1702:), versus anabolic pathways that produce stable carbon compounds, control net carbon retention rates. In particular, microbial carbon sequestration represents an underrepresented aspect of soil carbon flux that the microbial carbon pump model attempts to address. A related area of uncertainty is how the type of plant-derived carbon enhances microbial soil organic carbon storage or alternatively accelerates soil organic carbon decomposition. For example, leaf litter and needle litter serve as sources of carbon for microbial growth in forest soils, but litter chemistry and pH varies by vegetation type . In turn, these biochemical differences influence soil organic carbon levels through changing decomposition dynamics. Also, increased diversity of plant communities increases rates of rhizodeposition, stimulating microbial activity and soil organic carbon storage, although soils eventually reach a saturation point beyond which they cannot store additional carbon.
3221:
1694:
autotrophic microorganisms) and added to soil through processes such as (1) root exudation of low-molecular weight simple carbon compounds, or deposition of leaf and root litter leading to accumulation of complex plant polysaccharides. (2) Through these processes, carbon is made bioavailable to the microbial metabolic "factory" and subsequently is either (3) respired to the atmosphere or (4) enters the stable carbon pool as microbial necromass. The exact balance of carbon efflux versus persistence is a function of several factors, including aboveground plant community composition and root exudate profiles, environmental variables, and collective microbial phenotypes (i.e., the metaphenome).
1599:(DOM) pool, lowering the overall efficiency of the microbial loop. Mortality from viral infection has almost the same magnitude as that from protozoan grazing. However, compared to protozoan grazing, the effect of viral lysis can be very different because lysis is highly host-specific to each marine bacteria. Both protozoan grazing and viral infection balance the major fraction of bacterial growth. In addition, the microbial loop dominates in oligotrophic waters, rather than in eutrophic areas - there the classical plankton food chain predominates, due to the frequent fresh supply of mineral nutrients (e.g. spring bloom in temperate waters,
3917:
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238:
1652:(DOM) via abiotic microparticle formation to higher trophic levels. This has ecological importance in two ways. First, it occurs without carbon loss, and makes organic matter more efficiently available to phagotrophic organisms, rather than only heterotrophic bacteria. Furthermore, abiotic transformation in the extended microbial loop depends only on temperature and the capacity of DOM to aggregate, while biotic transformation is dependent on its biological availability.
3943:
1546:
815:
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22:
998:
122:
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1644:(DOM) where fast growing cells digest all or part of the particle. Accumulation within just a few minutes at such patches is directly observable. Therefore, the water column can be considered to some extent as a spatially organized place on a small scale rather than a completely mixed system. This patch formation affects the biologically-mediated transfer of matter and energy in the microbial loop.
1633:
oceanic environments, and they improve the trophic efficiency of both marine food webs and important aquatic processes (such as the productivity of fisheries and the amount of carbon exported to the ocean floor). Therefore, the microbial loop, together with primary production, controls the productivity of marine systems in the ocean.
2451:
Zeng, N.; Yoshikawa, C.; Weaver, A. J.; Strassmann, K.; Schnur, R.; Schnitzler, K.-G.; Roeckner, E.; Reick, C.; Rayner, P.; Raddatz, T.; Matthews, H. D.; Lindsay, K.; Knorr, W.; Kawamiya, M.; Kato, T.; Joos, F.; Jones, C.; John, J.; Bala, G.; Fung, I.; Eby, M.; Doney, S.; Cadule, P.; Brovkin, V.; von
1647:
More currently, the microbial loop is considered to be more extended. Chemical compounds in typical bacteria (such as DNA, lipids, sugars, etc.) and similar values of C:N ratios per particle are found in the microparticles formed abiotically. Microparticles are a potentially attractive food source to
1632:
through regenerating production in nutrient-limited environments (e.g. oligotrophic waters). In general, the entire microbial loop is to some extent typically five to ten times the mass of all multicellular marine organisms in the marine ecosystem. Marine bacteria are the base of the food web in most
1685:
The lack of information concerning the soil microbiome metabolic potential makes it particularly challenging to accurately account for the shifts in microbial activities that occur in response to environmental change. For example, plant-derived carbon inputs can prime microbial activity to decompose
1615:
The microbial loop is of particular importance in increasing the efficiency of the marine food web via the utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is typically unavailable to most marine organisms. In this sense, the process aids in recycling of organic matter and nutrients and mediates
196:
by zooplankton, the excretion of waste products by aquatic animals, or the breakdown or dissolution of organic particles from terrestrial plants and soils. Bacteria in the microbial loop decompose this particulate detritus to utilize this energy-rich matter for growth. Since more than 95% of organic
1697:
In this model, microbial metabolic activities for carbon turnover are segregated into two categories: ex vivo modification, referring to transformation of plant-derived carbon by extracellular enzymes, and in vivo turnover, for intracellular carbon used in microbial biomass turnover or deposited as
926:
In 1974, Larry
Pomeroy published a paper in BioScience entitled "The Ocean's Food Web: A Changing Paradigm", where the key role of microbes in ocean productivity was highlighted. In the early 1980s, Azam and a panel of top ocean scientists published the synthesis of their discussion in the journal
918:
direct count" (AODC). This led to a reassessment of the large concentration of bacteria in seawater, which was found to be more than was expected (typically on the order of 1 million per milliliter). Also, development of the "bacterial productivity assay" showed that a large fraction (i.e. 50%) of
1677:
is a function of the combined activities of plants and below ground organisms, including soil microbes. Although soil microorganisms are known to support a plethora of biogeochemical functions related to carbon cycling, the vast majority of the soil microbiome remains uncultivated and has largely
875:
were not thought to be significant consumers of organic matter (including carbon), although they were known to exist. However, the view of a marine pelagic food web was challenged during the 1970s and 1980s by
Pomeroy and Azam, who suggested the alternative pathway of carbon flow from bacteria to
1693:
To account for this, a conceptual model known as the microbial carbon pump, illustrated in the diagram on the right, has been developed to define how soil microorganisms transform and stabilise soil organic matter. As shown in the diagram, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is fixed by plants (or
1678:
cryptic functions. Only a mere fraction of soil microbial life has been catalogued to date, although new soil microbes and viruses are increasingly being discovered. This lack of knowledge results in uncertainty of the contribution of soil microorganisms to soil organic
931:
entitled "The
Ecological Role of Water Column Microbes in the Sea". The term 'microbial loop' was introduced in this paper, which noted that the bacteria-consuming protists were in the same size class as phytoplankton and likely an important component of the diet of planktonic
2040:; Frankel, Sheila L.; Goericke, Ralf; Olson, Robert J.; Palenik, Brian; Waterbury, John B.; West-Johnsrud, Lisa; Zettler, Erik R. (1992). "Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b".
