302:, who adapted a dental tool for manicure purposes. Before this invention, people used acid, a metal rod, and scissors to shape and trim nails. In 1892, Dr. Sitts' niece invented a nail-care line for women of any social class, eventually reaching United States salons. Before then, women had short, almond-shaped nails and often used oils for additional shine or tint. Not long after, in 1907, the first liquid nail polish was invented, although it was colorless. Soon after that, it was available in a variety of different colors. In 1925, the lunar manicure (today known as the half-moon manicure) was seen everywhere. Reds and pinks were used on the nail bed while avoiding the area around the cuticles. Then again in the 1970s, the natural look was back in fashion and preferred by many women, but only for a short time. The
258:
449:
of social media, the trend became prominent subculture among women. Social media made it easier to connect to the mass audience, and with this, people started to share their designs as a way of their creativity and use the nail as their blank canvas. YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumblr, and
Twitter are the major platforms which provide many new ideas and designs for the subculture. However, according to a study, Pinterest is the most critical platform for recent beauty trends. In 2012, the United States witnessed surging popularity of nail art.
133:
386:
482:: a chemical combination similar to acrylics, also known as shellac nails. Manicurist applies several layers on the fingernails or/and toenails and lets it cure under a UV or LED light. When the gel is fixed, it hardens the nails. The gel is also typical in a polish form known as gel polish, and, like other forms of gel, it also requires a UV or LED light to cure. The difference between acrylic and gel is that acrylic dries naturally, but gel needs
176:
664:
584:
36:
571:
436:
277:
of China, who ruled from 1835 to 1908, was known for her long nails. Many photos show the empress with 6-inch-long gold guards protecting her long nails. A lot of these above did not use nail art as it is widely known today, only stained, dyed, or dusted the fingernails and toenails. The first actual
448:
The nail-care industry has been expanding ever since the invention of modern nail polish. Nail art's popularity in media started with the printed press with women's magazines. It had an essential rollout as not a mainstream fashion trend before the 2000s. After the internet age and the everyday use
411:
The nail is also part of the puzzle of mounting gender identity; the nails for teenagers and adult women represent a piece of the symbol of what is a woman and how the woman should present herself. Though women use nail art to express their womanliness, the different types define a woman with
559:(DIY) is a new concept of doing nail art without the aid of experts or professionals. One way to do a DIY design is by using home tools such as toothpicks, earbuds, cellophane tape, etc., or toolsets with dotted tools, brushes, and nail-art pens.
337:
are created using a mixture of acrylic powder and liquid monomer. They provide a more durable and complex design option compared to traditional nail polish, but are also more difficult to apply and remove, and can be more expensive.
408:
Nail art is also a way to create its own identity through fashion, using colors and shapes as a disruption of childhood and entering the female teen/adult world, also leaving the influence of their parents to create their
349:
are created using a gel that is cured under UV light. They are similarly durable and complex in design to acrylic nails, but can be more costly. Application and removal processes are similar to those for acrylic nails.
1423:. Davis, LaPorchia, et al. "Nail Art, Nail Care and Self Expression: Gender Differences in African Americans' Consumption of Nail Cosmetics." Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, pp. 159โ74,
297:
In the early 1800s, the modern manicure developed with the invention of the orange stick, a thin wooden stick with one pointy end, usually made from orange wood. It was invented in 1830, by Dr. Sitts, a
European
404:
In some cultures, nail art can be tied to the concept of femininity and the sense of belonging in a group of females. While it is mostly women that have nail art, it is increasing in popularity among men.
361:
are pre-made designs applied to the nails. They provide a quick and easy method of nail art creation and come in a variety of designs. They can be applied over traditional nail polish or acrylic nails.
306:
style was created in Paris in 1976 by Jeff Pink, the founder of the Los
Angeles-based cosmetic company ORLY. Nail painting came back in vogue in the 1980s and has been extremely popular since then.
496:: a lacquer applied to finger and toenails to protect or as a base color. Nail manicurists also use a base coat to protect and strengthen nails and prevent natural nails from yellowing or staining.
