh Longowal (then president of Akali Dal) confirmed the involvement of Bhindranwale in the murder. After several futile negotiations, in June 1984, Gandhi ordered the Indian army to enter the Golden Temple to remove Bhindranwale

2103:

Gandhi's first eleven years serving as prime minister saw her evolve from the perception of Congress party leaders as their puppet, to a strong leader with the iron resolve to split the party over her policy positions, or to go to war with Pakistan to assist Bangladesh in the 1971 liberation war. At

9546:

Nixon: This is just the point when she is a bitch. Kissinger: Well, the Indians are bastards anyway. They are starting a war there. It's—to them East Pakistan is no longer the issue. Now, I found it very interesting how she carried on to you yesterday about West Pakistan. Nixon: I think I'll make

4280:

Gandhi claimed that only "clear vision, iron will and the strictest discipline" can remove poverty. She justified the imposition of the state of emergency in 1975 in the name of the socialist mission of the Congress. Armed with the power to rule by decree and without constitutional constraints, she

4110:

Having been re-elected in 1971 on a nationalisation platform, Gandhi proceeded to nationalise the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles, and insurance industries. Most of this was done to protect employment and the interests of organised labour. The remaining private sector industries were

4003:

The economic period of 1967–1975 became significant for its major wave of nationalisation amidst increased regulation of the private sector. Some other objectives of the economic plan for that period were providing for the minimum needs of the community through a rural works program and the removal

3820:

in 1983 that the CIA was engaged in subversion in the Punjab. When Rajiv Gandhi returned to India, he declared this to be true. The KGB was responsible for Indira Gandhi exaggerating the threats posed by both the CIA and Pakistan. This KGB role in facilitating Operation Bluestar was acknowledged by

3480:, and the growing influence of Islam in Pakistani society. There was an increase in Indian economic and military co-operation with Iran during the 1970s. The 1974 India-Iranian agreement led to Iran supplying nearly 75 percent of India's crude oil demands. Gandhi appreciated the Shah's disregard of 2985:

revolver. The assailants had fired 31 bullets at her, of which 30 hit her; 23 had passed through her body while seven remained inside her. Dogra extracted bullets to establish the make of the weapons used and to match each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. The bullets were

2711:

organisation. The ambitious Union finance minister, Charan Singh, who as the Union home minister during the previous year had ordered the Gandhi's' arrests, took advantage of this and started courting Indira and Sanjay. After a significant exodus from the party to Singh's faction, Desai resigned in

2387:

once Pakistan surrendered. Over 200 of these people were killed on the 14th. By 16 December, Pakistani morale had reached a low point, with the Indian Army finally encircling Dhaka and besieging the city. On the 16th, Indian forces issued a 30-minute ultimatum for the city to surrender. Seeing that

2245:

In December 1967, Indira Gandhi remarked these developments that "China continues to maintain an attitude of hostility towards us and spares no opportunity to malign us and to carry on anti-Indian propaganda not only against the Indian Government but the whole way of our democratic functioning." In

4498:

in 1960. They had two sons—Rajiv and Sanjay. Initially, her younger son Sanjay had been her chosen heir, but after his death in a flying accident in June 1980, Indira Gandhi persuaded her reluctant elder son Rajiv to quit his job as a pilot and enter politics in February 1981. Rajiv took office as

3579:

in 1962. After Gandhi became prime minister, diplomatic and economic relations with the states which had sided with India during the Sino-Indian War were expanded. Gandhi began negotiations with the Kenyan government to establish the Africa-India Development Cooperation. The Indian government also

2522:

Unlike her father Jawaharlal Nehru, who preferred to deal with strong chief ministers in control of their legislative parties and state party organizations, Mrs. Gandhi set out to remove every Congress chief minister who had an independent base and to replace each of them with ministers personally

2489:

because of the disorder and lawlessness following the Allahabad High Court decision. Accordingly, Ahmed declared a State of Emergency caused by internal disorder, based on the provisions of Article 352(1) of the Constitution, on 25 June 1975. At the time of emergency, there was a widespread rumour

2396:

surrendered the city without resistance. BBC News captured the moment of surrender as Indian soldiers from the Parachute Regiment streamed into the city. As Indian forces and Mukti Bahini rounded up the remaining Pakistani forces, Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora of India and A.A.K. Niazi of

2003:

but was left stranded for nearly two months. She managed to enter England in early 1941, and from there returned to India without completing her studies at Oxford. The university later awarded her an honorary degree. In 2010, Oxford honoured her further by selecting her as one of the ten Oxasians,

9144:

T D Dogra's Expert Evidence in trial of assassination of Late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (Witness No. PW 5) Raina Anupuma, Lalwani Sanjeev, Dogra TD, Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS, N. Delhi. Indian Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Year:

4438:

launched a massive campaign to make Pakistan a nuclear power. Bhutto asked the nation to unite and slogans such as "hum ghaas aur pattay kha lay gay magar nuclear power ban k rhe gay" ("We will eat grass or leaves or even go hungry, but we will get nuclear power") were employed. Gandhi directed a

4033:

Gandhi inherited a weak economy when she became prime minister again in 1980. The preceding year—1979–80—under the Janata Party government saw the strongest recession (−5.2%) in the history of modern India with inflation rampant at 18.2%. Gandhi proceeded to abrogate the Janata Party government's

3999:

subsequently culminated under her government in the 1970s. It transformed the country from a nation heavily reliant on imported grains, and prone to famine, to one largely able to feed itself, and becoming successful in achieving its goal of food security. Gandhi had a personal motive in pursuing

3956:

In summarising the biographical works on Gandhi, Blema S. Steinberg concludes she was decidedly non-ideological. Only 7.4% (24) of the total 330 biographical extractions posit ideology as a reason for her policy choices. Steinberg notes Gandhi's association with socialism was superficial. She had

3471:

and draw the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) into the conflict. Gradually, Indian and Iranian disillusionment with their respective regional allies led to a renewed partnership between the nations. She was unhappy with the lack of support from India's Arab allies during the war with Pakistan,

2353:

Both countries mobilized for war and Gandhi ordered full-out war, ordering an invasion into East Pakistan. Pakistan's Navy had not improved since the 1965 war, while the Pakistani airforce could not launch attacks on the same scale as the Indian airforce. The Pakistan Army quickly attempted major

2093:

Congress President Kamaraj orchestrated Mrs. Gandhi's selection as prime minister because he perceived her to be weak enough that he and the other regional party bosses could control her, and yet strong enough to beat Desai in a party election because of the high regard for her father... a woman

4519:

In 1952 in a letter to her American friend Dorothy Norman, Gandhi wrote: "I am in no sense a feminist, but I believe in women being able to do everything... Given the opportunity to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once." While this statement appears paradoxical, it reflects

4074:

in the late 1970s had caused inflation to rise again. During Charan Singh's short time in office in the second half of 1979, inflation averaged 18.2%, compared to 6.5% during Gandhi's last year in office (1984). General economic recovery under Gandhi led to an average inflation rate of 6.5% from

3970:

Gandhi inherited a weak and troubled economy. Fiscal problems associated with the war with Pakistan in 1965, along with a drought-induced food crisis that spawned famines, had plunged India into the sharpest recession since independence. The government responded by taking steps to liberalise the

3608:

at the height of the East Pakistan crisis had enabled India to regain its anti-imperialist image. Gandhi firmly tied Indian anti-imperialist interests in Africa to those of the Soviet Union. Unlike Nehru, she openly and enthusiastically supported liberation struggles in Africa. At the same time,

2183:

For the first time, the party also lost power or lost its majority in a number of states across the country. After the 1967 elections, Gandhi gradually began to move towards socialist policies. In 1969, she fell out with senior Congress party leaders over several issues. Chief among them was her

4016:

of 1975. It was the economic rationale of the emergency, a political act which has often been justified on economic grounds. In contrast to the reception of Gandhi's earlier economic plan, this one was criticised for being a "hastily thrown together wish list." She promised to reduce poverty by

2879:

Gandhi was accused of using the attack for political ends. Harjinder Singh Dilgeer stated that she attacked the temple complex to present herself as a great hero in order to win the general elections planned towards the end of 1984. There was fierce criticism of the action by Sikhs in India and

16103: 3979:

was to coerce Indian support for the war, in fact, it was to offer India rainmaking technology that he wanted to use as a counterweight to China's possession of the atomic bomb. In light of the circumstances, liberalisation became politically suspect and was soon abandoned. Grain diplomacy and

4268:

Gandhi questioned the continued existence of a privy purse for former rulers of princely states. She argued the case for abolition based on equal rights for all citizens and the need to reduce the government's revenue deficit. The nobility responded by rallying around the Jana Sangh and other

3073:

called Gandhi 'a great leader of a great democracy' and deplored 'this shocking act of violence'. Asian, African, and European leaders mourned Gandhi as a great champion of democracy and leader of the Non-Aligned Movement expressed its 'deepest grief' and called the killing a 'terrorist' act.

