3298:
excretion and egestion and gelatinous zooplankton can also release DOM through the production of mucus. Leaching of fecal pellets can extend from hours to days after initial egestion and its effects can vary depending on food concentration and quality. Various factors can affect how much DOM is released from zooplankton individuals or populations. Absorption efficiency (AE) is the proportion of food absorbed by plankton that determines how available the consumed organic materials are in meeting the required physiological demands. Depending on the feeding rate and prey composition, variations in AE may lead to variations in fecal pellet production, and thus regulates how much organic material is recycled back to the marine environment. Low feeding rates typically lead to high AE and small, dense pellets, while high feeding rates typically lead to low AE and larger pellets with more organic content. Another contributing factor to DOM release is respiration rate. Physical factors such as oxygen availability, pH, and light conditions may affect overall oxygen consumption and how much carbon is loss from zooplankton in the form of respired CO
2221:
8161:
1948:
2153:
1597:
2583:
3205:
2669:
1609:
3179:
1857:
3409:
quantities of fecal pellets, resulting in greater measures of carbon export. Additionally, as fecal pellets sink, they are reworked by microbes in the water column, which can thus alter the carbon composition of the pellet. This affects how much carbon is recycled in the euphotic zone and how much reaches depth. Fecal pellet contribution to carbon export is likely underestimated; however, new advances in quantifying this production are currently being developed, including the use of isotopic signatures of amino acids to characterize how much carbon is being exported via zooplankton fecal pellet production. Carcasses are also gaining recognition as being important contributors to carbon export.
2603:
1778:
1748:
1970:
2263:
2648:
8857:
3118:
2137:
3098:
2001:
1986:
2773:
2017:
2120:
3354:
3316:
1585:
47:
1790:
2884:
1097:
2565:
7186:
3270:
2461:
1629:
3084:
2204:
1544:
808:
1830:
1818:
1661:
1649:
1048:, specific species of zooplankton are strictly restricted by salinity and temperature gradients, while other species can withstand wide temperature and salinity gradients. Zooplankton patchiness can also be influenced by biological factors, as well as other physical factors. Biological factors include breeding, predation, concentration of phytoplankton, and vertical migration. The physical factor that influences zooplankton distribution the most is mixing of the water column (
1723:
2827:
1914:
2099:
1711:
1535:
8883:
530:
8871:
2087:
2428:
2246:
1926:
1878:
1096:
2842:
2624:
3302:. The relative sizes of zooplankton and prey also mediate how much carbon is released via sloppy feeding. Smaller prey are ingested whole, whereas larger prey may be fed on more “sloppily”, that is more biomatter is released through inefficient consumption. There is also evidence that diet composition can impact nutrient release, with carnivorous diets releasing more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ammonium than omnivorous diets.
3030:, are very diverse, fragile with no hard parts, difficult to see and monitor, subject to rapid population swings and often live inconveniently far from shore or deep in the ocean. It is difficult for scientists to detect and analyse jellyfish in the guts of predators, since they turn to mush when eaten and are rapidly digested. But jellyfish bloom in vast numbers, and it has been shown they form major components in the diets of
2947:
8489:
3178:
6958:
6631:
6271:
6218:
4569:
3927:
3640:
2870:
2856:
2404:
2932:
1760:
3058:. "Despite their low energy density, the contribution of jellyfish to the energy budgets of predators may be much greater than assumed because of rapid digestion, low capture costs, availability, and selective feeding on the more energy-rich components. Feeding on jellyfish may make marine predators susceptible to ingestion of plastics." According to a 2017 study,
2962:
1322:
biologists because classic theories of life-history evolution predict smaller adult sizes in environments delaying growth. This pattern of body size variation, known as the temperature-size rule (TSR), has been observed for a wide range of ectotherms, including single-celled and multicellular species, invertebrates and vertebrates.
1426:, much larger than mesozooplankton. That said, macrozooplankton can sometimes have greater consumption rates in eutrophic ecosystems because the larger phytoplankton can be dominant there. Microzooplankton are also pivotal regenerators of nutrients which fuel primary production and food sources for metazoans.
1326:
factors. For instance, oxygen supply plays a central role in determining the magnitude of ectothermic temperature-size responses, but it is hard to disentangle the relative effects of oxygen and temperature from field data because these two variables are often strongly inter-related in the surface ocean.
1429:
Despite their ecological importance, microzooplankton remain understudied. Routine oceanographic observations seldom monitor microzooplankton biomass or herbivory rate, although the dilution technique, an elegant method of measuring microzooplankton herbivory rate, has been developed for almost four
1043:
Just as any species can be limited within a geographical region, so are zooplankton. However, species of zooplankton are not dispersed uniformly or randomly within a region of the ocean. As with phytoplankton, 'patches' of zooplankton species exist throughout the ocean. Though few physical barriers
3168:
processes. Predicting central paradigms of ocean ecosystem function, including responses to environmental change requires accurate representation of grazing in global biogeochemical, ecosystem and cross-biome-comparison models. Several large-scale analyses have concluded that phytoplankton losses,
3131:
The importance of the so-called "jelly web" is only beginning to be understood, but it seems medusae, ctenophores and siphonophores can be key predators in deep pelagic food webs with ecological impacts similar to predator fish and squid. Traditionally gelatinous predators were thought ineffectual
2921:). They are planktonic because they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into
1301:
characteristic shared by organisms across taxonomy that characterises the functions performed by organisms in ecosystems. It has a paramount effect on growth, reproduction, feeding strategies and mortality. One of the oldest manifestations of the biogeography of traits was proposed over 170 years
1325:
The processes underlying the inverse relationship between body size and temperature remain to be identified. Despite temperature playing a major role in shaping latitudinal variations in organism size, these patterns may also rely on complex interactions between physical, chemical and biological
3156:
structure and ecosystem characteristics, because empirical grazing measurements are sparse, resulting in poor parameterisation of grazing functions. To overcome this critical knowledge gap, it has been suggested that a focused effort be placed on the development of instrumentation that can link
1430:
decades (Landry and
Hassett 1982). The number of observations of microzooplankton herbivory rate is around 1600 globally, far less than that of primary productivity (> 50,000). This makes validating and optimizing the grazing function of microzooplankton difficult in ocean ecosystem models.
3297:
Excretion and sloppy feeding (the physical breakdown of food source) make up 80% and 20% of crustacean zooplankton-mediated DOM release respectively. In the same study, fecal pellet leaching was found to be an insignificant contributor. For protozoan grazers, DOM is released primarily through
1321:
which are organisms that do not generate sufficient metabolic heat to elevate their body temperature, so their metabolic processes depends on external temperature. Consequently, ectotherms grow more slowly and reach maturity at a larger body size in colder environments, which has long puzzled
3408:
are estimated to be a large contributor to this export, with copepod size rather than abundance expected to determine how much carbon actually reaches the ocean floor. The importance of fecal pellets can vary both by time and location. For example, zooplankton bloom events can produce larger
1569:
encased in elaborate globular shells usually made of silica and pierced with holes. Their name comes from the Latin for "radius". They catch prey by extending parts of their body through the holes. As with the silica frustules of diatoms, radiolarian shells can sink to the ocean floor when
3413:– the mass sinking of gelatinous zooplankton carcasses – occur across the world as a result of large blooms. Because of their large size, these gelatinous zooplankton are expected to hold a larger carbon content, making their sinking carcasses a potentially important source of food for
3338:
as a proxy for algae biomass at the surface. The diverse zooplankton community feeds on the sinking particle flux and acts as a gate-keeper to the deeper ocean by ingesting and fragmenting sinking particles and, consequently, significantly reducing the export flux out of the
3164:. In all ocean ecosystems, grazing by heterotrophic protists constitutes the single largest loss factor of marine primary production and alters particle size distributions. Grazing affects all pathways of export production, rendering grazing important both for surface and
6604:
Siegel, David A.; Buesseler, Ken O.; Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R.; Boss, Emmanuel; Brzezinski, Mark A.; Burd, Adrian; Carlson, Craig A.; d'Asaro, Eric A.; Doney, Scott C.; Perry, Mary J.; Stanley, Rachel H. R.; Steinberg, Deborah K. (2016).
3790:
Andersen, K.H.; Berge, T.; Gonçalves, R.J.; Hartvig, M.; Heuschele, J.; Hylander, S.; Jacobsen, N.S.; Lindemann, C.; Martens, E.A.; Neuheimer, A.B.; Olsson, K.; Palacz, A.; Prowe, A.E.F.; Sainmont, J.; Traving, S.J.; Visser, A.W.; Wadhwa, N.; Kiørboe, T. (2016).
1442:
can be used to study marine ecosystems' response to climate change. This is because they have life cycles that generally last less than a year, meaning they respond to climate changes between years. Sparse, monthly sampling will still indicate vacillations.
6975:
Doherty, S.; Maas, A. E.; Steinberg, D. K.; Popp, B. N.; Close, H. G. (2019). "Compound-Specific
Isotope Analysis of Zooplankton Fecal Pellets: Insights into Dietary and Trophic Processes and Characterization of Fecal Pellets as Organic Matter End-Member".
3620:
Everett, J.D., Baird, M.E., Buchanan, P., Bulman, C., Davies, C., Downie, R., Griffiths, C., Heneghan, R., Kloser, R.J., Laiolo, L. and Lara-Lopez, A. (2017) "Modeling what we sample and sampling what we model: challenges for zooplankton model assessment".
2356:
Many marine microzooplankton are mixotrophic, which means they could also be classified as phytoplankton. Recent studies of marine microzooplankton found 30–45% of the ciliate abundance was mixotrophic, and up to 65% of the amoeboid, foram and radiolarian
3372:
waters in summer, iron levels are relatively low and support a more diverse phytoplankton community, but with lower biomass, which, in turn, affects zooplankton community composition and biomass. The grazing pressure during summer is focused mostly on
2786:
are typically 1 to 2 mm long with teardrop-shaped bodies. Like all crustaceans, their bodies are divided into three sections: head, thorax, and abdomen, with two pairs of antennae; the first pair is often long and prominent. They have a tough
1697:, and (rarely) silica. Most forams are benthic, but about 40 species are planktic. They are widely researched with well-established fossil records which allow scientists to infer a lot about past environments and climates.
6746:
Saba, Grace K.; Steinberg, Deborah K.; Bronk, Deborah A. (2011). "The relative importance of sloppy feeding, excretion, and fecal pellet leaching in the release of dissolved carbon and nitrogen by
Acartia tonsa copepods".
1493:. Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to identify single-celled organisms that can move independently and feed by
2220:
3466:
616:'animal'), having to consume other organisms to thrive. Plankton are aquatic organisms that are unable to swim effectively against currents. Consequently, they drift or are carried along by currents in the
2538:
life cycle, ranging from free-living cells to large colonies. It has the ability to form floating colonies, where hundreds of cells are embedded in a gel matrix, which can increase massively in size during
5721:; Arrigo, K. R.; Lizotte, M. P.; Robinson, D. H.; Leventer, A.; Barry, J. P.; VanWoert, M. L.; Dunbar, R. B. (2000). "Rapid and early export of Phaeocystis antarctica blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica".
5646:
Schoemann, Véronique; Becquevort, Sylvie; Stefels, Jacqueline; Rousseau, Véronique; Lancelot, Christiane (2005-01-01). "Phaeocystis blooms in the global ocean and their controlling mechanisms: a review".
799:, which can obtain energy and carbon from a mix of internal plastids and external sources. Many marine microzooplankton are mixotrophic, which means they could also be classified as phytoplankton.
5817:
2391:
by Mitra et al., 2016. Zooplankton that are photosynthetic: microzooplankton or metazoan zooplankton that acquire phototrophy through chloroplast retention or maintenance of algal endosymbionts.
3209:
Schematic of how common seawater constituents, including particulate and dissolved components, could both be generated and altered through the process of herbivorous zooplankton grazing
3191:. Links among the ocean's biological pump and pelagic food web and the ability to sample these components remotely from ships, satellites, and autonomous vehicles. Light blue waters are the
2795:
in the centre of their transparent head. About 13,000 species of copepods are known, of which about 10,200 are marine. They are usually among the more dominant members of the zooplankton.