218:, warriors of Babylon spent hours having their nails prepared, hair curled, and other similar beauty treatments. As in ancient Egypt, nail color indicated one's status, black for
242:. Chinese dipped their nails in this mixture for several hours or left it on to dry. Colors ranged from pink to red, depending on the mix of the ingredients. During the
679:
created the first "crackle" effect polish. Acting as an overcoat, a crackle polish is applied onto already-painted nails and dries to a shattered or cracked effect.
1164:
BEATTY, E. Sharon; GIVAN, M. Alexa; FRANKE R. George; REYNOLDS E. KRISTY (2015). "Social Store
Identity and Adolescent Females' Store Attitudes and Behaviors".
1419:
Baran, Robert, and
Douglas Schoon. "Nail Beauty." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Accepted for publication 21 November 2004, vol. 3, no. 3, 2004, pp. 167โ70,
1269:
672:
Velvet manicure: Velvet fibers called velveteen are sprinkled onto wet polish. The excess is gently brushed off, leaving behind a fuzzy velvet feel.
1353:
862:
755:
326:. This method is easy to apply and remove, and relatively inexpensive, although it lacks the durability of some other forms and can chip easily.
1059:
688:
Inverse French: Also called a "half-moon." The half-moon is created on the root nail's root in one color while the other is painted differently.
183:
The exact origin of nail treatments is unclear since they appear to have originated in different parts of the world around the same time. In
1013:
941:
793:
1234:
CHITTENDEN, Tara (2010). "Digital dressing up: modelling female teen identity in the discursive spaces of the fashion blogosphere".
562:
As nail art has evolved, nail artists use acrylic powder to match clients' skin tones when doing specific techniques (Baran, 168).
769:
423:
in particular, are considered a symbol of queer women after the origin of the practice as a practical measure to allow for safe
269:(1368-1644) was known for extremely long nails. Sometimes, these nails were protected by gold- and jewel-encrusted nail guards.
1286:
1305:
257:
813:
486:
to cure. Similarly, where regular nail polish will dry naturally, the gel polish will remain tacky until cured by a UV light.
532:
Acrylic powder for 3D art. The 3D acrylic nail art powder is a polymer powder used with a monomer liquid to create designs.
656:
or caviar beads are applied just before the nail polish becomes dry. These textures give a sand-like texture to the nail.
992:
100:
631:
119:
72:
613:
942:"Nail Polish - Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"
659:
Holographic effect: When exposed to light, polishes with holographic finishes give off flashy rainbow reflections.
79:
1330:
FRITH, Katherine; SHAW, Ping; CHENG, Hong (2005). "A Cross-Cultural
Analysis of Women's Magazine Advertising".
609:
57:
1202:
BRITTON, Ann Marie (2012). "University of New
Hampshire.The Beauty Industry's Influence on Women in Society".
921:
695:, there is an extensive range of nail stickers, strips, and wraps on the market used to mimic nail polish.
472:: a chemical mixture of monomer liquid and polymer powder that can be directly applied on the nails or on
86:
294:, who ruled from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, always had his nails taken care of using these sets.
17:
1143:
1080:
1038:
838:
731:
685:
Matte effect: These nail polishes can transform a layer of glossy nail polish into a flat matte finish.
605:
68:
53:
1220:
594:
1379:
1163:
598:
46:
1122:
1207:
1447:
274:
876:
682:
Thermochromic polish: When exposed to hot or cold temperatures, nail polish changes color.
8:
424:
291:
273:
performed personal chores for the royals so their nails did not break or become damaged.
1442:
1339:
1251:
1181:
314:
Nail art of various types are used to create designs ranging from simple to elaborate.
527:
Studs, rhinestones, miniature plastic bowties, beads, dried flowers, and aluminum foil
93:
1452:
1291:
1255:
1185:
856:
749:
710:
519:
290:
on them. In 1770, the first fancy gold and silver manicure sets were created. French
303:
1420:
1335:
1243:
1173:
1123:"What are Nail Wraps? Your Complete Guide to Effortless, Picture-Perfect Manicures"
692:
473:
211:
374:
involves the use of a special tool to transfer a design from a stamp to the nail.
1177:
965:
270:
897:
556:
416:
399:
148:
1247:
1436:
469:
420:
283:
227:
192:
184:
179:
A wall painting from 2330 BC found in a tomb shows people with painted nails.
