Migratory woodland caribou

904:

arrived by helicopter to participate in a joint cooperative effort with the Québec Recreation, Hunting and Fishing Department to live capture and radio collar caribou swimming across the Koksoak River. Kuujjuaq residents, who were familiar with the river, reported seasonal water levels far higher than normally recorded in recent history. Autumn boat stages, shore line cabin sites and tributary beaver lodges were being flooded. While the dead caribou were thought to have drowned, confirmation was not determined until the Newfoundland-Labrador Wildlife Division used the helicopter to trace the increasingly larger accumulations of floating dead caribou back approximately 115 km upstream from Kuujjuaq to the base of Calcaire (Limestone) Falls on the Caniapiscau River. Coves and backwater were choked with the floating carcasses of dead caribou, with accumulations becoming increasingly larger in approaching the base of the Falls.

305:). According to researchers, the "George River herd which morphologically and genetically belong to the woodland caribou subspecies, at one time represented the largest caribou herd in the world and migrating thousands of kilometers from boreal forest to open tundra, where most females calve within a three-week period. This behaviour is more like barren-ground caribou subspecies." They argued that "understanding ecotype in relation to existing ecological constraints and releases may be more important than the taxonomic relationships between populations." The migratory George River caribou herd travel thousands of kilometres moving from wintering grounds to calving grounds near the Inuit hamlet of 1042:. By the 1970s, woodland caribou had been eliminated from the eastern United States and most of eastern Canada, extending only to approximately 48 degrees N . The decline extended to the west as well and by 1980 only 25-30 animals persisted in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington; caribou had been extirpated elsewhere in the contiguous 48 states. This population was listed as endangered in 1984 under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). At that time, the entire woodland caribou population in the Selkirks consisted of one herd of 20-25 animals that occurred in extreme northeast Washington, northern Idaho and the Stagleap Park area of British Columbia (B.C.)." 916:

been surprised as the water flow of the Caniapiscau River was partially restored to its natural state in mid-September 1984, after the filling of reservoir had been completed. The partial release of the headwaters back into the Caniapiscau was necessary because the power stations on the La Grande River could not yet turbine the full water flow. According to Hydro-Québec, any major addition of water to the La Grande River would by necessity have been diverted around the power stations for months, even years, and seriously damage the floodgates which were designed for temporary use during exceptional climatic events.

524:; it also has morphological and behavioral differences from barren-ground caribou (for example, they are "mixed migrators" (some migrate short distances and some do not, and they lack the aggregated rutting and post-calving and synchronized calving of barren-ground caribou); (2) the woodland caribou lineage diverged from other caribou in mid-Pleistocene, 300,000 to 357,000 years ago, not during the last glacial maximum (LGM: 23,000 to 19,000 years ago) as previously assumed and more likely descended from an earlier North American forest reindeer species such as 31: 390: 52: 198: 931:

finally recommended that the water levels of the reservoir be lowered by about 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) for several months of the year to avoid the use of the flood gates during extreme rainfalls when the caribou are migrating in late summer and early fall. This is largely a moot point today, since virtually no water has been diverted back into the lower Caniapiscau since 1985. Furthermore, a fence was installed to divert the herd from the danger zone near the Calcaire Falls.

528:(meaning that it cannot be the same species as barren-ground caribou because they do not share a direct common ancestor) and it has a different mating system (harem defense and dispersed calving vs. individual mate-tending, aggregated rutting and post-calving and synchronized calving of barren-ground caribou, resulting in antler architecture designed for combat rather than for display ); these differences and its genetic distance from other caribou justify return to species status, 536:, representing a Beringian-Eurasian lineage (BEL); (4) Genetic analysis confirmed earlier assignments based on morphological measurements that placed the four western montane ecotypes in the BEL lineage, but distantly, having diverged > 60,000 years ago--before the modern ecotypes had evolved their cold- and darkness-adapted physiologies and mass-migration and aggregation behaviors (see Croitor, 2018--requiring their former names to be restored: Selkirk mountain caribou, 577: 927:, that had just completed the construction of the reservoir, for not having planned to actively manage the restored water flow to the Caniapiscau River in such a way as to protect the caribou herd from exceptional floods caused by heavy rains or rapid spring thaw. This was a rather novel idea at the time, as no Canadian wildlife expert had foreseen anything more than the usual mortality along the rivers of the region (up to 500 deaths every year). 647:

decreased over the years. Large forest-dwelling populations still persisted during the 1950s and 1960s, but they apparently disappeared. The current abundance is not known precisely, but based on density estimates and considering the current distribution, it probably does not exceed 3,000 individuals. Current data are insufficient to identify precisely the causes of the population decline, although hunting seems to be an important proximal cause.

370:, either with prevailing taxonomy on subspecies, designations based on ecotypes, or natural population groupings, fail to capture "the variability of caribou across their range in Canada" needed for effective species conservation and management. "Across the range of a species, individuals may display considerable morphological, genetic, and behavioural variability reflective of both plasticity and adaptation to local environments." 633:, the only migratory form, is found north of the 52nd parallel. This ecotype currently occupies 255,000 km in fall and winter, mainly in the ecological subzones of the forest tundra and the taiga. The barren-ground caribou was characterized by a very low abundance from the end of the 19th century until the mid-1950s, but increased markedly thereafter, reaching over a million individuals at the beginning of the 1990s. 955:

lag between disturbance by forest harvest and disappearance of caribou. Forest harvest converts forest stands to early seral stages, which are favoured by moose, which in turn can support a higher wolf population than caribou alone. A higher wolf population may increase predation mortality of caribou. Thus, two decades is likely the time necessary for these faunal changes to take place.

381:

caribou are classified into two ecotypes – forest-dwelling woodland caribou and forest-tundra woodland caribou. In Newfoundland and Labrador, woodland caribou are classified as part of the boreal population of caribou, which is subdivided into two ecotypes: the migratory forest-tundra and the sedentary forest-dwelling ecotype.

