3647:
53:
252:
222:
126:
538:
2639:
3506:
2961:
151:
410:
2733:
3032:
440:
2467:
3866:
3658:
378:
2882:, and the remaining Liberals and Snowden resigned their ministerial posts although they continued to support the government from the backbenches for another year. MacDonald considered resigning as well to allow a party government to take office but was persuaded to remain even though his health was now in decline. In domestic politics, he increasingly allowed Baldwin to give a lead, but in foreign affairs, the main direction was determined by MacDonald and Simon.
3069:. Initially a discussion of what had gone wrong in that field, it soon turned into a general debate on the conduct of the war with fierce criticism expressed by all sides of the House. The government won the debate, albeit with a reduced majority, but over the next two days it became increasingly clear that Labour and the Liberals would have to be brought into government and that Chamberlain was unable to achieve this. On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the
2500:
2513:
2482:
2701:, and MacDonald, at first to discuss support for the measures to be taken but later to discuss the shape of the next government. MacDonald had originally wished to tender his resignation but was told to re-consider by the King on the grounds that the majority of opposition MPs and the country at large supported the cuts proposed by the
2714:") who stood with MacDonald, plus four Conservatives (led by Baldwin and Chamberlain) and two Liberals. Labour unions were strongly opposed and the Labour Party officially repudiated the new National government. It expelled MacDonald and made Henderson the leader of the main Labour party. Henderson led it into
3000:
personal lead in foreign affairs and sought to bring about peaceful revision of
European frontiers in areas where many commentators had long-acknowledged grievances. In this, he received much popular support at the time, but the policy has been much attacked since. The most prominent point in the policy of
2858:
The government entered protracted wrangling over whether or not to introduce tariffs. Both the
Liberals and Snowden found it particularly difficult to accept but were in a heavy minority. However, both MacDonald and Baldwin wished to maintain the multiparty nature of the Government. On the suggestion
2760:
that began in 1929. The May Report in particular recommended to MacDonald that his Labour government cut unemployment benefit by 20%. The Trade Unions that represented a large proportion of the Labour party's base refused to support any cuts to benefits or wages except to "the salaries of
Ministers".
2828:
was the greatest landslide in
British political history, the National Government winning a total of 556 seats and a Parliamentary majority of 500. It was a disaster for Labour, which was reduced to a small minority of 52. MacDonald was unified with the Conservatives and Liberal National leaders on
2709:
did not. MacDonald duly changed his mind during the night and met with the
Conservative and Liberal MPs the following morning. On 24 August, MacDonald agreed and formed a National Government composed of men from all parties with the specific aim of balancing the Budget and restoring confidence. The
2850:
Although the
Conservatives had a bare majority in Cabinet of 11, compared to nine non-Conservatives, the former held comparatively few of the most important jobs. The two groups of Liberals were similarly unbalanced in terms of posts, the official Liberals holding one more seat than the National
2780:
Debate then broke out about further steps to tackle the economic problems. At the same time the Labour Party officially expelled all of its members who supported the
National Government, including MacDonald. Increasingly, the majority of the Cabinet came to believe that a protective tariff was
2999:
and preventing any one power from becoming dominant on the continent of Europe. These proved increasingly difficult to reconcile, as many
Dominions were reluctant to support Britain in the event of her going to war, and so military action risked splitting the Empire. Chamberlain took a strong
2934:
which proposed to cede most of
Abyssinia to Italy. Many were outraged, including many government MPs, and the agreement was dropped and Hoare sacked, though he later returned to government. The government sponsored a series of conferences to enable more home rule in India and other colonies.
2820:. Within the parties there was particular conflict between the Conservatives and Liberals. The 1931 general election campaign run by the National Government figures stressed their policies would aim to avoid any risk of Britain seeing such events as those of Germany two years ago including
2992:, which gave a fortnight's paid holiday a year to workers, starting in 1939. The school leaving age was also to be increased from Autumn 1939, but was deferred as war loomed. Further reforms were curtailed by the increased international tension which came to occupy most of his time.