3599:

Foreign and domestic policy successes in the 1970s enabled Gandhi to rebuild India's image in the eyes of African states. Victory over Pakistan and India's possession of nuclear weapons showed the degree of India's progress. Furthermore, the conclusion of the Indo-Soviet treaty in 1971, and

3232:

in 1975 led to the establishment of Islamist military regimes that sought to distance the country from India. Gandhi's relationship with the military regimes was strained because of her alleged support of anti-Islamist leftist guerrilla forces in Bangladesh. Generally, however, there was a

3808:, the Soviets used a new recruit in the New Delhi residency named "Agent S" who was close to Indira Gandhi as a major channel for providing her disinformation. Agent S provided Indira Gandhi with false documents purporting to show Pakistani involvement in the Khalistan conspiracy. The 2551:, "His inexperience did not stop him from using the Draconian powers his mother, Indira Gandhi, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state." It was said that during the emergency Sanjay virtually ran India along with his friends, especially 2515:. Finally, the impending legislative assembly elections were postponed indefinitely, with all opposition-controlled state governments being removed by virtue of the constitutional provision allowing for a dismissal of a state government on the recommendation of the state's governor. 4037:

Although Gandhi continued professing socialist beliefs, the Sixth Five-Year Plan was markedly different from the years of Garibi Hatao. Populist programmes and policies were replaced by pragmatism. There was an emphasis on tightening public expenditures, greater efficiency of the

4004:

of the privy purses of the nobility. Those and many other goals of the 1967 programme were accomplished by 1974–1975. Nevertheless, the success of the overall economic plan was tempered by the fact that annual growth at 3.3–3.4% over 1969–1974 fell short of the targeted figure.

3376:

regimes to some extent neutralised Pakistani propaganda against India. However, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 presented a dilemma for the Arab and Muslim states of the Middle East as the war was fought by two states both friendly to the Arabs. The progressive Arab regimes in

3053:

sent condolences, "The Soviet people learned with pain and sorrow about the untimely death in a villainous assassination of the glorious daughter of the great Indian people, a fiery fighter for peace and security of peoples and a great friend of the Soviet Union". President

2354:

land operations on the Western border, but most of these attacks besides some in Kashmir stalled, and allowed Indian counterattacks to gain land. The Pakistan Army lacked wide-scale organization which contributed to miscommunication and high casualties in the Western front.

2167:

and state assemblies. The Congress Party won a reduced majority in the Lok Sabha after these elections owing to widespread disenchantment over the rising prices of commodities, unemployment, economic stagnation and a food crisis. Gandhi was elected to the Lok Sabha from the

4034:

Five-Year Plan in 1980 and launched the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980–85). Her government targeted an average growth rate of 5.2% over the period of the plan. Measures to check inflation were also taken; by the early 1980s it was under control at an annual rate of about 5%.

4802:

While portrayals of Indira Gandhi by actors in Indian cinema have generally been avoided, with filmmakers using back-shots, silhouettes and voiceovers to give impressions of her character, several films surrounding her tenure, policies or assassination have been made.

3923:

journalist, Peter Hazelhurst, famously quipped that Gandhi's socialism was "slightly left of self-interest." Critics have focused on the contradictions in the evolution of her stance towards communism. Gandhi was known for her anti-communist stance in the 1950s, with

3272:, an anti-Tamil pogrom carried out by Sinhalese mobs. Gandhi made a statement emphasising that she stood for the territorial integrity of Sri Lanka, although she also stated that India cannot "remain a silent spectator to any injustice done to the Tamil community." 2685:

that Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. The allegations included that she "had planned or thought of killing all opposition leaders in jail during the Emergency". However, the strategy backfired disastrously. In response to her arrest, Gandhi's

2698:

Nationalists, Socialists, and former Congress party members. With so little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government began to unravel over the issue of the dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the

4446:

In spite of intense international criticism and steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear test was popular domestically. The test caused an immediate revival of Gandhi's popularity, which had flagged considerably from its heights after the

2510:

thereby bringing the entire country under direct Central rule or by governments led by the ruling Congress party. Police were granted powers to impose curfews and detain citizens indefinitely; all publications were subjected to substantial censorship by the

2408:

by the people as well as the opposition leaders at the time when India defeated Pakistan in the war. In the elections held for State assemblies across India in March 1972, the Congress (R) swept to power in most states riding on the post-war "Indira wave".

5557:

Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese

2440:(who later defeated her in the 1977 parliamentary election running in the Raebareli constituency), alleged several major as well as minor instances of the use of government resources for campaigning. Gandhi had asked one of her colleagues in government, 2280:

Government in New Delhi. The program was supervised and staffed by the Indian National Congress party. "These programs also provided the central political leadership with new and vast patronage resources to be disbursed ... throughout the country."

4750:

weakening State chief ministers and thereby weakening the federal structure, weakening the independence of the judiciary, and weakening her cabinet by vesting power in her secretariat and her sons. Gandhi is also associated with fostering a culture of

2332:) formed in early 1971, with Bengali's and East Pakistanis revolting against authoritarian rule from the central West Pakistan Government. In response, Pakistani security forces launched the infamous Operation Searchlight, in which Pakistan committed 2271:(Remove Poverty) was the resonant theme for Gandhi's 1971 political bid. The slogan was developed in response to the combined opposition alliance's use of the two-word manifesto—"Indira Hatao" (Remove Indira). The Garibi Hatao slogan and the proposed 2466:

said Gandhi's conviction would not harm her political career. "Mrs Gandhi has still today overwhelming support in the country," he said. "I believe the prime minister of India will continue in office until the electorate of India decides otherwise".

6818: 8394: 2050:. She was released from jail in April 1943. "Mud entered our souls in the drabness of prison," she later recalled her time in the jail. She added, "When I came out, it was such a shock to see colors again I thought I would go out of my mind." 12618: 3227:

recognised Gandhi's contributions to the independence of Bangladesh. However, Mujibur Rahman's pro-India policies antagonised many in Bangladeshi politics and the military, which feared that Bangladesh had become a client state of India. The

2693:

jet and demanded her immediate release. Her arrest and long-running trial gained her sympathy from many people. The Janata coalition was only united by its hatred of Gandhi (or "that woman" as some called her). The party included right wing

2382:

As surrender became apparent by 14 December 1971, Pakistani paramilitaries and militia roamed the streets of Dhaka during the night, kidnapping, torturing and then executing any educated Bengali who was viewed as someone who could lead

1991:. At Oxford, she excelled in history, political science, and economics but her grades in Latin—a compulsory subject—remained poor. However she was active socially at the university and was a member of the Oxford Majlis Asian Society. 4369:, Indira Gandhi "unleashed a powerful military offensive" in the 1970s. Finally, a massive crackdown on the insurgents took place during the state of emergency ordered by Gandhi. The insurgents soon agreed to surrender and signed the 3878:

was the US president. At the time, India was reliant on the US for food aid. Gandhi resented the US policy of food aid being used as a tool to force India to adopt policies favoured by the US. She also resolutely refused to sign the

3032:

Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. Rajiv succeeded his mother as prime minister within hours of her murder and anti-Sikh riots erupted, lasting for several days and killing more than 3,000 Sikhs in

13657: 5878: 3948:

wrote that "some have even seen the declaration of emergency rule in 1975 as a move to suppress dissent against Gandhi's policy shift to the right." In the 1980s, Gandhi was accused of "betraying socialism" after the beginning of

6444: 9089: 3883:(NPT). Relations with the US were strained badly under President Richard Nixon and his favouring of Pakistan during the Bangladesh liberation war. Nixon despised Gandhi politically and personally. In 1981, Gandhi met President 16067: 7282:

Wild cheers went up with every hated name that fell by the wayside, reminiscent of that other night in December 1971 when the Lahore skies had belonged to India. Those were the days when so many had hailed Indira Gandhi as

8027: 4433:

in Rajasthan. As the world was quiet about this test, a vehement protest came from Pakistan as its prime minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, described the test as "Indian hegemony" to intimidate Pakistan. In response to this,

1994:

During her time in Europe, Indira Nehru was plagued with ill health and was constantly attended to by doctors. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies. She was there in 1940, when

4409:

by the People's Republic of China. Gandhi saw the test as Chinese nuclear intimidation and promoted Nehru's views to establish India's stability and security interests independent from those of the nuclear superpowers.

3714:

attempted to steer the movement towards the Soviet Union. Although hosting the 1983 summit at Delhi boosted Indian prestige within the movement, its close relations with the Soviet Union and its pro-Soviet positions on

2607:

as its spiritual guide, claimed the elections were the last chance for India to choose between "democracy and dictatorship". The Congress Party split during the election campaign of 1977; veteran Gandhi supporters like

11327: 10915: 2283:

The Congress government faced numerous problems during this term. Some of these were due to high inflation which in turn was caused by wartime expenses, drought in some parts of the country and, more importantly, the

2955:. Beant shot her three times using his side-arm; Satwant fired 30 rounds. The men dropped their weapons and surrendered. Afterwards, they were taken away by other guards into a closed room where Beant was shot dead. 3609:

Chinese influence in Africa had declined owing to its incessant quarrels with the Soviet Union. These developments permanently halted India's decline in Africa and helped to reestablish its geo-strategic presence.