639:

have been identified in the southeastern and, possibly, in the northeastern parts of the province. The latter mountain population is virtually unknown. The southeastern population is sedentary and uses mainly the boreal forest. This population has decreased over the last century and currently numbers

481:

Geist (2007) argued that the "true woodland caribou, the uniformly dark, small-manned type with the frontally emphasized, flat-beamed antlers", which is "scattered thinly along the southern rim of North American caribou distribution" has been incorrectly classified. He affirms that the "true woodland

954:

This effect can be demonstrated by the northern front of forest harvesting in Ontario closely matching the southern boundary of continuous caribou occupancy. However, there appears to be a time lag between forest harvest and disappearance of caribou. Research suggests that there is a two-decade time

313:(also known as George River hamlet). In Nunavik and Labrador, the caribou population varies considerably with their numbers peaking in the later decades of each of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. In 1984, about 10,000 caribou of the George River herd drowned during their bi-annual crossing of the 930:

The Québec game officials did, however, put forward the opinion that a dynamic management of the water levels and flows of the Caniapiscau Reservoir could have avoided the high mortality observed in September 1984, either completely, or at least reduced it to levels observed in recent years. SIGMAI

729:

The land is changing and the impacts of climate change, industrial development, and the growing human population and easier accessibility of the herd cannot be ignored in the management actions to be put forward. With the exponential rate of development, the protection of caribou habitat is greatly

724:

and the Innu of Labrador formed the Ungava Peninsula Caribou Aboriginal Round Table held emergency meetings and issued a joint statement. in respond to the "critical decline" of the George River caribou herd (GRCH) and the "uncertain future" of the Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH) and Torngat caribou

680:

The dramatic decline in numbers of the George River caribou herd has raised concerns. In the 1980s there were between 700,000-800,000 in the George River herd migrating between northern Québec and Labrador. By 2010 there were 74,000. By 2012 the numbers dropped to 27,600 and by 2014 there were only

646:

is found discontinuously, mainly between the 49th and 55th parallels. Its current distribution covers 235,000 km, mainly east of the 72nd meridian. This sedentary ecotype is found almost exclusively in the boreal forest, principally in areas with long forest fire cycles. Its abundance has also

380:

In Québec there are three ecotypes with specific habitats and behaviour – the migratory barren-ground ecotype, the mountain ecotype and the forest-dwelling ecotype (boreal woodland caribou). In British Columbia caribou are classified into three ecotypes – mountain, northern and boreal. In Ontario

696:

herd was estimated to be numbered at 15,000. By 1988, it was the largest herd in the world with a population of 700,000 and by 1993 the numbers rose to 775,000 animals. By 2001, the herd was at 385,000 animals and continuing to decrease, totaling 75,000 animals in 2010. The most recent survey puts

496:

Mallory and Hillis argued that, "Although the taxonomic designations reflect evolutionary events, they do not appear to reflect current ecological conditions. In numerous instances, populations of the same subspecies have evolved different demographic and behavioural adaptations, while populations

1555:

Richardson J (1829) Fauna boreali-americana; or, the zoology of the northern parts of British America; containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. Vol. 1 Quadrupeds,John Murray, London,

1488:

Yannic G, Pellissier L, Ortego J, Lecomte N, Couturier S, Cuyler C, Dussault C, Hundertmark KJ, Irvine RJ, Jenkins DA, Kolpashikov L, Mager K, Musiani M, Parker KL, Røed KH, Sipko T, Þórisson SG, V.Weckworth B, Guisan A, Bernatchez L, Côté SD (2013) Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and

915:

In a short analysis, Québec's Indian and Inuit Secretariat (SIGMAI) expressed the opinion that the fast-growing George River herd may have become accustomed to the reduced water flow from 1981 to 1984, during which time the reservoir was being filled. SIGMAI hypothesizes that the caribou may have

903:

The dead caribou drifting and beginning to accumulate along the eastern shore line of the Koksoak River were first noted by the residents of Kuujjuaq, but the cause of the deaths was not confirmed until a team of wildlife biologists and technicians from the Newfoundland-Labrador Wildlife Division

950:

Clearcutting, which is the dominant form of logging in Canada, has been identified as the strongest predictor of caribou extirpation. By replacing primary forests with plantations, clearcutting removes many lichens, a primary food source for caribou, because lichens take many decades to grow, by

907:

Subsequent investigation by the Québec Recreation, Hunting and Fishing Department—whose employees had also observed the dead caribou along the Koksoak River on 30 September—attempted to conclude that a larger number of caribou would have perished had the Caniapiscau Reservoir not yet been built,

684:

The "George River herd which morphologically and genetically belong to the woodland caribou subspecies, at one time represented the largest caribou herd in the world and migrating thousands of kilometres from boreal forest to open tundra, where most females calve within a three-week period. This

1045:

In the United States, the woodland caribou is one of the most critically endangered mammals, with only a few woodland caribou found south of the Canada border each year. In the US there is only one naturally occurring herd of woodland caribou in extreme northern Idaho, northern Montana, eastern

991:

Woodland caribou persistence in Ontario will likely depend on the availability of large tracts of old growth forest situated at great distances from anthropogenic disturbance. Recent research suggests that forest harvest operations should be buffered from caribou habitat by at least 13 km.

958:

This time lag is cause for concern, as there is overlap of forest harvest with the southern boundary of caribou range in Ontario. Caribou in these areas are very likely to vanish in the next 20 years. While patterns of forest harvest show the strongest relationship with caribou extirpation in

1096:(the Inuit of Nunavik, the Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the NunatuKavut Community Council, the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, the Grand Council of the Crees of Eeyou Istchee/Cree Regional Authority (GCCEI/CRA), the Innu Nation of Labrador and all the Innu communities from the Québec region) 373:

In eastern North America caribou are classified into three ecotypes – "the mountain caribou which is found south of the St. Lawrence River, the barren-ground caribou which calves in the tundra, and in between, the forest-dwelling ecotype which lives all year long in the boreal forest."

879:

that flows into southern Ungava Bay. Although the caribou regularly criss-cross northern rivers and lakes and can swim 10 km at a stretch, northern rivers and lakes often claim lives during their annual migrations. At the time of the accident, observers raised questions about

656:

In the late 19th century, the southern limit of caribou distribution in Québec receded northwards and there was a decrease in the number of caribou east of the 62nd meridian until the 1970s. By 2003 there were only four small populations south of the 49th parallel.