795:
The distinction between autotrophy and heterotrophy often breaks down in very small organisms. Recent studies of marine microplankton have indicated over half of microscopic plankton are
2152:
1608:
1596:
2189:
for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against harmful invaders. There is evidence from
1685:
for short) are single-celled predatory protists, also protected with shells that have holes in them. Their name comes from the Latin for "hole bearers". Their shells, often called
8320:
8812:
4586:
Chen, Bingzhang; Landry, Michael R.; Huang, Bangqin; Liu, Hongbin (2012). "Does warming enhance the effect of microzooplankton grazing on marine phytoplankton in the ocean?".
3097:
2925:. Fish larvae are part of the zooplankton that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their own food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals.
6038:
2136:
2602:
2306:
at the other. It is estimated that mixotrophs comprise more than half of all microscopic plankton. There are two types of eukaryotic mixotrophs: those with their own
7784:
1947:
1363:
6926:"The Role of Zooplankton in Establishing Carbon Export Regimes in the Southern Ocean – A Comparison of Two Representative Case Studies in the Subantarctic Region"
7804:
4261:
Audzijonyte, Asta; Barneche, Diego R.; Baudron, Alan R.; Belmaker, Jonathan; Clark, Timothy D.; Marshall, C. Tara; Morrongiello, John R.; Van Rijn, Itai (2019).
1329:
Zooplankton can be broken down into size classes which are diverse in their morphology, diet, feeding strategies, etc. both within classes and between classes:
8315:
3401:
2582:
2016:
1789:
5352:
Leles, S.G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K.J.; Stoecker, D.K.; Hansen, P.J.; Calbet, A.; McManus, G.B.; Sanders, R.W.; Caron, D.A.; Not, F.; Hallegraeff, G.M. (2017).
5520:
Decelle, Johan; Simó, Rafel; Galí, Martí; Vargas, Colomban de; Colin, Sébastien; Desdevises, Yves; Bittner, Lucie; Probert, Ian; Not, Fabrice (2012-10-30).
5405:
4036:
Gardner, Janet L.; Peters, Anne; Kearney, Michael R.; Joseph, Leo; Heinsohn, Robert (2011). "Declining body size: A third universal response to warming?".
2069:. This refers to the two whip-like attachments (flagella) used for forward movement. Most dinoflagellates are protected with red-brown, cellulose armour.
513:
1289:
relationship enhances the bacterium's ability to survive in an aquatic environment, as the exoskeleton provides the bacterium with carbon and nitrogen.
2119:
1747:
5111:
5773:
5471:"Defining planktonic protist functional groups on mechanisms for energy and nutrient acquisition; incorporation of diverse mixotrophic strategies"
3169:
which are dominated by grazing are the putative explanation for annual cycles in phytoplankton biomass, accumulation rates and export production.
8345:
2510:
Chloroplast (or plastid) retention = sequestration = enslavement. Some plastid-retaining species also retain other organelles and prey cytoplasm.
1759:
6819:
6168:
Cardona, L., De
Quevedo, I.Á., Borrell, A. and Aguilar, A. (2012) "Massive consumption of gelatinous plankton by Mediterranean apex predators".
1317:. Body size is sensitive to changes in temperature due to the thermal dependence of physiological processes. The plankton is mainly composed of
7794:
6110:"The secret lives of jellyfish: long regarded as minor players in ocean ecology, jellyfish are actually important parts of the marine food web"
3011:
largely based on water that offers little nutritional value or interest for other organisms apart from a few specialised predators such as the
5950:
4158:
Atkinson, David; Sibly, Richard M. (1997). "Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle".
1628:
6050:
7837:
3251:. Absorption efficiency, respiration, and prey size all further complicate how zooplankton are able to transform and deliver carbon to the
2758:
acquire chloroplasts from its prey. "It cannot catch the cryptophytes by itself, and instead relies on ingesting ciliates such as the red
1777:
8185:
6009:
4001:
Brown, James H.; Gillooly, James F.; Allen, Andrew P.; Savage, Van M.; West, Geoffrey B. (2004). "Toward a
Metabolic Theory of Ecology".
1913:
1261:. As a result, zooplankton are primarily found in surface waters where food resources (phytoplankton or other zooplankton) are abundant.
5843:
Bernhard, J. M.; Bowser, S.M. (1999). "Benthic
Foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology".
5068:
Gast, R. J.; Caron, D. A. (1996-11-01). "Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates from planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria".
2999:
in coastal waters. Jellyfish are slow swimmers, and most species form part of the plankton. Traditionally jellyfish have been viewed as
7930:
6787:"Fate of organic carbon released from decomposing copepod fecal pellets in relation to bacterial production and ectoenzymatic activity"
6013:
4777:
Bertrand, Jean-Claude; Caumette, Pierre; Lebaron, Philippe; Matheron, Robert; Normand, Philippe; Sime-Ngando, Télesphore (2015-01-26).
561:
6291:
Stock, Charles; Dunne, John (2010). "Controls on the ratio of mesozooplankton production to primary production in marine ecosystems".
6109:
3657:
Jude, B.A.; Kirn, T.J.; Taylor R.K. (2005). "A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection".
6880:"Production of dissolved organic carbon by sloppy feeding in the copepods Acartia tonsa, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis"
8160:
1584:
1111:
1071:. Since they are typically small, zooplankton can respond rapidly to increases in phytoplankton abundance, for instance, during the
4427:
Calbet, Albert; Landry, Michael R. (2004). "Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and carbon cycling in marine systems".
2245:
8335:
8120:
7200:
2423:
1. Protists that retain chloroplasts and sometimes other organelles from one algal species or very closely related algal species
2193:
analysis that dinoflagellate symbiosis with radiolarians evolved independently from other dinoflagellate symbioses, such as with
2203:
705:— in other words, zooplankton cannot manufacture their own food, while phytoplankton can. As a result, zooplankton must acquire
7724:
7115:
3364:
5926:
5827:
4906:
4380:"Pelagic ecosystem structure: Heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relationship to plankton size fractions 1"
3580:
3550:
3476:
4805:
1969:
1473:
or organic tissues and debris. Historically, the protozoa were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess
1422:
of the plankton community. As the primary consumers of marine phytoplankton, microzooplankton consume ~ 59–75% daily of the
8922:
8350:
3745:"Shifts in Mass Scaling of Respiration, Feeding, and Growth Rates across Life-Form Transitions in Marine Pelagic Organisms"
3492:
1689:, are chambered (forams add more chambers as they grow). The shells are usually made of calcite, but are sometimes made of
8448:
8310:
7079:
4202:
2000:
1107:
8340:
6829:
6090:
5037:
4842:
4815:
4788:
4761:
4142:
3204:
1059:
Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources, zooplankton play a role in aquatic
2456:
2. Protists or zooplankton with algal endosymbionts of only one algal species or very closely related algal species
1925:
8912:
7975:
7830:
4751:
1056:
along the coast and in the open ocean) that affects nutrient availability and, in turn, phytoplankton production.
7031:
5301:
may invade and suppress specialist phago- and phototroph plankton communities depending on nutrient conditions".
4263:"Is oxygen limitation in warming waters a valid mechanism to explain decreased body sizes in aquatic ectotherms?"
3227:, zooplankton also play an important role as “recyclers” of carbon and other nutrients that significantly impact
5452:
5354:"Oceanic protists with different forms of acquired phototrophy display contrasting biogeographies and abundance"
2321:
The distinction between plants and animals often breaks down in very small organisms. Possible combinations are
2262:
8802:
5774:"DMSP-lyase activity in a spring phytoplankton bloom off the Dutch coast, related to Phaeocystis sp. abundance"
3152:. However, zooplankton grazing remains one of the key unknowns in global predictive models of carbon flux, the
2623:
554:
17:
6247:"Promoting Instrument Development for New Research Avenues in Ocean Science: Opening the Black Box of Grazing"
5971:
Geoff A. Boxhall; Danielle Defaye (2008). "Global diversity of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) in freshwater".
5222:
4778:
2668:
2564:
4519:
Liu, Kailin; Chen, Bingzhang; Zheng, Liping; Su, Suhong; Huang, Bangqin; Chen, Mianrun; Liu, Hongbin (2021).
3596:
3161:
3117:
3022:
That view has recently been challenged. Jellyfish, and more gelatinous zooplankton in general, which include
2764:, which sequester their chloroplasts from a specific cryptophyte clade (Geminigera/Plagioselmis/Teleaulax)".
964:
599:
417:
7043:
1985:
8822:
8807:
7789:
3426:
3384:
Grazing and fragmentation of particles at both sites increases nutrient recycling in the upper water column
3228:
1856:
457:
6504:
Behrenfeld, Michael J. (2010). "Abandoning
Sverdrup's Critical Depth Hypothesis on phytoplankton blooms".
8817:
7823:
7714:
7225:
5692:
5119:
5115:
4623:"Microzooplankton grazing in the oceans: Impacts, data variability, knowledge gaps and future directions"
4321:
2368:
Mixotrophic zooplankton that combine phototrophy and heterotrophy – table based on
Stoecker et al., 2017
146:
5589:"Intra-host Symbiont Diversity and Extended Symbiont Maintenance in Photosymbiotic Acantharea (Clade F)"
46:
8125:
7704:
7205:
7170:
6362:
Worden, A. Z.; Follows, M. J.; Giovannoni, S. J.; Wilken, S.; Zimmerman, A. E.; Keeling, P. J. (2015).
5918:
3446:
3284:
2883:
2295:
2285:
1401:
1306:, in which field observations showed that larger species tend to be found at higher, colder latitudes.
508:
240:
115:
5203:
4704:
256:
8433:
8327:
7759:
5242:"Evidence for the Ubiquity of Mixotrophic Bacteria in the Upper Ocean: Implications and Consequences"
4925:
3405:
3149:
3132:
providers of marine trophic pathways, but they appear to have substantial and integral roles in deep
2728:
By trophic orientation, dinoflagellates are all over the place. Some dinoflagellates are known to be
1423:
547:
472:
245:
6607:"Prediction of the Export and Fate of Global Ocean Net Primary Production: The EXPORTS Science Plan"
5669:
4973:"Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists"
2961:
2713:. Mixotrophic foraminifers are particularly common in nutrient-poor oceanic waters. Some forams are
8907:
8886:
8679:
8674:
7970:
7421:
7293:
7280:
6195:
Choy, C.A., Haddock, S.H. and
Robison, B.H. (2017) "Deep pelagic food web structure as revealed by
6144:, Doyle, T.K. and Houghton, J.D. (2018) "A paradigm shift in the trophic importance of jellyfish?"
3279:
3244:
2647:
2054:
2041:
1163:
6463:
Mariani, Patrizio; Andersen, Ken H.; Visser, André W.; Barton, Andrew D.; Kiørboe, Thomas (2013).
5942:
4875:
8587:
8398:
8292:
8020:
8010:
7699:
7679:
7145:
6058:
5718:
3503:
3431:
2946:
2209:
1690:
1037:
493:
462:
139:
6924:
Halfter, Svenja; Cavan, Emma L.; Swadling, Kerrie M.; Eriksen, Ruth S.; Boyd, Philip W. (2020).
4086:"Temperature, Growth Rate, and Body Size in Ectotherms: Fitting Pieces of a Life-History Puzzle"
3792:
2826:
2473:
2057:, and thus belong to the zooplankton community. Their name comes from the Greek "dinos" meaning
8413:
8403:
8105:
8090:
7709:
7561:
7072:
6847:"Sloppy feeding in marine copepods: Prey-size-dependent production of dissolved organic carbon"
5664:
4921:
3016:
2980:
2535:
1314:
1032:
existence. Although zooplankton are primarily transported by ambient water currents, many have
955:
590:
467:
340:
6080:
6017:
8832:
8759:
8694:
8559:
8534:
8509:
8393:
8140:
7920:
7754:
7581:
7524:
7259:
7125:
4375:
3083:
2501:
2467:
2007:
1013:
6420:
Steinberg, Deborah K.; Landry, Michael R. (2017). "Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle".