2611:
were sometimes referred to as
National Governments at the time, but are now more commonly called Coalition Governments. The term "National Government" was chosen to dissociate itself from negative connotations of the earlier coalitions. Similarly the
2751:
did little to explain themselves, with the result that the Labour Party soon swung fully against the government. This was in part because of the Trade Unions' decision to oppose all forms of cuts proposed by MacDonald and Snowden in response to the
2983:
many expected Chamberlain to provide a strong lead in domestic affairs and here the government had a number of successes, such as over the nationalisation of coal mining royalties, the curtailing of excess working hours by the Factory Act and much
2681:
agreed in principle to make changes in taxation and to cut expenditure to balance the budget and restore confidence. However, the Cabinet could not agree on the two options available: either introduce tariffs (taxes on imports) or make 20% cuts in
2686:. In the end, MacDonald and Snowden drafted a proposal that would cut benefits by 10%. Trade unions rejected this proposal. When a final vote was taken, the Cabinet was split 11–9 with a minority, including many political heavyweights such as
3008:
was negotiated. Following the agreement, the government sped up the re-armament process in the hope of being ready for war when it came. At the same time, it took a tougher line in foreign affairs, including making a guarantee to defend
3050:. For some time there had been calls to expand Chamberlain's war ministry by bringing in members of the official Labour and Liberal parties but both parties refused to join (with the one exception of Liberal MP
2657:
and Britain was hit, although not as badly as most countries. The government was trying to achieve several different, contradictory objectives: trying to maintain Britain's economic position by maintaining the
2974:
was seen by many as the only possible successor to Baldwin, and his appointment as Prime Minister was widely credited with bringing a new dynamism to the government. With a strong track record as a radical
2781:
necessary to support British industry and provide revenue and that a general election should be fought to secure a mandate but this was anathema to the Liberal Party. The Liberals' acting leader and
2808:
It was eventually agreed that the government as a whole would seek a "Doctor's Mandate" to take a free hand and that each party would issue its own manifesto. Supporters of MacDonald formed the
3646:
2812:
and the parties agreed to allow their local organisations to agree whether or not to oppose each other. The government was opposed by the Labour Party, Lloyd George and his Liberals and the
2670:, and providing assistance and relief to tackle unemployment. The gold standard meant that British prices were higher than its competitors', so the important export industries did poorly.
2870:
died. MacDonald came under pressure not to merely appoint another Liberal, particularly as it was felt that they would be over-represented, and so instead appointed the Conservative
494:
479:
2743:
The Government was initially applauded by most, but the Labour Party were left in a state of confusion with the loss of several of their most prominent figures, and MacDonald,
1244:
2391:
1415:
1401:
2053:
559:
3039:
2581:
3073:
and Chamberlain finally bowed to pressure and resigned, bringing the life of the National Government to a close. It was succeeded by an all-party coalition headed by
1367:
2555:
2431:
1254:
705:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
2115:
680:
2678:
2071:
1653:
695:
4106:
545:
2153:
1917:
332:
684:
573:
337:
2797:, was prepared to accept the tariff and expressed willingness to take the place of the main Liberals in the government. The party's official leader,
2128:
2124:
1275:
4111:
1394:
447:
2380:
1249:
690:
91:
2789:, fought in Cabinet against an election but found the Liberal Party dividing in several directions over the course of action. One group, under
2697:
The financial crisis grew worse and decisive government action was needed as the leaders of both the Conservative and Liberal Parties met with
1615:
700:
3055:
2356:
2058:
1438:
954:
874:
290:
3486:
3269:
Spencer Mawby, "The Transformation and Decline of the British Empire: Decolonisation After the First World War" (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
2548:
2411:
2106:
2033:
2002:
959:
869:
3663:
2376:
2163:
1785:
710:
311:
3177:
2782:
2328:
1591:
639:
101:
2914:
Increasingly foreign affairs were coming to dominate political discourse and in November Baldwin led the government to victory in the
2801:
was incapacitated at this time but called for the Liberals to abandon the government altogether and stand independently in defence of
2756:, which had concluded the UK government needed to curb government expenditure to reduce the budget deficit amid the fallout from the
2303:
2288:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
460:
3046:
When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain declared war in tandem with France, supported by all of the Dominions except
2673:
In 1931, the situation deteriorated and there was much fear that the budget was unbalanced, which was borne out by the independent
2273:
2268:
1737:
1315:
720:
17:
106:
3541:
2541:
2099:
1766:
1679:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
182:
36:
3961:
3956:
3886:
3881:
3536:
2938:
Baldwin's last years in office were seen as a period of drift, but in late 1936 he achieved a notable triumph in resolving the
2633:
2308:
2293:
2206:
2171:
2148:
2076:
1647:
1629:
729:
632:
484:
431:
2528:
3094:
2927:
2897:
one of the most open opponents. The bill was fiercely opposed but eventually passed in 1947 in very different circumstances.
2491:
2421:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2258:
2176:
2066:
1574:
489:
422:
3708:
3703:
3047:
2985:
2915:
2825:
2744:
2715:
2341:
2228:
2218:
2181:
2141:
2111:
2086:
2048:
1810:
1730:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
552:
285:
3921:
3916:
3911:
2995:
In foreign affairs, the government sought to increase Britain's armaments, while maintaining the unity of the Empire and
2955:
2906:
2867:
2845:
2786:
2318:
2283:
2278:
2238:
2223:
2213:
2196:
2191:
2186:
1463:
529:
251:
221:
192:
52:
3833:
3828:
3768:
3521:
2875:
2298:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2201:
1790:
520:
355:
62:
2863:
to allow the Liberals to oppose the introduction of tariffs while remaining in government. This held for some months.