2660:
Harmon, Mark E.; Silver, Whendee L.; Fasth, Becky; Chen, HUA; Burke, Ingrid C.; Parton, William J.; Hart, Stephen C.; Currie, William S. (2009). "Long-term patterns of mass loss during the decomposition of leaf and fine root litter: An intersite comparison".
1594:
within it. It has become clear that bacterial density is mainly controlled by the grazing activity of small protozoans and various taxonomic groups of flagellates. Also, viral infection causes bacterial lysis, which release cell contents back into the
2739:
Lange, Markus; Eisenhauer, Nico; Sierra, Carlos A.; Bessler, Holger; Engels, Christoph; Griffiths, Robert I.; Mellado-Vázquez, Perla G.; Malik, Ashish A.; Roy, Jacques; Scheu, Stefan; Steinbeiss, Sibylle; Thomson, Bruce C.;
2506:; Horwath, William R.; Dorodnikov, Maxim; Blagodatskaya, Evgenia (2019). "Review and synthesis of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil processes: No changes in pools, but increased fluxes and accelerated cycles".
891:) only yielded small numbers of bacteria that were much smaller than their true ambient abundance in seawater. Developments in technology for counting bacteria have led to an understanding of the significant importance of
2624:
Sulman, Benjamin N.; Phillips, Richard P.; Oishi, A. Christopher; Shevliakova, Elena; Pacala, Stephen W. (2014). "Microbe-driven turnover offsets mineral-mediated storage of soil carbon under elevated CO2".
1570:
1991:
Chisholm, S. W.; Olson, R. J.; Zettler, E. R.; Waterbury, J.; Goericke, R.; Welschmeyer, N. (1988). "A novel free-living prochlorophyte occurs at high cell concentrations in the oceanic euphotic zone".
887:
Early work in marine ecology that investigated the role of bacteria in oceanic environments concluded their role to be very minimal. Traditional methods of counting bacteria (e.g., culturing on
2135:
Kerner, Martin; Hohenberg, Heinz; Ertl, Siegmund; Reckermann, Marcus; Spitzy, Alejandro (2003). "Self-organization of dissolved organic matter to micelle-like microparticles in river water".
973:
was discovered in 1986). Stemming from this discovery, researchers observed the changing role of marine bacteria along a nutrient gradient from eutrophic to oligotrophic areas in the ocean.
1673:
Soil ecosystems are highly complex and subject to different landscape-scale perturbations that govern whether soil carbon is retained or released to the atmosphere. The ultimate fate of
3380:
2872:
Stoderegger, K., Herndl, G.J. (1998) Production and
Release of Bacterial Capsular Material and its Subsequent Utilization by Marine Bacterioplankton. Limnology & Oceanography
3872:
2203:
Naylor, Dan; Sadler, Natalie; Bhattacharjee, Arunima; Graham, Emily B.; Anderton, Christopher R.; McClure, Ryan; Lipton, Mary; Hofmockel, Kirsten S.; Jansson, Janet K. (2020).
2844:
Kirchman, D., Sigda, J., Kapuscinski, R., Mitchell, R. (1982) Statistical analysis of the direct count method for enumerating bacteria. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology
205:(DOM) is readily utilizable to most marine organisms at higher trophic levels. This means that dissolved organic carbon is not available directly to most marine organisms;
839:
2841:
Kerner, M, Hohenberg, H., Ertl, S., Reckermannk, M., Spitzy, A. (2003) Self-organization of dissolved organic matter to micelle-like microparticles in river water. Nature
3375:
1577:
2794:
Stewart, Catherine E.; Paustian, Keith; Conant, Richard T.; Plante, Alain F.; Six, Johan (2007). "Soil carbon saturation: Concept, evidence and evaluation".
2708:"Long-Term (13 Years) Decomposition Rates of Forest Floor Organic Matter on Paired Coniferous and Deciduous Watersheds with Contrasting Temperature Regimes"
2361:
Goel, Reeta; Kumar, Vinay; Suyal, Deep
Chandra; Narayan; Soni, Ravindra (2018). "Toward the Unculturable Microbes for Sustainable Agricultural Production".