842:

Caribou generally travel upwards of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) annually and live in an area of about 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi). Some individuals have been observed traveling 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) in a single year.

846:

The caribou population varies considerably, for unknown reasons, and their numbers have apparently peaked in the later decades of each of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The most recent decline at the turn of the 20th century caused much hardship for the

884:'s management of the newly built reservoir on the headwaters of the Caniapiscau River, some 450 kilometres (280 mi) upstream, and focused their attention on decisions made in the days following the exceptionally heavy rains in September 1984. The 497:

from separate subspecies have evolved similar demographic and behavioural patterns..."nderstanding ecotype in relation to existing ecological constraints and releases may be more important than the taxonomic relationships between populations."

626:) in southern Ungava (south of 55°N) to those farther north, the migratory ecotype Leaf River caribou herd (LRH) and the George River caribou herd (GRCH). In southern Ungava caribou females disperse from other females to avoid predators. 685:

behaviour is more like barren-ground caribou subspecies." They argued that "understanding ecotype in relation to existing ecological constraints and releases may be more important than the taxonomic relationships between populations."

344:

or boreal caribou, which is mainly sedentary, was assessed in May 2002 as threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), not all herds and populations are endangered. For example, the

672:, has grown from 270,000 individuals in 1991 to 628,000 in 2001. According to the Québec's Natural Resources and Wildlife survey, the Leaf River herd (LRH) (Rivière-aux-Feuilles) had decreased to 430,000 caribou in 2011. 1519:

Horn R, Marques AJD, Manseau M, Golding B, Klütsch CFC, Abraham K, Wilson PJ (2018) Parallel evolution of site-specific changes in divergent caribou lineages. Ecology and Evolution 8: 6053-6064. doi:10.1002/ece3.4154.

366:), a medium-sized ungulate, inhabit boreal, montane and Arctic environments and "exhibit tremendous variation in ecology, genetics, behaviour and morphology." Most are found in Canada. Current classifications of 2772:

Vors, L.S., J.A. Schaefer, B.A. Pond, Arthur R. Rodgers and B.R. Patterson. 2007. Woodland caribou extirpation and anthropogenic landscape disturbance in Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(4): 1249-1256.

1002:; lethal to caribou but not harmful to other deer. In addition, increased episodes of freezing rain in the winter may make it difficult for caribou to dig through the snow to reach their primary food source, 1989:

Courtois, Rehaume; Ouellet, Jean-Pierre; Gingras, André; Dussault, Claude; Breton, Laurier; Maltais, Jean (2003), "Historical Changes and Current Distribution of Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, in Québec",

1181:

Mallory FF, Hillis TL (1998) Demographic characteristics of circumpolar caribou populations: ecotypes, ecological constraints/releases, and population dynamics. Rangifer Special Issue 10: 9-60.

2492: 516:. The reasons for this are that (1) Greenland caribou are the most genetically divergent of all caribou and reindeer, with an average microsatellite genetic difference (Fixation Index) of F 2385: 939:

Human-caused landscape disruption is the chief cause of caribou range recession. For example, the conversion of forests by logging may result in greater abundance of other ungulates, like

947:. Linear corridors, such as roads, utility corridors, and trails may improve travel speed and hunting efficiency for predators, improve access for poachers, and hinder caribou movements. 552:. As years of molecular analyses had shown the Eastern Migratory population to be of woodland caribou ancestry, albeit with ancient introgression from barren-ground caribou, their name 2562: 908:

since the water flow at the falls would have been even greater in the absence of the reservoir. Hydro-Québec and SEBJ took this position, but Kuujjuaq hunters and others rejected it.

744:

recommended that the "George River caribou calving grounds by designating a 14,000 km protection zone under the Regional Land Use Plan for the Labrador Inuit Settlement Area."

998:

may have negative potential for woodland caribou as well. Climate change may further alter forest structure to favour moose and white-tailed deer, which may carry the parasite

2693:, CNFER Experimental Design Workshop Report, Thunder Bay, Ontario: Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research (CNFER), Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, p. 19, 2349: 1565:

Croitor R (2018) Plio-Pleistocene deer of Western Palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny. Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chișinău, 142 pp.

2406:

Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006), "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography",

2904: 693: 875:, immediately above the Calcaire (Limestone) Falls. The Caniapiscau River confluences with the Larch River downstream from Calcaire (Limestone) Falls to create the 1476:

Harding LE (2022) Available names for Rangifer (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies. ZooKeys 1119: 117-151. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1119.80233.

1507:

Poole KG, Cuyler C, Nymand J (2013) Evaluation of caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus survey methodology in West Greenland. Wildlife Biology 19: 225-239.

959:

Ontario, strong correlations among landscape disturbances suggest that no single variable can be unequivocally implicated as key to caribou range recession.

301:

is further divided into three ecotypes: the migratory barren-ground ecotype, the mountain ecotype or woodland (montane) and the forest-dwelling ecotype (

1960: 2096:, Québec: Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, and Direction de la recherche sur la faune, p. 68, archived from 1931: 2777: 1922:"George River caribou population continues alarming decline: Photo survey by N.L., Québec biologists found 14,200 caribou, down from 27,600 in 2012", 2603: 2508: 1537:

Butler HE (1986) Mating strategies of woodland caribou: Rangifer tarandus caribou. Doctoral thesis, Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary, 565 pp.

2584: 1583:

Anderson RM (1946) Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 102, Biological Series 31, Ottawa, Ontario, 238 pp.

2275: 1498:

Raundrup K (2018) Movement patterns and resource selection - insights from West Greenland caribou. PhD Thesis, Denmark: Aarhus University, 115 pp.

2391: 831:

The migratory George River caribou herd travel thousands of kilometres moving from wintering grounds to calving grounds near the Inuit hamlet of

2108: 3116: 2376: 2267: 2088: 3068: 2757: 2573: 2228: 2477:

Woodland caribou still at risk, despite federal plan to help: Provinces, territories get poor grades for efforts to help in past 12 months

1574:

Murie OJ (1935) Alaska-Yukon caribou. Vol. 54,United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington D.C., 93 pp.