144:
1101:
676:
493:
266:
243:
203:
196:
1270:"Lez nails: Is the 'queer woman with short nails' an outdated stereotype?"
222:
and green for the common man. Around the same time, in 3000 BC, the first
132:
1424:
645:
489:
370:
Other types of nail art include stamping, stenciling, and hand painting.
279:
235:
223:
152:
299:
239:
1329:
705:
653:
479:
207:
164:
160:
663:
583:
385:
210:, 3200 BC, men, not women, painted their nails with black and green
35:
1354:"From ancient Egypt to Cardi B: a cultural history of the manicure"
483:
462:
458:
219:
156:
441:
231:
1386:
770:"Nail Art: The Latest Addition to the World of Contemporary Art"
536:
To decorate the nails, manicurists use several tools, such as:
382:
utilizes brushes or other tools to create a design on the nail.
251:
199:
570:
1380:"On main street and the runway, nail art is the new lipstick"
415:
Clipped and filed nails, either on all ten fingers or on the
287:
188:
175:
412:
particular personalities, e.g. French manicure (delicate).
247:
1306:"Watch How Nail Trends Have Changed in the Past 100 Years"
667:
Multi-chrome nail art with star-shaped nail vinyl stencils
435:
993:"When Women Started Growing Out and Painting Their Nails"
215:
187:, from 5000 to 3000 BC, women would dye their nails with
378:
uses a pre-cut stencil to create a design on the nail.
457:
Manicurists start with the same techniques as for the
644:
Some brands try to innovate by creating new kinds of
322:
The most common type of nail art involves the use of
877:"NAIL ART ... THE HISTORY - passion for fresh ideas"
814:"Powerful Portraits Capture China's Empress Dowager"
500:
Several options are available for decorating nails:
246:, 600 BC, royalty used this simple nail polish with
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1310:Health News / Tips & Trends / Celebrity Health
439:Nail art depicting characters from the video game
1006:
254:dust on their nails to show their social status.
1434:
1421:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00141.x
1276:Beauty, 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
1197:
1195:
147:way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish
1102:"Gel Manicures: A Complete Guide to Gel Nails"
476:, also called nail extensions or enhancements.
151:. It is a type of artwork that can be done on
1192:
861:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
540:Nail dotters, also known as "dotting tools."
278:record of nail art was from the short-lived
612:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
282:(1438-1533), one of the largest empires in
1233:
317:
286:. Incas decorated their nails by painting
632:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1166:Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice
1144:"Comprehensive Guide to Nail Art Styles"
1081:"Comprehensive Guide to Nail Art Styles"
1060:"8 Types on Nail Polish You Should know"
1039:"Comprehensive Guide to Nail Art Styles"
966:"History of manicure | Nail Art Journal"
662:
569:
434:
384:
256:
230:. It was made from beeswax, egg whites,
174:
131:
1295:, 22 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
1201:
699:
452:
14:
1435:
1425:https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc.6.2.159_1
987:
985:
214:, an ancient cosmetic. To prepare for
27:Decoration of fingernails and toenails
1262:
1014:"The colorful history of nail polish"
922:"The History of Nail Care: 1803-2003"
1393:"Nail art trend spurs accessories".
1377:
675:Crackle effect: Nail polish pioneer
610:adding citations to reliable sources
577:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
982:
393:
24:
1340:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02658.x
1279:
25:
1464:
1407:
1018:The Independent Florida Alligator
836:
729:
898:"the definition of orange stick"
837:Chang, Isabelle Rancier,Gloria.
730:Chang, Isabelle Rancier,Gloria.
582:
329:
195:and seductiveness. Women of the
34:
1413:
1371:
1346:
1323:
1298:
1227:
1157:
1136:
1115:
1094:
1073:
1052:
1031:
958:
45:needs additional citations for
1287:"Cheers to the Queer Manicure"
934:
914:
890:
869:
830:
806:
786:
762:
723:
565:
552:Sponges (for gradient effects)
365:
202:and neutral shades, while the
13:
1:
716:
353:
206:wore deep, bright shades. In
1178:10.1080/10696679.2015.980173
839:"History of Nail Art Design"
732:"History of Nail Art Design"
341:
7:
946:www.fashionencyclopedia.com
549:Thin, colored striping tape
10:
1469:
397:
170:
1248:10.1080/13676260903520902
691:Nail stickers: A form of
427:between cisgender women.