2850:
Muenster, V.U. (1985) Investigations about structure, distribution and dynamics of different organic substrates in the DOM of Lake
Plusssee. Hydrobiologie
2838:
Fuhrman, J.A., Azam, F. (1982) Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters. Marine
Biology
1603:
areas). The magnitude of the efficiency of the microbial loop can be determined by measuring bacterial incorporation of radiolabeled substrates (such as
1698:
dead microbial biomass, referred to as necromass. The contrasting impacts of catabolic activities that release soil organic carbon as carbon dioxide (CO
2394:
Schulz, Frederik; Alteio, Lauren; Goudeau, Danielle; Ryan, Elizabeth M.; Yu, Feiqiao B.; Malmstrom, Rex R.; Blanchard, Jeffrey; Woyke, Tanja (2018).
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introduce this organic carbon into the food web, resulting in additional energy becoming available to higher trophic levels. Recently the term "
141:(DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by
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3979:
2897:
1804:
Van den
Meersche, Karel; Middelburg, Jack J.; Soetaert, Karline; van Rijswijk, Pieter; Boschker, Henricus T. S.; Heip, Carlo H. R. (2004).
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3245:
4940:
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325:
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Meinhard, S., Azam F. (1989) Protein content and protein synthesis rates of planktonic marine bacteria. Marine
Ecology Progress Series
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1806:"Carbon-nitrogen coupling and algal-bacterial interactions during an experimental bloom: Modeling a13C tracer experiment"
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bacterivorous plankton. If this is the case, the microbial loop can be extended by the pathway of direct transfer of
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Fenchel, T. (2008) The microbial loop – 25 years later. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
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at rates higher than model expectations, resulting in error within predictive models of carbon fluxes.
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and hinders construction of accurate predictive models for global carbon flux under climate change.
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1911:(1979). "Chroococcoid cyanobacteria in the sea: a ubiquitous and diverse phototrophic biomass".
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Pomeroy, L.R., Williams, P.J.leB., Azam, F. and Hobbie, J.E. (2007) "The microbial loop".
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Fenchel, T. (1988) Marine Planktonic Food Chains. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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1628:. The other main effect of the microbial loop in the water column is that it accelerates
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957:, which is found in high abundance in oligotrophic areas of the ocean, was discovered by
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2007:
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201:(HMW) compounds (e.g., protein, polysaccharides, lipids), only a small portion of total
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derivatives in the North Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean revealed by HPLC analysis"
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2454:"Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison"
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2540:(2017). "The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage".
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2011:
1994:
1971:
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1459:
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1020:
620:
514:
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180:, the leakage or exudation of fixed carbon from phytoplankton (e.g., mucilaginous
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3045:
2780:
2746:"Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage"
2610:
2561:
2437:
2344:
2279:
2205:"Soil Microbiomes Under Climate Change and Implications for Carbon Cycling"
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Pomeroy, Lawrence R. (1974). "The Ocean's Food Web, A Changing Paradigm".
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The aquatic microbial loop is a marine trophic pathway which incorporates
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Many planktonic bacteria are motile, using a flagellum to propagate, and
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Prior to the discovery of the microbial loop, the classic view of marine
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et al. in 1983 to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and
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2085:"A steady-state analysis of the 'microbial loop' in stratified systems"
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Evidence accumulated since this time has indicated that some of these
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2303:"A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity"
2015:
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The efficiency of the microbial loop is determined by the density of
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Bloh, W.; Bopp, L.; Betts, R.; Cox, P.; Friedlingstein, P. (2006).
1763:; Field, J.G.; Gray, J.S.; Meyer-Reil, L.A.; Thingstad, F. (1983).
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2585:"Protozoa and plant growth: The microbial loop in soil revisited"
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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1990:
1624:(DOC) incorporated into bacteria is respired and released as
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2036:
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2300:
1524:
2143:(6928). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 150–154.
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3332:
1765:"The Ecological Role of Water-Column Microbes in the Sea"
976:
1640:
to locate, move toward, and attach to a point source of
197:
matter in marine ecosystems consists of polymeric, high
2393:
137:
describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems,
2234:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
213:" has been substituted for the term "microbial loop".
2659:
2360:
1755:
176:(DOC) is introduced into the ocean environment from
2535:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
898:In the 1970s, the alternative technique of direct
2246:Jansson, Janet K.; Hofmockel, Kirsten S. (2020).
1751:
1749:
1747:
5523:
2245:
2076:
947:) are actually selectively preyed upon by these
153:. In soil systems, the microbial loop refers to
1906:
1744:
118:Trophic pathway in marine microbial ecosystems
4720:
3973:
3181:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2891:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1859:
1857:
1571:
910:(1977). Bacterial cells were counted with an
840:
2531:
2529:
2130:
2128:
1945:
1666:Soil carbon cycle through the microbial loop
3246:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2356:
2354:
2082:
4941:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
4727:
4713:
3980:
3966:
2898:
2884:
2209:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2187:
1854:
1578:
1564:
847:
833:
2723:
2690:
2600:
2582:
2526:
2487:
2477:
2427:
2334:
2220:
2125:
2108:
1975:
1837:
1788:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
4839:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
4478:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2396:"Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses"
2351:
1946:Gieskes, W. W. C.; Kraay, G. W. (1983).
1659:
923:(NPP) was processed by marine bacteria.