3850:
2792:
1457:
8917:
8567:
8529:
7860:
7506:
7306:
7210:
7175:
6981:
6891:
6756:
6718:
6673:
6560:
6513:
6476:
6429:
6300:
6242:
5852:
5788:
5730:
5656:
5533:
5420:
5310:
5253:
5158:
4716:
4667:
4595:
4532:
4436:
4391:
4333:
4274:
4167:
4045:
4010:
3957:
3890:
3807:
3668:
2931:
2434:
1313:
in planktonic ecosystems and is thus a critical factor in regulating the efficiency of the
1298:
397:
161:
6364:"Rethinking the marine carbon cycle: Factoring in the multifarious lifestyles of microbes"
5651:. Iron Resources and Oceanic Nutrients – Advancement of Global Environmental Simulations.
5081:
4573:
4521:"What controls microzooplankton biomass and herbivory rate across marginal seas of China?"
1348:
717:
such as phytoplankton, which are generally smaller than zooplankton. Most zooplankton are
8:
8789:
8443:
8252:
8210:
7980:
7940:
7749:
7684:
7451:
7440:
7317:
7300:
6441:
5432:
4345:
3819:
3521:
3436:
3264:
2772:
2748:. Others predate other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic. Many dinoflagellates are
1439:
1419:
1025:
1020:
organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the
976:
769:
611:
481:
402:
320:
6985:
6895:
6760:
6722:
6703:"Effects of diet on release of dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients by the copepod
6677:
6564:
6549:"Floats with bio-optical sensors reveal what processes trigger the North Atlantic bloom"
6517:
6480:
6433:
6304:
5856:
5792:
5734:
5660:
5537:
5424:
5314:
5257:
5162:
4720:
4671:
4599:
4536:
4440:
4395:
4337:
4278:
4171:
4049:
4014:
3961:
3894:
3811:
3672:
3404:, including the production of fecal pellets, mucous feeding webs, molts, and carcasses.
2841:
8709:
8704:
8572:
8514:
8408:
8257:
8175:
8060:
8040:
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7893:
6947:
6581:
6548:
6393:
5990:
5895:
5891:
5754:
5623:
5588:
5564:
5521:
5444:
5378:
5353:
5334:
5274:
5241:
5179:
5142:
4997:
4972:
4685:
4656:"Combined constraints on global ocean primary production using observations and models"
4558:
4462:
4409:
4302:
4243:
3978:
3945:
3911:
3878:
3772:
3692:
3441:
3326:
3239:
waters of the open ocean. Through sloppy feeding, excretion, egestion, and leaching of
2889:
1886:
1438:
Because plankton are rarely fished, it has been argued that mesoplankton abundance and
1303:
1265:
486:
422:
304:
5864:
5587:
Mars
Brisbin, Margaret; Grossmann, Mary M.; Mesrop, Lisa Y.; Mitarai, Satoshi (2018).
4940:"A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)"
4179:
4134:
3744:
3353:
3315:
8719:
8597:
8544:
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8130:
8095:
8035:
7995:
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7935:
7846:
7644:
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7456:
7375:
7220:
7140:
7065:
6951:
6825:
6586:
6529:
6445:
6397:
6385:
6086:
5922:
5823:
5746:
5628:
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5569:
5551:
5502:
5436:
5383:
5326:
5279:
5184:
5093:
5085:
5033:
5002:
4902:
4848:
4838:
4811:
4784:
4757:
4732:
4689:
4562:
4550:
4357:
4349:
4297:
4247:
4235:
4183:
4138:
4107:
4061:
3983:
3916:
3831:
3764:
3684:
3576:
3546:
3472:
3347:
resting spores, which bypass the intense grazing pressure, followed by fecal pellets.
3331:
3165:
3133:
2358:
1619:
1268:
1084:
1033:
726:
718:
687:
534:
427:
208:
134:
5994:
5899:
5448:
5338:
4466:
4413:
4306:
3776:
1953:
8827:
8519:
8423:
8375:
8287:
8180:
7878:
7586:
7566:
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7250:
6937:
6899:
6858:
6798:
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6726:
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6618:
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6484:
6437:
6375:
6342:
6308:
6258:
6208:
6177:
6153:
6121:
5982:
5887:
5860:
5796:
5758:
5738:
5674:
5618:
5600:
5559:
5541:
5492:
5482:
5428:
5373:
5365:
5318:
5269:
5261:
5204:"Beware the mixotrophs – they can destroy entire ecosystems 'in a matter of hours'"
5174:
5166:
5077:
5025:
4992:
4984:
4951:
4724:
4675:
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4603:
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3756:
3723:
3696:
3676:
3659:
3630:
3196:
3184:
2760:
2754:
2744:
of marine animals and other protists, and play an important part in the biology of
2448:
2399:
Protists that retain chloroplasts and rarely other organelles from many algal taxa
1796:
1415:
1242:
1076:
891:
844:
129:
88:
7013:
6331:"Diagnosing Mechanisms of Ocean Carbon Export in a Satellite-Based Food Web Model"
4728:
56:
8797:
8764:
8625:
8577:
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8428:
8237:
8190:
8115:
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192:
6768:
3269:
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7990:
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6572:
6275:
6222:
6157:
4057:
3969:
3931:
3902:
3644:
3507:
3369:
3248:
3160:
Grazing is a central, rate-setting process in ocean ecosystems and a driver of
3145:
3108:
2847:
2729:
2722:
2710:
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2236:
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1571:
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757:
412:
392:
360:
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197:
107:
93:
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6904:
6879:
6489:
6464:
6312:
6263:
6246:
5986:
5322:
5170:
4988:
4832:
4711:. Impact of climate variability on marine ecosystems: A comparative approach.
4607:
4448:
4404:
4379:
1833:
1821:
1664:
1652:
8901:
8875:
8769:
8734:
8635:
8630:
8605:
8135:
8100:
8075:
7925:
7888:
7774:
7744:
7629:
7624:
7351:
7328:
7265:
7235:
7230:
7052:
6623:
6606:
6347:
6330:
5973:
5614:
5605:
5555:
5089:
4736:
4554:
4501:
4484:
4353:
3634:
3335:
3220:
3192:
3012:
3000:
2952:
2922:
2608:
2531:
2027:
1553:
1501:
1470:
1310:
1238:
1223:
1067:(including fish), and as a conduit for packaging the organic material in the
1064:
831:
745:
691:
679:
640:
636:
365:
219:
151:
64:
7010:
Short film narrated by David Attenborough about the varied roles of plankton
6863:
6846:
6380:
6363:
5546:
4780:
Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications: Microbial Ecology
4639:
4622:
4221:
3728:
3711:
8861:
8640:
8620:
8524:
8262:
8145:
8065:
8025:
8015:
7985:
7769:
7664:
7591:
7546:
7518:
7415:
7391:
7240:
7165:
7135:
7130:
7120:
6590:
6533:
6449:
6389:
6212:
5750:
5632:
5573:
5506:
5440:
5387:
5369:
5330:
5283:
5188:
5006:
4852:
4361:
4239:
4187:
4111:
4102:
4085:
4065:
3987:
3920:
3879:"Macroscale patterns of oceanic zooplankton composition and size structure"
3835:
3768:
3688:
3374:
3240:
3236:
3066:
3059:
3047:
2996:
2855:
2807:
2803:
2741:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2552:
2548:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2194:
2171:
2158:
2110:
Traditionally dinoflagellates have been presented as armoured or unarmoured
1678:
1505:
1405:
1199:
1139:
1072:
1017:
1009:
807:
785:
749:
407:
355:
345:
285:
181:
156:
83:
78:
5693:"Welcome to the Phaeocystis antarctica genome sequencing project homepage"
5469:
Mitra, A; Flynn, KJ; Tillmann, U; Raven, J; Caron, D; et al. (2016).
5097:
1543:
8774:
8749:
8744:
8714:
8497:
8473:
8438:
8247:
8070:
8030:
7883:
7734:
7719:
7669:
7358:
7155:
7150:
7105:
6141:
5265:
3035:
2869:
2788:
2749:
2737:
2718:
2694:
2658:
2653:
2540:
2526:
2342:
2334:
2307:
2298:, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete
2126:
1976:
1722:
1615:
1562:
1509:
1494:
1282:
1254:
1246:
1235:
1053:
1045:
943:
939:
753:
695:
683:
578:
503:
498:
447:
387:
379:
290:
7025:
5497:
4457:
4230:
3680:
2752:
and could also be classified as phytoplankton. The toxic dinoflagellate
648:
8754:
8689:
8478:
8458:
8242:
8215:
8000:
7913:
7619:
7556:
7485:
7477:
7275:
7270:
7215:
7028:. A global coverage database of zooplankton biomass and abundance data.
7019:
6686:
6649:
6603:
5801:
3827:
3410:
3340:
3252:
3074:
3070:
3027:
2984:
2745:
2733:
2594:
2521:
2486:
2441:
2427:
2412:
2350:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2299:
2098:
2050:
1867:
1710:
1534:
1297:
Body size has been defined as a "master trait" for plankton as it is a
1167:
1143:
789:
644:
213:
124:
8870:
6803:
6786:
6731:
6702:
6525:
4680:
4655:
4545:
4520:
4287:
4262:
2086:
647:), which are the plant-like component of the plankton community (the "
27:
Heterotrophic protistan or metazoan members of the plankton ecosystem
8779:
8684:
8468:
8232:
8225:
8200:
8110:
7815:
7689:
7674:
7614:
7596:
7576:
7551:
7512:
7500:
7340:
5742:
3793:"Characteristic Sizes of Life in the Oceans, from Bacteria to Whales"
3157:
changes in phytoplankton biomass or optical properties with grazing.
3089:
3063:
3039:
3008:
2988:
2910:
2698:
2570:
2346:
2338:
2291:
2281:
2232:
2178:
2167:
1800:
1486:
1482:
1462:
1318:
1286:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1080:
1049:
823:
816:
796:
777:
765:
730:
722:
6125:
4022:
3851:"Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse"
1877:
586:
8729:
8539:
8085:
8080:
8005:
7739:
7445:
7404:
7386:
7160:
7097:
7088:
5020:
Boltovskoy, Demetrio; Anderson, O. Roger; Correa, Nancy M. (2017).
4621:
Schmoker, Claire; Hernández-León, Santiago; Calbet, Albert (2013).
3760:
3104:
3055:
2861:
2818:
2811:
2799:
2482:
2268:
2227:
2182:
2070:
1478:
1250:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1187:
1179:
1155:
1060:
1001:
997:
947:
827:
781:
714:
706:
702:
582:
229:
38:
6007:
5645:
5586:
4260:
3946:"A unifying theory for top-heavy ecosystem structure in the ocean"
3144:
Grazing by single-celled zooplankton accounts for the majority of
1602:
Also like diatoms, radiolarian shells are usually made of silicate
8739:
8699:
8669:
8647:
8267:
8055:
7955:
7799:
7729:
7606:
7345:
7040:
6961:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
6634:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
6274:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
6221:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
4654:
Buitenhuis, Erik T.; Hashioka, Taketo; Quéré, Corinne Le (2013).
4572:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3944:
Woodson, C. Brock; Schramski, John R.; Joye, Samantha B. (2018).
3930:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3643:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3414:
3043:
2967:
2832:
2783:
2612:
2589:
2353:. They can take advantage of different environmental conditions.
2023:
1937:
1901:
1466:
1408:
1278:
1175:
1135:
1029:
1005:
812:
773:
710:
8488:
7858:
4129:. Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 25. pp. 1–58.
3062:
consume the greatest diversity of mesopelagic prey, followed by
1271:. Crustacean zooplankton have been found to house the bacterium
744:
that prey on other microscopic life) are zooplankton, including
8724:
8050:
7461:
7432:
6039:
Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea
5970:
4776:
3876:
3656:
3497:
3344:
2914:
2706:
1897:
1896:
1694:
1474:
1281:, by allowing the cholera vibrios to attach to their chitinous
1258:
1191:
1183:
1021:
224:
186:
7007:
6079:
Allen, Dr. Larry G.; Horn, Dr. Michael H. (15 February 2006).