3287:

as an attempt to intimidate Pakistan into accepting India's hegemony in the subcontinent. However, in May 1976, she and Bhutto both agreed to reopen diplomatic establishments and normalise relations. After General

3021:. Paying homage, Gandhi's body lay in state at Teen Murti House. Thousands of followers strained for a glimpse of the cremation. Her funeral was televised live on domestic and international stations, including the 1862:. Indira had a lonely and unhappy childhood. Her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bedridden with illness and later suffered an early death from 16098: 9276: 9216: 1215: 12533:

the historic "Shillong" signed at Shillong on November 11, 1975, by the Governor of Nagaland Mr. L.P Singh representing the Government of India and the underground leadership represented by Mr. Assa and Mr. Kevi

4281:

embarked on a massive redistribution program. The provisions included rapid enforcement of land ceilings, housing for landless labourers, the abolition of bonded labour and a moratorium on the debts of the poor.

3795:

of the Communist Party and leader of the Soviet Union, approved a proposal to fabricate Pakistani intelligence documents detailing ISI plans to foment religious disturbances in Punjab and promote the creation of

2116:

Gandhi formed her government with Morarji Desai as deputy prime minister and finance minister. At the beginning of her first term as prime minister, she was widely criticised by the media and the opposition as a

12709: 4199:. By this action she had hoped to ward off the growing political conflict between Hindu and Sikh groups in the region. However, a contentious issue that was considered unresolved by the Akalis was the status of 8079: 3840:, requested of the Government a white paper on the role of foreign intelligence agencies and a judicial enquiry on the allegations. The spokesperson of the Indian Congress party referred to the book as "pure 9023: 978: 3891:

held to discuss global poverty. She had been described to him as an 'Ogre', but he found her charming and easy to work with and they formed a close working relationship during her premiership in the 1980s.

2671:

as their parliamentary party leader. Soon afterwards, the Congress party split again with Gandhi floating her own Congress faction called Congress(I) where I stood for Indira. She won a by-election in the

2373:

capturing just under 5,000 Pakistani POWs and also crossing the Meghna River towards Dhaka. Two days later, Indian forces conducted the largest airborne operation since World War Ii. 750 men of the Army's

1559: 4758:

which was adopted during the emergency can also be regarded as part of her legacy. Although judicial challenges and non-Congress governments tried to water down the amendment, the amendment still stands.

3800:

as an independent Sikh state. Indira Gandhi's decision to move troops into the Punjab was based on her taking seriously the information provided by the Soviets regarding secret CIA support for the Sikhs.

9597: 9807: 13567: 12488: 7674: 6808: 2200:

expelling her from the party for indiscipline. Gandhi, in turn, floated her own faction of the Congress party and managed to retain most of the Congress MPs on her side with only 65 on the side of the

10841: 8384: 14886: 12610: 2876:

shrine and the Sikh library. It led to the deaths of many Sikh fighters and innocent pilgrims. The number of casualties remains disputed, with estimates ranging from many hundreds to many thousands.

1597:, who succeeded her in office as the country's sixth prime minister. Gandhi's cumulative tenure of 15 years and 350 days makes her the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father. 4095:, most banks in India had continued to be owned and operated by private persons. Businessmen who owned the banks were often accused of channeling the deposits into their own companies and ignoring 13706: 3787:, which was based on a forged document purporting to contain details of the weapons and money provided by the ISI to Sikh militants who wanted to create an independent country. In November 1982, 4728:

Gandhi's main legacy was standing firm in the face of American pressure to defeat Pakistan and turn East Pakistan into independent Bangladesh. She was responsible for India joining the group of

20141: 4017:

targeting the consumption levels of the poor and enact wide-ranging social and economic reforms. In addition, the government targeted an annual growth rate of 4.4% over the period of the plan.

3992:

were meant to regulate the private sector. By the end of the 1960s, the reversal of the liberalisation process was complete, and India's policies were characterised as "protectionist as ever."

12958: 14876: 13429: 13207: 10946: 3636:

is a voluntary association of mainly former British colonies. India maintained cordial relations with most of the members during Gandhi's time in power. In the 1980s, she along with Canadian

1644:, in the INC's parliamentary leadership election to become leader and also succeeded Shastri as prime minister. She led the Congress to victory in two subsequent elections, starting with the 12991: 6401: 6344: 5658: 4020:

The measures of the emergency regime was able to halt the economic trouble of the early to mid-1970s, which had been marred by harvest failures, fiscal contraction, and the breakdown of the

2990:(CFSL) Delhi. Subsequently, Dogra appeared in Shri Mahesh Chandra's court as an expert witness (PW-5); he gave his testimony in several sessions. The cross examination was conducted by Shri 18082: 16898: 16756: 1735:

in 1971, with India receiving military, financial, and diplomatic support from the Soviet Union during its conflict with Pakistan in the same year. Though India was at the forefront of the

13649: 8997: 5870: 4285:

was at the centre of the reforms. Millions of hectares of land were acquired and redistributed. The government was also successful in procuring houses for landless labourers; According to

17356: 11253: 7737: 4754:

in Indian politics and in India's institutions. She is also almost singularly associated with the period of emergency rule, described by some as a "dark period" in Indian democracy. The

977: 19613: 17965: 14891: 14881: 13589: 7967: 1668:, the first time in the history of India to happen so. She even lost her own parliamentary constituency. However, due to her portrayal as a strong leader and the weak governance of the 1079: 10478: 9079: 2583:

to give the electorate a chance to vindicate her rule. She may have grossly misjudged her popularity by reading what the heavily censored press wrote about her. She was opposed by the

5442: 4042:(SOE), which Gandhi qualified as a "sad thing", and on stimulating the private sector through deregulation and liberation of the capital market. The government subsequently launched 17883: 4046:

in 1982, the first cautious attempt at reform. The Sixth Plan went on to become the most successful of the Five-Year Plans yet; showing an average growth rate of 5.7% over 1980–85.

1770:

Gandhi is remembered as the most powerful woman in the world during her tenure. Her supporters cite her leadership during victories over geopolitical rivals China and Pakistan, the

1959: 12925: 8926: 8017: 7804: 2838:

newspaper. After being arrested, Bhindranwale disassociated himself from the Congress Party and joined Akali Dal. In July 1982, he led the campaign for the implementation of the

12501:

representatives of the underground organisations met the Governor of Nagaland, Shri L.P. Singh representing the Government of India, at Shillong on 10th and 11th November, 1975.

3845:

to Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi (code-named Vano). "Suitcases full of banknotes were said to be routinely taken to the Prime Minister's house. Former Syndicate member

2196:. The other was the announcement by the prime minister of Bank nationalisation without consulting the finance minister, Morarji Desai. These steps culminated in party president 15160: 11319: 4273:

issued; de-recognising the princes; with this withdrawal of recognition, their claims to privy purses were also legally lost. However, the proclamation was struck down by the

2125:

that first derided her personality as the "Goongi Goodiya" (Hindi for "dumb doll") that later was echoed by other Congress politicians who were wary of her rise in the party.

10907: 5060:

The taboo surrounding the depiction of Indira Gandhi in Indian cinema has begun to dissipate in recent years with actors portraying her in films. Notable portrayals include:

19582: 15714: 12353: 8956: 3995:

To deal with India's food problems, Gandhi expanded the emphasis on production of inputs to agriculture that had already been initiated by her father, Jawaharlal Nehru. The

3559:

was in sharp contrast to China, who had supported armed struggle to win African independence. After reaching a high diplomatic point in the aftermath of Nehru's role in the

2786:

By the time of Sanjay's death, Indira Gandhi trusted only family members, and therefore persuaded her reluctant son, Rajiv, to enter politics. Her PMO office staff included

1604:

During Nehru's premiership from 1947 to 1964, Gandhi was his hostess and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. In 1959, she played a part in the dissolution of the

12301: 21592: 21502: 18987: 14871: 12400: 6649: 3812:

became confident that it could continue to deceive Indira Gandhi indefinitely with fabricated reports of CIA and Pakistani conspiracies against her. The Soviets persuaded

3792: 3731:

Gandhi spent a number of years in Europe during her youth and had formed many friendships there. During her premiership she formed friendships with many leaders including

12739: 12689:

India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan...

9268: 9198: 4698:

had described Indira Gandhi as being an "Iron lady", a nickname that became associated with her tough personality. After leading India to victory against Pakistan in the

2254:

in which a majority of Sikkimese voted to join India. The move was condemned as being a "despicable act of the Indian Government" by China. Chinese government mouthpiece

2089:

was instrumental in Gandhi achieving victory. Because she was a woman, other political leaders in India saw Gandhi as weak and hoped to use her as a puppet once elected:

979: 16992: 6957: 3311:

In order to keep the Soviet Union and the United States out of South Asia, Gandhi was instrumental in establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (

3268:(LTTE) militants in the 1980s to put pressure on Jayewardene to abide by Indian interests. Nevertheless, Gandhi rejected demands to invade Sri Lanka in the aftermath of 12701: 4315:, where there had been strong, sometimes violent, pro-Hindi agitations. Gandhi came out of the language conflicts with the strong support of the south Indian populace. 3176:

with the Soviet Union promising mutual assistance in the case of war, while Pakistan received active support from the United States during the conflict. U.S. President

19143: 16472: 8417: 2481:

Gandhi moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest. Her Cabinet and government recommended that then President

2346:

also happened on the same day but did not receive as much media attention as did the battle of Boyra and Garibpur. On 3 December 1971, the Pakistan Air Force launched

2069:

state government dismissed in 1959. That government was India's first elected communist government. After her father's death in 1964 she was appointed a member of the

8069: 4710:, Bangladesh's highest civilian award for foreign nationals, was posthumously conferred on Gandhi for her "outstanding contributions" to Bangladesh's Liberation War. 20913: 3516:

and the disintegration of the SEATO alliance in the aftermath of Pakistani and American defeats in the region. Nevertheless, Gandhi's close relations with reunified

3409:

openly supported Pakistan. Egypt's stance was met with dismay by the Indians, who had come to expect close co-operation with the Baathist regimes. But, the death of

13627: 11049: 9019: 8361: 7455:

Priyadarshi, D., 1975. Case Study: Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Shri Raj Narain and Anr. on 7 November 1975. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Shri Raj Narain and Anr. on, 7.