157:. The term microbial loop was coined by
120:
4871:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
2301:Thompson, Luke R.; et al. (2017).
2095:. Inter-Research Science Center: 1–17.
1863:
1610:
784:Territorialisation of carbon governance
5524:
4679:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
2905:
2705:
977:Factors controlling the microbial loop
4708:
3961:
3434:
3433:
2917:
2879:
2363:Role of Rhizospheric Microbes in Soil
2248:"Soil microbiomes and climate change"
2222:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-082720
1655:
789:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
4694:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
5144:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
3509:Oceanic physical-biological process
3371:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1486:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
13:
4897:Ecological effects of biodiversity
14:
5548:
4233:Generalist and specialist species
2536:Liang, Chao; Schimel, Joshua P.;
1616:the transfer of energy above the
4956:Occupancy–abundance relationship
3942:
3941:
3929:
3915:
3547:
3219:
3036:Colored dissolved organic matter
2683:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01837.x
2602:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x
2227:
1545:
1544:
996:
814:
813:
236:
20:
4976:Relative abundance distribution
4689:Plant defense against herbivory
4556:Competitive exclusion principle
4268:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3381:Latin America and the Caribbean
2826:
2787:
2732:
2699:
2653:
2617:
2576:
2496:
2444:
2387:
2294:
2239:
914:, producing what is called an "
863:was one of a linear chain from
31:needs additional citations for
4561:Consumer–resource interactions
3863:Ecological values of mangroves
3406:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
2089:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1984:
1939:
1900:
1769:Marine Ecology Progress Series
929:Marine Ecology Progress Series
749:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
5407:Biological data visualization
5234:Environmental niche modelling
4961:Population viability analysis
2520:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.005
2508:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2083:Taylor, AH; Joint, I (1990).
1737:
4892:Density-dependent inhibition
3883:Marine conservation activism
3868:Fisheries and climate change
1231:Marine biogeochemical cycles
719:Carbonate compensation depth
384:Particulate inorganic carbon
7:
5361:Liebig's law of the minimum
5196:Resource selection function
4087:Metabolic theory of ecology
3878:Human impact on marine life
3755:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2991:Aquatic population dynamics
2583:Bonkowski, Michael (2004).
2554:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.105
2371:10.1007/978-981-10-8402-7_4
2252:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1705:
902:was developed by Francisco
169:of the marine environment.
10:
5553:
5537:Environmental microbiology
5261:Niche apportionment models
4981:Relative species abundance
4185:Primary nutritional groups
4082:List of feeding behaviours
2420:10.1038/s41467-018-07335-2
1956:Limnology and Oceanography
1913:Limnology and Oceanography
1810:Limnology and Oceanography
912:epifluorescence microscope
774:Carbon capture and storage
378:Particulate organic carbon
372:Dissolved inorganic carbon
216:
5510:
5442:Ecosystem based fisheries
5384:
5284:
5209:
5082:
5054:Interspecific competition
5019:
4946:Minimum viable population
4879:
4804:Maximum sustainable yield
4789:Intraspecific competition
4784:Effective population size
4747:
4664:Anti-predator adaptations
4649:
4528:
4455:
4412:
4334:
4301:
4198:
4175:Photosynthetic efficiency
4110:
4004:
3909:
3848:
3720:
3656:
3618:
3565:
3556:
3545:
3494:Marine primary production
3446:
3442:
3429:
3388:List of marine ecoregions
3363:
3228:
3217:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2867:10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0862
2808:10.1007/s10533-007-9140-0
2744:; Gleixner, Gerd (2015).
2264:10.1038/s41579-019-0265-7
1977:10.4319/lo.1983.28.4.0757
1933:10.4319/lo.1979.24.5.0928
1830:10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0862
895:in oceanic environments.
779:Carbon cycle re-balancing
5432:Ecological stoichiometry
5397:Alternative stable state
3740:Coastal biogeomorphology
3735:Marine coastal ecosystem
2042:Archives of Microbiology
1650:dissolved organic matter
1642:dissolved organic matter
1622:dissolved organic carbon
1597:dissolved organic matter
1299:Arctic methane emissions
1294:clathrate gun hypothesis
1209:Carbonate–silicate cycle
754:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
714:Carbonate–silicate cycle
682:Carbon dioxide clathrate
677:Clathrate gun hypothesis
505:Net ecosystem production
366:Dissolved organic carbon
203:dissolved organic matter
174:dissolved organic carbon
139:dissolved organic carbon
127:dissolved organic carbon
5276:Ontogenetic niche shift
5139:Ideal free distribution
5049:Ecological facilitation
4799:Malthusian growth model
4769:Consumer-resource model
4626:Paradox of the plankton
4591:Energy systems language
4311:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
4278:Optimal foraging theory
4253:Heterotrophic nutrition
3648:Paradox of the plankton
3459:Diel vertical migration
3353:Freshwater swamp forest
3071:GIS and aquatic science
2919:General components and
2706:Qualls, Robert (2016).
1607:thymidine or leucine).