3843:
3838:
3823:
3818:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3458:
3443:
3421:
3360:
3343:
3058:). For the first few months of war Britain saw comparatively little action apart from at sea, but the failure of the
2860:
2851:
Liberals, despite the parliamentary position being reversed. That balance was to cause tensions, particularly as the
2794:
2158:
1716:
1325:
1320:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
673:
582:
509:
96:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3479:
2871:
1742:
1542:
1537:
1268:
363:
243:
177:
158:
2426:
669:
651:
618:
2773:
came under renewed pressure, and the government was forced to take the radical step of taking the pound off the
2694:, threatening to resign rather than agree. The unworkable split, on 24 August 1931, made the government resign.
4101:
3723:
3718:
3546:
2790:
2698:
2569:
1962:
1675:
1643:
1507:
1305:
1285:
386:
213:
132:
119:
44:
2739:
was a dominant figure from the outset of National Government. He became Prime Minister when MacDonald retired.
3728:
2976:
2939:
2504:
1751:
1512:
259:
3936:
3713:
3576:
2809:
2711:
2486:
2346:
1930:
1829:
1759:
1746:
1722:
1553:
1548:
4031:
3683:
3586:
3495:
3472:
2980:
2396:
1956:
1815:
1622:
656:
587:
264:
125:
3346:
2911:
With MacDonald's health failing, he retired as prime minister in June 1935, to be succeeded by Baldwin.
3906:
3848:
3621:
2989:
2727:
2517:
1835:
1484:
1428:
1280:
646:
597:
2885:
The most prominent policy of the National Government in the early 1930s was the proposal to introduce
4116:
3901:
3813:
3798:
3763:
3738:
3601:
3134:
Chris Wrigley, "The Fall of the Second MacDonald Government, 1931." in T. Heppell and K. Theakston,
2813:
2638:
2366:
2361:
1820:
1803:
1780:
1700:
1689:
1433:
1389:
566:
3991:
3946:
3926:
3891:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3788:
3688:
3571:
3511:
3022:
2039:
1771:
1310:
537:
165:
137:
3217:
Stuart Ball, "The Conservative Party and the Formation of the National Government: August 1931."
4056:
4036:
3996:
3986:
3896:
3631:
3581:
2406:
1663:
1634:
1568:
1443:
469:
3451:
National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and the Empire, 1926–1932
2926:. The following month a massive storm developed when it emerged that the new Foreign Secretary,
4051:
3931:
3748:
3026:
2613:
1968:
1347:
625:
205:
2960:
2824:
and MacDonald famously waved worthless Deutschmarks to emphasise the point. The result of the
2761:
Efforts to bring public expenditure cuts produced further problems, including a mutiny in the
4016:
4006:
3853:
3561:
2667:
2471:
2351:
1939:
1855:
1300:
3380:
27:
UK term for a government formed by an alliance of some or all of the major political parties
4021:
4011:
4001:
3753:
3743:
3678:
3566:
2890:
2852:
2683:
1695:
1685:
1421:
1226:
1221:
172:
3407:
8:
4046:
3733:
3636:
3392:
3051:
2971:
2964:
2593:
2081:
1888:
1658:
1597:
1502:
1497:
1458:
1407:
187:
74:
3065:
On 7 and 8 May 1940, a two-day debate took place in Parliament, known to history as the
2805:, but his call was heeded only by four other MPs, all of whom were his close relatives.
4041:
3698:
3673:
3626:
3596:
3531:
3160:
3059:
2798:
2766:
2748:
2604:
2577:
1912:
1848:
1795:
1638:
1362:
592:
371:
84:
3758:
3693:
3556:
3454:
3439:
3417:
3356:
3339:
3074:
3035:
2919:
2894:
2650:
2617:
1825:
1477:
1473:
1468:
323:
302:
276:
150:
4082:
4071:
3611:
3606:
3551:
3005:
2931:
2923:
2886:
2757:
2687:
2654:
2642:
2621:
2585:
2136:
2024:
2016:
1995:
1979:
1581:
1532:
1382:
1372:
342:
272:
3941:
3526:
2736:
2732:
2691:
2608:
2589:
1907:
1705:
1352:
1334:
610:
233:
79:
3031:
4066:
4061:
4026:
3971:
3871:
3616:
2879:
2836:, the support for the re-elected National Government was heavily Conservative.