7371:

Sanghavi, Nagindas. "From Navnirman to the anti-Mandal riots: the political trajectory of Gujarat (1974–1985)." South Asian History and Culture 1.4 (2010): 480–493.

17785: 17349: 13516: 8331: 3260:

to Sri Lanka to save Bandaranaike's socialist government from a political disaster. However, relations soured over Sri Lanka's movement away from socialism under

2275:

that came with it were designed to give Gandhi independent national support, based on the rural and urban poor. This would allow her to bypass the dominant rural

19606: 18286: 17958: 14675: 11076: 7536: 7434: 5601: 3220: 12319: 10438: 9589: 7561: 2462:

After news of the verdict spread, hundreds of supporters demonstrated outside her house, pledging their loyalty. Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom

21447: 17027: 9804: 7473: 2970:

at 9:30 AM where doctors operated on her. She was declared dead at 2:20 PM. The post-mortem examination was conducted by a team of doctors headed by

2771:

in New Delhi. In 1980, as a tribute to her son's dream of launching an indigenously manufactured car, Indira Gandhi nationalized Sanjay's debt-ridden company,

1230: 13557: 12484: 3928:

even describing her as "the scourge of Communist Party." Yet, she later forged close relations with Indian communists even while using the army to break the

3045:

Gandhi's death was mourned worldwide. World leaders condemned the assassination and said her death would leave a 'big emptiness' in international affairs. In

20146: 18714: 17334: 15926: 15199: 10849: 9356: 9157: 4373:

in 1975. While the agreement was considered a victory for the Indian government and ended large-scale conflicts, there have since been spurts of violence by

3972: 2436:

declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha in 1971 void on the grounds of electoral malpractice. In an election petition filed by her 1971 opponent,

19591: 17943: 21607: 21587: 15277: 14948: 10803: 1767:. On 31 October 1984, she was assassinated by two of her bodyguards, both of whom were Sikh nationalists seeking retribution for the events at the temple. 1484: 1459: 1444: 1434: 958: 12674: 12269: 6696: 21542: 17342: 16011: 14839: 4755: 1489: 1474: 1464: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1429: 14099: 4294:

farmers from intermediate and lower castes in North India. The rise of the newly empowered social classes challenged the political establishment of the

3343:. Nevertheless, Gandhi authorised the development of a secret channel of contact and security assistance with Israel in the late 1960s. Her lieutenant, 20193: 20131: 19926: 19910: 19845: 19599: 19026: 17951: 17032: 15153: 15138: 14650: 14181: 5432: 3880: 1479: 1469: 15692: 13832: 2816:. In an effort to split the Akali Dal and gain popular support among the Sikhs, Gandhi's Congress Party helped to bring the orthodox religious leader 19880: 18965: 16982: 16967: 16447: 15707: 13455: 12948: 7747: 6300: 3463:. Gandhi's tilt towards Moscow and her dismemberment of Pakistan was perceived by the Shah as part of a larger anti-Iran conspiracy involving India, 13597: 13419: 13199: 10938: 2180:

which created hardship for Indian businesses and consumers. The importation of wheat from the United States fell through due to political disputes.

21497: 19629: 18980: 17455: 17047: 17042: 16947: 16772: 16649: 16202: 15332: 14376: 12981: 6848: 6393: 6326: 6231: 5632: 4793: 3763:

The relationship between India and the Soviet Union deepened during Gandhi's rule. The main reason was the perceived bias of the United States and

3173: 2512: 2053:

In the 1950s, Indira, now Indira Gandhi after her marriage, unofficially served her father as a personal assistant during his tenure as the first

1751:

and basic civil liberties were suspended. More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned. She faced the growing

1732: 1625: 1424: 417: 14051: 8979: 8476: 7313: 7093: 4528:. In Gandhi's own accounts through her letters, she wrote to her friend Dorothy Norman, in 1952 she wrote: "At about eight or nine I was taken to 21552: 21507: 18176: 17007: 16987: 16671: 15218: 8760: 5344: 4797: 3984: 3901: 3504:(SEATO) and, therefore, it was seen as a pro-American organisation. On their part, the ASEAN nations were unhappy with Gandhi's sympathy for the 1775: 1089: 1084: 14244: 11257: 21567: 21477: 21462: 21367: 21362: 17593: 12795: 9533: 9246: 9113: 1898: 1531: 1245: 1094: 692: 15904: 11414: 7957: 4025:

the rate of 9% in 1975–76 alone, and the Fifth Plan, became the first plan during which the per capita income of the economy grew by over 5%.

3832:

A report following the Mitrokhin archive also caused some historiographical controversy about Indira Gandhi. In India, a senior leader of the

21487: 21407: 17067: 16080: 15292: 15146: 14926: 13387: 10468: 8888: 7773: 4785: 3674:

summit in New Delhi. Gandhi used the meetings as a forum to put pressure on member countries to cut economic, sports, and cultural ties with

3617: 10982: 9180: 7173: 6587: 4403:, the former premier of India, to develop its nuclear program. Gandhi authorised the development of nuclear weapons in 1967, in response to 4277:. In 1971, she again motioned to abolish the privy purse and it was passed successfully as the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India. 21522: 21517: 21472: 20151: 20015: 19204: 18304: 18138: 18100: 17805: 16487: 16457: 15700: 14903: 11876: 5227: 4265:

The principle of equal pay for equal work for both men and women was enshrined in the Indian Constitution under the Gandhi administration.

4253:. The transition to statehood for the territories was successfully overseen by her administration and it was followed by the annexation of 3539:

Although independent India was initially viewed as a champion of various African independence movements, its cordial relationship with the

16049: 12769: 10824: 7140: 2361:, using mechanized and airborne units to quickly bypass Pakistani opposition and make quick strides towards the capital of East Pakistan, 1889:

Indira Nehru was taught mostly at home by tutors and attended school intermittently until matriculation in 1934. She was a student at the

1792:

and authoritarian rule of India during the Emergency. In 1999, she was named "Woman of the Millennium" in an online poll organized by the

21372: 19151: 18973: 17923: 17795: 17624: 16962: 16957: 16039: 15302: 14844: 10733: 10691: 8200: 8157: 5737: 2947:. The shooting occurred as she was walking past a wicket gate guarded by the two men. She was to be interviewed by the British filmmaker 1967:

and she became known as Indira Priyadarshini Nehru. A year later, however, she had to leave university to attend to her ailing mother in

1621: 15957: 12917: 7003:

The New China News Agency report, broadcast by Peking Radio, said that an unspecified number of Chinese soldiers were killed or wounded.

4203:, a prosperous city on the Punjab-Haryana border, which Gandhi declared a union territory to be shared as a capital by both the states. 1987:

in 1937 to study history. She had to take the entrance examination twice, having failed at her first attempt with a poor performance in

1846:) of India. Indira was her parents' only surviving child (she had a younger brother who died while young); she grew up with her mother, 20163: 18206: 17544: 11988: 8918: 7989: 7796: 4789: 3155: 2571: 1200: 6466:

Upadhyaya, Prakash Chandra (1989). "Review of Marxist State Governments in India, Politics, Economics and Society by T. J. Nossiter".

4736:. In 1999, Gandhi was named "Woman of the Millennium" in an online poll organised by the BBC. In 2012, she was ranked number seven on 1581:

in 1984. She was India's first and, to date, only female prime minister, and a central figure in Indian politics as the leader of the

21597: 21577: 21482: 20346: 20136: 18244: 17981: 17867: 17398: 16723: 15919: 12651: 2547:, entered into Indian politics. He wielded tremendous power during the emergency without holding any government office. According to 1613: 471: 12558: 5010:, a 1973 short documentary film directed by S.N.S. Sastry showing the beginning of her first tenure as PM and her speeches from the 3459:

had launched an effort at rapprochement with India in 1969 as part of his effort to secure support for a larger Iranian role in the

21537: 21492: 21357: 19163: 18214: 17790: 17588: 14941: 14849: 13732: 9298: 5183: 4223: 2967: 2959:

was later arrested for being part of the conspiracy in the attack. Satwant and Kehar were sentenced to death and hanged in Delhi's

2078: 1854:, a large family estate in Allahabad. In 1930, the Nehru family donated the mansion to the Indian National Congress and renamed it 1074: 12345: 8948: 3779:

Soviet intelligence was involved in India during Indira Gandhi's administration, sometimes at Gandhi's expense. In the prelude to

3292:

rose to power in Pakistan in 1978, India's relations with its neighbour reached a nadir. Gandhi accused General Zia of supporting

21572: 21557: 21397: 20672: 19985: 19895: 19875: 19867: 18802: 18698: 18682: 18483: 18219: 18060: 17903: 15771: 15501: 14854: 14456: 13176: 12731: 12305: 7300:

astounding victory of India led even the opposition leaders to compare her to such a mythological 'strong personality' as 'Durga'

6424: 5507: 5437: 4984:

are notable for having been released during Gandhi's lifetime and were subject to censorship on exhibition during the Emergency.