5716:
5696:
4127:
Temperature and Organism Size—A Biological Law for Ectotherms?
1578:, provide valuable information about past oceanic conditions.
930:
880:
6957:
6630:
6465:"Control of plankton seasonal succession by adaptive grazing"
6361:
6270:
6217:
5404:
Stoecker, D.K.; Hansen, P.J.; Caron, D.A.; Mitra, A. (2017).
4568:
4200:
3926:
3789:
3639:
2992:
2938:
2875:
2686:
1919:
Naked amoeba sketch showing food vacuoles and ingested diatom
1490:
1195:
819:
675:
629:
617:
6082:
The Ecology of Marine Fishes: California and Adjacent Waters
4834:
Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
4620:
8220:
7779:
7057:
7001:
6923:
6462:
6329:
Bisson, Kelsey; Siegel, David A.; Devries, Timothy (2020).
3396:
Zooplankton play a critical role in supporting the ocean's
3123:
3051:
3031:
3023:
2685:
A number of forams are mixotrophic. These have unicellular
2403:
1222:
range includes a similarly wide range in feeding behavior:
1215:
988:
969:
921:
906:
900:
871:
859:
853:
659:
625:
604:
7035:
7032:
Guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia
4035:
2053:
with about 2,000 marine species. Some dinoflagellates are
1634:
Cutaway schematic diagram of a spherical radiolarian shell
8282:
8272:
6241:
6008:
Johannes Dürbaum; Thorsten Künnemann (November 5, 1997).
5141:
Brand, Larry E.; Campbell, Lisa; Bresnan, Eileen (2012).
4485:"The trophic roles of microzooplankton in marine systems"
3710:
Litchman, Elena; Ohman, Mark D.; Kiørboe, Thomas (2013).
2345:
or other combinations of these. Mixotrophs can be either
2190:
918:
868:
621:
6974:
6818:
Hansell, Dennis A.; Carlson, Craig A. (2 October 2014).
5878:
Stoecker DK (1999). "Mixotrophy among Dinoflagellates".
5403:
5019:
4894:
4320:
Steinberg, Deborah K.; Landry, Michael R. (2017-01-03).
4000:
3570:
2530:
is an important algal genus found as part of the marine
2130:, one of the few naked dinoflagellates which lack armour
6978:
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2019 Abstracts
6293:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
6201:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5468:
5358:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5351:
4653:
4203:"Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome"
4084:
Angilletta, M. J.; Steury, T. D.; Sears, M. W. (2004).
3308:
Comparison of zooplankton-mediated carbon cycles
1128:
These models also have temporal and spatial components.
6963:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
6662:
through sloppy feeding and leakage from fecal pellets"
6636:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
6276:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
6223:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5772:
J, Stefels; L, Dijkhuizen; WWC, Gieskes (1995-07-20).
5522:"An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton"
4574:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3932:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3645:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
6546:
5943:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Copepoda"
5519:
4083:
2161:
radiolarians can be in symbiosis with dinoflagellates
1734:
Foraminiferans are important unicellular zooplankton
1570:
radiolarians die and become preserved as part of the
1351:
924:
897:
894:
874:
850:
6085:. University of California Press. pp. 269–319.
5842:
5140:
4374:
3943:
3709:
3258:
996:
Zooplankton is a categorization spanning a range of
927:
915:
912:
877:
865:
862:
6328:
5297:Katechakis A, Stibor H (July 2006). "The mixotroph
4895:Hemleben, C.; Anderson, O.R.; Spindler, M. (1989).
4703:Mackas, David L.; Beaugrand, Gregory (2010-02-10).
3712:"Trait-based approaches to zooplankton communities"
3597:"How We Do Things at IISD-ELA: Researching Mercury"
3566:
3564:
3562:
3219:In addition to linking primary producers to higher
3042:as well as various birds and invertebrates such as
2736:, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (
1138:important protozoan zooplankton groups include the
982:
909:
847:
7053:An Image-Based Key to Zooplankton of North America
6821:Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter
6749:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
6745:
6700:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
4870:
4868:
4585:
3247:(DOM) which controls DOM cycling and supports the
1400:Microzooplankton are defined as heterotrophic and
1357:
6647:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
5921:: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 683–692.
4079:
4077:
4075:
2917:of fish ("ichthyo" comes from the Greek word for
8899:
5912:
5296:
3559:
2896:
811:Zooplankton sample including several species of
7041:Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Project
6419:
6228:
6104:
6102:
5526:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5399:
5397:
4865:
4702:
4319:
3291:Saba et al. (2009) and Steinberg et al. (2017).
2798:In addition to copepods the crustacean classes
2294:is an organism that can use a mix of different
1799:were constructed from limestone that contained
1552: Drawings by
1309:In the oceans, size is critical in determining
7004:Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
6919:
6917:
6915:
6817:
6547:Mignot, A.; Ferrari, R.; Claustre, H. (2018).
6404:
6245:; Slade, Wayne Homer; Dierssen, Heidi (2021).
5223:"Microscopic body snatchers infest our oceans"
4971:Dawson, Scott C; Paredez, Alexander R (2013).
4518:
4072:
3872:
3870:
3868:
2318:or by enslaving the entire phototrophic cell.
2181:within their tests. The nassellarian provides
1771:streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food
1590:Like diatoms, radiolarians come in many shapes
1245:, phytoplankton, other zooplankton (sometimes
8121:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
7831:
7073:
7036:Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute
6784:
6324:
6322:
4970:
4478:
4476:
4157:
3195:, while the darker blue waters represent the
2814:are planktonic only during the larval stage.
2791:made of calcium carbonate and usually have a
2146:extrudes a large feeding veil to capture prey
555:
6286:
6284:
6099:
5394:
4426:
3742:
2782:Free-living species in the crustacean class
2732:, but a large fraction of these are in fact
8186:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
6912:
6780:
6778:
6701:Saba, GK; Steinberg, DK; Bronk, DA (2009).
6191:
6189:
6137:
6135:
6133:
5147:: The biology and ecology of a toxic genus"
4890:
4888:
3865:
1411:, including ciliates, dinoflagellates, and
903:
856:
682:(other-feeding), whereas phytoplankton are
666:
7838:
7824:
7080:
7066:
6871:
6838:
6811:
6648:Møller, EF; Thor, P.; Nielsen, TG (2003).
6641:
6503:
6319:
6290:
6014:Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
4964:
4514:
4512:
4473:
3743:Kiørboe, Thomas; Hirst, Andrew G. (2014).
3545:. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall College.
3377:, which leaves large particles for export.
3214:
2547:is an important contributor to the marine
2073:may be the most basal flagellate lineage.
1753:section showing chambers of a spiral foram
1469:that feed on organic matter such as other
1154:). Important metazoan zooplankton include
764:. Macroscopic zooplankton include pelagic
562:
548:
6941:
6903:
6862:
6802:
6730:
6685:
6622:
6580:
6488:
6379:
6346:
6281:
6262:
6078:
6072:
5822:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5800:
5668:
5622:
5604:
5563:
5545:
5496:
5486:
5462:
5377:
5345:
5273:
5178:
5067:
4996:
4955:
4753:The Cell: Evolution of the First Organism
4679:
4638:
4544:
4500:
4456:
4403:
4378:; Smetacek, Victor; Lenz, Jürgen (1978).
4296:
4286:
4229:
4101:
3977:
3910:
3877:Brandão, Manoela C.; et al. (2021).
3727:
3575:. Burlington, MA: Elsevier. p. 314.
3334:in summer, high iron levels lead to high
2975:
2256:produces red tides highly toxic to humans
1075:. Zooplankton are also a key link in the
6775:
6739:
6694:
6186:
6130:
5877:
5815:
5057:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5052:
4885:
4880:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4705:"Comparisons of zooplankton time series"
4322:"Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle"
4124:
3848:
3571:Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R. (1993).
3268:
3235:. This is particularly important in the
3203:
2771:
1575:
1063:, as a resource for consumers on higher
806:
761:
671:'plant', although taxonomically
5239:
5201:
4937:
4931:
4803:
4509:
3573:Biological Oceanography An Introduction
3540:
3468:Plankton: Wonders of the Drifting World
1241:as seen in corals. Zooplankton feed on
14:
8900:
7845:
6877:
6844:
6785:Thor, P.; Dam, HG; Rogers, DR (2003).
6010:"Biology of Copepods: An Introduction"
5880:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
5220:
4830:
4482:
3464:
2314:—and others that acquire them through
2104: Unarmoured
1665:Ernst Haeckel's radiolarian engravings
1292:
1040:) or to increase prey encounter rate.
8374:
8373:
7857:
7819:
7061:
7026:COPEPOD: The global plankton database
5771:
5233:
5082:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025684
4749:
3107:is made up of hundreds of individual
2214:is recognisable by its U-shaped horns
1016:lies within the plankton, as well as
7022:Short documentary films & photos
6442:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924
6043:
5433:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060617
5024:. Springer, Cham. pp. 731–763.
4346:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924
3820:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034144
3139:
2767:
2693:, from diverse lineages such as the
2092: Armoured
2061:and the Latin "flagellum" meaning a
1735:
1566:
1404:plankton. They primarily consist of
1091:Typical models featuring zooplankton
729:, meaning they can be seen with the
8449:Oceanic physical-biological process
8311:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
5406:"Mixotrophy in the marine plankton"
5112:"Protozoa Infecting Gills and Skin"
4090:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2030:. The mouth is at the bottom right.
1618:radiolarians have shells made from
1446:
1395:
651:" prefix comes from Ancient Greek:
635:Zooplankton can be contrasted with
24:
6055:Southwest Fisheries Science Center
5906:
5892:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x
5639:
5580:
5513:
4201:Sunagawa, S.; et al. (2015).
3289:Adapted from Møller et al. (2005),
2901:
2035:
1956:testate amoeba covered in diatoms
1433:
25:
8934:
6995:
6146:Trends in ecology & evolution
4160:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4038:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3259:Sloppy feeding and release of DOM
1834:Foraminiferal networks and growth
1716:...can have more than one nucleus
1672:
1458:marine protists § Protozoans
1036:, used to avoid predators (as in
686:(self-feeding), often generating
8882:
8881:
8869:
8855:
8487:
8159:
7976:Colored dissolved organic matter
7184:
6956:
6629:
6269:
6216:
4567:
3925:
3638:
3465:Sardet, Christian (2015-06-05).
3391:
3352:
3343:. The main export particles are
3314:
3177:
3116:
3096:
3082:
3003:dead ends, minor players in the
2960:
2945:
2930:
2882:
2868:
2854:
2840:
2825:
2678:algal foam washing up on a beach
2667:
2646:
2622:
2601:
2581:
2563:
2459:
2426:
2402:
2261:
2244:
2219:
2202:
2151:
2135:
2118:
2097:
2085:
2015:
1999:
1984:
1968:
1946:
1924:
1912:
1876:
1855:
1828:
1816:
1788:
1776:
1758:
1746:
1721:
1709:
1659:
1647:
1627:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1542:
1533:
1095:
890:
843:
529:
528:
45:
8321:Latin America and the Caribbean
6968:
6597:
6540:
6497:
6456:
6422:Annual Review of Marine Science
6355:
6162:
6032:
6001:
5964:
5953:from the original on 2019-06-30
5935:
5871:
5836:
5809:
5765:
5710:
5685:
5413:Annual Review of Marine Science
5290:
5214:
5202:Collins, Richard (2016-11-14).
5195:
5134:
5104:
5070:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5061:
5046:
5013:
4977:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
4915:
4824:
4807:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
4797:
4770:
4743:
4696:
4647:
4614:
4579:
4420:
4368:
4326:Annual Review of Marine Science
4313:
4267:Global Ecology and Biogeography
4254:
4194:
4151:
4118:
4029:
3994:
3937:
3842:
3800:Annual Review of Marine Science
3783:
3736:
3471:. University of Chicago Press.