2821:
2770:
2659:
2453:
1973:
1668:
1561:
1557:
401:
2832:
As few Labour MPs refused to abandon the wishes of the Trade Unionists led by
4095:
3951:
3591:
3278:
James C. Ching, "Stanley Baldwin's speech on the abdication of Edward VIII."
3070:
3066:
2817:
2774:
2663:
2600:
452:
409:
319:
3188:
Andrew Thorpe, "Arthur Henderson and the British political crisis of 1931."
3373:
3099:
2833:
2706:
2009:
1712:
1490:
417:
298:
3001:
1898:
1357:
514:
465:
393:
227:
144:
69:
3176:
Andrew Thorpe, "The British General Election of 1931" (Oxford UP, 1991)
3193:
2802:
2762:
2753:
2702:
2674:
1990:
1775:
1340:
3464:
439:
2943:
2829:
one platform (he returning 13 of his 20 National Labour candidates).
1984:
1602:
1517:
377:
3306:
The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933-1940
2584:. In a historical sense, it refers primarily to the governments of
2996:
2499:
1945:
1870:
1865:
1451:
2645:
was Prime Minister for the first four years of National Government
2624:
was generally referred to as the National Government at the time.
2481:
1951:
1293:
2677:
which triggered a confidence crisis and a run on the pound. The
3038:
succeeded Chamberlain in 1940. He served as prime minister for
3010:
2386:
1586:
2949:
2512:
1525:
2392:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
2443:
1876:
3353:
MacDonald's Party: Labour Identities and Crisis, 1922–1931
2942:
without major repercussions. Baldwin took the occasion of
2718:
on 27 October against the three-party National coalition.
2448:
3123:
Labour in Crisis: The Second Labour Government 1929-1931
2878:, which set up a series of tariff agreements within the
2874:(later Lord Halifax). Further tensions emerged over the
2705:, even if the Labour Party and the Trade Unions led by
706:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
2859:
of Hailsham, it was agreed to suspend the principle of
696:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
2855:wing of the Conservative party felt unrepresented.
3319:Britain and 1940: history, myth and popular memory
3056:Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade
685:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
1276:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
4093:
2946:'s coronation as an opportune moment to retire.
2967:had succeeded Baldwin as Prime Minister in 1937
701:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3480:
2710:new cabinet had four Labourites (now called "
2549:
2107:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2034:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2003:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4107:Coalition governments of the United Kingdom
2950:Peacetime government of Neville Chamberlain
711:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
3487:
3473:
3436:Britain in the 1930s. The Deceptive Decade
2556:
2542:
1654:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1592:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
2922:and sanctions against Italy for invading
1030:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
3208:(Macmillan Education UK, 1999) pp. 9-36.
3138:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013) pp. 38-60.
3030:
2959:
2731:
2637:
2596:which held office from 1931 until 1940.
4112:Political history of the United Kingdom
3494:
3406:(1960), essays by scholars; 252 pages;
3062:led to a massive outcry in Parliament.
14:
4094:
3368:Baldwin: The Unexpected Prime Minister
2634:Great Depression in the United Kingdom
2077:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
3468:
3338:(2nd ed., Aldershot: Macmillan 1986)
3243:Keith Middlemas and A. J. L. Barnes,
2900:
2893:wing of the Conservative party, with
2422:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2067:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
2889:, a measure fiercely opposed by the
2142:British National (Overseas) passport
2087:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2049:British Overseas Territories citizen
1543:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1439:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
3397:Britain between the Wars: 1918–1945
3165:Britain between the Wars: 1918-1945
1136:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
193:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
24:
3389:(Jonathan Cape, 1977) pp. 604-701.
3151:(Jonathan Cape, 1977) pp. 604–641.