1453:environmental chemistry
764:Deep Carbon Observatory
224:Part of a series on the
5422:Ecological forecasting
5366:Marginal value theorem
5164:Landscape epidemiology
5099:Cross-boundary subsidy
5034:Biological interaction
4384:Microbial intelligence
4072:Green world hypothesis
3474:Large marine ecosystem
3166:Shoaling and schooling
1670:
584:Continental shelf pump
360:Total inorganic carbon
326:Satellite measurements
130:
5427:Ecological humanities
5326:Ecological energetics
5271:Niche differentiation
5134:Habitat fragmentation
4902:Ecological extinction
4849:Small population size
4601:Feed conversion ratio
4581:Ecological succession
4513:San Francisco Estuary
4427:Ecological efficiency
4369:Microbial cooperation
3893:Marine protected area
3820:Salt pannes and pools
3595:Marine larval ecology
3570:Census of Marine Life
3454:Deep scattering layer
3411:San Francisco Estuary
3376:Africa and Madagascar
3201:Underwater camouflage
2981:Aquatic biomonitoring
2921:freshwater ecosystems
2753:Nature Communications
2663:Global Change Biology
2627:Nature Climate Change
2400:Nature Communications
1948:"Unknown chlorophyll
1663:
990:Biogeochemical cycles
769:Global Carbon Project
500:Ecosystem respiration
124:
5452:Evolutionary ecology
5417:Ecological footprint
5412:Ecological economics
5336:Ecological threshold
5331:Ecological indicator
5201:Source–sink dynamics
5154:Land change modeling
5149:Insular biogeography
5001:Species distribution
4740:Modelling ecosystems
4399:Microbial metabolism
4238:Intraguild predation
4027:Biogeochemical cycle
3993:Modelling ecosystems
3628:Marine bacteriophage
3590:Marine invertebrates
2647:10.1038/nclimate2436
2365:. pp. 107–123.
1611:In marine ecosystems
1136:nitrogen and lichens
900:microscopic counting
871:. Generally, marine
598:Carbon sequestration
354:Total organic carbon
129:into the food chain.
40:improve this article
5502:Theoretical ecology
5477:Natural environment
5341:Ecosystem diversity
5311:Ecological collapse
5301:Bateman's principle
5256:Limiting similarity
5169:Landscape limnology
4991:Species homogeneity
4829:Population modeling
4824:Population dynamics
4641:Trophic state index
3504:Ocean fertilization
3313:Trophic state index
3271:Lake stratification
3001:Aquatic respiration
2765:2015NatCo...6.6707L
2675:2009GCBio..15.1320H
2639:2014NatCC...4.1099S
2542:Nature Microbiology
2470:2006JCli...19.3337F
2412:2018NatCo...9.4881S
2327:10.1038/nature24621
2319:2017Natur.551..457T
2157:10.1038/nature01469
2149:2003Natur.422..150K
2101:1990MEPS...59....1T
2038:Chisholm, Sallie W.
2008:1988Natur.334..340C
1968:1983LimOc..28..757G
1925:1979LimOc..24..928J
1822:2004LimOc..49..862V
1781:1983MEPS...10..257A
1675:soil organic carbon
1620:. More than 30% of
1474:Ocean acidification
1284:Atmospheric methane
984:Part of a series on
645:Atmospheric methane
611:Soil carbon storage
461:Reverse Krebs cycle
316:Ocean acidification
5532:Microbiology terms
5513:Outline of ecology
5462:Industrial ecology
5457:Functional ecology
5321:Ecological deficit
5266:Niche construction
5229:Ecosystem engineer
5006:Species–area curve
4927:Introduced species
4742:: Other components
4674:Deimatic behaviour
4576:Ecological network
4508:North Pacific Gyre
4493:hydrothermal vents
4432:Ecological pyramid
4379:Microbial food web
4190:Primary production
4135:Foundation species
3770:Intertidal wetland
3765:Intertidal ecology
3633:Marine prokaryotes
3575:Deep-sea community
3469:Iron fertilization
3392:Specific examples
3318:Upland and lowland
3236:Freshwater biology
3101:Microbial food web
3011:Aquatic toxicology
2954:Aquatic adaptation
2907:Aquatic ecosystems
2773:10.1038/ncomms7707
2742:Trumbore, Susan E.
2479:10.1175/JCLI3800.1
2458:Journal of Climate
2110:10.3354/meps059001
2054:10.1007/bf00245165
1790:10.3354/meps010257
1671:
1656:In land ecosystems
959:Sallie W. Chisholm
943:protists (such as
921:primary production
906:(1973) and Hobbie
724:Great Calcite Belt
672:Aerobic production
492:Carbon respiration
434:Metabolic pathways
394:Primary production
211:microbial food web
131:
5519:
5518:
5402:Balance of nature
5159:Landscape ecology
5044:Community ecology
4986:Species diversity
4922:Indicator species
4917:Gradient analysis
4794:Logistic function
4702:
4701:
4659:Animal coloration
4636:Trophic mutualism
4374:Microbial ecology
4165:Photoheterotrophs
4150:Myco-heterotrophy
4062:Ecosystem ecology
4047:Carrying capacity
4012:Abiotic component
3955:
3954:
3936:Oceans portal
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3780:Hydrothermal vent
3716:
3715:
3605:Seashore wildlife
3436:Marine ecosystems
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3191:Thermal pollution
3156:Ramsar Convention
3096:Microbial ecology
3056:Fisheries science
2996:Aquatic predation
2633:(12): 1099–1102.
2538:Jastrow, Julie D.
2464:(14): 3337–3353.
2380:978-981-10-8401-0
2313:(7681): 457–463.
2002:(6180): 340–343.