2721:from ingested algae to conduct
1519:
1123:Lower left: Size-spectra models
993:, 'wanderer; drifter'.
737:
8803:Ecological values of mangroves
8346:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
6711:Marine Ecology Progress Series
6666:Marine Ecology Progress Series
5816:Marshall, K. C. (2013-11-11).
5781:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4928:. Retrieved: 18 November 2019.
4922:Foraminifera: History of Study
4898:Modern Planktonic Foraminifera
4489:ICES Journal of Marine Science
3703:
3650:
3614:
3589:
3534:
3527:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3514:
3485:
3458:
3365:High nutrient, low chlorophyll
3007:, gelatinous organisms with a
2810:also have planktonic members.
2415:ciliates that retain plastids
2166:Dinoflagellates often live in
1489:, as found in plants and many
1264:Zooplankton can also act as a
1121:
1104:
13:
1:
7116:High lipid content microalgae
5865:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00017-3
5819:Advances in Microbial Ecology
4750:Panno, Joseph (14 May 2014).
4729:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.030
4180:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01058-6
4135:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60212-3
3452:
3275:Sloppy feeding by zooplankton
3162:marine biogeochemical cycling
2897:Holoplankton and meroplankton
2520:species are endosymbionts to
2275:
1451:
1418:. Microzooplankton are major
1218:and juvenile fish. This wide
1150:(the last of these are often
418:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
8823:Marine conservation activism
8808:Fisheries and climate change
7087:
6851:Journal of Plankton Research
6182:10.1371/journal.pone.0031329
6057:. 2007-09-03. Archived from
5679:10.1016/j.seares.2004.01.008
5488:10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003
5030:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19
4957:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111
4882:. Accessed: 2 November 2019.
4876:"Plankton – Animal plankton"
4804:Madigan, Michael T. (2012).
4660:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
4627:Journal of Plankton Research
3716:Journal of Plankton Research
3427:Census of Marine Zooplankton
3229:marine biogeochemical cycles
2296:sources of energy and carbon
2049:are a phylum of unicellular
989:
970:
834:(9) (Photo by Iole Di Capua)
660:
605:
7:
8923:Oceanographical terminology
8818:Human impact on marine life
8695:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
7931:Aquatic population dynamics
7715:Fish diseases and parasites
7226:Photosynthetic picoplankton
6930:Frontiers in Marine Science
6769:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.04.013
6611:Frontiers in Marine Science
6335:Frontiers in Marine Science
6251:Frontiers in Marine Science
6051:"What are Ichthyoplankton?"
5116:The Merck Veterinary Manual
3623:Frontiers in Marine Science
3420:
2534:around the world. It has a
2170:with other organisms. Many
1961:
802:
147:Photosynthetic picoplankton
10:
8939:
7705:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
7206:Heterotrophic picoplankton
6884:Limnology and Oceanography
6878:Møller, Eva Friis (2007).
6573:10.1038/s41467-017-02143-6
6469:Limnology and Oceanography
6158:10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001
5919:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
4831:Yaeger, Robert G. (1996).
4588:Limnology and Oceanography
4525:Limnology and Oceanography
4429:Limnology and Oceanography
4384:Limnology and Oceanography
4058:10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.005
3970:10.1038/s41467-017-02450-y
3903:10.1038/s41598-021-94615-5
3447:Thin layers (oceanography)
3285:particulate organic carbon
3262:
2777:Octopus larva and pteropod
2611:(green) living inside the
2388:nonconstitutive mixotrophs
2286:Mixotrophic dinoflagellate
2279:
2039:
1783:Group of planktonic forams
1565:are unicellular predatory
1500:Marine protozoans include
1477:-like behaviours, such as
1455:
983:
959:
652:
594:
116:Heterotrophic picoplankton
8849:
8788:
8660:
8596:
8558:
8505:
8496:
8485:
8434:Marine primary production
8386:
8382:
8369:
8328:List of marine ecoregions
8303:
8168:
8157:
7871:
7867:
7853:
7760:Marine primary production
7657:
7605:
7542:
7533:
7476:
7431:
7336:
7327:
7249:
7193:
7182:
7095:
6943:10.3389/fmars.2020.567917
6905:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0079
6791:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
6490:10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0173
6313:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.006
6264:10.3389/fmars.2021.695938
5987:10.1007/s10750-007-9014-4
5913:Robert D. Barnes (1982).
5593:Frontiers in Microbiology
5323:10.1007/s00442-006-0413-4
5240:Eiler A (December 2006).
5171:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.020
4989:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.11.005
4926:University College London
4874:Wassilieff, Maggy (2006)
4709:Journal of Marine Systems
4608:10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0519
4449:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0051
4405:10.4319/lo.1978.23.6.1256
3543:Introductory Oceanography
3400:through various forms of
3327:Naturally iron-fertilized
3150:marine primary production
2508:
2419:
2384:
2376:
2373:
2366:
1841:
1827:
1815:
1810:
1658:
1646:
1641:
1424:marine primary production
1012:organisms whose complete
473:Marine primary production
8680:Coastal biogeomorphology
8675:Marine coastal ecosystem
7680:Algal nutrient solutions
7422:Thalassiosira pseudonana
7294:Flavobacterium columnare
7281:Enteric redmouth disease
6624:10.3389/fmars.2016.00022
6348:10.3389/fmars.2020.00505
5606:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01998
5053:Anderson, O. R. (1983).
5022:Handbook of the Protists
3635:10.3389/fmars.2017.00077
3280:dissolved organic carbon
3245:dissolved organic matter
2640:Mixotrophic radiolarians
2235:dinoflagellates, causes
2042:Predatory dinoflagellate
1849:Shelled and naked amoeba
1556:1904 (click for details)
784:, as well as planktonic
8913:Biological oceanography
8588:Paradox of the plankton
8399:Diel vertical migration
8293:Freshwater swamp forest
8011:GIS and aquatic science
7859:General components and
7700:Diel vertical migration
7216:Microphyte (microalgae)
7201:Eukaryotic picoplankton
7146:Paradox of the plankton
6381:10.1126/science.1257594
6199:feeding observations".
5649:Journal of Sea Research
5547:10.1073/pnas.1212303109
4756:. Infobase Publishing.
4483:Calbet, Albert (2008).
4222:10.1126/science.1261359
3849:Bergmann, Carl (1847).
3749:The American Naturalist
3541:Thurman, H. V. (1997).
3504:Oxford University Press
3432:Diel vertical migration
3215:Role in biogeochemistry
1728:...and defensive spines
1038:diel vertical migration
494:Paradox of the plankton
463:Diel vertical migration
8414:Large marine ecosystem
8106:Shoaling and schooling
7562:Gelatinous zooplankton
6980:. abstract #PP42C–12.
6845:Moller, E. F. (2004).
6650:"Production of DOC by
6213:10.1098/rspb.2017.2116
5370:10.1098/rspb.2017.0664
5299:Ochromonas tuberculata
5246:Appl Environ Microbiol
4502:10.1093/icesjms/fsn013
3294:
3243:, zooplankton release
3211:
3017:leatherback sea turtle
2981:Gelatinous zooplankton
2976:Gelatinous zooplankton
2779:
1693:sediment particles or
1359:
1315:biological carbon pump
1000:sizes including small
981:'animal'; and
835:
341:Gelatinous zooplankton
8833:Marine protected area
8760:Salt pannes and pools
8535:Marine larval ecology
8510:Census of Marine Life
8394:Deep scattering layer
8351:San Francisco Estuary
8316:Africa and Madagascar
8141:Underwater camouflage
7921:Aquatic biomonitoring
7861:freshwater ecosystems
7755:Marine microorganisms
7525:Velvet (fish disease)
7260:Aeromonas salmonicida
7126:Marine microorganisms
6864:10.1093/plankt/fbh147
6553:Nature Communications
6243:Menden-Deuer, Susanne
5947:www.marinespecies.org
5845:Earth-Science Reviews
5221:University, Swansea.
4810:. Benjamin Cummings.
4640:10.1093/plankt/fbt023
4298:10536/DRO/DU:30117155
4125:Atkinson, D. (1994).
3950:Nature Communications
3729:10.1093/plankt/fbt019
3500:UK English Dictionary
3361:Southern Ocean waters
3272:
3207:
2775:
2502:Noctiluca scintillans
2468:Noctiluca scintillans
2008:Blepharisma japonicum
1456:Further information:
1360:
1164:Portuguese Man o' War
1108:Biogeochemical models
810:
8568:Marine bacteriophage
8530:Marine invertebrates
7507:Pfiesteria piscicida
7307:Marine bacteriophage
7211:Marine microplankton
6652:Calanus finmarchicus
6108:Hamilton, G. (2016)
5915:Invertebrate Zoology
5266:10.1128/AEM.01559-06
4103:10.1093/icb/44.6.498
2937:Juvenile planktonic
2740:). Some species are
2616:Stichotricha secunda
2435:Dinophysis acuminata
1738:, with calcium tests
1653:Radiolarian geometry
1574:. These remains, as
1358:{\displaystyle <}
1349:
1335:type of zooplankton
620:, or by currents in
589:" prefix comes from
398:Cyanobacterial bloom
162:Marine microplankton
8444:Ocean fertilization
8253:Trophic state index
8211:Lake stratification
7941:Aquatic respiration
7750:Ocean acidification
7685:Artificial seawater
7452:Coscinodiscophyceae
7318:Streptococcus iniae
7301:Pelagibacter ubique
7020:Plankton Chronicles
7016:BBC Audio slideshow
6986:2019AGUFMPP42C..12D
6896:2007LimOc..52...79M
6761:2011JEMBE.404...47S
6723:2009MEPS..386..147S
6678:2003MEPS..262..185M
6565:2018NatCo...9..190M
6518:2010Ecol...91..977B
6481:2013LimOc..58..173M
6434:2017ARMS....9..413S
6305:2010DSRI...57...95S
5857:1999ESRv...46..149B
5793:1995MEPS..123..235S
5735:2000Natur.404..595D
5661:2005JSR....53...43S
5538:2012PNAS..10918000D
5532:(44): 18000–18005.
5425:2017ARMS....9..311S
5315:2006Oecol.148..692K
5258:2006ApEnM..72.7431E
5163:2012HAlga..14..156B
4901:. Springer-Verlag.
4721:2010JMS....79..286M
4672:2013GBioC..27..847B
4600:2012LimOc..57..519C
4537:2021LimOc..66...61L
4441:2004LimOc..49...51C
4396:1978LimOc..23.1256S
4376:Sieburth, John McN.
4338:2017ARMS....9..413S
4279:2019GloEB..28...64A
4172:1997TEcoE..12..235A
4050:2011TEcoE..26..285G
4015:2004Ecol...85.1771B
3962:2018NatCo...9...23W
3895:2021NatSR..1115714B
3812:2016ARMS....8..217A
3681:10.1038/nature04249
3673:2005Natur.438..863K
3437:Ocean acidification
3265:Zooplankton grazing
3103:This free-floating
2629:The dinoflagellate
2593:, a photosynthetic
2174:radiolarians house
2142:The dinoflagellate
1977:Stylonychia putrina
1931:Shell or test of a
1677:Like radiolarians,
1440:species composition
1389:0.2–20 millimeters
1293:Size classification
762:marine microanimals
678:). Zooplankton are
482:Ocean fertilization
403:Harmful algal bloom
321:Freshwater plankton
33:Part of a series on
8710:Intertidal wetland
8705:Intertidal ecology
8573:Marine prokaryotes
8515:Deep-sea community
8409:Iron fertilization
8332:Specific examples
8258:Upland and lowland
8176:Freshwater biology
8041:Microbial food web
7951:Aquatic toxicology
7894:Aquatic adaptation
7847:Aquatic ecosystems
7046:2008-12-01 at the
6824:. Academic Press.
6687:10.3354/meps262185
6207:(1868): 20172116.