3016:
25:
4128:
3258:British foreign policy, 1919-1939
3004:came in September 1938, when the
2918:on a platform of support for the
2861:Cabinet collective responsibility
2627:
1321:Greater London Authority Act 1999
3864:
3656:
3645:
3504:
3414:The National Government. 1931–40
3293:Neville Chamberlain: a biography
3206:The National Government, 1931–40
2511:
2498:
2480:
2465:
536:
438:
408:
376:
250:
220:
149:
124:
51:
3784:Derby–Disraeli III (Disraeli I)
3328:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3272:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3054:, who joined the government as
2956:National Government (1937–1939)
2907:National Government (1935–1937)
2846:National Government (1931–1935)
2427:United Nations Security Council
107:Other constitutional principles
3211:
3198:
3182:
3170:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3087:
2570:politics of the United Kingdom
1963:British Indian Ocean Territory
1508:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1306:English votes for English laws
1286:Council of Nations and Regions
45:Politics of the United Kingdom
13:
1:
3587:Pitt–Newcastle (Newcastle II)
3438:, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
3095:"MacDonald forms a coalition"
3080:
2940:Edward VIII abdication crisis
2721:
2082:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1513:Scottish statutory instrument
1088:Scottish Parliament elections
574:Justices of the Supreme Court
3754:Who? Who? (Derby–Disraeli I)
3040:most of the Second World War
2839:
2810:National Labour Organisation
2769:), with the result that the
2653:of 1929 heralded the global
2599:The all-party coalitions of
2347:politics of Northern Ireland
1549:Government of Wales Act 1998
681:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
3280:Quarterly Journal of Speech
3136:How Labour Governments Fall
2981:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1957:British Antarctic Territory
1281:Legislative consent motions
423:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
4133:
3295:(Ashgate, 2006) pp 261-90.
3020:
2990:Holidays with Pay Act 1938
2988:. Another success was the
2953:
2904:
2843:
2728:National Government (1931)
2725:
2631:
2397:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
4080:
4032:Cameron–Clegg (Cameron I)
3862:
3654:
3643:
3502:
3453:(Cambridge U. P., 1992).
3429:English History 1914–1945
2472:United Kingdom portal
2362:Northern Ireland Protocol
1701:Non-metropolitan District
1390:Northern Ireland Act 1998
640:Monetary Policy Committee
92:Parliamentary sovereignty
3052:Gwilym Lloyd George
3023:Chamberlain war ministry
2040:Turks and Caicos Islands
1311:Greater London Authority
461:Leader of the Opposition
166:William, Prince of Wales
35:This article is part of
18:National Government (UK)
3917:National Government III
3381:excerpt and text search
2582:major political parties
1786:Community council areas
1664:Non-metropolitan county
1444:Law of Northern Ireland
3922:National Government IV
3912:National Government II
3632:Fox–North (Portland I)
3542:Stanhope–Sunderland II
3260:(Manchester UP, 1998).
3192:31#1 (1988): 117-139.
3125:(Manchester UP, 1999).
3043:
3027:Churchill war ministry
2968:
2740:
2646:
2580:of some or all of the
2125:Diplomatic missions of
1969:British Virgin Islands
4102:Coalition governments
3907:National Government I
3854:Lloyd George I and II
3562:Broad Bottom I and II
3537:Stanhope–Sunderland I
3522:Godolphin–Marlborough
3366:Hyde, H. Montgomery.
3355:(Oxford U. P. 2002).
3336:1931 Political Crisis
3308:(Cambridge UP, 1975).
3282:42.2 (1956): 163-169.
3221:29#1 (1986): 159-182.
3034:
2963:
2930:, had negotiated the
2916:1935 general election
2826:1931 general election
2735:
2641:
2367:British–Irish Council
2352:Good Friday Agreement
2164:Free trade agreements
2129:in the United Kingdom
1940:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1856:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1416:deputy First Minister
1301:Governance of England
312:Deputy Prime Minister
3829:Salisbury III and IV
3729:Wellington Caretaker
3449:Williamson, Philip.
3245:Baldwin: a biography
2716:the general election
2684:unemployment benefit
2614:all-party government
1931:Overseas Territories
1696:Metropolitan Borough
1422:Emma Little-Pengelly
1363:Combined authorities
721:UK general elections
188:Counsellors of State
102:Separation of powers
3937:Churchill Caretaker
3844:Asquith I–III
3496:British governments
3431:(1965). pp. 321–88.
3402:Raymond, John, ed.
3393:Mowat, Charles Loch
3334:Bassett, Reginald.
2972:Neville Chamberlain
2965:Neville Chamberlain
2765:over pay cuts (the
2594:Neville Chamberlain
2574:National Government
2154:UK–CD Customs Union
1918:UK-CD Customs Union
1889:Bailiwick of Jersey
1676:Unitary authorities
1659:Metropolitan county
1644:Ceremonial counties
1598:Act of Senedd Cymru
1503:Scottish Parliament
1459:Scottish devolution
3957:Macmillan I and II
3839:Campbell-Bannerman
3416:(Macmillan 1999).
3321:(Routledge, 2014).
3219:Historical Journal
3190:Historical Journal
3161:Charles Loch Mowat
3060:Norwegian campaign
3044:
2977:Minister of Health
2969:
2901:Baldwin takes over
2868:Sir Donald MacLean
2799:David Lloyd George
2787:Sir Herbert Samuel
2767:Invergordon Mutiny
2749:James Henry Thomas
2741:
2647:
2605:David Lloyd George
1913:Common Travel Area
1849:Crown Dependencies
1816:Preserved counties
1796:Shires of Scotland
372:King-in-Parliament
4089:
4088:
3977:Wilson III and IV
3849:Asquith Coalition
3769:Derby–Disraeli II
3547:Walpole–Townshend
3427:Taylor, A. J. P.