1588:
1587:
1443:geochemical cycle
1289:Methane clathrate
1087:mycorrhizal fungi
1077:deep carbon cycle
857:
856:
655:Methane emissions
311:In the atmosphere
116:
115:
108:
90:
5544:
5219:Ecological niche
5191:selection theory
5011:Umbrella species
4996:Species richness
4932:Invasive species
4912:Flagship species
4819:Population cycle
4814:Overexploitation
4779:Ecological yield
4729:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4611:Mesotrophic soil
4551:Climax community
4483:Marine food webs
4422:Biomagnification
4223:Chemoorganotroph
4077:Keystone species
4037:Biotic component
3982:
3975:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3924:
3922:Lakes portal
3920:
3919:
3918:
3888:Marine pollution
3580:Deep-water coral
3563:
3562:
3551:
3484:Marine chemistry
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3348:Freshwater marsh
3241:Freshwater biome
3223:
2939:Acoustic ecology
2929:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2820:
2819:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:10.3390/f7100231
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2669:(5): 1320–1338.
2657:
2651:
2650:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2200:
2185:
2184:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2016:10.1038/334340a0
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1907:Johnson, P. W.;
1904:
1898:
1897:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1753:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1460:Biosequestration
1448:chemical cycling
1158:Phosphorus cycle
1021:deep water cycle
1000:
981:
980:
849:
842:
835:
822:
817:
816:
621:pelagic sediment
515:Soil respiration
510:Photorespiration
240:
221:
220:
199:molecular weight
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
55:"Microbial loop"
48:
24:
16:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5506:
5492:Systems ecology
5380:
5351:Extinction debt
5316:Ecological debt
5306:Bioluminescence
5287:
5280:
5249:marine habitats
5224:Ecological trap
5205:
5085:
5078:
5021:
5015:
4971:Rapoport's rule
4966:Priority effect
4907:Endemic species
4875:
4834:Population size
4750:
4743:
4733:
4703:
4698:
4651:
4645:
4631:Trophic cascade
4541:Bioaccumulation
4524:
4451:
4408:
4330:
4297:
4194:
4106:
4067:Ecosystem model
4000:
3986:
3956:
3951:
3928:
3927:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3897:
3858:Coral bleaching
3844:
3825:Seagrass meadow
3722:Marine habitats
3712:
3686:Coral reef fish
3652:
3638:Marine protists
3614:
3552:
3543:
3514:Ocean turbidity
3489:Marine food web
3438:
3417:
3359:
3298:River ecosystem
3251:Freshwater fish
3224:
3215:
3021:Bioluminescence
3006:Aquatic science
2923:
2909:
2904:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2796:Biogeochemistry
2792:
2788:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2704:
2700:
2658:
2654:
2622:
2618:
2589:New Phytologist
2581:
2577:
2534:
2527:
2504:Kuzyakov, Yakov
2501:
2497:
2449:
2445:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2359:
2352:
2299:
2295:
2244:
2240:
2201:
2188:
2133:
2126:
2081:
2077:
2035:
2031:
1989:
1985:
1944:
1940:
1909:Sieburth, J. M.
1905:
1901:
1878:10.2307/1296885
1862:
1855:
1802:
1798:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1712:Biological pump
1708:
1701:
1669:
1658:
1613:
1592:marine bacteria
1584:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1500:
1499:Research groups
1492:
1491:
1490:
1469:
1438:Biogeochemistry
1432:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1257:Calcareous ooze
1240:Biological pump
1235:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1010:
979:
971:Prochlorococcus
954:Prochlorococcus
916:acridine orange
893:marine bacteria
853:
812:
805:
804:
803:
743:
735:
734:
733:
698:
688:
687:
686:
639:
629:
628:
627:
616:Marine sediment
600:
590:
589:
588:
549:Solubility pump
537:Biological pump
531:
521:
520:
519:
494:
484:
483:
482:
466:Carbon fixation
451:
436:
426:
425:
424:
405:
389:
342:
340:Forms of carbon
332:
331:
330:
305:
295:
294:
293:
248:
219:
207:marine bacteria
188:), sudden cell
178:bacterial lysis
167:nutrient cycles
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5472:Microecosystem
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5371:Thorson's rule
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:Assembly rules
5292:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5181:
5179:Patch dynamics
5176:
5174:Metapopulation
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5069:Storage effect
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Neutral theory
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Native species
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Overpopulation
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Nutrient cycle
4613:
4608:
4606:Feeding frenzy
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4586:Energy quality
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4546:Cascade effect
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Microbial loop
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Lithoautotroph
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4336:Microorganisms
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4293:Prey switching
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Photosynthesis
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Chemosynthesis
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Abiotic stress
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3925:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3676:Saltwater fish
3673:
3671:Marine reptile
3668:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3643:Marine viruses
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3620:Microorganisms
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3610:Wild fisheries
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Thorson's rule
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Marine biology
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Brackish marsh
3335:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Lake ecosystem
3263:
3258:
3256:Hyporheic zone
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Microbial loop
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Eutrophication
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Cascade effect
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2959:Aquatic animal
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2786:
2731:
2698:
2652:
2616:
2595:(3): 617–631.
2575:
2525:
2495:
2443:
2386:
2379:
2350:
2293:
2238:
2186:
2124:
2075:
2048:(3): 297–300.
2029:
1983:
1962:(4): 757–766.
1938:
1919:(5): 928–935.
1899:
1872:(9): 499–504.
1853:
1839:1854/LU-434810
1816:(3): 862–878.