2523: 2475: 1058:

to northern Minnesota. However, the high incidence of white-tailed deer and wolves in the region will likely prove quite problematic.

489:

found differences between the caribou from Newfoundland, Labrador, southwestern Canada and southeastern Canada, but maintained all in

2544:"Demographic characteristics of circumpolar caribou populations: ecotypes, ecological constraints/releases, and population dynamics" 1087:

The Species at Risk Act and Environment Canada do not include the Ungava caribou herds as part of the boreal woodland caribou herds.

3003: 2152: 622:

In Québec there are three ecotypes with specific habitats and behaviour. Bergerud, et al.; compared the sedentary ecotype caribou (

2734:

Schaefer, J.A. 2003. Long-term range recession and the persistence of caribou in the taiga. Conservation Biology 17(5): 1435-1439.

2634: 2355: 1050:, Canada, of about 40 animals. There is, however, a concerted effort on the part of the North Central Caribou Corporation and the 3029: 1075: 2493:"Aboriginal leaders come together to protect the George River and Leaf River Caribou Herds: Emergency Aboriginal Caribou Summit" 2188: 1546:

Geist V (1998) Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 421 pp.

3106: 3047: 2848: 2698: 2203: 1874:

Bergerud, A. T.; Page, R. E. (1987), "Displacement and dispersion of parturient caribou at calving as antipredator tactics",

1051: 462:

Some recent authorities have considered them all valid, even suggesting that they are quite distinct. In their book entitled

3034: 2685: 2456: 2684:

Rodgers, Arthur R.; Berglund, Nancy E.; Wade, Keith D.; Allison, Bradley A.; Iwachewski, Edward P. (27–29 November 2007),

692:

article, the George River caribou herd (GRCH) (Rivière-George) numbered only 3,500 animals in the late 1940s. In 1958 the

2958: 2800:"An examination of recovery planning for forest-dwelling woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Ontario, Canada" 2655: 2441:

Government of Québec, Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche (Department of Recreation, Fish and Game). 1985.

424: 2905:

HAYEUR, Gaëtan. 2001. Summary of Knowledge Acquired in Northern Environments from 1970 to 2000. Montreal: Hydro-Québec

1785: 2832: 2314: 3073: 1775: 1592:

Allen GM (1914) The barren-ground caribou of Labrador. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club 4: 103-107.

1332: 587: 218: 2676:

Racey, G.D. and T. Armstrong. 2000. Woodland caribou range occupancy in northwestern Ontario: past and present.

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Government of Québec, Secrétariat des activités gouvernementales en milieu amérindien et inuit (SIGMAI). 1985.

2013: 1894:

Berkes, F. (1988), "The intrinsic difficulty of predicting impacts: Lessons from the James Bay hydro project",

2443:

Considérations relatives à la noyade de caribous du fleuve George sur la rivière Caniapiscau (septembre 1984),

2072: 3111: 1971: 1970:, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p. 88, 2011, archived from 2717:

Impacts of Human Developments and Land Use on Caribou: a Literature Review Volume I: a Worldwide Perspective

1942: 2783: 920: 859:, who hunt them for subsistence. By 1950, as few as 5000 caribou remained in northern Québec and Labrador. 3042: 2543: 689: 321:

flooding operation. The most recent decline at the turn of the 20th century caused much hardship for the

2715: 2090:

Demography of the migratory tundra caribou (Rangifer tarandus) of the Nord-du-Québec region and Labrador

3096: 2799: 2286: 2139: 2056:"Variation in Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America" 1395: 984: 2189:"Recovery Strategy for the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), Boreal population, in Canada" 1761:

Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1961), "A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer",

2119: 1930: 1338: 420: 51: 2894: 2260: 2097: 660:

In 2001 there were more than one million caribou in Nunavik. By 2011 there were fewer than 300,000.

346: 3060: 2765: 962:

Logging also is a major cause of caribou mortality. Logging the mature boreal forest of northern

413: 341: 302: 214: 187: 2285:, ECO Annual Report, 2006-07, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 75–81, 4 December 2007a, archived from 2920: 170: 2723:, Technical Report 86-2, Alaska Department of Fish & Game Habitat and Restoration Division 2865: 885: 532:; (3) the above resulted in Arctic caribou reverting to the name given by Richardson (1829): 482:

caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention."

452: 394: 230: 209:

in dark brown. Overlap with other subspecies of caribou is possible for contiguous range. 1.

2990: 2415: 2107: 1903: 1810: 1401: 867:

In late September 1984, about 115 kilometres (71 mi) south of the northern village of

701:, whose numbers reached about 800,000 towards 1993, had about 384,000 individuals in 2001. 2014:"Significance of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) ecotypes from a molecular genetics viewpoint" 8: 2419: 1907: 1846:

Bergerud, Arthur T. (1974), "Decline of caribou in North America following settlement",

1814: 868: 474:, specialist on large North American mammals, that this range actually includes several 2910: 2677: 2638: 2622: 2319: 2248: 2036: 1863: 1039: 293:: the Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH) and the George River caribou herd (GRCH) south of 46: 1434: 896:. The waters of the upper Caniapiscau River, which flow north, were diverted into the 871:, about 10,000 caribou (appr. 2% of the George River herd) drowned while crossing the 3101: 2967: 2844: 2694: 2431: 2370: 2199: 1915: 1826: 1822: 1781: 979: 889: 872: 318: 314: 224: 30: 2315:"Defining subspecies, invalid taxonomic tools, and the fate of the woodland caribou" 2040: 2012:

Courtois, Rehaume; Bernatchez, Louis; Ouellet, Jean-Pierre; Breton, Laurier (2003),

893: 2972: 2811: 2423: 2328: 2167: 2067: 2028: 1999: 1911: 1883: 1855: 1818: 1687: 1047: 1027: 832: 444: 306: 39: 2351:

Nunavik caribou numbers in rapid free-fall: George River herd drops by 80 per cent

1489:

future climate change. Nature Climate Change 4: 132-137. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2074.