3399:(1955) pp. 413–79
3385:Marquand, David.
3304:Maurice Cowling,
3075:Winston Churchill
3036:Winston Churchill
3013:against Germany.
2920:League of Nations
2895:Winston Churchill
2818:Sir Oswald Mosley
2795:Liberal Nationals
2679:Labour government
2651:Wall Street Crash
2618:Winston Churchill
2566:
2565:
2357:UK–Ireland border
2149:Visa requirements
2100:Foreign relations
2054:Visa requirements
2028:
2019:
2012:
1836:Historic counties
1723:Historic counties
1469:Scotland Act 1998
691:Political parties
588:England and Wales
521:King-on-the-Bench
453:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
88:
16:(Redirected from
4124:
4117:Ramsay MacDonald
4083:Current ministry
3870:
3868:
3867:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3434:Thorpe, Andrew.
3387:Ramsay Macdonald
3322:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3291:Robert C. Self,
3289:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3232:Ramsay MacDonald
3230:David Marquand,
3228:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3167:(1955) pp 413–79
3158:
3152:
3149:Ramsay Macdonald
3147:David Marquand,
3145:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3103:. 25 August 1931
3091:
3006:Munich Agreement
2932:Hoare-Laval Pact
2928:Sir Samuel Hoare
2887:Indian Home Rule
2876:Ottawa Agreement
2758:Great Depression
2688:Arthur Henderson
2666:, balancing the
2655:Great Depression
2643:Ramsay MacDonald
2622:Second World War
2586:Ramsay MacDonald
2558:
2551:
2544:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2492:Northern Ireland
2485:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2407:The Commonwealth
2036:
2025:Tristan da Cunha
2023:
2017:Ascension Island
2015:
2007:
2005:
1996:Pitcairn Islands
1980:Falkland Islands
1942:
1879:
1731:Northern Ireland
1533:Welsh devolution
1408:Michelle O'Neill
1383:Northern Ireland
1373:Cornwall Council
1189:Senedd elections
633:Deputy governors
598:Northern Ireland
560:Deputy President
540:
442:
432:House of Commons
412:
380:
273:Starmer ministry
254:
224:
153:
128:
82:
55:
32:
31:
21:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4076:
3967:Wilson I and II
3942:Attlee I and II
3927:Chamberlain War
3874:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3714:Wellington–Peel
3684:All the Talents
3666:
3664:UK (GB and Ire)
3657:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3577:Pitt–Devonshire
3514:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3404:The Baldwin Age
3351:Howell, David.
3331:
3326:
3325:
3317:Malcolm Smith,
3316:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3256:Paul W. Doerr,
3255:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3029:
3021:Main articles:
3019:
3017:Outbreak of war
2958:
2952:
2909:
2903:
2848:
2842:
2793:emerged as the
2737:Stanley Baldwin
2730:
2724:
2712:National Labour
2692:George Lansbury
2636:
2630:
2609:First World War
2590:Stanley Baldwin
2562:
2533:
2529:Other countries
2524:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2479:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2418:
2403:
2373:
2338:
2168:
2133:
2121:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1950:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1908:British Islands
1904:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1858:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1821:Principal areas
1807:
1800:
1763:
1756:
1734:
1727:
1626:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1551:
1540:
1538:1997 referendum
1529:
1522:
1471:
1464:1997 referendum
1455:
1448:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1353:London Assembly
1348:Mayoral cabinet
1335:Mayor of London
1323:
1316:1998 referendum
1297:
1290:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
725:
724:
716:
676:
662:
661:
643:
613:
611:Bank of England
603:
602:
579:
525:
517:
512:
502:
501:
480:59th Parliament
476:
473:
464:
451:
427:
421:
397:
382:
375:
358:
348:
347:
329:
327:
315:
306:
294:
280:
268:
239:
234:King-in-Council
230:
208:
198:
197:
169:
122:
112:
111:
80:Treaty of Union
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3875:(1922–present)
3872:UK (GB and NI)
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3582:1757 Caretaker
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3447:
3432:
3425:
3412:Smart, Nick.