1332:Journal of Communication
1236:Journal of Youth Studies
546:Stationery tape/stickers
430:
309:
417:index and middle finger
324:traditional nail polish
318:Traditional nail polish
1215:Cite journal requires
668:
575:
445:
390:
262:
180:
137:
1378:Grinberg, Emanuella.
1146:. Acrylic Nails Ideas
1083:. Acrylic Nails Ideas
1041:. Acrylic Nails Ideas
794:"History of Nail Art"
666:
574:Velvet or sugar nails
573:
438:
388:
260:
178:
135:
1397:. 24 September 2012.
700:Notable nail artists
606:improve this section
453:Techniques and tools
275:Empress Dowager Cixi
54:improve this article
1285:Thompson, Martine.
524:Adding accessories
425:digital penetration
970:nailartjournal.com
843:www.refinery29.com
736:www.refinery29.com
669:
576:
446:
391:
263:
181:
138:
1395:Chain Drug Review
1292:Los Angeles Times
711:Simply Nailogical
642:
641:
634:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1460:
1428:
1417:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1268:Wallace, Megan.
1266:
1260:
1259:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
989:
980:
979:
977:
976:
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
873:
867:
866:
860:
852:
850:
849:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
790:
784:
783:
781:
780:
766:
760:
759:
753:
745:
743:
742:
727:
693:artificial nails
637:
630:
626:
623:
617:
586:
578:
543:Nail art brushes
474:artificial nails
394:Social relevance
197:lower class wore
159:, usually after
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
991:
990:
983:
974:
972:
964:
963:
959:
950:
948:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
920:
919:
915:
906:
904:
896:
895:
891:
882:
880:
875:
874:
870:
854:
853:
847:
845:
835:
831:
822:
820:
812:
811:
807:
798:
796:
792:
791:
787:
778:
776:
768:
767:
763:
747:
746:
740:
738:
728:
724:
719:
702:
638:
627:
621:
618:
603:
587:
568:
455:
433:
410:
402:
396:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
312:
304:French manicure
261:Nail protectors
173:
136:French manicure
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1409:
1408:External links
1406:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1370:
1345:
1322:
1297:
1278:
1261:
1242:(4): 505โ520.
1226:
1217:|journal=
1191:
1156:
1135:
1114:
1093:
1072:
1051:
1030:
1005:
981:
957:
933:
913:
902:Dictionary.com
889:
868:
829:
805:
785:
761:
721:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
708:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
686:
683:
680:
673:
661:
660:
657:
640:
639:
590:
588:
581:
567:
564:
557:Do-it-yourself
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
522:
520:Water marbling
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
498:
497:
487:
477:
454:
451:
432:
429:
400:Queer manicure
395:
392:
367:
364:
355:
352:
343:
340:
331:
328:
319:
316:
311:
308:
292:King Louis XVI
236:vegetable dyes
226:originated in
172:
169:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1209:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1125:. Polish Pops
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1015:
1009:
994:
988:
986:
971:
967:
961:
947:
943:
937:
923:
917:
903:
899:
893:
878:
872:
864:
858:
844:
840:
833:
819:
815:
809:
795:
789:
775:
771:
765:
757:
751:
737:
733:
726:
722:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
674:
671:
670:
665:
658:
655:
651:
650:
649:
647:
636:
633:
625:
615:
611:
607:
601:
600:
596:
591:This section
589:
585:
580:
579:
572:
563:
560:
558:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
537:
531:
526:
525:
523:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
507:Nail art pens
506:
503:
502:
501:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
464:
460:
450:
444:
443:
437:
428:
426:
422:
421:dominant hand