1796:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1688:organic carbon
1686:existing soil
1680:carbon cycling
1664:
1657:
1654:
1630:mineralization
1626:carbon dioxide
1612:
1609:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1465:Deep biosphere
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1431:Related topics
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:Siliceous ooze
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:microbial loop
1236:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1121:Nitrogen cycle
1118:
1116:Hydrogen cycle
1112:
1111:
1108:Nutrient cycle
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:Boreal forests
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
986:
985:
978:
975:
855:
854:
852:
851:
844:
837:
829:
826:
825:
824:
823:
807:
806:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
759:Deep biosphere
756:
751:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
729:Redfield ratio
726:
721:
716:
711:
709:Nutrient cycle
706:
700:
699:
696:Biogeochemical
694:
693:
690:
689:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
668:
667:
662:
652:
650:Methanogenesis
647:
641:
640:
635:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
624:
623:
613:
608:
602:
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
564:Microbial loop
561:
556:
551:
546:
545:
544:
533:
532:
527:
526:
523:
522:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
495:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
479:
478:
473:
463:
458:
452:
450:
449:
447:Chemosynthesis
444:
442:Photosynthesis
438:
437:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
406:
404:
403:
402:
401:
390:
388:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
344:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
303:Carbon dioxide
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
215:
194:sloppy feeding
135:microbial loop
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5549:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Urban ecology
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Kleiber's law
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:Foster's rule
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4447:Trophic level
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4404:Phage ecology
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Microbial mat
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Bacteriophage
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Decomposition
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Mesopredators
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Apex predator
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Biotic stress
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Sponge ground
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Marine biomes
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Demersal fish
3694:
3692:
3691:Deep-sea fish
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Marine mammal
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Trophic level
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Sediment trap
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Phytoplankton
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
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3079:
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3074:
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3069:
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3059:
3057:
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3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Aquatic plant
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Anoxic waters
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:2027.42/74496
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:Methane cycle
1272:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Calcium cycle
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:nitrification
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:Sequestration
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
974:
972:
969:in the ocean
968:
967:chlorophyll b
964:
963:cyanobacteria
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
941:bacterivorous
937:
935:
930:
924:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
874:
870:
866:
865:phytoplankton
862:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
830:
828:
827:
821:
811:
810:
809:
808:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
739:
738:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Marine cycles
702:
701:
697:
692:
691:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
633:
632:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
525:
524:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
488:
487:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
430:
429:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
391:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
336:
335:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
299:
298:
290:
287:
285:
284:Boreal forest
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
244:
243:
239:
235:
234:
231:
228:
227:
223:
222:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:phytoplankton
140:
136:
128:
123:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
5482:Regime shift
5467:Macroecology
5188:
5184:
5124:Edge effects
5094:Biogeography
5039:Commensalism
4887:Biodiversity
4764:Allee effect
4503:kelp forests
4456:Example webs
4388:
4321:Detritivores
4160:Organotrophs
4140:Kinetotrophs
4092:Productivity
3850:Conservation
3701:Pelagic fish
3681:Coastal fish
3585:Marine fungi
3323:Water garden
3206:Water column
3151:Productivity
3126:Pelagic zone
3105:
3086:Macrobenthos
3076:Hydrobiology
3046:Ecohydrology
2861:(2): 28–33.
2858:
2855:Oceanography
2854:
2827:Bibliography
2799:
2795:
2789:
2756:
2752:
2734:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2548:(8): 17105.
2545:
2541:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2461:
2457:
2446:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2362:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2258:(1): 35–46.
2255:
2251:
2241:
2212:
2208:
2140:
2136:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2045:
2041:
2032:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1869:
1865:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1772:
1768:
1761:Fenchel, Tom
1757:Azam, Farooq
1696:
1692:
1684:
1672:
1665:
1646:
1635:
1614:
1589:
1403:ozone–oxygen
1315:Other cycles
1244:
1223:Marine cycle
1204:Silica cycle
1175:assimilation
1170:Sulfur cycle
1163:assimilation
1153:Oxygen cycle
1146:assimilation
1126:human impact
1037:Carbon cycle
970:
952:
938:
928:
925:
907:
903:
897:
886:
858:
563:
542:Martin curve
529:Carbon pumps
456:Calvin cycle
410:Black carbon
348:Total carbon
289:Geochemistry
230:Carbon cycle
172:In general,
171:
134:
132:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
5119:Disturbance
5022:interaction
4844:Recruitment
4774:Depensation
4566:Copiotrophs
4437:Energy flow
4359:Lithotrophy
4303:Decomposers
4283:Planktivore
4258:Insectivore
4248:Heterotroph
4213:Bacterivore
4180:Phototrophs
4130:Chemotrophs
4102:Restoration
4052:Competition
3835:Sponge reef
3810:Rocky shore
3805:Oyster reef
3775:Kelp forest
3658:Vertebrates
3558:Marine life
3534:Viral shunt
3499:Marine snow
3401:Maharashtra
3308:Stream pool
3211:Zooplankton
3131:Photic zone
3091:Meiobenthos
2944:Algal bloom
2718:(12): 231.
2489:10036/68733
2406:(1): 4881.
1775:: 257–263.