3410:
3400:
3390:
3383:
3371:
3364:
3349:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3310:
3297:
3284:
3271:
3262:
3249:
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3181:
3169:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3121:Neil Riddell,
3114:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3018:
3015:
2986:slum clearance
2979:and competent
2954:Main article:
2951:
2948:
2905:Main article:
2902:
2899:
2880:British Empire
2844:Main article:
2841:
2838:
2822:hyperinflation
2791:Sir John Simon
2783:Home Secretary
2771:pound sterling
2745:Philip Snowden
2726:Main article:
2723:
2720:
2632:Main article:
2629:
2628:Crisis of 1931
2626:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2494:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2377:European Union
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2112:Foreign policy
2109:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:Cayman Islands
1971:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:Civil parishes
1788:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1713:Civil parishes
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:London Borough
1703:
1698:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:Greater London
1666:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1616:Administration
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1569:First Minister
1565:
1562:Wales Act 2017
1558:Wales Act 2014
1546:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1485:First Minister
1481:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1402:First Minister
1398:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:UK referendums
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:1910 (Jan–Feb)
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:1801 co-option
726:
718:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
677:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
637:
636:
623:
622:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:United Kingdom
578:
577:
567:The Lord Hodge
564:
563:
550:
549:
534:
533:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:
487:
482:
475:
474:
456:
455:
436:
435:
426:
425:
406:
405:
402:House of Lords
391:
390:
368:
367:
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
335:
317:
316:
296:
295:
286:Prime Minister
270:
269:
248:
247:
218:
217:
209:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
163:
162:
142:
141:
123:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
77:
75:Bill of Rights
72:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4129:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Churchill III
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Churchill War
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Gladstone III
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:Palmerston II
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Rockingham II
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:Great Britain
3501:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3460:
3459:0-521-36137-0
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:0-631-17411-7
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:0-333-69131-8
3419:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:0-19-820304-7
3358:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
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2059:Visa policies
2057:
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2018:
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1781:Council areas
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626:Andrew Bailey
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553:The Lord Reed
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530:Supreme Court
527:
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366:
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364:UK Parliament
361:
360:
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352:
351:
344:
341:
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336:
334:
331:
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328:
325:
321:
320:Angela Rayner
314:
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244:HM Government
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216:
215:
214:Privy Council
211:
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194:
191:
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186:
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171:
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159:Heir apparent
156:
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152:
147:
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139:
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134:
130:
129:
127:
121:
116:
115:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
86:
85:Acts of Union
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3997:Thatcher III
3962:Douglas-Home
3902:MacDonald II
3819:Gladstone IV
3814:Salisbury II
3799:Gladstone II
3764:Palmerston I
3739:Melbourne II
3602:Rockingham I
3450:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3403:
3396:
3386:
3377:
3374:Jenkins, Roy
3367:
3352:
3335:
3329:Bibliography
3318:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3204:Nick Smart,
3200:
3189:
3184:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3100:The Guardian
3098:
3089:
3064:
3045:
2994:
2970:
2937:
2913:
2910:
2884:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2834:Ernest Bevin
2831:
2807:
2779:
2777:altogether.
2742:
2707:Ernest Bevin
2696:
2672:
2648:
2598:
2573:
2567:
2304:South Africa
2289:Saudi Arabia
2010:Saint Helena
1802:
1772:Subdivisions
1758:
1743:Subdivisions
1729:
1635:Subdivisions
1621:
1567:
1524:
1491:John Swinney
1483:
1450:
1414:
1400:
1381:
1368:Metro mayors
1333:
1292:
1236:
1232:
1188:
1184:
1135:
1131:
1087:
1083:
1029:
1025:
719:
715:
638:
631:
624:
617:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
535:
528:
518:
459:
446:
437:
430:
418:Lord Speaker
416:
407:
400:
392:
385:
369:
362:
318:
310:
299:Keir Starmer
297:
284:
271:
258:
249:
242:
231:
226:
219:
212:
173:Royal family
164:
157:
148:
143:
131:
63:Constitution
29:
3992:Thatcher II
3892:MacDonald I
3804:Salisbury I
3794:Disraeli II
3789:Gladstone I
3724:Melbourne I
3689:Portland II
3667:(1801–1922)
3572:Newcastle I
3567:Short-lived
3515:(1707–1801)
3107:20 December
3002:appeasement
2274:New Zealand
2269:Netherlands
2159:Visa policy
2137:UK passport
1899:Isle of Man
1826:Communities
1776:Sheriffdoms
1594:(1999–2011)
1358:London Plan
674:referendums
515:Charles III
495:List of MPs
466:Rishi Sunak
394:Charles III
356:Legislature
333:Departments
228:Charles III
183:Prerogative
145:Charles III
133:The Monarch
97:Rule of law
70:Magna Carta
4096:Categories
4057:Johnson II
4037:Cameron II
3987:Thatcher I
3897:Baldwin II
3779:Russell II
3081:References
2872:Lord Irwin
2803:free trade
2763:Royal Navy
2754:May Report
2722:Early days
2703:May Report
2675:May Report
1991:Montserrat
1582:Government
1498:Government
1341:Sadiq Khan
1269:Devolution
960:1974 (Oct)
955:1974 (Feb)
875:1910 (Dec)
647:Currencies
485:Opposition
178:Succession
4052:Johnson I
4022:Blair III
3982:Callaghan
3887:Baldwin I
3749:Russell I
3699:Liverpool
3674:Addington
3627:Shelburne
3597:Grenville
3532:Townshend
2997:Dominions
2944:George VI
2924:Abyssinia
2866:In 1932,
2840:1931–1935
2814:New Party
2578:coalition
2309:Palestine
2294:Singapore
2207:Hong Kong
2172:Australia
2072:UK-OT JMC
1985:Gibraltar
1752:Districts
1686:Districts
1603:Welsh law
1518:Scots law
1429:Executive
670:Elections
652:Banknotes
546:President
510:Judiciary
338:Ministers
206:Executive
120:The Crown
4017:Blair II
4007:Major II
3824:Rosebery
3759:Aberdeen
3709:Goderich
3694:Perceval
3557:Carteret
3376:(1987).