4362:

during the administration of Gandhi's son Rajiv. Today, Mizoram is considered one of the most peaceful states in the north-east.

4339: 2763:

The Congress Party under Gandhi swept back into power in January 1980. In this election, Gandhi was elected by the voters of the

2643:. She refused to shift herself, but was open to move her two sons Sanjay Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. However, after consulting with 2628:

under the guidance of Gandhian leader, Jayaprakash Narayan. The other leaders of the Janata Party were Charan Singh, Raj Narain,

249: 12390: 8223: 6665: 6104: 21582: 20991: 20115: 20105: 20040: 19838: 17561: 14643: 13048: 9567: 9504: 9334: 8509: 5217: 4374: 3497: 3229: 3009:

Today, the spot where Gandhi was assassinated is marked by a glass opening in the crystal pathway at the Indira Gandhi Memorial

17364: 12516: 6949: 6269: 2735:

votes. In the elections held in January, Congress (I) under Gandhi's leadership returned to power with a landslide majority.

21402: 20158: 20070: 19621: 19032: 18186: 17973: 17888: 17645: 17571: 17393: 14898: 14072: 14038: 14008: 13985: 13962: 13939: 13920: 13897: 13874: 13492: 13346: 13243: 12863: 12593: 12468: 12437: 12253: 12202: 12171: 12135: 12106: 12062: 11964: 11935: 11910: 11846: 11821: 11790: 11709: 11680: 11638: 11602: 11568: 11539: 11512: 11485: 11455: 11398: 11364: 11303: 11208: 11115: 11059: 11023: 10996: 10766: 10727: 10685: 10639: 10607: 10577: 10546: 10515: 10452: 10408: 10377: 10347: 10318: 10238: 10210: 10181: 10145: 10115: 10073: 10036: 10005: 9973: 9945: 9916: 9837: 9789: 9705: 9665: 9640: 9526:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 – Office of the Historian" 9486: 9449: 8902: 8851: 8736: 8698: 8660: 8622: 8584: 8470: 8300: 8264: 8237: 8194: 8151: 8120: 7940: 7915: 7870: 7684: 7640: 7510: 7396: 7327: 7275: 7077: 6933: 6881: 6871: 6792: 6756: 6729: 6632: 6601: 6438: 6377: 6033: 5927: 5809: 5770: 5731: 5705: 5652: 5581: 5447: 5357: 5338: 5317: 5296: 5288: 5264: 4390: 3513: 13321: 13287: 13249: 10772: 10645: 5815: 5776: 1739:, Gandhi made it one of the Soviet Union's closest allies in Asia, each often supporting the other in proxy wars and at the 947: 20898: 20893: 20095: 20080: 20050: 20025: 20020: 19970: 19109: 19055: 18046: 17505: 15912: 15730: 15176: 14604: 14446: 14264: 11726: 2673: 1360: 1235: 179: 14252: 10871: 10631:

The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World: Newly Revealed Secrets from the Mitrokhin Archive

7901: 2447:

The court ordered her stripped of her parliamentary seat and banned her from running for any office for six years. As the

1858:(meaning abode of freedom). A new mansion was built nearby to serve as the family residence and given the name of the old 21442: 21417: 21412: 20060: 20010: 19441: 19192: 18781: 17717: 17614: 16664: 15656: 14934: 14769: 13619: 12815: 9966:

Events and Documents of Indo-Pak Relations: Includes Chronology of All Important Events & Documents from 1947 to 1998

9754: 8353: 5210: 4417:

reported to Gandhi that India had the ability to test its first nuclear weapon. Gandhi gave verbal authorisation for the

3854:

campaigns, the KGB was able to plant a little more than 1 per cent of the articles which it placed in the Indian press."

3702:

by focusing on the relationship between disarmament and economic development. By appealing to the economic grievances of

3500:(ASEAN) in 1967. Relations between ASEAN and India were mutually antagonistic. India perceived ASEAN to be linked to the 3067: 2987: 2212:. The policies of the Congress under Gandhi, before the 1971 elections, also included proposals for the abolition of the 1365: 15168: 13531: 10842:"रूस के जासूस ने किया बड़ा खुलासा ! इन्दिरा गाँधी थी रसिया की इंटेलिजेंस एजेंसी की जासूस ? – RAJNITI TAK NEWS" 9725: 9056: 8323: 5723:

The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books

4210:. Gandhi indicated that she would make no major concessions on Kashmir. The most prominent of the Kashmiri separatists, 3706:, Gandhi and her successors exercised a moderating influence on the Non-aligned movement, diverting it from some of the 21562: 21437: 20179: 20100: 20055: 20045: 20005: 20000: 19003: 18143: 17836: 17598: 17482: 15722: 14861: 14702: 9435: 8817:

is behind the murder of the DIG", "(The person behind the murder is) The one who is afraid of losing his seat of power"

7592: 6659: 6430: 3501: 3201: 3063: 2560: 2251: 2169: 1524: 1393: 1322: 631: 18995: 13078: 11080: 10396:

The contraction of England : an inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 22 October 1984

10262: 7526: 7426: 5609: 4732:. Although India being officially part of the Non-Aligned Movement, she gave Indian foreign policy a tilt towards the 4451:. The overall popularity and image of the Congress Party was enhanced and the Congress Party was well received in the 21547: 21527: 21432: 21427: 21422: 20959: 20085: 20075: 20065: 20035: 20030: 19965: 19831: 19198: 18090: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17748: 17515: 17429: 16842: 16728: 14914: 14636: 14204: 14175: 14131: 14086: 13012:

Norman, Dorothy. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Print. 12.

12906:

Norman, Dorothy. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Print. 30.

12323: 9868: 7720: 7557: 6077: 5550: 4230:

as a constituent unit of India. The Kashmir conflict remained largely peaceful if frozen under Gandhi's premiership.

3521: 2863:

were known to have been brought into the compound. On 23 April 1983, the Punjab Police Deputy Inspector General

1383: 986: 728: 656: 16679: 7465: 3527:

On 26 September 1981, Gandhi was conferred with the honorary degree of Doctor at the Laucala Graduation at the

1885:

garment and shown following Gandhi's advocacy that khadi be worn by Indians instead of British-manufactured textiles

21512: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 20903: 20571: 20110: 19990: 19980: 19975: 19221: 19078: 19011: 17821: 17800: 17424: 16687: 16090: 14670: 5848: 3671: 3581: 3265: 1831: 1115: 333: 14273: 12031: 10563: 9154: 7856: 5588:

India emerged as the predominant regional power in South Asia after the successful vivisection of Pakistan in 1971

4463: 4078:

The unemployment rate remained constant at 9% over a nine-year period (1971–80) before declining to 8.3% in 1983.

2308:

Gandhi's biggest achievement following the 1971 election came in December 1971 with India's decisive victory over

19226: 17893: 17680: 17619: 17472: 16893: 11013: 10532: 8837: 6426:

Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher

4120: 3825:

who stated in 1992 "The 1984 Operation Bluestar became necessary because of the vast disinformation against Sant

3589: 3528: 3473: 3127: 2452: 1802:

magazine among the 100 women who defined the past century as counterparts to the magazine's previous choices for

1504: 561: 10795: 6209: 4000:

agricultural self-sufficiency, having found India's dependency on the U.S. for shipments of grains humiliating.

2952: 2918:—Gandhi's remarks on her last speech a day before her death (30 October 1984) at the then Parade Ground, Odisha. 2260:

wrote that "the Nehrus, father and daughter, had always acted in this way, and Indira Gandhi had gone further".

21532: 20476: 19995: 17764: 17660: 16746: 16657: 16057: 15934: 14492: 13707:"How Indian cinema's timid portrayal of Indira Gandhi confined her to allusions, voices, silhouettes on screen" 12684: 12585: 12279: 8108: 6688: 4729: 4504: 3429:

agreed with the Arab monarchies in believing that Gandhi's intervention in East Pakistan was an attack against

3421:, and his mounting differences with Moscow, constrained Egypt to a policy of neutrality. Gandhi's overtures to 3025:. After her death, the Parade Ground was converted to the Indira Gandhi Park which was inaugurated by her son, 2889: 2764: 2422: 1902: 1578: 1099: 775: 14956: 14096: 8873:"Indira Gandhi had since long been planning for an attack on Darbar Sahib..." Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (2012). 7382: 5639:, Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161–206, 3037:

and an estimated 8,000 across India. Many Congress leaders were believed to be behind the anti-Sikh massacre.