2738: 2118:. Department of Environment & Conservation, Wildlife Division. Archived from 897: 389: 2656:"Managing a world long gone: the old mind in politics, the environment, and war" 2427: 2327:(Special Issue 17), The Eleventh North American Caribou Workshop (2006): 25–28, 2055: 924: 881: 2943: 2524:"Aboriginal leaders of Québec and Labrador unite to protect the Ungava caribou" 1837:

Bergerud, Arthur T. (1978), "Caribou", in Schmidt, J.L.; Gilbert, D.L. (eds.),

1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 995: 471: 2666: 2198:, Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series, Ottawa, Ontario, p. 138, 2032: 3090: 1699: 1055: 909: 876: 520: = 44% from all others, justifying species status as originally named, 467: 405: 261: 240: 2219:"Boreal Caribou Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge (ATK) Reports: 2010-2011", 2004: 1203: 611:

All caribou of the province of Québec were assigned to the same subspecies (

2450:

Noyade des caribous sur la rivière Caniapiscau des 28 et 29 septembre 1984,

2435: 1830: 1371: 1006:. The effects of climate change on woodland caribou have not been studied. 197: 2455: 1774:

Bergerud, Arthur T.; Luttich, Stuart N.; Camps, Lodewijk (December 2007),

1440: 1339:

Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and The David Suzuki Foundation 2013

862: 615:) in 1961. Banfield classified the caribou of Ungava as woodland caribou ( 3055: 3016: 2952: 1939:

The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and The David Suzuki Foundation

1023: 741: 721: 717: 123: 103: 2982: 2457:"Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788): Taxonomic Serial No.: 202411" 2229:"Conserving Woodland Caribou: The Benchmark for Northern Sustainability" 576: 3008: 2816: 2810:(1), Ontario, Canada: Office of the Environmental Commissioner: 13–32, 2737: 2563:"General Habitat Description for the Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou ( 2333: 1867: 1714: 1693: 934: 698: 669: 475: 294: 269: 3021: 2274: 978:

has led to creeping aspen/birch habitat, followed by northward-moving

377:

In west-central Alberta there are two ecotypes – boreal and mountain.

2843:(3rd ed.), Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2227: 1528:

Croitor R (2022) Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer. Earth 3: 1138-1160.

1383: 1239: 1237: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1054:

to reintroduce a herd of around 75 animals from the Slate Islands in

967: 963: 63: 2914: 2714:

Shideler, R.T.; Robus, M.H.; Winters, J.F.; Kuwada, M. (June 1986),

2235:. ECO Annual Report, 2006-07. Toronto, Ontario. 2007. pp. 75–81 2146:(Special Issue 7), Edson, Alberta: Alberta Fish and Wildlife: 91–107 1887: 1859: 697:

the herd size at fewer than 28,000. The George River herd, south of

2937: 2864:

Zager, Peter; Mills, L. Scott; Wakkinen, Wayne; Tallm, David (nd),

2604:"Size of Nunavik's George River caribou herd nosedives: new survey" 2500: 1602: 1600: 1598: 971: 561: 557: 436: 290: 256: 147: 133: 83: 1234: 1139: 912:

wrote in 1988 that "the dispute is unlikely ever to be resolved."

651: 2900:

Memorial University Nature project focusing on lichen and caribou

2841:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2504: 1738: 1031: 975: 856: 836: 330: 310: 282: 265: 2995: 1595: 2011: 1458: 1402:

Department of Environment & Conservation, Wildlife Division

1377: 1018:) were found over most of Canada and Alaska. Woodland caribou ( 1014:"At the time of European settlement of North America, caribou ( 1003: 944: 286: 93: 73: 2153:"Human natures, nature conservation, and environmental ethics" 1988: 1961:"Designatable Units for Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada" 1308: 1228: 2739:"Christmas reindeer mystery as world's largest herd plummets" 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1035: 940: 848: 709: 486: 322: 1165: 1163: 1022:) extended south to 42 degrees N and were found in parts of 988:. The neurological parasite is fatal to caribou and moose. 2889: 2173:

10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0031:hnncae]2.0.co;2

1780:, Native and Northern Series, McGill-Queen's, p. 656, 852: 713: 705: 668:

The Leaf River caribou herd in the west, near the coast of

326: 113: 2899: 2713: 2683: 2665:, Nature, New York: Doubleday, p. 302, archived from 1720: 1289: 1184: 1114: 1112: 349:

sedentary herd in insular Newfoundland is not endangered.

2561: 2306:

Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology

2073:

10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[495:vimdam]2.0.co;2

1389: 1160: 1801:

Bergerud, Arthur T. (1988), "Caribou, wolves, and man",

1612: 1009: 2633: 2405: 2086: 1412: 1410: 1349: 1347: 1243: 1154: 1109: 863:

Caribou drownings at Calcaire (Limestone) Falls in 1984

2530:, Kuujjuaq, Nunavik and Nain, Labrador, 24 April 2013a 2087:

Couturier, S.; Jean, D.; Otto, R.; Rivard, S. (2004),

1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 429:

A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer

2863: 2663:

New World New Mind: Moving Toward Conscious Evolution

2627:

New World New Mind: Moving Toward Conscious Evolution

2140:"Status of woodland caribou in western north America" 2054:

Cronin, M. A.; MacNeil, M. D.; Patton, J. C. (2005),

1744: 1629: 1627: 1359: 1773: 1726: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1606: 1407: 1344: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 935:

Direct and indirect effects of landscape disturbance

2053: 1464: 1446: 1268: 1129: 1127: 675: 2218: 2186: 1644: 1642: 1624: 1314: 217:, woodland (migratory) and woodland (montane), 2. 2779:In Decline, Caribou Face a Tough Winter in Canada 2654:Ornstein, Robert Evan; Ehrlich, Paul R. (1989b), 1841:, Harrison, PA.: Stackpole Books, pp. 83–101 1839:Big game of North America: ecology and management 1654: 1422: 1249: 663: 455:caribou) were considered invalid and included in 3088: 2831:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005), 2758:"Environment: Mass Death at Two River Crossings" 1320: 1124: 2653: 2572:. Ministry of Natural Resources. Archived from 1639: 735:Ungava Peninsula Caribou Aboriginal Round Table 652:Distribution and abundance of caribou in Québec 567: 2621: 2602: 2585:"Nunavik's Leaf River caribou herd decreasing" 2583: 2461:Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2390:, Canadian Wildlife Federation, archived from 1932:"Population Critical: How are Caribou Faring?" 1441:Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 1302: 1169: 730:deficient and needs to be addressed seriously. 264:) that are included in the migratory woodland 2782:, National Geographic Society, archived from 2756: 2637:. Nunavik Tourism Association. Archived from 2541: 1705: 1197: 1078:list Wilson and Geist on their experts panel. 2830: 1873: 1694:Survival International Charitable Trust 2011 1618: 1118: 2687:Forest-Dwelling Woodland Caribou in Ontario 2375:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 951:which time, the plantations are re-cut. 357: 196: 29: 2815: 2797: 2332: 2171: 2071: 2003: 500:A recent taxonomic revision of the genus 2867:Woodland Caribou: A Conservation Dilemma 2522: 1845: 1836: 1800: 1760: 1732: 1681: 1416: 900:of the James Bay watershed to the west. 623: 408:in 1758. The subspecies taxonomic name, 388: 2743:Survival International Charitable Trust 2491: 2387:Separation Anxiety for Woodland Caribou 2266:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2150: 2137: 1959: 1365: 1353: 1283: 1076:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 3089: 2383: 2347: 1896:Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1893: 1633: 1262: 3117:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin 2919: 2918: 2798:Wilkinson, Christopher J. A. (2008), 2775: 2408:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2312: 2303: 2283:Environmental Commissioner of Ontario 1669: 1515: 1513: 1484: 1482: 1452: 1428: 1133: 1052:Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness 1010:Woodland caribou in the United States 839:(also known as George River hamlet). 404:(reindeer or caribou) was defined by 2542:Mallory, F.F.; Hillis, T.L. (1998), 2507:, 16–17 January 2013, archived from 2473: 2308:, Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books 1326: 571: 1921: 1648: 13: 2629:, New York: Doubleday, p. 302 1607:Bergerud, Luttich & Camps 2007 1510: 1479: 921:Société d'énergie de la Baie James 14: 3128: 2883: 2764:. 15 October 1984. Archived from 2166:(1), Stanford University: 31–43, 2151:Ehrlich, Paul R. (January 2002), 1465:Cronin, MacNeil & Patton 2005 333:, who hunt them for subsistence. 2474:Lunn, Susan (17 December 2013), 1030:, the Upper Great Lakes states, 676:George River caribou herd (GRCH) 575: 50: 1941:, December 2013, archived from 1803:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1777:The Return of Caribou to Ungava 1769:(66), National Museum of Canada 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1501: 1492: 1470: 1090: 1081: 1068: 826: 619:) based on skull measurements. 504:resurrects woodland caribou as 2776:Wells, Jeff (2 January 2013), 1848:Journal of Wildlife Management 1175: 690:National Geographic Daily News 664:Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH) 556:Allen, 1914 was restored. See 1: 1753: 1390:Ministry of Natural Resources 943:, and increased predation by 470:and DeeAnn Reeder agree with 3107:Mammals of the United States 2680:, Special Issue 12: 173-184. 2348:George, Jane (25 May 2011), 2276:"Reconciling our Priorities" 2223:, Ottawa, Ontario, June 2011 2187:Canada, Environment (2012), 1916:10.1016/0195-9255(88)90067-4 1823:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90019-5 1103: 568:Range and population changes 564:: Taxonomy for more detail. 336:While the woodland caribou, 7: 2895:Migration of caribou – Maps 2625:; Ehrlich, Paul R. (1989), 2591:, Nunavik, 11 November 2011 2428:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017 1876:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1244:Nunavik Tourism Association 919:Thus, SIGMAI chastised the 746: 644:The forest-dwelling ecotype 464:Mammal Species of the World 400:The species taxonomic name 384: 362:The subspecies of caribou ( 352: 10: 3133: 2233:Reconciling our Priorities 1000:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 985:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 540:, Rocky Mountain caribou, 512:, and Greenland caibou as 252:migratory woodland caribou 237:R. t. groenlandicus/pearyi 213:subdivided into ecotypes: 2959:Rangifer tarandus caribou 2929:Rangifer tarandus caribou 2927: 2565:Rangifer tarandus caribou 2354:, Nunavik, archived from 1992:Canadian Field-Naturalist 1198:Mallory & Hillis 1998 742:Government of Nunatsiavut 631:The barren-ground ecotype 613:Rangifer tarandus caribou 606: 421:Canadian Wildlife Service 410:Rangifer tarandus caribou 338:Rangifer tarandus caribou 299:Rangifer tarandus caribou 274:Rangifer tarandus caribou 211:Rangifer tarandus caribou 207:Rangifer tarandus caribou 204: 195: 180:Rangifer tarandus caribou 176: 169: 47:Scientific classification 45: 37: 28: 23: 2870:, University of Michigan 2550:(Special Issue 10): 9–60 2384:Gillis, Natalie (2013), 2313:Geist, Valerius (2007), 2304:Geist, Valerius (1998), 1619:Bergerud & Page 1987 1119:Wilson & Reeder 2005 1061: 526:Torontoceros hypogaeus, 485:In 2005, an analysis of 443:(Osborn's caribou (from 347:Gros Morne National Park 2890:Death by 1000 Clearcuts 2033:10.1023/a:1024033500799 2005:10.22621/cfn.v117i3.742 1765:, Biological Services, 1315:Environment Canada 2012 358:Subspecies and ecotypes 342:boreal woodland caribou 319:James Bay Hydro Project 303:boreal woodland caribou 254:refers to two herds of 982:carrying the parasite 738: 584:This section is empty. 