5802:10.3354/meps123235
5364:(1860): 20170664.
3883:Scientific Reports
3530:. Merriam-Webster.
3442:Primary production
3295:
3212:
2780:
2656:radiolarian hosts
1887:Chaos carolinensis
1527:Radiolarian shapes
1355:
1259:nektonic organisms
836:
721:but some (such as
423:Great Calcite Belt
8895:
8894:
8876:Oceans portal
8845:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8720:Hydrothermal vent
8656:
8655:
8545:Seashore wildlife
8376:Marine ecosystems
8365:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8131:Thermal pollution
8096:Ramsar Convention
8036:Microbial ecology
7996:Fisheries science
7936:Aquatic predation
7813:
7812:
7653:
7652:
7640:Siphonostomatoida
7635:Poecilostomatoida
7587:Crustacean larvae
7491:Choanoflagellates
7472:
7471:
7462:Bacillariophyceae
7457:Fragilariophyceae
7376:Emiliania huxleyi
7221:Nanophytoplankton
7141:Milky seas effect
6804:10.3354/ame033279
6732:10.3354/meps08070
6526:10.1890/09-1207.1
6120:(7595): 432–435.
5928:978-0-03-056747-6
5829:978-1-4684-7612-5
5729:(6778): 595–598.
5717:DiTullio, G. R.;
4944:CICIMAR Oceánides
4908:978-3-540-96815-3
4681:10.1002/gbc.20074
4546:10.1002/lno.11588
4288:10.1111/geb.12847
3855:Göttinger Studien
3582:978-0-7506-3384-0
3552:978-0-13-262072-7
3510:on March 1, 2020.
3478:978-0-226-26534-6
3415:benthic organisms
3385:
3332:Kerguelen Plateau
3323:Kerguelen Plateau
3292:
3140:Role in food webs
3134:pelagic food webs
2768:Metazoa (animals)
2590:Euglena mutabilis
2515:
2514:
2511:
2481:Most mixotrophic
2380:Further examples
2361:was mixotrophic.
2310:, and those with
1839:
1838:
1797:Egyptian pyramids
1670:
1669:
1620:strontium sulfate
1393:
1392:
1378:microzooplankton
1247:cannibalistically
1129:
980:
968:
688:biological energy
670:
658:
615:
603:
581:component of the
572:
571:
428:Milky seas effect
135:Nanophytoplankton
16:(Redirected from
8930:
8885:
8884:
8878:
8874:
8873:
8864:
8862:Lakes portal
8860:
8859:
8858:
8828:Marine pollution
8520:Deep-water coral
8503:
8502:
8491:
8424:Marine chemistry
8384:
8383:
8371:
8370:
8288:Freshwater marsh
8181:Freshwater biome
8163:
7879:Acoustic ecology
7869:
7868:
7855:
7854:
7840:
7833:
7826:
7817:
7816:
7567:Hunting copepods
7540:
7539:
7365:Chaetocerotaceae
7334:
7333:
7251:Bacterioplankton
7188:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7059:
7058:
6990:
6989:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6955:
6945:
6921:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6782:
6773:
6772:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6584:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6417:
6402:
6401:
6383:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6326:
6317:
6316:
6288:
6279:
6273:
6268:
6266:
6239:
6226:
6220:
6193:
6184:
6166:
6160:
6139:
6128:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6047:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6016:. Archived from
6005:
5999:
5998:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5778:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5743:10.1038/35007061
5719:Grebmeier, J. M.
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5695:. Archived from
5689:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5626:
5608:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5549:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5451:. Archived from
5410:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5381:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5118:. Archived from
5108:
5102:
5101:
5076:(9): 1192–1197.
5065:
5059:
5058:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4938:Gómez F (2012).
4935:
4929:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4892:
4883:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4566:
4548:
4516:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4390:(6): 1256–1263.
4372:
4366:
4365:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4290:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4233:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4081:
4070:
4069:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4009:(7): 1771–1789.
3998:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3797:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3755:(4): E118–E130.
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3568:
3557:
3556:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3506:. Archived from
3489:
3483:
3482:
3462:
3383:
3356:
3318:
3288:
3231:, including the
3225:marine food webs
3185:Pelagic food web
3181:
3173:Pelagic food web
3120:
3100:
3086:
2964:
2949:
2934:
2886:
2872:
2858:
2844:
2829:
2761:Myrionecta rubra
2755:Dinophysis acuta
2671:
2650:
2631:Dinophysis acuta
2626:
2605:
2585:
2567:
2509:
2463:
2449:Myrionecta rubra
2430:
2406:
2364:
2363:
2265:
2248:
2223:
2206:
2155:
2139:
2122:
2101:
2089:
2019:
2003:
1988:
1972:
1950:
1928:
1916:
1900:can be shelled (
1880:
1859:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1780:
1762:
1750:
1725:
1713:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1546:
1537:
1447:Taxonomic groups
1396:Microzooplankton
1386:mesozooplankton
1370:nanozooplankton
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1343:picozooplankton
1332:
1331:
1243:bacterioplankton
1127:
1122:
1115:Ecosystem models
1112:
1105:
1099:
1077:biomagnification
1044:exist above the
992:
986:
985:
975:
973:
963:
961:
954:is derived from
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
668:
665:
663:
657:romanized:
656:
654:
610:
608:
598:
596:
585:community (the "
564:
557:
550:
537:
532:
531:
193:coccolithophores
130:Microzooplankton
89:Bacterioplankton
49:
30:
29:
21:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8927:
8908:Aquatic animals
8898:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8868:
8867:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8837:
8798:Coral bleaching
8784:
8765:Seagrass meadow
8662:Marine habitats
8652:
8626:Coral reef fish
8592:
8578:Marine protists
8554:
8492:
8483:
8454:Ocean turbidity
8429:Marine food web
8378:
8357:
8299:
8238:River ecosystem
8191:Freshwater fish
8164:
8155:
7961:Bioluminescence
7946:Aquatic science
7863:
7849:
7844:
7814:
7809:
7740:Marine mucilage
7695:Biological pump
7649:
7601:
7572:Ichthyoplankton
7529:
7496:Dinoflagellates
7468:
7427:
7398:Nannochloropsis
7382:Eustigmatophyte
7370:Coccolithophore
7323:
7245:
7189:
7180:
7111:CLAW hypothesis
7091:
7086:
7048:Wayback Machine
6998:
6993:
6973:
6969:
6922:
6913:
6876:
6872:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6816:
6812:
6783:
6776:
6744:
6740:
6699:
6695:
6646:
6642:
6602:
6598:
6545:
6541:
6502:
6498:
6461:
6457:
6418:
6405:
6360:
6356:
6327:
6320:
6289:
6282:
6240:
6229:
6194:
6187:
6167:
6163:
6152:(11): 874–884.
6140:
6131:
6126:10.1038/531432a
6107:
6100:
6093:
6077:
6073:
6064:
6062:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6020:on May 26, 2010
6006:
6002:
5969:
5965:
5956:
5954:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5911:
5907:
5876:
5872:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5715:
5711:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5670:10.1.1.319.9563
5644:
5640:
5585:
5581:
5518:
5514:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5408:
5402:
5395:
5350:
5346:
5295:
5291:
5238:
5234:
5219:
5215:
5200:
5196:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5122:on 3 March 2016
5110:
5109:
5105:
5066:
5062:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5018:
5014:
4969:
4965:
4936:
4932:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4893:
4886:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4748:
4744:
4701:
4697:
4652:
4648:
4619:
4615:
4584:
4580:
4517:
4510:
4481:
4474:
4425:
4421:
4373:
4369:
4318:
4314:
4259:
4255:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4123:
4119:
4082:
4073:
4034:
4030:
4023:10.1890/03-9000
3999:
3995:
3942:
3938:
3875:
3866:
3847:
3843:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3741:
3737:
3708:
3704:
3667:(7069): 863–6.
3655:
3651:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3569:
3560:
3553:
3539:
3535:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3423:
3398:biological pump
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3261:
3233:biological pump
3217:
3210:
3200:
3189:biological pump
3182:
3154:marine food web
3142:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3005:marine food web
2978:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2907:Ichthyoplankton
2904:
2902:Ichthyoplankton
2899:
2892:
2890:Blue ocean slug
2887:
2878:
2873:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2778:
2770:
2711:dinoflagellates
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2606:
2597:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2543:. As a result,
2498:
2480:
2474:Metazooplankton
2446:
2369:
2288:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2224:
2215:
2211:Tripos muelleri
2207:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2144:Protoperidinium
2140:
2131:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2079:Dinoflagellates
2047:Dinoflagellates
2044:
2038:
2036:Dinoflagellates
2031:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1817:
1811:External videos
1804:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1675:
1660:
1648:
1642:External videos
1635:
1632:
1623:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1514:dinoflagellates
1460:
1454:
1449:
1436:
1434:Mesozooplankton
1413:mesozooplankton
1398:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1304:Bergmann's rule
1295:
1277:, which causes
1274:Vibrio cholerae
1202:(arrow worms);
1148:dinoflagellates
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1069:biological pump
893:
889:
846:
842:
805:
758:dinoflagellates
740:(single-celled
699:carbon fixation
568:
527:
520:
519:
518:
477:
453:CLAW hypothesis
442:
434:
433:
432:
382:
372:
371:
370:
351:Ichthyoplankton
335:
327:
326:
325:
316:
300:Marine plankton
295:
280:
272:
271:
270:
261:
252:
236:
216:
204:
198:dinoflagellates
189:
176:
168:
167:
166:
120:
110:
100:
99:
98:
74:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8936:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8879:
8865:
8850:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8794:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8666:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8616:Saltwater fish
8613:
8611:Marine reptile
8608:
8602:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8583:Marine viruses
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8560:Microorganisms
8556:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8550:Wild fisheries
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8464:Thorson's rule
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8419:Marine biology
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8390:
8388:
8380:
8379:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8278:Brackish marsh
8275:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8206:Lake ecosystem
8203:
8198:
8196:Hyporheic zone
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8046:Microbial loop
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7991:Eutrophication
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7971:Cascade effect
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7899:Aquatic animal
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7865:
7864:
7851:
7850:
7843:
7842:
7835:
7828:
7820:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7765:Pseudoplankton
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7658:Related topics
7655:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7607:Copepod orders
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7522:
7515:
7510:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7482:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7443:
7437:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7418:
7413:
7411:Prasinophyceae
7408:
7401:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7287:Flavobacterium
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7038:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7008:Ocean Drifters
7005:
6997:
6996:External links
6994:
6992:
6991:
6967:
6911:
6870:
6837:
6830:
6810:
6774:
6755:(1–2): 47–56.
6738:
6693:
6660:C. Hyperboreus
6640:
6596:
6539:
6512:(4): 977–989.
6496:
6475:(1): 173–184.
6455:
6403:
6354:
6318:
6280:
6227:
6185:
6161:
6129:
6098:
6091:
6071:
6042:
6031:
6000:
5981:(1): 195–207.
5963:
5934:
5927:
5905:
5886:(4): 397–401.
5870:
5851:(1): 149–165.
5835:
5828:
5808:
5764:
5709:
5684:
5655:(1–2): 43–66.
5638:
5579:
5512:
5461:
5458:on 2019-02-27.
5393:
5344:
5309:(4): 692–701.
5289:
5252:(12): 7431–7.
5232:
5213:
5208:Irish Examiner
5194:
5133:
5103:
5060:
5045:
5038:
5012:
4983:(1): 134–141.
4963:
4930:
4914:
4907:
4884:
4864:
4843:
4823:
4816:
4796:
4789:
4769:
4762:
4742:
4715:(3): 286–304.
4695:
4666:(3): 847–858.
4646:
4633:(4): 691–706.
4613:
4594:(2): 519–526.
4578:
4508:
4495:(3): 325–331.
4472:
4419:
4367:
4332:(1): 413–444.
4312:
4253:
4193:
4166:(6): 235–239.
4150:
4143:
4117:
4096:(6): 498–509.
4071:
4044:(6): 285–291.