2868:

and his supporters from the complex. The army used heavy artillery, including tanks, in the action code-named

21602: 20331: 20090: 19157: 18260: 18095: 17928: 17780: 16888: 16878: 16751: 16741: 16633: 16628: 16026: 13139: 12849: 9781: 8813:

Longowal said "Whenever the situation becomes ripe for settlement, some violent incident takes place. I know

7345: 7197: 6573: 5065: 4508: 4219: 2288:. Opposition to her in the 1973–75 period, after the Gandhi wave had receded, was strongest in the states of 1517: 1163: 1153: 10501: 10394: 7496: 4762:

She was the only woman to occupy the office of the prime minister of India and in 2020, Gandhi was named by

3983:

The period of 1967–75 was characterised by socialist ascendency in India, which culminated in 1976 with the

20296: 19931: 19905: 19900: 19186: 18334: 17831: 17556: 17310: 16837: 16718: 16638: 16016: 14798: 14721: 13822: 13478: 13300:

Few cast so low, so ignominiously, have the courage and belief to return. Mrs Gandhi is the real iron lady.

12680: 11292:

Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher

11200: 10424: 8462: 8279:

Bhargava, G. S. (2005). Star crossed India: let down by leadership. Gyan Publishing House.|PAGE=108,129,255

8254: 6618: 5801:

Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher

5072: 4124: 3066:

to sign a book of condolences and expressed his 'shock, revulsion, and grief' over the assassination. 42nd

2716: 2580: 2555:. It was also quipped that Sanjay had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the 2490:

that Gandhi had ordered her search guards to eliminate firebrand trade unionist and socialist party leader

2160: 2129: 1673: 1665: 1657: 1645: 1388: 1240: 1225: 1158: 1148: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 970: 667: 606: 514: 13451: 10022: 6292: 3233:

rapprochement between Gandhi and the Bangladeshi regimes, although issues such as border disputes and the

20336: 19565: 19255: 17731: 17670: 17403: 16814: 16713: 16618: 15942: 14964: 14577: 14558: 14511: 14473: 14427: 8728: 7907: 4378: 3940:

wrote, "it would be difficult to find a more machiavellian leftist than Mrs Indira Gandhi... for here is

3913:

There is considerable debate whether Gandhi was a socialist on principle or out of political expediency.

3664: 3654: 3626: 2700: 2229: 2208:, lost its majority in the parliament but remained in power with the support of regional parties such as 2149: 1688: 375: 256: 14155: 14048: 9417: 7466:"Indira Gandhi Biography: Birth, Family, Education, Political Career, Posthumus Awards, Legacy and more" 6840: 6239: 3200:

remained aligned with India, while in 1975, after years of campaigning, Sikkim voted to join India in a

2388:

the city's defences paled in comparison to the Mukti Bahini and Indian forces outside the city, Lt-Gen.

21457: 20984: 19946: 19936: 19790: 19281: 17826: 17408: 16827: 16623: 16598: 15786: 15661: 15516: 14745: 14212: 12781: 12098: 11701: 11698:

Exposed to Innumerable Delusions: Public Enterprise and State Power in Egypt, India, Mexico, and Turkey

10400: 10339: 9628: 8652: 8453: 8186: 7660: 7104: 4713: 4494:

She married Feroze Gandhi at the age of 25, in 1942. Their marriage lasted 18 years until he died of a

4448: 4440: 4338:

Gandhi considered the north-eastern region important, because of its strategic situation. In 1966, the

4246: 4112: 3862: 3212: 2817: 2748: 2731:

and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the

2686: 2375: 2313: 1984: 1696: 1408: 1143: 925: 13262:

Henry A. Kissinger had described her as an "iron lady" and her personality as "charismatic" and tough.

8770: 3747:. She enjoyed a close working relationship with many British leaders including conservative premiers, 3670:

was regarded as being one of the pillars of the Commonwealth. India under Gandhi also hosted the 1983

3372:

India's pro-Arab policy had mixed success. Establishment of close ties with the socialist and secular

2783:

of Japan was selected as the partner. The company launched its first Indian-manufactured car in 1984.

21083: 20883: 20216: 19725: 18540: 17460: 17378: 16603: 16583: 16573: 16542: 15998: 14439: 13100: 12835: 11236:

Sunanda K. Datta-Ray; "Indira Gandhi: Enigma, Mother-Goddess and Terror Incernate". 3 November 1994.

9997: 9525: 9238: 7626: 5189: 4999: 4925: 4738: 4707: 4699: 4659: 4270: 4227: 4012:

The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–1979) was enacted with the backdrop of the state of emergency and the

3996: 3324: 3242: 3075: 2317: 2209: 1890: 1771: 1704: 10981:

Van Dijk, Ruud; Glenn Gray, William; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang, eds. (2008).

9110: 21020: 20236: 20201: 19854: 19265: 19180: 18596: 18342: 18249: 16883: 16847: 16787: 16613: 16608: 16593: 16588: 16578: 16568: 15970: 14344: 14316: 14278: 12194: 11871: 11560: 11421: 7769: 5502: 5427: 5223: 5140: 5049: 4844: 4135: 3907: 3637: 3448: 3264:, whom Gandhi despised as a "western puppet". India under Gandhi was alleged to have supported the 3238: 3223:

with neighbouring Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) following the Liberation War. Prime Minister

2104:

the end of 1977, she was such a dominating figure in Indian politics that Congress party president

2058: 1950: 1582: 1271: 1220: 920: 818: 806: 118: 13397: 9805:

Former PM Indira Gandhi honoured with Bangladesh's highest award, The Economic Times, 25 July 2011

9132: 6978: 21467: 20783: 20718: 20381: 19885: 19371: 17655: 17012: 16733: 16320: 16305: 16290: 16245: 16222: 15816: 15546: 15427: 15050: 15025: 14980: 14659: 14570: 14538: 14407: 14152:

Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977

13798: 13780: 13762: 13562: 11668: 11295: 9414:

Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977

9177: 8843: 8614: 7165: 5150: 5054: 5003: 4911: 4500: 4370: 4096: 3633: 3540: 2613: 2054: 1803: 1680: 1609: 1574: 1552: 1069: 1044: 909: 279: 48: 13679: 12454: 12423: 12239: 12188: 12157: 11866: 11782: 11776: 11624: 11502: 11350: 11194: 9632: 8722: 8684: 8646: 8570: 8290: 7558:"A Page From The Past: All You Need To Know About Emergency Imposed By Indira Gandhi Government" 6919: 6782: 6019: 2935:, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence at 1 21452: 21342: 21071: 20928: 20481: 20351: 19376: 18604: 18525: 18491: 18465: 18440: 17665: 17189: 16862: 16852: 16075: 15681: 15437: 14587: 14186: 12762: 11807: 11672: 11588: 11475: 11224: 10506:. Translated by Bell, Anthea (1st MIT Press English language pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: 10367: 10065: 8608: 7897: 7130: 4274: 4116: 4039: 3888: 3833: 3091: 3087: 2932: 2880:

overseas. There were also incidents of mutiny by Sikh soldiers in the aftermath of the attack.

2825: 2621: 2347: 1601:

described her as an "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her tough personality.

1312: 1281: 11529: 11415:"Prometheus unleashed: Science as A diplomatic weapon in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration" 11384: 10717: 10675: 9357:"World leaders condemned the 'senseless' assassination of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi" 8839:

Globalizations and social movements : culture, power, and the transnational public sphere

8225:

The Predictioneer's Game: Using the Logic of Brazen Self-Interest to See and shapte the future

8180: 8137: 8112: 8102: 6746: 6719: 5721: 5571: 4425:. In 1974, India successfully conducted an underground nuclear test, unofficially code named " 4075:

1981–82 to 1985–86—the lowest since the beginning of India's inflation problems in the 1960s.

3119: 20977: 20888: 20763: 20738: 20301: 20286: 20251: 19890: 19755: 19560: 18868: 17239: 17219: 16822: 16761: 16708: 16547: 16034: 15984: 15352: 14386: 13171: 10597: 7828: 6624: 6367: 5169: 4332: 4290: 4176: 4092: 3945: 3768: 3740: 3651: 3456: 3358: 3350: 3253: 3224: 2860: 2851: 2728: 2676:

and took a seat in the Lok Sabha in November 1978 after the Janata Party's attempts to have

2667:

Since Indira Gandhi had lost her seat in the election, the defeated Congress party appointed

2476: 2448: 2276: 2272: 1942: 1744: 1661: 1349: 464: 13524:

Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov. Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies

11980: 11660: 10969:

The Mitrokhin Archive II- The KGB and the World, The Special Relationship With India: Part I

10894:

The Mitrokhin Archive II- The KGB and the World, The Special Relationship With India: Part I

10053: 9620: 9466: 8804:

Kuldip Nayar and Khushwant Singh, Tragedy of Punjab, Vision Books, New Delhi, 1984, page 79.

5913: 4127:(BPCL) had to keep a minimum stock level of oil to be supplied to the military when needed. 3146:

Gandhi is remembered for her ability to effectively promote Indian foreign policy measures.

21352: 21347: 21273: 21269: 21198: 21087: 20723: 20521: 20501: 20441: 20421: 20416: 20361: 20316: 20281: 20256: 19471: 19416: 19381: 18863: 18858: 18706: 18470: 17898: 17862: 17090: 17062: 16260: 16149: 15781: 15666: 15511: 15432: 14763: 14326: 10473: 9478: 7994: 7498:

In the name of democracy : JP movement and the emergency, Chapter 4, Emergency imposed

7227:

Rudolph, Lloyd; Rudolph, Susanne (July 1977). "India's Election: Backing into the future".

6235: 5305: 5011: 4916: 4854: 4443:

and part of India's commitment to develop its programme for industrial and scientific use.