522:Rangifer groenlandicus 514:Rangifer groenlandicus 419:According to the then- 397: 2623:Ornstein, Robert Evan 2021:Conservation Genetics 1155:Couturier et al. 2004 886:Caniapiscau Reservoir 727: 640:only 140 individuals. 548:and Stone's caribou, 466:, American zoologist 427:, in his often-cited 392: 340:(boreal population), 260:(known as caribou in 205:Approximate range of 3112:Nearctic realm fauna 2641:on 30 September 2017 2452:Québec City: SAGMAI. 2358:on 12 September 2017 2060:Journal of Mammalogy 1721:Shideler et al. 1986 1378:Courtois et al. 2003 1229:Courtois et al. 2003 704:In January 2013 the 637:The mountain ecotype 544:, Osborn's caribou, 508:, Arctic caribou as 2768:on 29 October 2010. 2511:on 19 December 2013 2420:2006MolPE..40..101G 2394:on 19 December 2013 2292:on 17 December 2013 2125:on 26 November 2013 2109:"Woodland Caribou: 2103:on 20 December 2013 1948:on 19 December 2013 1908:1988EIARv...8..201B 1815:1988TEcoE...3...68B 1303:Nunatsiaq News 2012 1170:Nunatsiaq News 2011 749: 423:Chief Mammalogist, 232:R. t. groenlandicus 223:(extinct 1908), 3. 38:Female and calf in 2911:Even-toed ungulate 2817:10.7557/2.28.1.147 2745:, 21 December 2011 2635:"Kangiqsualujjuaq" 2445:Québec City: MLCP. 2334:10.7557/2.27.4.315 2221:Environment Canada 2196:Environment Canada 923:, a subsidiary of 747: 398: 393:Female in spring, 162:R. t. caribou 16:Subspecies of deer 3097:Mammals of Canada 3084: 3083: 2921:Taxon identifiers 2850:978-0-8018-8221-0 2835:Rangifer tarandus 2786:on 6 January 2013 2700:978-1-4249-8289-9 2579:on 10 April 2014. 2205:978-1-100-20769-8 2111:Rangifer tarandus 1016:Rangifer tarandus 980:white-tailed deer 890:James Bay Project 873:Caniapiscau River 824: 823: 604: 603: 554:R. caribou caboti 534:Rangifer arcticus 510:Rangifer arcticus 449:R. t. terraenovae 402:Rangifer tarandus 368:Rangifer tarandus 364:Rangifer tarandus 315:Caniapiscau River 257:Rangifer tarandus 248: 247: 215:woodland (boreal) 3124: 3077: 3076: 3064: 3063: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3037: 3025: 3024: 3012: 3011: 2999: 2998: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2916: 2915: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2827: 2826: 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359: 356: 354: 351: 246: 245: 202: 201: 193: 192: 185: 174: 173: 171:Trinomial name 167: 166: 159: 157: 153: 152: 145: 143: 139: 138: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3129: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2829: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:Time Magazine 2759: 2755: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2590: 2586: 2582: 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1733:Bergerud 1978 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1707:Time Magazine 1702: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1682:Makivik 2013a 1678: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1556:U.K., 300 pp. 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1504: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1455:, p. 25. 1454: 1449: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1417:Banfield 1961 1413: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1374: 1368:, p. 10. 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1200:, p. 49. 1199: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1093: 1084: 1077: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1056:Lake Superior 1053: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:R. t. caribou 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 987: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 956: 952: 948: 946: 942: 932: 928: 926: 922: 917: 913: 911: 910:Fikret Berkes 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 877:Koksoak River 874: 870: 860: 858: 854: 850: 844: 840: 838: 834: 819: 816: 815: 811: 808: 807: 803: 800: 799: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 783: 779: 776: 775: 771: 768: 767: 763: 760: 759: 755: 752: 751: 745: 743: 731: 726: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 695: 691: 686: 682: 673: 671: 661: 658: 645: 642: 638: 635: 632: 629: 628: 627: 625: 624:Bergerud 1988 620: 618: 617:R. t. caribou 614: 598: 595:February 2021 589: 585: 581: 578: 574: 573: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:R. a. osborni 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 494: 492: 488: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 468:Don E. Wilson 465: 460: 458: 457:R. t. caribou 454: 450: 446: 442: 441:R. t. osborni 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 406:Carl Linnaeus 403: 396: 391: 382: 378: 375: 371: 369: 365: 350: 348: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 281:that live in 280: 276: 275: 271: 267: 263: 262:North America 259: 258: 253: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 228: 227: 222: 221: 220:R. t. dawsoni 216: 212: 208: 203: 199: 194: 189: 183: 181: 175: 172: 168: 164: 163: 158: 155: 154: 150: 149: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 65: 62: 59: 58: 53: 48: 44: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 2928: 2909: 2872:, retrieved 2866: 2854:, retrieved 2840: 2834: 2821:, retrieved 2807: 2803: 