4028:
3993:
3936:
3864:
3841:
3782:
3761:10.1086/675241
3735:
3722:(3): 473–484.
3702:
3649:
3613:
3588:
3581:
3558:
3551:
3533:
3513:
3484:
3477:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3393:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3370:Southern Ocean
3359:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3273:
3260:
3257:
3249:microbial loop
3221:trophic levels
3216:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3146:organic carbon
3141:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3109:bioluminescent
3102:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3081:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2955:larvae (2.7mm)
2951:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2848:Segmented worm
2846:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2808:malacostracans
2793:single red eye
2776:
2769:
2766:
2730:photosynthetic
2723:photosynthesis
2673:
2666:
2665:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2524:radiolarians.
2513:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2302:at one end to
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2253:Karenia brevis
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:velvet disease
2225:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2187:carbon dioxide
2176:dinoflagellate
2164:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1933:testate amoeba
1930:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1884:Naked amoeba,
1883:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1863:Testate amoeba
1861:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1822:foraminiferans
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1768:Ammonia tepida
1764:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:Foraminiferans
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1679:foraminiferans
1674:
1673:Foraminiferans
1671:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1572:ocean sediment
1551:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1506:foraminiferans
1502:zooflagellates
1471:microorganisms
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1294:
1291:
1224:filter feeding
1140:foraminiferans
1133:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1065:trophic levels
1018:meroplanktonic
1010:holoplanktonic
1008:. It includes
804:
801:
750:foraminiferans
746:zooflagellates
692:macromolecules
570:
569:
567:
566:
559:
552:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
522:
521:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
490:
489:
478:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
443:
441:Related topics
440:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Eutrophication
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Critical depth
390:
384:
383:
378:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
363:
361:Pseudoplankton
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
324:
323:
317:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
296:
294:
293:
288:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
262:
260:
259:
253:
251:
250:
249:
248:
237:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
220:foraminiferans
217:
205:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
143:
142:
132:
127:
121:
119:
118:
112:
111:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
18:Sloppy feeding
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8935:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8888:
8880:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8863:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8770:Sponge ground
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8735:Marine biomes
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8649:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8636:Demersal fish
8634:
8632:
8631:Deep-sea fish
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8606:Marine mammal
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8490:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8136:Trophic level
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8101:Sediment trap
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8076:Phytoplankton
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7926:Aquatic plant
7924:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7889:Anoxic waters
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7827:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7775:Tychoplankton
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7745:Microbial mat
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7630:Monstrilloida
7628:
7626:
7625:Harpacticoida
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7582:Marine larvae
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7433:Diatom orders
7430:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7352:Bacteriastrum
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Phytoplankton
7326:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7266:Cyanobacteria
7264:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7236:Picoeukaryote
7234:
7232:
7231:Picobiliphyte
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7078:
7076:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6841:
6833:
6831:9780124071537
6827:
6823:
6822:
6814:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6781:
6779:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6742:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6706:
6705:Acartia tonsa
6697:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6644:
6637:
6632:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6358:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6323:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6299:(1): 95–112.
6298:
6294:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6179:
6176:(3): e31329.
6175:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6094:
6092:9780520932470
6088:
6084:
6083:
6075:
6061:on 2018-02-18
6060:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6035:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5974:Hydrobiologia
5967:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5930:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5699:on 2015-11-20
5698:
5694:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5481:(2): 106–20.
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5398:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5151:Harmful Algae
5148:
5146:
5137:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5039:9783319281476
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4958:
4953:
4950:(1): 65–140.
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4844:9780963117212
4840:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4817:9780321649638
4813:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4790:9789401791182
4786:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4763:9780816067367
4759:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4144:9780120139255
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3861:(1): 595–708.
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3522:"zooplankton"
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:"zooplankton"
3488:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3406:Fecal pellets
3403:
3402:carbon export
3399:
3392:Carbon export
3376:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3336:chlorophyll a
3333:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3303:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:fecal pellets
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3206:
3198:
3197:twilight zone
3194:
3193:euphotic zone
3190:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:siphonophores
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:sea cucumbers
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:ocean sunfish
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2953:Ocean sunfish
2948:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:juvenile fish
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2891:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:endosymbionts
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:kleptoplastic
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:endosymbionts
2688:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:Zoochlorellae
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:sulfur cycles
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2532:phytoplankton
2529:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2478:endosymbionts
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:endosymbionts
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:, a genus of
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2100:
2088:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2029:
2028:cyanobacteria
2026:is digesting
2025:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1724:
1712:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:, and lack a
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1444:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:trophic links
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:morphological
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:phytoplankton
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1116:
1109:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
978:
972:
966:
957:
956:Ancient Greek
953:
949:
945:
944:detritivorous
941:
940:heterotrophic
935:
885:
840:
833:
832:decapod larva
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
809:
800:
798:
793:
791:
790:bristle worms
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
696:chlorophyllic
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:heterotrophic
677:
674:
662:
650:
646:
642:
641:cyanobacteria
638:
637:phytoplankton
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
607:
601:
592:
591:Ancient Greek
588:
584:
580:
579:heterotrophic
576:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
545:
543:
542:
536:
526:
525:
524:
523:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
438:
437:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
376:
375:
367:
366:Tychoplankton
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
276:
275:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
254:
247:
246:cyanobacteria
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
172:
171:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Picoeukaryote
150:
148:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
117:
114:
113:
109:
104:
103:
95:
94:Virioplankton
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
71:
68:
66:
65:Phytoplankton
63:
62:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
8790:Conservation
8641:Pelagic fish
8621:Coastal fish
8525:Marine fungi
8263:Water garden
8150:
8146:Water column
8091:Productivity
8066:Pelagic zone
8026:Macrobenthos
8016:Hydrobiology
7986:Ecohydrology
7770:Stromatolite
7665:Aeroplankton
7592:Salmon louse
7547:Chaetognatha
7534:
7519:Symbiodinium
7517:
7505:
7420:
7416:Raphidophyte
7403:
7396:
7392:Stramenopile
7374:
7357:
7350:
7316:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7258:
7241:Picoplankton
7166:Spring bloom
7136:Mycoplankton
7131:Meroplankton
7121:Holoplankton
7014:Sea Drifters
6977:
6970:
6933:
6929:
6890:(1): 79–84.
6887:
6883:
6873:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6820:
6813:
6794:
6790:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6696:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:C. Glacialis
6655:
6651:
6643:
6614:
6610:
6599:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6425:
6421:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6338:
6334:
6296:
6292:
6254:
6250:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6149:
6145:
6117:
6113:
6081:
6074:
6063:. Retrieved
6059:the original
6054:
6045:
6034:
6022:. Retrieved
6018:the original
6003:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5955:. Retrieved
5946:
5937:
5914:
5908:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5818:
5811:
5784:
5780:
5767:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5701:. Retrieved
5697:the original
5687:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5498:10261/131722
5478:
5474:
5464:
5453:the original
5416:
5412:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5226:
5216:
5207:
5197:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5120:the original
5106:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5054:
5048:
5021:
5015:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4917:
4897:
4879:
4856:. Retrieved
4833:
4826:
4806:
4799:
4783:. Springer.
4779:
4772:
4752:
4745:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4531:(1): 61–75.
4528:
4524:
4492:
4488:
4458:10261/134985
4435:(1): 51–57.
4432:
4428:
4422:
4387:
4383:
4370:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4273:(2): 64–77.
4270:
4266:
4256:
4231:10261/117712
4213:
4209:
4196:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4126:
4120:
4093:
4089:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3889:(1): 15714.
3886:
3882:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3803:
3799:
3785:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3605:. Retrieved
3603:. 2017-04-05
3600:
3591:
3572:
3542:
3536:
3525:
3516:
3508:the original
3496:
3487:
3467:
3460:
3395:
3375:picoplankton
3360:
3322:
3296:
3274:
3237:oligotrophic
3218:
3159:
3143:
3130:
3060:narcomedusae
3021:
2997:Chaetognatha
2979:
2918:
2905:
2804:branchiopods
2797:
2781:
2759:
2753:
2727:
2719:chloroplasts
2717:, retaining
2703:golden algae
2684:
2675:
2657:
2630:
2615:
2588:
2574:
2559:Mixoplankton
2544:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2500:
2495:Foraminifera
2491:Polycystinea
2466:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2420:Specialists
2396:Generalists
2387:
2386:
2374:Description
2355:
2343:heterotrophy
2335:organotrophy
2320:
2316:kleptoplasty
2308:chloroplasts
2304:heterotrophy
2289:
2251:
2226:
2210:
2195:foraminifera
2172:nassellarian
2165:
2159:Nassellarian
2143:
2125:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2045:
2006:
1991:
1975:
1936:
1885:
1866:
1766:
1691:agglutinated
1682:
1676:
1576:microfossils
1563:Radiolarians
1561:
1520:Radiolarians
1510:radiolarians
1499:
1495:heterotrophy
1461:
1437:
1428:
1406:phagotrophic
1399:
1328:
1324:
1308:
1302:ago, namely
1296:
1283:exoskeletons
1272:
1263:
1220:phylogenetic
1200:chaetognaths
1144:radiolarians
1136:Ecologically
1134:
1106:Upper left:
1073:spring bloom
1058:
1042:
995:
951:
838:
837:
794:
754:radiolarians
735:
672:
634:
574:
573:
408:Spring bloom
356:Meroplankton
346:Holoplankton
286:Aeroplankton
214:radiolarians
157:Picoplankton
84:Mycoplankton
79:Mixoplankton
69:
57:Trophic mode
8918:Planktology
8775:Sponge reef
8750:Rocky shore
8745:Oyster reef
8715:Kelp forest
8598:Vertebrates
8498:Marine life
8474:Viral shunt
8439:Marine snow
8341:Maharashtra
8248:Stream pool
8151:Zooplankton
8071:Photic zone
8031:Meiobenthos
7884:Algal bloom
7735:Manta trawl
7720:Heterotroph
7670:Algaculture
7535:Zooplankton
7478:Flagellates
7359:Chaetoceros
7312:SAR11 clade
7171:Thin layers
7156:Planktology
7151:Planktivore
7106:Algal bloom
6797:: 279–288.
6717:: 147–161.
6672:: 185–191.
6428:: 413–444.
6024:December 8,
5787:: 235–243.
5419:: 311–335.
5157:: 156–178.
3828:11336/52445
3806:: 217–241.
3411:Jelly falls
3166:deep carbon
3075:cephalopods
3071:ctenophores
3028:ctenophores
2985:ctenophores
2821:zooplankton
2789:exoskeleton
2750:mixotrophic
2746:coral reefs
2738:phagotrophy
2734:mixotrophic
2695:green algae
2676:Phaeocystis
2659:Phaeocystis
2654:Acantharian
2545:Phaeocystis
2536:polymorphic
2527:Phaeocystis
2522:acantharian
2518:Phaeocystis
2476:with algal
2351:prokaryotic
2327:chemotrophy
2051:flagellates
1616:acantharian
1402:mixotrophic
1338:size range
1257:) and even
1255:marine snow
1236:autotrophic
1172:cladocerans
1168:crustaceans
1152:mixotrophic
1054:downwelling
1046:mesopelagic
952:zooplankton
950:. The word
942:(sometimes
839:Zooplankton
786:arrow worms
770:ctenophores
727:macroscopic
719:microscopic
684:autotrophic
575:Zooplankton
509:Thin layers
504:Planktology
499:Planktivore
448:Algaculture
388:Algal bloom
334:Other types
305:prokaryotes
291:Geoplankton
175:By taxonomy
70:Zooplankton
8902:Categories
8755:Salt marsh
8690:Coral reef
8479:Whale fall
8459:Photophore
8336:Everglades
8304:Ecoregions
8243:Stream bed
8216:Macrophyte
8169:Freshwater
8001:Food chain
7914:Water bird
7730:Macroalgae
7690:Autotrophs
7620:Cyclopoida
7557:Ctenophora
7486:Brevetoxin
7276:Cyanotoxin
7271:Cyanobiont
6559:(1): 190.
6142:Hays, G.C.