3194:in JSTOR
2505:Scotland
2334:Zimbabwe
2324:Portugal
2314:Pakistan
2259:Malaysia
2177:Barbados
1946:Anguilla
1871:Alderney
1866:Guernsey
1760:Scotland
1747:Counties
1554:2006 Act
1478:2016 Act
1474:2012 Act
1452:Scotland
1434:Assembly
1395:2006 Act
1326:2007 Act
619:Governor
593:Scotland
343:Agencies
37:a series
4072:Starmer
4012:Blair I
4002:Major I
3834:Balfour
3744:Peel II
3704:Canning
3679:Pitt II
3612:Grafton
3607:Chatham
3552:Walpole
3378:Baldwin
3247:(1969).
3234:(1977).
3048:Ireland
2891:Diehard
2853:Diehard
2662:on the
2620:in the
2607:in the
2568:In the
2487:England
2381:history
2342:Ireland
2229:Germany
2219:Denmark
2182:Belgium
2116:history
1952:Bermuda
1811:History
1767:History
1738:History
1639:Regions
1630:History
1623:England
1294:England
780:1832–33
448:Speaker
260:Cabinet
4047:May II
3869:
3734:Peel I
3661:
3637:Pitt I
3527:Harley
3509:
3457:
3442:
3420:
3408:online
3370:(1973)
3359:
3347:online
3342:
3178:online
3011:Poland
2668:budget
2387:Brexit
2319:Poland
2284:Russia
2279:Norway
2239:Israel
2224:France
2214:Cyprus
2197:Canada
2192:Brunei
2187:Belize
1587:Senedd
4067:Sunak
4062:Truss
4042:May I
4027:Brown
3972:Heath
3617:North
2660:pound
2576:is a
2518:Wales
2299:Spain
2264:Malta
2254:Kenya
2249:Japan
2244:Italy
2234:India
2202:China
1804:Wales
1526:Wales
657:Coins
3952:Eden
3719:Grey
3592:Bute
3455:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3109:2014
3025:and
2747:and
2690:and
2649:The
2603:and
2592:and
2572:, a
2444:NATO
1877:Sark
1830:list
1717:list
1690:list
1680:list
1648:list
1255:2016
1250:2011
1245:1975
1227:Next
1222:2021
1217:2016
1212:2011
1207:2007
1202:2003
1197:1999
1179:Next
1174:2022
1169:2017
1164:2016
1159:2011
1154:2007
1149:2003
1144:1998
1126:Next
1121:2021
1116:2016
1111:2011
1106:2007
1101:2003
1096:1999
1078:2019
1073:2014
1068:2009
1063:2004
1058:1999
1053:1994
1048:1989
1043:1984
1038:1979
1020:2024
1015:2019
1010:2017
1005:2015
1000:2010
995:2005
990:2001
985:1997
980:1992
975:1987
970:1983
965:1979
950:1970
945:1966
940:1964
935:1959
930:1955
925:1951
920:1950
915:1945
910:1935
905:1931
900:1929
895:1924
890:1923
885:1922
880:1918
865:1906
860:1900
855:1895
850:1892
845:1886
840:1885
835:1880
830:1874
825:1868
820:1865
815:1859
810:1857
805:1852
800:1847
795:1841
790:1837
785:1835
775:1831
770:1830
765:1826
760:1820
755:1818
750:1812
745:1807
740:1806
735:1802
672:and
387:King
291:list
265:list
138:list
3882:Law
2816:of
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