1732:Phycosphere
1727:Marine snow
1618:thermocline
1250:viral shunt
1082:soil carbon
1072:carbon sink
1055:terrestrial
1050:atmospheric
1016:Water cycle
1008:Water cycle
965:containing
951:. In 1986,
934:crustaceans
889:agar plates
606:Carbon sink
569:Viral shunt
559:Marine snow
415:Blue carbon
269:Deep carbon
264:Atmospheric
254:Terrestrial
163:Tom Fenchel
159:Farooq Azam
155:soil carbon
147:zooplankton
5526:Categories
5487:Sexecology
5064:Parasitism
5029:Antibiosis
4864:Resistance
4859:Resilience
4749:Population
4669:Camouflage
4621:Oligotroph
4536:Ascendency
4498:intertidal
4488:cold seeps
4442:Food chain
4243:Herbivores
4218:Carnivores
4145:Mixotrophs
4120:Autotrophs
3999:components
3815:Salt marsh
3750:Coral reef
3539:Whale fall
3519:Photophore
3396:Everglades
3364:Ecoregions
3303:Stream bed
3276:Macrophyte
3229:Freshwater
3061:Food chain
2974:Water bird
1866:BioScience
1738:References
1191:Rock cycle
878:protozoans
579:Whale pump
574:Jelly pump
554:Lipid pump
279:Permafrost
247:By regions
190:senescence
182:exopolymer
96:March 2020
66:newspapers
5392:Allometry
5346:Emergence
5074:Symbiosis
5059:Mutualism
4854:Stability
4759:Abundance
4571:Dominance
4529:Processes
4518:tide pool
4414:Food webs
4288:Predation
4273:Omnivores
4200:Consumers
4155:Mycotroph
4112:Producers
4057:Ecosystem
4022:Behaviour
3840:Tide pool
3745:Cold seep
3529:Upwelling
3293:Rheotaxis
3286:Fish pond
3261:Limnology
3186:Substrate
3171:Siltation
3041:Dead zone
2802:: 19–31.
2514:: 66–78.
2288:203658781
2215:: 29–59.
2165:0028-0836
2119:0171-8630
2062:0302-8933
1886:0006-3568
1848:0024-3590
1605:tritiated
1601:upwelling
1511:GEOTRACES
1479:acid rain
1393:manganese
882:metazoans
861:food webs
5447:Endolith
5376:Xerosere
5288:networks
5104:Ecocline
4650:Defense,
4326:Detritus
4228:Foraging
4097:Resource
3947:Category
3873:HERMIONE
3790:Mangrove
3600:Seagrass
3146:Pleuston
3141:Plankton
3121:Particle
3066:Food web
2816:97153551
2781:25848862
2759:: 6707.
2611:33873756
2562:28741607
2438:30451857
2345:29088705
2280:31586158
2173:12634782
2070:32682912
1722:Plankton
1706:See also
1638:chemotax
1551:Category
1413:vanadium
1408:selenium
1363:fluorine
1353:chromium
1348:chlorine
1323:aluminum
1141:fixation
949:copepods
945:ciliates
873:bacteria
820:Category
5437:Ecopath
5244:Habitat
5114:Ecotype
5109:Ecotone
5086:ecology
5084:Spatial
5020:Species
4880:Species
4751:ecology
4736:Ecology
4684:Mimicry
4652:counter
4596:f-ratio
4344:Archaea
4032:Biomass
4005:General
3997:Trophic
3989:Ecology
3800:Mudflat
3760:Estuary
3730:Bay mud
3708:Seabird
3464:f-ratio
3447:General
3328:Wetland
3116:Neuston
3081:Hypoxia
3026:Biomass
3016:Benthos
2932:General
2761:Bibcode
2712:Forests
2671:Bibcode
2635:Bibcode
2570:9992380
2466:Bibcode
2429:6243002
2408:Bibcode
2336:6192678
2315:Bibcode
2272:1615017
2181:4380194
2145:Bibcode
2097:Bibcode
2024:4373102
2004:Bibcode
1964:Bibcode
1921:Bibcode
1894:1296885
1818:Bibcode
1777:Bibcode
1717:f-ratio
1668:
1398:mercury
1388:lithium
1343:cadmium
1338:bromine
1328:arsenic
1060:oceanic
665:Wetland
637:Methane
420:Kerogen
321:Removal
217:History
186:diatoms
80:scholar
4468:Rivers
4364:Marine
3785:Lagoon
3111:Nekton
2969:Mammal
2964:Insect
2814:
2779:
2609:
2568:
2560:
2436:
2426:
2377:
2343:
2333:
2307:Nature
2286:
2278:
2270:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2137:Nature
2117:
2068:
2060:
2022:
1995:Nature
1892:
1884:
1846:
1549:
1373:iodine
1358:copper
1045:Global
908:et al.
904:et al.
869:nekton
818:
799:CO2SYS
660:Arctic
399:marine
259:Marine
151:nekton
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
5385:Other
5286:Other
5239:Guild
5211:Niche
4463:Lakes
3176:Spawn
2812:S2CID
2749:(PDF)
2566:S2CID
2284:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2066:S2CID
2020:S2CID
1890:JSTOR
1530:SOLAS
1520:IMBER
1333:boron
794:C4MIP
742:Other
386:(PIC)
380:(POC)
374:(DIC)
368:(DOC)
362:(TIC)
356:(TOC)
184:from
87:JSTOR
73:books
4473:Soil
3281:Pond
2777:PMID
2607:PMID
2558:PMID
2434:PMID
2375:ISBN
2341:PMID
2276:PMID
2268:OSTI
2169:PMID
2161:ISSN
2115:ISSN
2058:ISSN
1882:ISSN
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