6065:2011-07-22
5957:2019-06-28
5703:2020-08-23
5126:4 November
5055:Radiolaria
4858:2018-03-23
3607:2020-07-06
3453:References
3341:epipelagic
3263:See also:
3253:deep ocean
3148:loss from
2595:flagellate
2487:Acantharea
2442:Dinophysis
2413:oligotrich
2347:eukaryotic
2300:autotrophy
2280:See also:
2276:Mixotrophs
2127:Gyrodinium
2040:See also:
1904:) or naked
1868:Cyphoderia
1801:nummulites
1463:Protozoans
1452:Protozoans
1319:ectotherms
1156:cnidarians
1081:pollutants
1034:locomotion
1014:life cycle
1004:and large
1002:protozoans
797:mixotrophs
778:arthropods
766:cnidarians
738:protozoans
645:microalgae
583:planktonic
279:By habitat
209:Protozoans
140:calcareous
125:Microalgae
8780:Tide pool
8685:Cold seep
8469:Upwelling
8233:Rheotaxis
8226:Fish pond
8201:Limnology
8126:Substrate
8111:Siltation
7981:Dead zone
7675:Algal mat
7615:Calanoida
7597:Sea louse
7577:Jellyfish
7552:Ciguatera
7513:Saxitoxin
7501:Flagellum
7450:Classes:
7441:Centrales
7341:Auxospore
6952:222003883
6857:: 27–35.
6398:206560125
5665:CiteSeerX
5615:1664-302X
5556:0027-8424
5303:Oecologia
5090:0737-4038
4737:0924-7963
4690:140628035
4563:224916151
4555:0024-3590
4354:1941-1405
4248:206562917
3956:(1): 23.
3111:tunicates
3090:Jellyfish
3064:physonect
3056:amphipods
3040:swordfish
3036:spearfish
3009:body plan
2835:with eggs
2812:Barnacles
2800:ostracods
2699:red algae
2662:symbionts
2571:Tintinnid
2292:mixotroph
2282:Mixotroph
2233:parasitic
2179:symbionts
2168:symbiosis
2071:Excavates
2055:predatory
1992:Holophyra
1954:Xenogenic
1512:and some
1487:cell wall
1483:predation
1381:20–200μm
1287:symbiotic
1269:reservoir
1232:symbiosis
1228:predation
1212:chordates
1208:pteropods
1188:amphipods
1180:ostracods
1160:jellyfish
1061:food webs
1050:upwelling
1006:metazoans
965:romanized
830:(8), and
828:fish eggs
824:doliolids
817:gastropod
782:tunicates
731:naked eye
723:jellyfish
715:organisms
713:on other
707:nutrients
600:romanized
8887:Category
8813:HERMIONE
8730:Mangrove
8540:Seagrass
8086:Pleuston
8081:Plankton
8061:Particle
8006:Food web
7446:Pennales
7405:Navicula
7387:Frustule
7161:Red tide
7098:plankton
7089:Plankton
7044:Archived
6591:29335403
6534:20462113
6450:27814033
6390:25678667
6374:(6223).
6170:PLOS ONE
5995:31727589
5951:Archived
5900:83885629
5751:10766240
5633:30210473
5599:: 1998.
5574:23071304
5507:26927496
5449:25579538
5441:27483121
5388:28768886
5339:22837754
5331:16568278
5284:17028233
5227:phys.org
5189:36733478
5007:23312067
4853:21413323
4837:. NCBI.
4467:22995996
4414:85568208
4362:27814033
4307:92601781
4240:25999513
4216:(6237).
4188:21238056
4112:21676736
4066:21470708
3988:29295998
3921:34344925
3836:26163011
3777:15891709
3769:24642502
3689:16341015
3421:See also
3187:and the
3105:pyrosome
3015:and the
2983:include
2909:are the
2862:Amphipod
2819:Metazoan
2784:Copepoda
2573:ciliate
2483:Rhizaria
2377:Example
2269:Red tide
2228:Oodinium
2183:ammonium
2059:whirling
1962:Ciliates
1736:protists
1622:crystals
1614:However
1567:protists
1479:motility
1467:protists
1409:protists
1251:detritus
1214:such as
1206:such as
1204:molluscs
1176:copepods
1170:such as
1162:and the
1158:such as
1083:such as
998:organism
990:planktós
984:πλᾰγκτός
948:plankton
813:copepods
803:Overview
774:molluscs
742:protists
703:sunlight
694:through
577:are the
535:Category
310:protists
241:Bacteria
230:ciliates
39:Plankton
8740:Mudflat
8700:Estuary
8670:Bay mud
8648:Seabird
8404:f-ratio
8387:General
8268:Wetland
8056:Neuston
8021:Hypoxia
7966:Biomass
7956:Benthos
7872:General
7800:MOCNESS
7710:f-ratio
7645:More...
7346:Axodine
7194:By size
7176:More...
6982:Bibcode
6892:Bibcode
6757:Bibcode
6719:Bibcode
6674:Bibcode
6582:5768750
6561:Bibcode
6514:Bibcode
6506:Ecology
6477:Bibcode
6430:Bibcode
6368:Science
6301:Bibcode
6197:in situ
5853:Bibcode
5789:Bibcode
5759:4409009
5731:Bibcode
5657:Bibcode
5624:6120437
5565:3497740
5534:Bibcode
5475:Protist
5421:Bibcode
5379:5563798
5311:Bibcode
5275:1694265
5254:Bibcode
5180:9891709
5159:Bibcode
5145:Karenia
5098:8896371
4998:4927265
4717:Bibcode
4668:Bibcode
4596:Bibcode
4533:Bibcode
4437:Bibcode
4392:Bibcode
4334:Bibcode
4275:Bibcode
4210:Science
4168:Bibcode
4046:Bibcode
4011:Bibcode
4003:Ecology
3979:5750233
3958:Bibcode
3912:8333327
3891:Bibcode
3808:Bibcode
3697:1964530
3669:Bibcode
3330:On the
3044:octopus
3001:trophic
2989:medusae
2968:Boxfish
2833:Copepod
2707:diatoms
2613:ciliate
2575:Favella
2385:Called
2359:biomass
2239:in fish
2024:ciliate
1938:Arcella
1902:testate
1554:Haeckel
1420:grazers
1416:nauplii
1373:2–20μm
1285:. This
1279:cholera
1266:disease
1184:isopods
1113:Right:
1085:mercury
1030:benthic
1026:sessile
979:
967::
815:(1–5),
756:, some
711:feeding
669:
614:
602::
468:f-ratio
266:Viruses
257:Archaea
225:amoebae
187:diatoms
108:By size
8725:Lagoon
8051:Nekton
7909:Mammal
7904:Insect
7795:AusCPR
7785:C-MORE
7096:About
7002:SAHFOS
6950:
6828:
6589:
6579:
6532:
6448:
6396:
6388:
6114:Nature
6089:
5993:
5925:
5898:
5826:
5757:
5749:
5723:Nature
5667:
5631:
5621:
5613:
5572:
5562:
5554:
5505:
5447:
5439:
5386:
5376:
5337:
5329:
5282:
5272:
5187:
5177:
5096:
5088:
5036:
5005:
4995:
4905:
4851:
4841:
4814:
4787:
4760:
4735:
4688:
4561:
4553:
4465:
4412:
4360:
4352:
4305:
4246:
4238:
4186:
4141:
4110:
4064:
3986:
3976:
3919:
3909:
3834:
3775:
3767:
3695:
3687:
3660:Nature
3629:: 77.
3579:
3549:
3498:Lexico
3475:
3345:diatom
3283:POC =
3278:DOC =
2995:, and
2915:larvae
2709:, and
2674:White
2549:carbon
2541:blooms
2499:Green
2493:, and
2331:litho-
2323:photo-
1898:Amoeba
1842:Amoeba
1695:chiton
1683:forams
1475:animal
1210:; and
1192:mysids
1022:nekton
938:) are
725:) are
701:using
676:plants
661:phutón
649:phyto-
630:rivers
533:
514:NAAMES
380:Blooms
8116:Spawn
6948:S2CID
6394:S2CID
5991:S2CID
5896:S2CID
5777:(PDF)
5755:S2CID
5456:(PDF)
5445:S2CID
5409:(PDF)
5335:S2CID
4686:S2CID
4559:S2CID
4463:S2CID
4410:S2CID
4303:S2CID
4244:S2CID
4206:(PDF)
3796:(PDF)
3773:S2CID
3693:S2CID
3126:chain
3052:crabs
3024:salps
2993:salps
2970:larva
2939:squid
2876:Krill
2687:algae
2411:Most
2339:auto-
2022:This
1765:Live
1687:tests
1491:algae
1234:with
1216:salps
1196:krill
1024:or a
971:zôion
826:(7),
820:larva
736:Many
653:φῠτόν
626:lakes
618:ocean
606:zôion
182:Algae
8221:Pond
7805:SCAR
7780:Zoid
7725:HNLC
6826:ISBN
6658:and
6587:PMID
6530:PMID
6446:PMID
6386:PMID
6087:ISBN
6026:2009
5923:ISBN
5824:ISBN
5747:PMID
5629:PMID
5611:ISSN
5570:PMID
5552:ISSN
5503:PMID
5437:PMID
5384:PMID
5327:PMID
5280:PMID
5185:PMID
5128:2019
5094:PMID
5086:ISSN
5034:ISBN
5003:PMID
4903:ISBN
4849:PMID
4839:ISBN
4812:ISBN
4785:ISBN
4758:ISBN
4733:ISSN
4551:ISSN
4358:PMID
4350:ISSN
4236:PMID
4184:PMID
4139:ISBN
4108:PMID
4062:PMID
3984:PMID
3917:PMID
3832:PMID
3765:PMID
3685:PMID
3601:IISD
3577:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3473:ISBN
3124:Salp
3073:and
3054:and
3038:and
3032:tuna
3026:and
2919:fish
2913:and
2911:eggs
2806:and
2551:and
2445:spp.
2341:and
2333:and
2325:and
2284:and
2185:and
2067:lash
2063:whip
1994:ovum
1795:The
1481:and
1465:are
1365:2μm
1353:<
1253:(or
1230:and
1194:and
1146:and
1052:and
977:lit.
960:ζῷον
822:(6)
788:and
780:and
760:and
690:and
667:lit.
643:and
622:seas
612:lit.
595:ζῷον
587:zoo-
487:iron
8283:Fen
8273:Bog
7790:CPR
6938:doi
6900:doi
6859:doi
6799:doi
6765:doi
6753:404
6727:doi
6715:386
6682:doi
6670:262
6619:doi
6577:PMC
6569:doi
6522:doi
6485:doi
6438:doi
6376:doi
6372:347
6343:doi
6309:doi
6259:doi
6209:doi
6205:284
6178:doi
6154:doi
6122:doi
6118:531
5983:doi
5979:595
5888:doi
5861:doi
5797:doi
5785:123
5739:doi
5727:404
5675:doi
5619:PMC
5601:doi
5560:PMC
5542:doi
5530:109
5493:hdl
5483:doi
5479:167
5429:doi
5374:PMC
5366:doi
5362:284
5319:doi
5307:148
5270:PMC
5262:doi
5175:PMC
5167:doi
5078:doi
5026:doi
4993:PMC
4985:doi
4952:doi
4725:doi
4676:doi
4635:doi
4604:doi
4541:doi
4497:doi
4453:hdl
4445:doi
4400:doi
4342:doi
4293:hdl
4283:doi
4226:hdl
4218:doi
4214:348
4176:doi
4131:doi
4098:doi
4054:doi
4019:doi
3974:PMC
3966:doi
3907:PMC
3899:doi
3824:hdl
3816:doi
3757:doi
3753:183
3724:doi
3677:doi
3665:438
3631:doi
3368:In
3223:in
3077:.
3019:.
2689:as
2349:or
2191:DNA
2065:or
1941:sp.
1871:sp.
1249:),
1079:of
709:by
673:not
632:.
628:or
458:CPR
8904::
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6946:.
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6928:.
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