4359: 4324: 4021: 3914: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3467:, and the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Iran had resisted Pakistani pressure to activate the 3406: 3249: 3115: 3050: 2898: 2893: 2787: 2600: 2588: 2482: 2433: 2213: 2189: 2066: 2009: 1972: 1930: 1869: 1736: 1403: 1398: 1355: 1250: 506: 130: 19813: 19240: 18372:

Office of Chief Controller of Accounts (Disclosure of Central Government Accounting Data)

18277: 17496: 16932: 16117: 15894: 15454: 15128: 14811: 12878:

Jayakar, Pupul. Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography. New York: Pantheon, 1992. Print. 64.

12643: 6523:

Kochanek, Stanley A. (May 1966). "Post Nehru India: The Emergence of the New Leadership".

5206:, a central government low-cost housing programme for the rural poor, was named after her. 3691: 2081:. In January 1966, after Shastri's death, the Congress legislative party elected her over 8: 21316: 21214: 21093: 21050: 21044: 20788: 20773: 20768: 20733: 20728: 20677: 20647: 20642: 20604: 20584: 20541: 20461: 20396: 20341: 20271: 19750: 19685: 19675: 19655: 19531: 19426: 19411: 19391: 19351: 19326: 18876: 18853: 18837: 18657: 17685: 17249: 17224: 17184: 17164: 17159: 16832: 16275: 16178: 15826: 15791: 15751: 15556: 15521: 15481: 15367: 15342: 15075: 15040: 14995: 14758: 14696: 14597: 13889: 12550: 12245: 12163: 11356: 11107: 10202: 9908: 9203: 8422: 6331: 5919: 5696: 5234: 5203: 4951: 4937: 4931: 4743: 4435: 4350:

to launch massive retaliatory strikes in response. The rebellion was suppressed with the

4059: 3780: 3644: 3436: 3344: 3289: 3284: 3245:

posthumously on Gandhi for her "outstanding contribution" to the country's independence.

3099: 3095: 2944: 2869: 2839: 2799: 2768: 2604: 2503: 2456: 2366: 2333: 2297: 2074: 2047: 1954: 1938: 1789: 1756: 1664:

she implemented, she faced massive anti-incumbency sentiment causing the INC to lose the

1617: 1297: 452: 440: 368: 202: 160: 16104:

Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)

13740: 12764:

Invitation Card of the marriage ceremony of Km. Indira D/o J.L. Nehru on 26th March 1942

5683: 21308: 21204: 21146: 21140: 21067: 21016: 20858: 20743: 20697: 20657: 20561: 20326: 20321: 20276: 20221: 19670: 19461: 19126:

National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)

18951: 18908: 18636: 18628: 18445: 17539: 17477: 17279: 17179: 17154: 17149: 17085: 16560: 16537: 16401: 16380: 16285: 15831: 15776: 15561: 15506: 15347: 15110: 15000: 14990: 14866: 14782: 14483: 14114: 12986: 12953: 12789: 12023: 9815: 9621: 9165: 8984: 8389: 7862: 7858:

The fall and rise of political leaders Olof Palme, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Indira Gandhi

7742: 7384:

The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives Chapter 4 The political guru

7354: 7246: 7206: 6813: 6542: 6493: 5159: 5155: 5084: 4702:

in 1971, President V. V. Giri awarded Gandhi with India's highest civilian honour, the

4695: 4422: 3917:

described her as "a master of rhetoric ... often more posture than policy", while

3698:

In the early 1980s under Gandhi, India attempted to reassert its prominent role in the

3301: 3207: 2974:. Dogra said that Gandhi had sustained as many as 30 bullet wounds from two sources: a 2856: 2724: 2668: 2556: 2486: 2193: 2098: 1700: 1648:, in which she was first elected to the lower house of the Indian parliament, the 1573:; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and stateswoman who was 1307: 410: 356: 13353: 13166: 12809:

State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors.

10534:

The struggle for a democratic Austria : Bruno Kreisky on peace and social justice

6809:"March to socialism under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi offers an interesting parallel" 5497: 2872:. The operation badly damaged or destroyed parts of the Temple complex, including the 21320: 21222: 21166: 20798: 20436: 20311: 20226: 19795: 19770: 19640: 19476: 19451: 19306: 18884: 18818: 18450: 18194:

Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)

17857: 17551: 17229: 17204: 17169: 17139: 17120: 16416: 16411: 16335: 16295: 16154: 15746: 15476: 15407: 15269: 15035: 14239: 14229: 14171: 14127: 14082: 14068: 14034: 14026: 14004: 13981: 13958: 13935: 13916: 13893: 13870: 13488: 13239: 13126: 13035: 13022: 12891: 12859: 12589: 12464: 12433: 12249: 12198: 12167: 12131: 12102: 12058: 12015: 11960: 11931: 11906: 11842: 11817: 11786: 11705: 11676: 11661: 11634: 11598: 11564: 11535: 11508: 11481: 11451: 11394: 11390: 11360: 11299: 11237: 11204: 11111: 11055: 11019: 10992: 10762: 10723: 10681: 10635: 10603: 10573: 10542: 10511: 10448: 10404: 10373: 10343: 10314: 10234: 10206: 10177: 10141: 10111: 10069: 10054: 10032: 10001: 9969: 9941: 9937: 9912: 9833: 9785: 9701: 9661: 9636: 9482: 9445: 9208: 8989: 8898: 8847: 8732: 8694: 8656: 8618: 8580: 8466: 8427: 8296: 8260: 8233: 8190: 8147: 8116: 7936: 7911: 7866: 7716: 7680: 7636: 7588: 7506: 7392: 7323: 7271: 7073: 7054: 6929: 6877: 6788: 6752: 6725: 6655: 6628: 6597: 6560: 6485: 6434: 6373: 6336: 6096: 6073: 6029: 5923: 5805: 5766: 5727: 5701: 5648: 5577: 5546: 5353: 5334: 5313: 5292: 5284: 5260: 5090: 4622: 4452: 4250: 4164: 3875: 3867: 3822: 3805: 3752: 3547:

had harmed its image as a staunch supporter of various independence movements in the

3347:, later became prime minister and approved full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992. 3332: 3261: 3107: 3002:'s evening news on 31 October 1984, more than 10 hours after she was shot. 2704: 2636: 2235: 2122: 1839: 1653: 1637: 1327: 1317: 13056: 12611:"Nehru's refusal of Kennedy's offer of nuclear detonation kept India out of the NSG" 10599:

Troubled friendships: Moscow's Third World ventures, Chapter II, Soviet-Indian Model

9559: 9501: 9324: 8501: 5047:

portraying the role of Gandhi. Parihar also portrays Gandhi in the 2021 Indian film

2647:, she declined the offer altogether keeping in view of her future political career. 21287: 21263: 21190: 21038: 20969: 20853: 20838: 20778: 20758: 20748: 20692: 20637: 20632: 20589: 20579: 20486: 20456: 20431: 20391: 20386: 20306: 20266: 20261: 20241: 20211: 20206: 19720: 19705: 19665: 19536: 19496: 19396: 19356: 19346: 19336: 18768: 18760: 18612: 18591: 18520: 18455: 17650: 17526: 17254: 17144: 17057: 17002: 16952: 16782: 16434: 16315: 16265: 16217: 15836: 15741: 15637: 15566: 15471: 15256: 15105: 15090: 15080: 14985: 14826: 14777: 14691: 14396: 14000: 13804: 12520: 11594: 10170:

Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order

9873: 8690: 7837: 7238: 6534: 6477: 6468: 6261: 5691: 5640: 5532: 5470: 5419: 5377: 5326: 5256: 5127: 5122: 5099: 5061: 4995: 4991: 4963: 4864: 4615: 4468: 4400: 4351: 4286: 4196: 4188: 4144: 4071: 3552: 3455:

had earlier characterized the Indo-Pakistani war in 1965 as Indian aggression, the

3305: 3189: 2971: 2629: 2617: 2491: 2463: 2441: 2393: 1976: 1827: 1684: 1629: 1586: 1276: 887: 69: 12124:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

8791:

Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar – Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (Calcutta:

3130:

paused during its work as shocked delegates mourned the death. Assembly President

1743:. Responding to separatist tendencies and a call for revolution, she instituted a 1013: 21304: 21283: 21279: 21243: 21176: 21077: 21034: 20828: 20793: 20511: 20471: 20466: 20451: 20446: 20401: 20376: 20366: 19715: 19695: 19511: 19466: 18810: 18690: 18545: 17320: 17244: 17214: 16997: 16507: 16340: 16310: 16173: 16144: 15871: 15806: 15801: 15676: 15601: 15536: 15531: 15357: 15337: 15307: 15060: 15030: 14753: 14336: 14268: 14256: 14216: 14103: 14055: 13863:

Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide

13684: 13558:"40 years on, 7 things you need to know about Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi" 13315: 13277: 13233: 12819: 12460: 10756: 10629: 9811: 9508: 9467: 9184: 9161: 9117: 9051: 8576: 8555: 8048: 7265: 7229: 7048: 6996: 6980: 5799: 5760: 5644: 5536: 5391: 5280: 5117: 4921: 4763: 4718: 4418: 4211: 4192: 3851: 3576: 3441: 3422: 3276: 3185: 2991: 2936: 2767:. On 23 June, Sanjay Gandhi was killed in a plane crash while performing an 2690: 2584: 2518:

Indira Gandhi used the emergency provisions to change conflicting party members:

2285: 2197: 1815: 1797: 1752: 1679:

As prime minister, Gandhi was known for her uncompromising political stances and

1598: 1302: 1266: 537: 291: 19858: 19823: 14261: 13781:"Pradhanmantri – Episode 9: Split in Congress – Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai" 9020:"32 years of Indira Gandhi assassination, anti-Sikh riots: All you need to know" 8887:

Mandair, Arvind-pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (2001).