2788:, retrieved 2784:the original 2778: 2766:the original 2761: 2747:, retrieved 2742: 2725:, retrieved 2716: 2704:, retrieved 2686: 2667:the original 2662: 2643:. Retrieved 2639:the original 2626: 2612:, retrieved 2607: 2593:, retrieved 2588: 2574:the original 2564: 2552:, retrieved 2547: 2532:, retrieved 2527: 2513:, retrieved 2509:the original 2496: 2482:, retrieved 2476: 2464:, retrieved 2460: 2449: 2442: 2411: 2407: 2396:, retrieved 2392:the original 2386: 2360:, retrieved 2356:the original 2350: 2338:, retrieved 2324: 2318: 2305: 2294:, retrieved 2287:the original 2282: 2237:. Retrieved 2232: 2220: 2209:, retrieved 2195: 2177:, retrieved 2163: 2159: 2143: 2127:. Retrieved 2120:the original 2110: 2098:the original 2089: 2077:, retrieved 2063: 2059: 2044:, retrieved 2024: 2020: 1995: 1991: 1979:, retrieved 1972:the original 1967: 1950:, retrieved 1943:the original 1938: 1923: 1899: 1895: 1879: 1875: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1809:(3): 68–72, 1806: 1802: 1791:, retrieved 1776: 1766: 1762: 1740: 1728: 1723:, p. 8. 1716: 1706: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1614: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1503: 1494: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1366:COSEWIC 2011 1361: 1356:, p. 3. 1354:COSEWIC 2011 1334: 1322: 1310: 1284:Makivik 2013 1177: 1092: 1083: 1070: 1044: 1019: 1015: 1013: 999: 994: 990: 983: 961: 957: 953: 949: 938: 929: 925:Hydro-Québec 918: 914: 906: 902: 882:Hydro-Québec 866: 845: 841: 830: 827:Distribution 739: 728: 703: 694:George River 687: 683: 679: 667: 659: 655: 643: 636: 630: 621: 616: 612: 610: 592: 588:adding to it 583: 553: 550:R. a. stonei 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 513: 509: 505: 501: 499: 495: 491:R. t caribou 490: 484: 480: 463: 461: 456: 453:Newfoundland 448: 440: 433:R. t. caboti 432: 428: 418: 409: 401: 399: 395:Newfoundland 379: 376: 372: 367: 363: 361: 337: 335: 298: 278: 273: 272: 255: 251: 249: 242:R. t. pearyi 241: 236: 231: 226:R. t. granti 225: 219: 210: 206: 179: 177: 161: 160: 156:Subspecies: 146: 134: 104:Artiodactyla 18: 3056:NatureServe 3017:iNaturalist 2953:Wikispecies 2874:18 December 2856:18 December 2823:15 December 2790:15 December 2749:16 November 2727:18 December 2706:15 December 2645:15 December 2614:15 December 2595:17 December 2554:18 December 2534:15 December 2515:15 December 2484:18 December 2466:18 December 2398:18 December 2362:17 December 2340:17 December 2296:15 December 2257:|work= 2239:15 December 2211:18 December 2179:15 December 2079:17 December 2046:18 December 1981:18 December 1952:17 December 1793:16 December 1634:George 2011 1263:Berkes 1988 1024:New England 756:population 722:NunatuKavut 718:Nunatsiavut 317:during the 124:Capreolinae 120:Subfamily: 3091:Categories 2480:, CBC News 2160:BioScience 2129:14 January 1754:References 1670:Wells 2013 1453:Geist 2007 1429:Geist 1998 1134:Geist 2007 1040:Washington 761:late 1940s 699:Ungava Bay 670:Hudson Bay 530:R. caribou 476:subspecies 439:caribou), 295:Ungava Bay 270:subspecies 2259:ignored ( 2249:cite book 1327:Lunn 2013 1104:Citations 968:Wisconsin 964:Minnesota 785:mid-1990s 416:in 1788. 142:Species: 70:Kingdom: 64:Eukaryota 3102:Reindeer 3061:2.105025 3048:14200332 2944:Q2938777 2938:Wikidata 2804:Rangifer 2678:Rangifer 2548:Rangifer 2501:Kuujjuaq 2436:16584894 2371:citation 2320:Rangifer 2144:Rangifer 2041:34394002 1831:21227095 1763:Bulletin 1649:CBC 2014 1028:New York 972:Michigan 796:385,000 788:750,000 780:700,000 733:— 681:14,200. 562:Reindeer 558:Reindeer 502:Rangifer 437:Labrador 431:(1961), 385:Taxonomy 353:Ecotypes 291:Labrador 135:Rangifer 114:Cervidae 110:Family: 94:Mammalia 84:Chordata 80:Phylum: 74:Animalia 60:Domain: 24:Caribou 3009:5220115 2996:1241865 2528:Makivik 2505:Nunavik 2497:Makivik 2416:Bibcode 1968:COSEWIC 1904:Bibcode 1868:3800042 1811:Bibcode 1032:Montana 1004:lichens 976:Ontario 857:Nunavik 837:Nunavik 820:14,200 812:27,600 804:74,000 772:15,000 725:herds. 447:)) and 331:Nunavik 311:Nunavik 283:Nunavik 268:of the 266:ecotype 190:, 1788) 130:Genus: 100:Order: 90:Class: 3035:202411 3022:238266 2980:ECOS: 2847: 2697: 2434: 2202: 2039: 1866: 1829: 1784: 945:wolves 764:3,500 607:Québec 414:Gmelin 289:, and 287:Quebec 188:Gmelin 3074:86327 2973:7L34Y 2721:(PDF) 2691:(PDF) 2670:(PDF) 2659:(PDF) 2577:(PDF) 2570:(PDF) 2290:(PDF) 2279:(PDF) 2192:(PDF) 2156:(PDF) 2123:(PDF) 2116:(PDF) 2101:(PDF) 2094:(PDF) 2037:S2CID 2017:(PDF) 1975:(PDF) 1964:(PDF) 1946:(PDF) 1935:(PDF) 1864:JSTOR 1062:Notes 1036:Idaho 941:moose 849:Inuit 748:GRCH 710:Inuit 487:mtDNA 451:(the 435:(the 323:Inuit 239:, 6. 235:, 5. 229:, 4. 3069:NCBI 3030:ITIS 3004:GBIF 2983:4618 2876:2013 2858:2013 2845:ISBN 2825:2013 2792:2013 2751:2012 2729:2013 2708:2013 2695:ISBN 2647:2013 2616:2012 2597:2011 2556:2013 2536:2013 2517:2013 2486:2013 2468:2013 2432:PMID 2400:2013 2377:link 2364:2013 2342:2013 2298:2013 2268:link 2261:help 2241:2013 2213:2013 2200:ISBN 2181:2013 2131:2014 2081:2013 2048:2013 1983:2013 1954:2013 1827:PMID 1795:2013 1782:ISBN 1709:1984 1074:The 1038:and 974:and 853:Cree 851:and 817:2014 809:2012 801:2011 793:2001 777:1988 769:1958 753:year 740:The 714:Cree 712:and 706:Innu 327:Cree 325:and 250:The 3043:MSW 2991:EoL 2968:CoL 2812:doi 2424:doi 2329:doi 2168:doi 2068:doi 2029:doi 2000:doi 1996:117 1924:CBC 1912:doi 1884:doi 1856:doi 1819:doi 1767:177 892:in 590:. 277:or 3093:: 3071:: 3058:: 3045:: 3032:: 3019:: 3006:: 2993:: 2970:: 2955:: 2940:: 2839:, 2808:28 2806:, 2802:, 2760:. 2741:, 2661:, 2606:, 2587:, 2567:)" 2546:, 2526:, 2503:, 2499:, 2495:, 2459:, 2430:, 2422:, 2412:40 2410:, 2373:}} 2369:{{ 2325:27 2323:, 2317:, 2281:, 2253:: 2251:}} 2247:{{ 2231:. 2194:, 2164:52 2162:, 2158:, 2142:, 2064:86 2062:, 2058:, 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