418:
413:
406:
401:
387:
383:
381:
380:Hand painting
377:
373:
363:
360:
351:
348:
339:
336:
335:Acrylic nails
330:Acrylic nails
327:
325:
315:
307:
305:
301:
295:
293:
289:
285:
284:South America
281:
276:
272:
268:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:ancient China
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:upper classes
201:
198:
194:
193:social status
190:
186:
185:ancient Egypt
177:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2013
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: โ
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1415:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1360:. 2021-01-27
1358:the Guardian
1357:
1348:
1331:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1312:. 2016-05-24
1309:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1208:cite journal
1169:
1165:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
995:. 2014-05-19
973:. Retrieved
969:
960:
949:. Retrieved
945:
936:
925:. Retrieved
916:
905:. Retrieved
901:
892:
881:. Retrieved
879:. 2011-12-23
871:
846:. Retrieved
842:
832:
821:. Retrieved
817:
808:
797:. Retrieved
788:
777:. Retrieved
774:artdaily.com
773:
764:
739:. Retrieved
735:
725:
677:Sally Hansen
643:
628:
619:
604:Please help
592:
561:
555:
535:
516:Water decals
499:
494:nail varnish
456:
447:
440:
414:
407:
403:
379:
375:
371:
369:
358:
357:
346:
345:
334:
333:
323:
321:
313:
296:
267:Ming dynasty
264:
244:Zhou Dynasty
191:to indicate
182:
140:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1448:Nail polish
1023:14 November
646:nail polish
622:August 2021
566:Innovations
490:Nail polish
366:Other types
280:Inca Empire
224:nail polish
153:fingernails
18:Nail design
1437:Categories
1364:2021-07-24
1316:2016-07-24
1150:2023-06-24
1129:2023-06-24
1108:2023-06-24
1087:2023-06-24
1066:2023-06-24
1045:2023-06-24
999:2016-07-18
975:2016-07-22
951:2016-07-18
927:2016-07-18
907:2016-07-22
883:2016-07-18
848:2021-07-24
823:2016-07-18
799:2016-07-13
779:2021-07-24
741:2020-02-22
717:References
654:microbeads
652:Textures:
398:See also:
376:Stenciling
359:Nail wraps
354:Nail wraps
300:podiatrist
240:gum arabic
80:newspapers
69:"Nail art"
1443:Nail care
1334:: 56โ70.
1256:144536848
1186:143223280
1172:: 38โ56.
1062:. L'oreal
706:Jenny Bui
593:does not
347:Gel nails
342:Gel nails
208:Babylonia
165:pedicures
161:manicures
1453:Handwear
1104:. BYRDIE
857:cite web
750:cite web
513:Stamping
510:Piercing
504:Glitters
484:UV light
480:Nail gel
470:Acrylics
463:pedicure
459:manicure
389:Nail art
372:Stamping
271:Servants
220:noblemen
157:toenails
145:creative
141:Nail art
818:NPR.org
614:removed
599:sources
442:Pac-Man
419:of the
409:selves.
232:gelatin
171:History
94:scholar
1254:
1184:
288:eagles
252:silver
238:, and
200:pastel
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1274:Dazed
1252:S2CID
1182:S2CID
431:Media
310:Types
189:henna
149:nails
143:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1240:13:4
1221:help
1170:23:1
1025:2013
863:link
756:link
597:any
595:cite
265:The
250:and
248:gold
212:kohl
167:.
155:and
73:news
1336:doi
1244:doi
1174:doi
608:by
461:or
216:war
163:or
56:by
1439::
1356:.
1308:.
1289:,
1272:,
1250:.
1238:.
1212::
1210:}}
1206:{{
1194:^
1180:.
1168:.
1016:.
984:^
968:.
944:.
900:.
859:}}
855:{{
841:.
816:.
772:.
752:}}
748:{{
734:.
648:.
465::
234:,
1427:.
1382:.
1367:.
1342:.
1338::
1319:.
1258:.
1246::
1223:)
1219:(
1188:.
1176::
1153:.
1132:.
1111:.
1090:.
1069:.
1048:.
1027:.
1002:.
978:.
954:.
930:.
910:.
886:.
865:)
851:.
826:.
802:.
782:.
758:)
744:.
635:)
629:(
624:)
620:(
616:.
602:.
492:/
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:ยท
91:ยท
84:ยท
77:ยท
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.