5726:. Bibliographies and indexes in world literature. Greenwood Press. p. 188. 3524:

in 1980 meant that India and ASEAN were unable to develop a viable partnership.

2743: 2300:, the veteran leader came out of retirement to lead the protest movement there. 2144: 1715:, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the sole 21247: 21208: 21194: 21156: 21152: 20848: 20833: 20609: 20411: 20406: 20291: 19780: 19521: 19501: 19401: 18892: 18786: 18747: 18575: 18570: 18560: 18555: 18515: 17274: 17259: 17110: 17072: 17037: 16532: 16522: 16517: 16482: 16360: 16350: 16345: 16255: 16139: 16006: 15861: 15851: 15841: 15591: 15581: 15571: 15382: 15297: 15070: 14787: 14249: 13484: 13320:. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. 1982. p. 82. 13113: 12735: 10863: 10538: 8074: 8022: 7962: 7612: 5349: 5165: 4818: 4394: 4342:

took place against the government of India and overran almost the whole of the

4070:

Gandhi inherited a tattered economy in her second term; harvest failures and a

3976: 3841: 3657: 3647: 3640: 3622: 3493: 3472:

while the Shah was apprehensive at the growing friendship between Pakistan and

3339:

Pakistan. Indian diplomats hoped to win Arab support in countering Pakistan in

3300:. Military hostilities recommenced in 1984 following Gandhi's authorisation of 3280: 3252:

was initially accommodating. She enjoyed cordial relations with Prime Minister

3123: 3103: 3070: 3013:

Gandhi was cremated in accordance with Hindu tradition on 3 November near

2978: 2821: 2532: 2379:

the capital. Indian heavy artillery arrived by the 14th, and shelled the city.

2342: 2217: 2017: 1874: 1748: 1740: 1724: 1716: 1332: 13808: 13784: 13766: 13620:"This day in history: Jan 19 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister" 13334:

Indira Gandhi, is "charismatic" and tough. She is described as an "iron lady".

12812: 9750: 7841: 3327:

and was critical of the Middle East diplomacy sponsored by the United States.

2188:, the independent candidate rather than the official Congress party candidate 1616:, otherwise a ceremonial position to which she was elected earlier that year. 21336: 21253: 21180: 21170: 21117: 20938: 20843: 20818: 20662: 20546: 20526: 20426: 20371: 19800: 19765: 19745: 19645: 19486: 19421: 19386: 19341: 18917: 18842: 18826: 18723: 18673: 18649: 18565: 18499: 18460: 17701: 17640: 17284: 17269: 17199: 17017: 16977: 16502: 16426: 16421: 16355: 16270: 16212: 16183: 15881: 15876: 15866: 15846: 15671: 15611: 15606: 15596: 15576: 15422: 15417: 15372: 15115: 15085: 14792: 14715: 14466: 14417: 14160: 14060: 13977: 13954: 13912: 13827: 13593: 12855: 12019: 10569: 10444: 10028: 9994:

Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia

9905:

The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy

9721: 9212: 9046: 8993: 8792: 8536: 8431: 8056: 7893: 7712: 7502: 6979:

India. Parliament. House of the People; India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1967).

6489: 6340: 6025: 5542: 5330: 5309: 5044: 5018: 4947: 4894: 4849: 4487: 4476: 4312: 4218:. The situation was normalised in the years following the war after Abdullah 4214:, had to recognise India's control over Kashmir in light of the new order in 3925: 3884: 3788: 3744: 3605: 3601: 3365: 3297: 3181: 3177: 3165: 3082:, said Gandhi's death meant the 'loss of a great leader to the whole world.' 3079: 3059: 3055: 2948: 2928: 2843: 2834: 2779:) and invited joint venture bids from automobile companies around the world. 2544: 2425: 2358: 2325: 2105: 2082: 2040: 2013: 1946: 1855: 1851: 1823: 1760: 1708: 1641: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 873: 834: 742: 660: 398: 172: 147: 14221: 13138:

Malhotra, Inder. Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography. Boston:

9047:"Indira Gandhi's assassination sparks a fearful round of sectarian violence" 4768:

magazine among the world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century.

4139:

Administrative divisions of India 1961–1975, Gandhi established six states,

3910:

as prime minister, two of which succeeded in meeting their targeted growth.

3829:

by the KGB, and repeated inside Parliament by the Congress Party of India."

3710:

issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana meeting where Cuban leader

2579:

In 1977, after extending the state of emergency twice, Indira Gandhi called

21312: 21259: 21226: 21184: 21162: 21134: 21001: 20933: 20823: 20813: 20803: 20753: 20702: 20687: 20682: 20667: 20599: 20556: 20551: 20536: 20516: 20491: 20356: 20231: 19785: 19775: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19700: 19690: 19680: 19506: 19446: 19436: 19431: 19406: 19316: 18925: 18900: 18794: 18776: 18739: 18731: 18644: 18550: 18535: 18375:

Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Intellectual Property Management (NIIPM)

17450: 17445: 17315: 17264: 17194: 17100: 17022: 16857: 16777: 16527: 16512: 16406: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16330: 16325: 16300: 16207: 15856: 15821: 15811: 15796: 15761: 15756: 15586: 15551: 15541: 15526: 15491: 15486: 15412: 15392: 15387: 15377: 15287: 15237: 15100: 15095: 15065: 15045: 15010: 15005: 14975: 14734: 14729: 14614: 14548: 14531: 14504: 14369: 14354: 14308: 14284: 14225: 13866: 13858: 13070: 10254: 8814: 8229: 6525: 5405: 5196: 4889: 4859: 4823: 4769: 4703: 4636: 4585: 4495: 4482: 4472: 4414: 4103:

banking in India, which had left the poor (the majority of the population)

3837: 3826: 3813: 3748: 3736: 3732: 3711: 3667: 3563:, India's isolation from Africa was almost complete when only four nations— 3556: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3460: 3398: 3390: 3355: 3257: 3111: 3026: 3018: 2995: 2903: 2829: 2772: 2708: 2681: 2660: 2625: 2609: 2596: 2592: 2389: 2338: 2268: 2239: 2205: 2201: 2177: 2036: 2005: 1863: 1859: 1847: 1784: 1779: 1728: 1669: 1640:. After Shastri's sudden death in January 1966, Gandhi defeated her rival, 1594: 893: 868: 812: 788: 554: 494: 314: 237: 214: 122: 97: 85: 14628: 13480:

India in transition : issues of political economy in a plural society

13099:

Norman, Dorothy. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. San Diego:

12834:

Norman, Dorothy. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. San Diego:

9878: 8610:

Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces

8455:

70 Policies That Shaped India 1947 to 2017, Independence to $ 2.5 Trillion

8354:"Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister – Jan 19, 1966 – History.com" 7315:

Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree

6589:

Dynasties and female political leaders in Asia: gender, power and pedigree

4681:

The highest civilian honour of Bangladesh awarded to foreign dignitaries.

3184:" and a "clever fox" in his private communication with Secretary of State 2523:

loyal to her...Even so, stability could not be maintained in the states...

21218: 21030: 21024: 20808: 20246: 19760: 19555: 19526: 19456: 19331: 19321: 18620: 18475: 17465: 17115: 17105: 17095: 17077: 17052: 16972: 16497: 16492: 16477: 16250: 15632: 15402: 15362: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15282: 14739: 13377:

Shankar, A. (1987). Indira Priyadarshini. Children's Book Trust, page 95.

12127: 11813: 10310: 10107: 9441: 9275:. Washington Post Foreign Service. The Washington Post. 4 November 1984. 9084: 9080:"Indira Gandhi assassination trial: Satwant Singh and Kehar Singh hanged" 8765: 5112: 5078: 4906: 4879: 4833: 4733: 4525: 4347: 4331:. The communist insurgency in India was completely suppressed during the 4328: 4282: 3941: 3933: 3846: 3716: 3560: 3548: 3544: 3414: 3234: 3131: 2999: 2982: 2956: 2864: 2370: 2256: 2152: 2070: 2025: 1922: 1835: 1633: 732: 671: 134: 18057:

Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata

13517:"History as a marker of otherness in Rohinton Mistry's "A fine balance"" 12237: 12155: 11348: 8949:"Last speech of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi prior to her assassination" 8533:

The Accidental Prime Minister: The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh

7250: 5840: 5385: 4054: 2357:

In the Eastern Front of the war, Indian generals opted for a high speed

21111: 21105: 20506: 19710: 19650: 19481: 19366: 19311: 19260: 18111:

Network for Fish Quality Management & Sustainable Fishing (NETFISH)

17534: 17234: 17209: 15312: 15055: 14235: 13650:"Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year'" 13283: 13125: