1420:
2593:
2607:
1161:
2319:
2663:
2735:
1782:) to the attention of the French authorities, petitions were signed and presented to the French High Commissioner and the Service de l'Instruction Publique. This institution – since 1920 headquartered in Beirut- oversaw every educational policy regarding public and private school in the mandate territories. According to historian Elizabeth Thompson, private schools were part of "constant negotiations" between citizen and the French authorities in Lebanon, specifically regarding the hierarchical distribution of
1962:
2749:
2677:
6424:
1699:
under the
Ottomans. Consequently, the establishment of Ja'fari shari'a courts during the French Mandate period in Lebanon complicated the understanding of citizenship by intertwining it with sectarian identification, while also reinforcing sectarian divisions within the legal and political framework of the nation-state. Instead of armed rebellion and uprisings, protests and civil strikes in Shia areas became the medium to protest French policies and
6434:
6482:
701:
1624:, due to French arming and their perceived acceptance of French mandatory rule. The French sent an expedition of 4,000–6,000 soldiers led by Colonel Niger to the south in an effort to pacify the Shiite rebels, devastating their villages and crushing Shiite rebels by June 1920. The defeat dispersed thousands of peasants who feared harsh reprisals, and the high fines imposed on the villagers contributed to financial hardship in the region.
2721:
127:
2635:
2693:
2621:
2649:
2579:
2133:, they began discreetly proselytising around the year 1017 among certain Arab tribes in the Levant. The Isma'ilis of Wadi al-Taym and Jabal Shuf were among those who converted before the movement was permanently closed off a few decades later to guard against outside prying by mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims, who often viewed their doctrines as heresy. This deeply esoteric group became known as the
2183:. However, Muslims collectively rejected being classified as divided, and so were left out of the law in the end. Ignored in a post-independence law passed in 1951 that defined only Judaism and Christian sects as official, Muslims continued under traditional Ottoman law, within the confines of which small communities like Isma'ilis and Alawites found it difficult to establish their own institutions.
54:
2707:
1863:
1364:. The campaign was a failure, and Baydara was only able to extricate his troops after offering gifts and releasing prisoners. In 1299, Kisrawan mountaineers attacked the fleeing Mamluk army, which brought Kisrawan back to Mamluk priority, prompting a swift retribution in 1300. Punishment did not suffice, and following the death of the Ilkhan
857:, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more
2207:
glass per day. Al-Fil closed the plant down on 15 July just after the war broke out to safeguard against the deaths of workers in the event of such an attack, but the damage was estimated at a steep 55 million US dollars, with the reconstruction timeframe indefinite due to instability and government hesitation.
1809:
believed that the only way to ward off foreign political influence was to establish modern schools while maintaining
Islamic teachings. In 1938, he built two schools, one for girls and another for boys, at his own expense. However, the girls' school did not last long due to financial difficulties and
1747:
supported educational reforms in order to improve the social and political marginalization of the Shia community and increase their involvement in the newly born nation-state of
Lebanon. This led to the establishment of several private Shia schools in Lebanon, among them The Charitable Islamic ʿĀmili
2167:
Once far more numerous and widespread in many areas now part of
Lebanon, the Isma'ili population has largely vanished over time. It has been suggested that Ottoman-era persecution might have spurred them to leave for elsewhere in the region, though there is no record or evidence of any kind of large
2106:
influences, spread into the area of the Beqaa valley and possibly also Jabal Shuf starting in the 9th century. The group soon became widely vilified in the
Islamic world for its armed campaigns across throughout the following decades, which included slaughtering Muslim pilgrims and sacking Mecca and
2206:
under the direction of Isma'ili entrepreneur Abdel-Hamid al-Fil after the Aga Khan personally brought the two into contact. It had expanded over the next few decades from an ailing relic to the largest glass manufacturer in the Levant, with 300 locally hired workers producing around 220,000 tons of
1894:
in the 18th century was really under the control of the
Metawali, which also refers to the Shia Twelvers specifically from the landmass that is modern Lebanon. Metawali, Metouali, or Mutawili, is an archaic term used to specifically refer to Lebanese Twelver Shias in the past. The term was a way to
5856:
Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi
Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar
1698:
The region experienced a decade of stability following the revolt. Shiites had become largely accepting of
Greater Lebanon for sectarian and non-sectarian reasons, and the establishment of the Ja'fari court further strengthened communal ties and validated a sense of particularism otherwise denied
5916:
Haber, Marc; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Scheib, Christiana; Xue, Yali; Danecek, Petr; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Youhanna, Sonia; Martiniano, Rui; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Szpak, Michał; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Schutkowski, Holger; Mikulski, Richard; Zalloua, Pierre; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris
1731:
missions in Beirut, the
British established educational institutions in Druze areas, and Sunnis mainly benefitted from Ottoman state institutions. However, Shiites were the only ones who did not benefit from such activities. This neglectance continued into the early days of the French mandate.
1643:
visit. This angered the French, who encouraged an unsuccessful assassination attempt against him. Sharafeddine strongly denounced sectarian hostility as it only gave purpose for the French military presence. During the famous the conference of Wadi al-Hujayr on 24 April 1920, he called for the
2190:
made a brief stop in Beirut on 4 August 1957 while on a global tour of Nizari Isma'ili centres, drawing an estimated 600 Syrian and
Lebanese followers of the religion to the Beirut Airport in order to welcome him. In the mid-1980s, several hundred Isma'ilis were thought to still live in a few
1848:
On the other hand, the official recognition of legal and religious Shiite institutions by the French authorities strengthened a sectarian awareness within the Shia community. Historian Max Weiss underlines how "sectarian claims were increasingly bound up with the institutionalization of Shi'i
1598:
1153:, it's possible that Shia tribespeople were present in the area in the Umayyad period or after the 759 Munaytra uprising, and were well-established in the area by the 940s–960s. Muahjir contrasts this view, contending that the Shia community in the highlands likely formed following the
1837:, and held judicial and political power on multiple levels. The institutionalization of Shia Islam during this period provoked discussions between Shiite scholars and clergy about how Shiite orthodoxy should be defined. For example, discussions about the mourning of the martyrdom of
1822:
In January 1926, the French High Commissioner officially recognized the Shia community as an "independent religious community," which was permitted to judge matters of personal status "according to the principles of the rite known by the name of Ja'fari." This meant that the Shiite
1473:
In the late 18th century, traditional Shiite feudatories and mukataa-based familial system had largely become redundant and weak, and Shia influence diminished in favor of an increasingly powerful Maronite-Druze alliance which reached heights under the Sunni (and later Maronite)
1384:
allies. The Mamluk pincer movement converged on the Kisrawan rebels, resulting in fierce battles that eventually crushed the defenders. The Mamluks then devastated villages and cultivation through August 1305 and expelled much of the population, most of whom settled in
2137:, who in belief, practice, and history have long since become distinct from Isma'ilis proper. Druze constitute 5.2% of the modern population of Lebanon and still have a strong demographic presence in their traditional regions within the country to this day.
2075:(the supposed resting place of the Imam Isma'il) in the 8th century, it has been present in what is now Lebanon for centuries. Early Lebanese Isma'ilism showed perhaps an unusual propensity to foster radical movements within it, particularly in the areas of
1648:
The Christians (Nasara) are your brethren in the country and in destiny. Show to them the love you show to yourselves. Protect their lives and possessions as you do to your own. Only by this can you face the conspiracy and put an end to the civil
4525:
Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte, pendant les années 1783, 1784 et 1785: avec deux cartes géographiques et deux planches gravées représentant les Ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, et celles de la ville de Palmyre, dans le désert de Syrie, volume
5857:
U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020).
1693:
What the Shi'ites did for the Christians in the south will be cherished in our hearts for as long as Lebanon and the Christians remain. What happened should be written in gold. Long live Lebanon, Long live Lebanese unity and long live the
1498:, no more than 500 Shiite families survived Jazzar's rampage at the time of his visit in 1785. According to Tamara Chalabi, these events would persist in the collective memory of the Shia of Jabal Amel well into the early 20th century.
2191:
communities scattered across several parts of Lebanon. Though they are nominally counted among the 18 officially-recognised sects under modern Lebanese law, they currently have no representation in state functions and continue to lack
1530:(Grand viziers) in a prolix edict in 1533. Tahmasp reportedly told him: "You are the real king and I am just one of your agents". This brought new political and court power to the Islamic clerics and their networks, intersecting
5726:
Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020).
991:
on the coast. Meanwhile Greek was used as language of administration, education and trading. It is important to note that most villages and towns in Lebanon today have Aramaic names, reflecting this heritage. However,
6389:
2329:
A census in 1921 put the numbers of Shiites at 17.2% (104,947 of 609,069). The last official census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Shias at 19.6% of the population (154,208 of 785,543). A study done by the
2334:(CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Shias at 41% of the population (919,000 of 2,228,000). More recently, the CIA World Factbook estimated that Shia Muslims constitute 31.2% of Lebanon's population in 2022.
6399:
1256:
from 1079, who invested large sums in turning the city into a famous center for learning, founding a "House of Knowledge" that attracted scholars as well as a notable library of 100,000 volumes.
1768:. While several Shia educational institutions were established before and at the beginning of the mandate period, they often ran out of support and funding which resulted in their abolishment.
853:
is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator,
1657:
offered by the French mandate authorities for all Shiite rebels who had taken part in the fighting, with the intention to bind the Shia community in Lebanon to the new Mandate state. When the
6358:
2598:
6148:
6394:
1447:
with fiscal and police responsibilities over a vast section of the Syrian coastal highlands. According to Abdelnour, the Shiite population in 1765 probably stood around 40,000.
1288:
replaced the former urban centers of Shiite learning in the Levant, and Shiite scholars enjoyed protection under Shia chiefs starting from Husam ad-Din Bishara in 1187 until the
6353:
6258:
5799:
Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E; Badro, Danielle A; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C; Saade, Stephanie; Soria-Hernanz, David F (March 2011).
1419:
2171:
Isma'ilis were originally included as one of five officially-defined Muslim sects in a 1936 edict issued by the French Mandate governing religious affairs in the territory of
5512:
5162:
6363:
6308:
6228:
2107:
Medina—and Salamiyah. Other Muslim rulers soon acted to crush this powerful heretical movement. In the Levant, the Qarmatians were ordered to be stamped out by the ruling
6198:
6193:
1079:
was a complex, multi-faceted phenomnon over a few centuries. By the time of the Islamic conquest, Jabal Amel was an ethno-linguistic hybrid which included the tribes of
6208:
6188:
6138:
1176:(944–991), and cultural and material interactions between Aleppo and Jabal Amel may have reinforced nascent local development of Twelver Shi'ism in the area prior to
6404:
6283:
1011:, its namesake, who have particular importance for the Lebanese Shia for adopting and nurturing Shi'ism in the southern population. The Banu Amilah were part of the
3496:
6348:
6298:
6233:
6123:
1981:, where they have lived since at least the 16th century. They are recognized as one of the 18 official Lebanese sects, and due to the efforts of an Alawite leader
2315:
Note that the following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates.
6323:
6238:
6093:
1495:
6368:
6268:
6133:
6113:
2121:
The semi-divine personality of the Fatimid caliph in Isma'ilism was elevated further in the doctrines of a secretive group which began to venerate the caliph
6409:
6243:
6178:
2215:
Lebanese Shia Muslims are concentrated in south Beirut and its southern suburbs, northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley, as well as Southern Lebanon.
2152:
are said to have fled west during the 12th century. Some settled in the mountains of Lebanon, while others settled further north along the coastal ridges in
6248:
6213:
2592:
1125:
and the adjacent areas likely hosted several disgruntled groups or communities that were susceptible to Twelver Shia doctrine, and a positive and inviting
1786:
along religious communal lines. During these negotiations, petitions were often used by different sects to demand support for reforms. For example, the
1466:. Further south, the Shiites of Jabal Amel retained their tax farms well into the mid-18th century, greatly benefiting from the foreign demand for dyed
1849:
difference." With the Ja'fari shar'ia courts in practice, the Shia community was deliberately encouraged to "practice sectarianism" on a daily basis.
6470:
546:
2202:, Israeli warplanes bombed the factory of the Maliban Glass company in the Beqaa valley on 19 July. The factory was bought in the late 1960s by the
5174:
The Alawites have been present in modern-day Lebanon since the 16th century and are estimated to number 100,000 today, mostly in Akkar and Tripoli.
3698:
3021:
5532:
4932:
3364:
3097:
6448:
833:
1133:
and its social milieu gave precedence to the Shiite possibility. Per al-Muhajir, the beginning of the process can be traced right after the
5919:"Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences"
2337:
Between 1921 and 1988, Shiites maintained the highest fertility rate of all communities, contributing to a rapid increase from 17% to 32%.
5081:
3352:متوال mutawālin successive, consecutive, uninterrupted, incessant; -- (pl. متاولة matāwila) member of the Shiite sect of Metualis in Syria
408:
1000:-speaking city in the whole East. On the coast, Tyre prospered under the Romans and was allowed to keep much of its independence as a "
2195:
laws for their sect, which has led to increased conversions to established sects to avoid the perpetual inconveniences this produces.
3525:
2520:
respectively. Genetic studies have shown that there are no significant genetic differences between Lebanese Muslims and non-Muslims.
1810:
traditional views, prompting Sayyid Sharafeddine to transfer the girls and teach them in his own home. The boys' school was known as
1558:, who authored mathematical and astronomical treatises, including the possibility of the Earth's movement prior to the spread of the
1310:
invited him to instruct his court in Twelver Shiism. On 30 June 1384, Ibn Makki was charged with heresy and subsequently executed in
729:
4899:
Sbaiti, Nadya (2013). ""A Massacre Without Precedent": Pedagogical Constituencies and Communities of Knowledge in Mandate Lebanon".
3058:
1719:
In the 19th century, Lebanon saw dramatic changes when missionaries started establishing schools throughout the country. While the
3409:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6597:
6338:
3002:
2993:
6313:
1704:
1172:, which figures in the scholastic heritage of Jabal Amel, had become fertile ground for Twelver Shi'ism under the reign of the
573:
3549:
1578:
and barred the local populace from carrying out political activity. Local chiefs rejected the demand, and instead hoisted the
867:
throughout its history was home of many historic peoples who inhabited the region. The Lebanese coast was mainly inhabited by
6463:
4908:
4791:
4692:
4458:
4407:
4369:
3802:
2815:
2775:
2612:
2002:
1806:
1632:
1293:
828:
Today, Shia Muslims constitute around 27% of the Lebanese population. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the
541:
455:
269:
3931:"Numayrid Raqqa: Archaeological and Historical Evidence of a 'Dimorphic State' in the Bedouin Fringes of the Fatimid Empire"
3850:
6065:
2809:
1989:
of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in the Parliament. Lebanese Alawites live mostly in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of
662:
2930:
2781:
6525:
6038:
3504:
3328:
1458:
received the iltizam concession for the Bekaa as well as a rank in the provincial military hierarchy. In the province of
1302:
who advocated developing religious law through debate with Sunni scholars, whose fame as a legal expert spread as far as
6583:
6578:
4444:
3872:
1620:. Rebels attacked French military bases and garrisons in their areas, and sectarian clashes also took place, notably in
1041:
reached Lebanon, these Arab tribes received the most power which encouraged the non-Arabic-speaking population to adopt
6561:
4762:
Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr
4322:
3459:
3283:
2480:
2061:
1470:
and good commercial contacts with the French, and by the 1750s the area provided more tax revenues than Mount Lebanon.
657:
200:
5483:
1681:
from French forces. Many Christians who fled their villages during the revolt were accommodated by Shia notables from
5710:
5635:
5554:
5013:
4963:
4816:
4660:
4624:
4589:
4551:
4286:
4238:
4120:
4042:
3999:
3959:
3674:
3646:
3609:
3424:
3337:
1771:
The primary outlet for discussions concerning educational reforms among Shia scholars was the monthly Shiite journal
4811:(ed. Lara Deeb, Tsolin Nalbantian, and Nadya Sbaiti ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 31–51.
2118:
is claimed to descend. The Qarmatian movement in the Levant was largely extinguished by the turn of the millennium.
1895:
distinguish the uniqueness and unity of the community. The term 'mutawili' is also the name of a trustee in Islamic
1735:
During the 1920s and 1930s, educational institutions became places for different religious communities to construct
1703:
prices. Shiites were later active in providing ammunition, manpower and assistance to Palestinian rebels during the
6643:
6530:
6456:
2989:
2497:
6619:
3030:
1998:
1439:, which had been ensconced prior to Ottoman arrival, were co-opted into the Ottoman provincial administration as
832:
between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of
418:
386:
381:
6673:
2504:
period, each contributing 3%–11% of non-local ancestry to the local population. The admixtures were tied to the
2484:
which analyzed ancient human remains from the region, found that there is substantial genetic continuity in the
6849:
6844:
6668:
6592:
6478:
5413:
5344:
5292:
4988:
3313:
3288:
1845:, which was a clandestine affair before the 1920s and 1930s, led to its transformation into a public ceremony.
1317:
Between 1292 and 1305, the Mamluks carried out a series of punitive expeditions against the Shia population of
1106:, whose presence in the region dates back to Biblical times. Banu Amilah, according to tenth century historian
371:
366:
326:
210:
4427:
2549:, studies have shown that it has been present in the Levant since the Bronze Age and only expanded later into
6568:
5455:
4854:"Education and Reconfiguring Lebanese Shiʿi Muslims into the Nation-State during the French Mandate, 1920–43"
2871:
1038:
722:
652:
4724:
1368:
in 1304, the Mamluks assembled the main Mamluk field army for a third campaign. In July 1305, according to
6535:
5729:"A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years"
5360:
3475:
3273:
2787:
2584:
2067:
Though perhaps somewhat better established in neighbouring Syria, where the faith founded one of its first
1555:
810:
526:
195:
5254:
1246:(1106–1175), during his ten-year residence in Tyre, noted strong opposition to his views from some of the
6554:
6540:
5006:
Metamorphosis of the Nation (al-Umma): The Rise of Arabism and Minorities in Syria and Lebanon, 1850–1940
3278:
2331:
551:
205:
5702:
Between the Ottomans and the Entente: The First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese Diaspora, 1908-1925
5611:
2473:
6515:
6273:
2863:
2682:
2057:
2045:
2025:
1871:
972:
622:
516:
376:
346:
259:
1523:
6573:
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4435:
4337:
2562:
1640:
1486:
who brought Jabal Amel under his suzerainty, concurrent with the earlier fall of Shiite multezims in
403:
279:
274:
264:
234:
5779:
5231:
1661:
broke out in 1925, the calm remained in Jabal Amel. Nevertheless, many Shiites joined the rebels in
6768:
6713:
6520:
6318:
6293:
6108:
6098:
6080:
6058:
5605:
5209:
3093:
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1583:
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413:
398:
284:
239:
110:
17:
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4834:
Lessons in History: Education and the Formation of National Society in Beirut, Lebanon 1920-1960s
2924:
682:
460:
423:
311:
190:
5680:
5550:
5430:
4981:
Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class
4950:
Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon
4853:
4019:
6788:
6545:
6253:
6223:
5801:"Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon"
5089:
3251:
3120:
3074:
3070:
2176:
2037:
2029:
2006:
1462:, the Hamada family were charged with multiple tax collection assignments in the hinterland of
806:
178:
5031:
Sectarian Homes: The Making of Shi'I Families and Citizens under the French Mandate, 1918–1943
4955:
3859:
2955:– Former military leader in Hezbollah and both the cousin and brother-in-law of Imad Mughniyah
2943:– Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament, and one of the founding fathers of the Lebanese Republic
6758:
6753:
6703:
6218:
6103:
5859:"Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus"
5187:
5163:"'Lebanese Alawites welcome Syria's withdrawal as 'necessary' 2005, The Daily Star, 30 April"
4541:
4157:
3766:
ABISAAB, R. (1999). "SH?'ITE BEGINNINGS AND SCHOLASTIC TRADITION IN JABAL 'ĀMIL IN LEBANON".
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472:
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4571:
4474:
Matthee, Rudi (2014). "The Ottoman-Safavid War of 986-998/1578-90: Motives and Causes". In
3989:
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2033:
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306:
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in March 1920, anti-French riots and clashed broke out in the predominantly Shia areas of
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8:
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6143:
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3241:
3133:
2958:
2934:
2889:
2778:(1334–1385) – Prominent Shia scholar from Jezzine, known as "Shahid Awwal"/"First Martyr"
2523:
2323:
1950:
1907:
1772:
1728:
1658:
1338:
1311:
1164:
A political map of the Levant (c. 1090), highlighting the territories of Tripoli and Tyre
988:
965:
868:
647:
558:
448:
351:
336:
331:
321:
316:
162:
5402:
Collelo, Thomas (1 January 2003). "Lebanon: A Country Study". In John C. Rolland (ed.).
5124:"Report: Hizbullah Training Shiite Syrians to Defend Villages against Rebels — Naharnet"
4768:(Doctoral). Durham: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham.
2318:
1594:, emphasizing their Arab identity, while simultaneously defending Shiite particularism.
1353:, entering Kisrawan from the south. According to al-Ayni, the defenders, whom he called
6793:
6723:
6168:
6163:
6000:
5975:
5951:
5918:
5898:
5833:
5800:
5753:
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4595:
3779:
3692:
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3114:
2952:
2885:
2804:
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2144:
that stoked escalating sectarian clashes with Sunnis, many Isma'ilis in the regions of
1666:
1203:
818:
568:
521:
361:
301:
296:
4150:
Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Makki "al-Shahid al-Awwal" (d. 1384) and the Shi'ah of Syria
3526:"Fadlallah Charges Every Sect in Lebanon Except his Own Wants to Dominate the Country"
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6718:
6433:
6005:
5956:
5938:
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5631:
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4812:
4787:
4688:
4656:
4620:
4599:
4585:
4547:
4454:
4403:
4375:
4365:
4318:
4282:
4234:
4148:
4116:
4077:
4069:
4060:
4038:
3995:
3984:
Prawer, Joshua (1985). "Social Classes in the Crusader States: The "Minorities"". In
3955:
3908:
3882:
3798:
3680:
3670:
3642:
3605:
3455:
3343:
3333:
3222:
3007:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2108:
1990:
1799:
1654:
1559:
1303:
1196:
1180:
1001:
536:
484:
356:
341:
246:
6024:
The Shi'is of Jabal `Amil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State, 1918-1943
4784:
The Shiʿis of Jabal ʿĀmil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State, 1918–1943
3379:
6798:
6748:
6611:
5995:
5987:
5946:
5930:
5880:
5870:
5828:
5812:
5748:
5740:
5144:
5077:
4865:
4677:
4648:
4577:
3926:
3775:
3579:
3553:
3391:
3387:
3246:
3216:
3124:
2915:
2911:
2848:
2796:
2734:
2698:
2542:
2199:
2180:
2134:
1591:
1459:
1414:
1386:
1342:
1277:
1231:
1154:
1115:
957:
892:
629:
498:
491:
479:
441:
168:
4065:
1372:, al-Ayni and Druze chronicler Salih ibn Yahya, 50,000 Mamluk troops marched from
6810:
6743:
5700:
5625:
5403:
5334:
5282:
4709:
4614:
4523:
4397:
4359:
4276:
4228:
4110:
4032:
3949:
3108:
3102:
2998:
2879:– Shiite scholar and linguist, compiled the first monolingual Arabic dictionary,
2839:
2819:
2754:
2192:
2172:
2153:
1903:
1727:
mainly encouraged Maronite and Orthodox active learning respectively, along with
1582:
in several villages. Shiites participated in the Syrian nationalist movement and
1579:
1479:
1451:
1408:
1402:
1330:
850:
794:
790:
760:
746:
687:
617:
603:
563:
158:
118:
81:
5110:
3991:
A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East
3583:
2662:
1092:
1034:
1033:, whose presence in the region likely dates back to Biblical times according to
6827:, the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.
6648:
5991:
5934:
5875:
5858:
5744:
5309:
4439:
4431:
3985:
3867:
3863:
3256:
3186:
3162:
3086:– Pioneering feminist, novelist, playwright, poet and historian of famous women
3054:
3035:
2946:
2899:
2558:
2501:
2203:
2141:
2088:
2041:
1994:
1986:
1887:
1866:
Shia Twelver (Metawali) woman in the Bekaa Valley in traditional clothes, 1950s
1783:
1724:
1636:
1475:
918:
854:
814:
705:
578:
183:
141:
4869:
4581:
2156:, where the Alawites had earlier taken refuge—and where their brethren in the
1138:
6838:
6427:
5942:
5885:
5824:
4918:
4877:
4379:
4315:
In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi'ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon
4081:
3912:
3900:
3886:
3855:
3845:
3684:
3089:
3083:
2984:
2962:
2940:
2920:
2880:
2833:
2654:
2640:
2626:
2517:
2342:
Percentage growth of the Lebanese Shia Muslim population (other sources est.)
2092:
2049:
2017:
1765:
1601:
1491:
1463:
1436:
1322:
1235:
1227:
1177:
1142:
1066:
980:
880:
829:
677:
667:
5780:
Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events
5463:
Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance
2492:(3300–1200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the
6009:
5960:
5894:
5855:
5842:
5762:
5428:
5123:
4500:
Introduction à l'histoire urbaine de la Syrie Ottomane (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle)
4475:
4423:
4393:
3347:
3180:
3154:
3011:
2968:
2829:
2668:
2513:
2084:
2080:
2076:
1966:
1939:
1927:
1787:
1740:
1617:
1527:
1507:
1483:
1440:
1432:
1390:
1103:
1030:
1022:
900:
467:
5816:
4652:
3795:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
3602:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
3051:– Marxist philosopher and prominent member of the Lebanese Communist party
2198:
War in the region has also caused pressures on Lebanese Isma'ilis. In the
1910:
in a 1924 border-redrawing agreement were forcibly depopulated during the
31:
6814:
6437:
4543:
The Shi'is of Jabal 'Amil and the New Lebanon: Community and Nation-State
3210:
3198:
3145:
3129:
3017:
2980:
2974:
2857:
2748:
2726:
2712:
2505:
2187:
2103:
1838:
1791:
1736:
1514:, contributing significantly to the empire's conversion into Shia Islam.
1191:
took hold in Syria, cultural exchange between scholars in Jabal Amel and
1088:
1084:
1080:
1026:
1008:
5232:"Lebanon: Displaced families struggle on both sides of sectarian divide"
3737:
2044:
as the Twelvers believe. Isma'ili Shi'ism also differs doctrinally from
1590:
often stated their support for Syrian unity and independence within the
1506:
During this time period, Shiites built particularly close ties with the
1423:
An 18th century copy of a miniature depicting Sheikh Baha'uddin al-Amili
6777:
5212:. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). UNHCR. 5 August 2008
3574:
Maroon, Habib (31 March 2013). "A geneticist with a unifying message".
3267:
3261:
3204:
3171:
3158:
3149:
3048:
2876:
2740:
2530:
2509:
2489:
2099:
1923:
1877:
1708:
1686:
1613:
1587:
1428:
1369:
1265:
1253:
1243:
1211:
1122:
1111:
1096:
1072:
1060:
1012:
968:, who fought them after they blocked his army's access to wood supply.
961:
941:
872:
798:
97:
5381:
5234:. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). UNHCR. 31 July 2008
3994:. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 59–115.
3148:– Singer and actress, considered one of the best-known artists in the
1961:
1272:. During this period, a stream of scholars shifted to Jabal Amel from
1157:
in 1109 after the city's depopulation of its former Shia inhabitants.
922:
6043:
5535:
World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
5210:"Lebanon: Displaced Allawis find little relief in impoverished north"
3166:
3026:
2867:
2852:
2843:
2800:
2720:
2676:
2072:
2068:
1519:
1515:
1381:
1307:
1285:
1239:
1173:
1126:
1107:
1099:
1054:
1017:
929:
858:
531:
5581:
3080:, mathematician and inventor with patents in television transmission
2634:
2160:
were cultivating a fearsome reputation as they staved off armies of
1280:
takeover as the area provided refuge from Sunni rigor. The towns of
5654:
The Shiite Community in Lebanon: From Marginalization to Ascendancy
4479:
3529:
3500:
3175:
3077:
2791:
2692:
2493:
2145:
2115:
2053:
1974:
1935:
1795:
1682:
1621:
1575:
1487:
1373:
1318:
1215:
1146:
933:
910:
896:
876:
3930:
3739:
History of Shiites in Lebanon, Syria and Jazira in the Middle Ages
1949:
In addition, the Shia Twelvers in Lebanon have close links to the
1427:
After the Ottoman conquest circa 1516, leading Shiite families in
1298:
821:, making them the only major Twelver Shia community extant in the
126:
6490:
6481:
5085:
4901:
The Routledge handbook of the history of the Middle East mandates
4760:
3935:
Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, Volume 4
3729:
3722:
The Foundation of the History of the Shiites in Lebanon and Syria
3454:. Boulder - San Francisco - Oxford: Westview Press. p. 122.
3039:
2161:
2021:
1982:
1978:
1891:
1880:
1829:
1700:
1604:
and Sadiq Hamzeh, two prominent anti-French revolutionary figures
1563:
1562:, and is responsible for many architectural feats in the city of
1539:
1455:
1356:
1346:
1281:
1141:
gave rare exposure to a Shia-minded population on the fringes of
1130:
1076:
993:
976:
864:
802:
135:
2790:(1547–1621) – Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, and
2620:
1902:
Seven Shia (Mutawili) villages that were reassigned from French
1597:
1202:
Shiites also had a strong presence in certain areas in northern
987:, including what is nowadays known as Lebanon, replacing spoken
5976:"Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267"
3550:"Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon"
2648:
2578:
2550:
2485:
2149:
2126:
2112:
2111:, themselves Isma'ilis and from whom the lineage of the modern
1943:
1842:
1757:
1720:
1670:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1467:
1444:
1365:
1361:
1360:, mobilized 10,000 defenders who lured Mamluk contingents into
1334:
1326:
1273:
1269:
1248:
1169:
1150:
1095:, the pre-Islamic tribes of Amilah and Judham were part of the
1042:
984:
949:
945:
937:
888:
822:
598:
131:
5719:
5582:"Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups"
5576:
5574:
5572:
3639:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 2
3425:"Pressures in Syria affect Alawites in Lebanon – The National"
3183:– Singer, composer, television personality, and philanthropist
2784:(1465–1534) – Shiite scholar and a member of the Safavid court
2706:
1794:
areas expressed their demands for educational reforms through
817:
sects. The vast majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon adhere to
53:
6817:, comprising 18 recognized religious sects recognized by the
5493:. United Nations Development Program. 1 June 2009. p. 70
5336:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
5284:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
4502:. Beirut: Publications de l'Université Libanaise. p. 80.
4399:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
2527:
2130:
1931:
1919:
1744:
1689:, an act that was appreciated by the local Christian clergy.
1678:
1674:
1662:
1543:
1380:
of Tripoli coming from the south, also summoning their Druze
1350:
1223:
1219:
1188:
1184:
1025:, and they were connected to other pre-Islamic Arabs such as
997:
956:
themselves. These Itureans inhabited the hills above Tyre in
953:
914:
884:
93:
5429:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (27 July 2012).
4522:
de Chasseboeuf de Volney, Comte Constantin François (1782).
3905:
Histoire de la dynastie des Hamdanides de Jazîra et de Syrie
1242:
that most of the inhabitants of the two cities were Shiite.
5974:
Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Margaryan, Ashot; Saag, Lauri (2021).
5915:
5569:
4317:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 58–59.
3624:
E. G. Hardy, Roman Laws and Charters, New Jersey 2005, p.95
2526:
studies on Lebanese people have shown that the most common
1896:
1862:
1814:, and was able to continue despite financial difficulties.
1551:
1511:
1377:
1252:, a pejorative term denoting Shiites. Tripoli was ruled by
1192:
905:
895:, which was founded as a center of a confederation between
5551:"2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Lebanon"
5513:"War with Israel interrupts rare industrial success story"
4645:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
3300:
2860:– Shiite scholar and leader of resistance in South Lebanon
1883:
community with a significant presence throughout Lebanon.
6039:
The Shia Rulers of Banu Ammar, Banu Mardas and the Mazidi
2210:
1915:
1673:, where Shiites reportedly took a booty of more than 400
4903:. Schayegh, Cyrus,, Arsan, Andrew. London. p. 322.
4573:
The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia
4521:
2553:. Other haplogroups present among Lebanese Shia include
1574:
With the Ottoman withdrawal in 1918, the French entered
6813:
has the most religious diversity of all peoples in the
5725:
5682:
La protection sanitaire et sociale au Liban (1860-1963)
3452:
A Lebanon Defied - Musa Al-sadr And The Shi'a Community
2977:– Former Speaker of the parliament and political leader
2971:– Former Speaker of the Parliament and political leader
4983:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 213.
2923:– Lebanese revolutionary who attempted to assassinate
2102:, typically classed as an Isma'ili splinter sect with
1798:
directed towards the French High Commissioner and the
1195:
contributed to a mutual systematic observation of the
5973:
4809:"Negotiating Citizenship," in Practicing Sectarianism
4197:
4195:
4185:
4183:
2888:– Reformist scholar, Arab nationalist and founder of
5287:. University of California Press. pp. 118–119.
4678:"ʿĀmilī: Bahāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al-ʿĀmilī"
4230:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
3403:
3401:
2983:– Speaker of the Parliament and political leader of
2545:(17.3%). Although haplogroup J1 is most frequent in
1778:, founded in 1909. In order to bring their demands (
948:
might have been born, and was later also settled by
928:
During the Iron Age, the Bekaa was dominated by the
805:, which plays a major role alongside Lebanon's main
5644:
5111:
Completing The Task Of Evicting Israel From Lebanon
5008:. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. p. 94.
3907:(in French). Algiers: Faculté des Lettres d'Alger.
3139:
1478:. Decline amplified in 1781 following the death of
1268:was becoming the Twelver Shia center of the entire
30:"Mutawālī" redirects here. Not to be confused with
5798:
4192:
4180:
4059:
3849:
3641:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press.
3497:"March for secularism; religious laws are archaic"
3332:(Third ed.). Ithaca, New York. p. 1101.
2898:– Shiite scholar and patriarch of the influential
1665:, and played a central role in the battles of the
1129:relationship between the theological construct of
6687:Ethnic minorities, refugees and foreign nationals
5431:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011"
5276:
5274:
5272:
3595:
3593:
3398:
3384:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936)
1349:to take three thousand cavalry up the coast from
6836:
5484:"Lebanon 2008 – 2009: Towards a Citizen's State"
5076:
5033:. Columbia University: PhD diss. pp. 78–81.
4954:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
4254:Majmu‘ Fatawa Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad ibn Taymiyah
3951:The Shi'a of Lebanon: Clans, Parties and Clerics
3933:. In Vermeulen, U.; Van Steenbergen, J. (eds.).
3742:(in Arabic). Baalbek: Dar Baha'uddine al-'Amili.
2812:– prominent Shia scholar during the 16th century
2568:
1091:émigrés, and non-Arab communities. According to
5339:. University of California Press. p. 137.
3422:
1007:On the other hand, Jabal Amel was inhabited by
5774:
5772:
5310:"Isma'ili Da'wa and Politics in Fatimid Egypt"
5269:
5185:
4146:
3988:; Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
3590:
2933:– Lebanese revolutionary who took part in the
1518:(1524–1576) appointed Muhaqqiq al-Karaki from
1501:
1199:, which also continued after Fatimid demise.
6464:
6059:
5607:Social Classes and Political Power in Lebanon
5545:
5543:
5541:
5408:. Hauppage, NY: Nova Publishers. p. 74.
5072:
5070:
4836:. Georgetown University: PhD diss. p. 2.
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4112:The History of Shiites in Lebanon, Volume One
3413:. Mideast Monitor. Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2008
3029:– Member of cabinet, former president of the
723:
5650:
5252:
4781:
4723:Kohlberg, E. (2009). "BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿĀMELĪ".
4685:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
4638:
4636:
4278:The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule: 1516–1800
3697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3636:
3377:
2565:occurring at smaller but significant rates.
2005:between pro-Syrian Alawites and anti-Syrian
899:, Sidonians, and Tyrians. Further east, the
849:The cultural and linguistic heritage of the
777:
768:
43:
6506:
5769:
5698:
5688:(Thesis). Université Nice Sophia Antipolis.
5630:. Cambridge University Press. p. 175.
5255:"Syrian violence finds its echo in Lebanon"
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4675:
4569:
4493:
4491:
2339:
1973:There are approximately 100,000 to 120,000
1946:. The inhabitants in turn fled to Lebanon.
1857:
1653:This period of unrest ended in 1921 with a
1526:, and granted him extensive power over the
6471:
6457:
6066:
6052:
5538:
5461:. In Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin (ed.).
5067:
4978:
4931:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4777:
4775:
4616:Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism
4497:
4445:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4361:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650
4357:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4129:
3873:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3632:
3630:
3363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3326:Wehr, Hans (1976). Cowan, J Milton (ed.).
2129:. Unsuccessful in the imperial capital of
2024:Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which
1743:modes of identification. Shia leaders and
1608:Following the official declaration of the
730:
716:
52:
5999:
5950:
5884:
5874:
5832:
5784:The American Journal of Human Genetics 82
5752:
5600:
5598:
5465:. New York, NY: Freedom House. p. 10
5301:
4710:Iranian Cities: Formation and Development
4642:
4633:
4565:
4563:
4453:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 343–344.
4364:. Beirut: American University of Beirut.
4351:
4331:
4104:
4102:
4100:
3925:
3881:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 126–131.
3838:
3660:
3658:
3042:philosopher and former key member of the
2140:Due to official persecution by the Sunni
1817:
1750:al-Jamʿiyya al-Khayriyya al-Islāmiyya al-
5510:
5116:
4945:
4786:. New York: Palgrave. pp. 115–138.
4758:
4733:
4726:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 4
4722:
4683:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
4612:
4488:
4481:International Journal of Turkish Studies
4342:The Kızılbaş of Syria and Ottoman Shiism
4274:
3947:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3059:Communist Action Organization in Lebanon
2836:, philosopher and Shi'a religious leader
2317:
1960:
1861:
1635:since 1919, who demanded US support for
1596:
1569:
1418:
1159:
753:), communally and historically known as
58:Distribution of Shi'a Muslims in Lebanon
5401:
5307:
4772:
4539:
4473:
4213:
4108:
4057:
4008:
3765:
3746:
3705:
3627:
3552:. Macdonald.hartsem.edu. Archived from
3003:General Directorate of General Security
2994:General Directorate of General Security
2062:five pillars and ten ancillary precepts
1876:Shia Twelvers in Lebanon refers to the
1627:The armed effort was paralleled by the
1586:in 1919, and prominent Shiites such as
1376:to meet up with another army under the
1292:. One particular scholar from Jezzine,
1048:
14:
6837:
6073:
5923:The American Journal of Human Genetics
5794:
5792:
5595:
5453:
5405:Lebanon: Current Issues and Background
5332:
5280:
4898:
4831:
4619:. State University of New York Press.
4560:
4515:
4422:
4392:
4386:
4348:(London: Routledge, 2011). p. 171-183.
4226:
4097:
3983:
3977:
3899:
3893:
3844:
3792:
3786:
3735:
3655:
3599:
3573:
3449:
2842:– Shiite scholar and former leader of
2832:– Spiritual leader and founder of the
2776:Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-ʿĀmili
2474:Lebanese Sunni Muslims § Genetics
2211:Geographic distribution within Lebanon
1833:was legally recognized as an official
1762:al-Jamʿiyya al-Khayriyya al-Jaʿfariyya
6452:
6047:
5678:
5672:
5623:
5617:
5491:The National Human Development Report
5454:Khalaf, Mona Chemali (8 April 2010).
5058:
5043:
5028:
5003:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4806:
4687:. New York: Springer. pp. 42–3.
4312:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4030:
3937:. Leuven, Dudley: Peeters Publishers.
3669:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3438:
2003:Bab al-Tabbaneh, Jabal Mohsen clashes
1396:
229:Native communities outside of Lebanon
5511:Ohrstrom, Lysandra (2 August 2007).
4713:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 47.
3325:
2905:
2769:
1997:, and are mainly represented by the
1760:and The Charitable Jaʿfari Society (
921:, and had local city-states such as
663:List of political parties in Lebanon
5789:
5533:Lebanon Ithna'ashari Shias Overview
5436:. United States Department of State
5186:Jackson Allers (22 November 2008).
3329:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
3022:Lebanese Arab Socialist Baath Party
2949:– Hezbollah's former Chief of Staff
1890:was merely nominal in the Lebanon.
1187:(969–1174). Before Fatimid Ismaili
909:in the Bronze Age, and was part of
778:
769:
764:
750:
44:
24:
5805:European Journal of Human Genetics
5733:American Journal of Human Genetics
4840:
4295:
4268:
3780:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03666.x
3725:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Malak.
3664:
3284:Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians
2992:– Former General director of the
2866:– Spiritual Leader and Shia Grand
2481:American Journal of Human Genetics
2009:have haunted Tripoli for decades.
25:
6861:
6032:
5555:United States Department of State
5308:Mahamid, Hatim (September 2006).
5253:David Enders (13 February 2012).
4613:Arjomand, Saïd Amir, ed. (1988).
3132:– Former university professor at
3001:– Former General director of the
2164:and Sunnis alike for many years.
1707:, which was co-administered from
1121:During the early Islamic period,
940:, and established the kingdom of
6480:
6432:
6423:
6422:
6016:
5967:
5909:
5849:
4358:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985).
4227:Winter, Stefan (11 March 2010).
4068:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3140:Artists, singers and journalists
2747:
2733:
2719:
2705:
2691:
2675:
2661:
2647:
2633:
2619:
2605:
2591:
2577:
1259:
932:, who formed kingdoms nearby in
699:
125:
27:Lebanese adherents of Shia Islam
5692:
5526:
5504:
5476:
5447:
5422:
5395:
5374:
5353:
5326:
5246:
5224:
5202:
5179:
5155:
5137:
5103:
5052:
5037:
5022:
4997:
4972:
4939:
4892:
4825:
4800:
4716:
4701:
4669:
4643:Streusand, Douglas E. (2019) .
4606:
4533:
4506:
4467:
4416:
4344:. in Christine Woodhead (ed.),
4259:
4247:
4204:
4171:
4088:
4051:
4024:
3968:
3941:
3919:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3618:
3567:
3542:
3174:– Model and winner of the 2010
3031:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
2961:– Statesman, co-founder of the
2851:– Shiite scholar and Leader of
2468:Lebanese people § Genetics
2218:
2179:, Twelver Shias, Alawites, and
1554:. Another prominent cleric was
6390:British Indian Ocean Territory
4233:. Cambridge University Press.
4076:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
4037:. Edinburgh University Press.
3518:
3489:
3468:
3423:Zoi Constantine (2012-12-13).
3416:
3392:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4996
3371:
3319:
3289:Lebanese Protestant Christians
3225:– Lebanese Dance choreographer
3195:- Canadian-Lebanese journalist
3117:– Political writer and analyst
2810:Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili
2782:Nur-al-Din al-Karaki al-ʿĀmilī
1296:, became a widely known Shi'i
1110:, were also affiliates of the
964:, since at least the times of
879:ages, who built the cities of
13:
1:
5584:. Central Intelligence Agency
5061:In the Shadow of Sectarianism
5046:In the Shadow of Sectarianism
4782:Chalabi, ( ., Tamara (2006).
4759:Gharbieh, Hussein M. (1996).
4484:. Vol. 20, Nos 1& 2.
3314:"Lebanon: people and society"
3294:
2872:Islamic Dawa Party in Lebanon
2799:(1624–1693) – prominent Shia
2569:Notable Lebanese Shia Muslims
2098:The syncretic beliefs of the
2028:from a disagreement over the
1852:
1705:1936–1939 revolt in Palestine
1443:or as governors of secondary
1039:Muslim conquest of the Levant
5384:. Ismaili.net. 4 August 1957
5188:"The view from Jabal Mohsen"
4946:Thompson, Elizabeth (2000).
4676:Hashemipour, Behnaz (2007).
4498:Abdel Nour, Antoine (1982).
3667:Lebanon: a history, 600–2011
3665:W., Harris, William (2012).
3410:Return of the Pink Panthers?
3274:Lebanese Maronite Christians
3207:– Model, actress, and singer
3064:
3057:– Founder and leader of the
2870:, former spiritual guide of
2533:among Lebanese Shiites were
2012:
1993:, and in 10 villages in the
1908:British Mandate of Palestine
1714:
527:Timeline of Lebanese history
7:
6555:Assyrian Church of the East
5705:. Oxford University Press.
5699:Fahrenthold, Stacy (2019).
5361:"Lebanon – Religious Sects"
4852:Sayed, Linda (2019-09-11).
4570:Reisinezhad, Arash (2018).
4256:(Riyadh, 1961-66), 5:149-60
3719:Al-Muhajir, Jaafar (1992).
3584:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.46
3279:Lebanese Melkite Christians
3235:
3201:– Singer and former actress
2914:(c. 1750–1781) – Sheikh of
2461:
2332:Central Intelligence Agency
1965:Alawite El-Zahra Mosque in
1956:
1502:Relations with Safavid Iran
1289:
1264:By the early 14th century,
1114:who supplied troops to the
552:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
10:
6866:
5992:10.1038/s41598-021-85883-2
5935:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013
5876:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044
5745:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008
5651:Yusri Hazran (June 2009).
5515:. The Daily Star (Lebanon)
5382:"FIRST VISIT TO FOLLOWERS"
4979:Watenpaugh, Keith (2006).
4707:Kheirabadi Masoud (2000).
4478:; Balgamış, Deniz (eds.).
3231:– Brazilian-Lebanese actor
2864:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
2816:Abdel Hussein Charafeddine
2683:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
2478:A 2020 study published in
2471:
2465:
2354:Total Lebanese Population
2324:Lebanon's religious groups
1872:Shia villages in Palestine
1869:
1644:protection of Christians.
1412:
1406:
1400:
1064:
1058:
1052:
844:
839:
751:المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيون
623:French language in Lebanon
517:History of ancient Lebanon
45:المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيون
29:
6807:
6686:
6661:
6610:
6497:
6418:
6377:
6337:
6079:
5333:Salibi, Kamal S. (1990).
5281:Salibi, Kamal S. (1990).
5082:"The Seven Lost Villages"
4870:10.1163/15700607-05934P02
4582:10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3
4529:(in French). p. 335.
3948:Shanahan, Rodger (2005).
3736:Hamade, Mohammad (2013).
3476:"Lebanon-Religious Sects"
2965:and Speaker of Parliament
2613:Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2227:
1918:. The seven villages are
1807:Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine
1633:Abdul Husayn Sharafeddine
92:
87:
78:
73:
68:
63:
51:
6139:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6022:Chalabi, Tamara (2006).
4540:Chalabi, Tamara (2006).
4281:. Taylor & Francis.
4109:Ḥamādah, Saʻdūn (2008).
3123:– Historian, writer and
3044:Lebanese Communist Party
3020:– Former leader of the
2071:outposts in the city of
1886:The jurisdiction of the
1858:Shia Twelvers (Metouali)
1584:Syrian National Congress
1214:(c. 966-985), mainly in
1139:842 revolt in Jabal Amel
1137:in 661. Per Harris, the
960:, historically known as
6825:Constitution of Lebanon
6823:Under the terms of the
6819:Constitution of Lebanon
6400:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5679:Yahya, Houssam (2015).
4402:. London: I.B. Tauris.
4275:Hathaway, Jane (2019).
4147:Winter, Stefan (1999).
4031:Brett, Michael (2017).
3264:, Shia tribe in Lebanon
1790:of predominantly urban
683:Coat of arms of Lebanon
456:Cultural Heritage sites
5612:Heinrich Böll Stiftung
5257:. McClatchy Newspapers
4832:Sbaiti, Nadya (2008).
4546:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4094:Harris 2011, pp. 83-84
4074:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4061:"ʿAmmār, Banū (Syria)"
4058:Mallett, Alex (2014).
3826:Harris 2011, pp. 29-30
3793:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
3600:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
3450:Halawi, Majed (1992).
3252:Lebanese Sunni Muslims
3213:– Television show host
3121:Muhammad Jaber Al Safa
3071:Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah
2788:Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
2585:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
2326:
2091:, in the highlands of
2040:seventh imam, and not
2032:. Isma'ilis hold that
2030:succession to Muhammad
1970:
1867:
1818:Ja'fari shar'ia courts
1696:
1651:
1605:
1424:
1341:, in 1292, the Sultan
1165:
1045:as the main language.
996:became the only fully
574:South Lebanon conflict
6850:Shia Islam in Lebanon
6845:Lebanese Shia Muslims
5817:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177
5786:, 873–882, April 2008
5660:. Brandeis University
5149:Minority Rights Group
5145:"Alawites in Lebanon"
5029:Sayed, Linda (2013).
4807:SAYED, LINDA (2022).
4653:10.4324/9780429499586
4647:. London: Routledge.
4158:University of Chicago
3637:Irfan Shahid (2010).
3478:. Global security.org
3111:– Author and Novelist
2896:Sadr al-Din bin Saleh
2824:nonviolent resistance
2466:Further information:
2321:
2228:Lebanese Shia Muslims
2125:as the embodiment of
2060:of faith rather than
2050:beliefs and practices
1999:Arab Democratic Party
1964:
1912:1948 Arab-Israeli War
1865:
1825:Ja'fari jurisprudence
1691:
1646:
1641:King–Crane Commission
1629:nonviolent resistance
1610:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1600:
1570:French mandate period
1522:as the deputy of the
1422:
1413:Further information:
1407:Further information:
1401:Further information:
1306:, where the reigning
1163:
869:Phoenician Canaanites
834:Speaker of Parliament
797:who are adherents of
743:Lebanese Shia Muslims
41:Lebanese Shia Muslims
6314:United Arab Emirates
5869:(5): 1158–1175.e28.
5778:Zalloua, Pierre A.,
5624:Farha, Mark (2019).
5363:. GlobalSecurity.org
5315:. Nebula. p. 13
5004:Firro, Kais (2009).
4016:Description of Syria
2818:– Spiritual leader,
2599:Emir Khanjar Harfush
2322:The distribution of
1951:Syrian Shia Twelvers
1226:. Traveling through
1135:Hasan–Muawiya treaty
1049:Early Islamic period
673:Lebanese nationalism
409:United Arab Emirates
6574:Armenian Apostolics
6341:limited recognition
5059:Weiss, Max (2010).
5044:Weiss, Max (2010).
4858:Die Welt des Islams
4729:. pp. 429–430.
4512:Harris 2011, p. 120
4313:Weiss, Max (2010).
3270:, region in Lebanon
3242:Religion in Lebanon
3134:Stanford University
2959:Hussein el Husseini
2935:Great Syrian Revolt
2931:Tawfiq Hawlo Haidar
2344:
1914:and repopulated by
1729:American Protestant
1659:Great Syrian Revolt
1556:Baha'uddin al-Amili
1339:Badr al-Din al-Ayni
1312:Citadel of Damascus
966:Alexander the Great
559:1958 Lebanon crisis
191:Lebanese Christians
48:
6536:Maronite Catholics
6526:Chaldean Catholics
6521:Armenian Catholics
6074:Shia Islam in Asia
5604:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
5165:. dailystar.com.lb
4265:Harris 2011, p. 72
4210:Harris 2011, p. 71
4201:Harris 2011, p. 70
4189:Harris 2011, p. 69
4064:. In Fleet, Kate;
4034:The Fatimid Empire
3986:Setton, Kenneth M.
3974:Harris 2011, p. 40
3835:Harris 2011, p. 45
3817:Harris 2011, p. 33
3797:. Dumbarton Oaks.
3604:. Dumbarton Oaks.
3576:Nature Middle East
3378:Massignon, Louis.
3115:Amal Saad-Ghorayeb
2953:Mustafa Badreddine
2886:Ahmed Aref El-Zein
2826:against the French
2351:Shiite Population
2340:
2327:
1971:
1868:
1667:Qalamoun Mountains
1606:
1482:in battle against
1425:
1397:Under Ottoman rule
1294:Muhammad ibn Makki
1166:
952:, who were likely
706:Lebanon portal
569:Lebanese Civil War
522:History of Lebanon
40:
6832:
6831:
6682:
6681:
6657:
6656:
6606:
6605:
6569:Oriental Orthodox
6541:Melkite Catholics
6446:
6445:
6383:other territories
5886:20.500.12154/1254
5080:(6 August 2006).
5048:. pp. 61–62.
4910:978-1-315-71312-0
4793:978-1-4039-7028-2
4694:978-0-387-31022-0
4460:978-90-04-08112-3
4409:978-1-86064-912-7
4371:978-0-8156-6072-9
4346:The Ottoman World
3804:978-0-88402-115-5
3229:Mouhamed Harfouch
3223:Alissar Caracalla
3008:Hussein al-Musawi
2906:Political figures
2770:Religious figures
2767:
2766:
2547:Arabian peninsula
2459:
2458:
2311:
2310:
2034:Isma'il ibn Jafar
1800:League of Nations
1655:political amnesty
1639:unity during the
1560:Copernican theory
1002:civitas foederata
740:
739:
648:Lebanese politics
537:County of Tripoli
247:Lebanese diaspora
145:
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
6857:
6659:
6658:
6608:
6607:
6546:Syriac Catholics
6504:
6503:
6485:
6484:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6436:
6426:
6425:
6395:Christmas Island
6081:Sovereign states
6068:
6061:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6027:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6003:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5888:
5878:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5796:
5787:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5756:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5621:
5615:
5602:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5578:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5488:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5278:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5114:
5109:Lamb, Franklin.
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5088:. Archived from
5078:Danny Rubinstein
5074:
5065:
5064:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4953:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4922:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4864:(3–4): 282–312.
4849:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4756:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4714:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4682:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4355:
4349:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4310:
4293:
4292:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4224:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4190:
4187:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4144:
4127:
4126:
4106:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4028:
4022:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3853:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3768:The Muslim World
3763:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3634:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3503:. Archived from
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:. Thenational.ae
3420:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3247:Islam in Lebanon
3193:Mouhamad Rachini
3125:Arab nationalist
3094:Condensed matter
2912:Nassif al-Nassar
2892:magazine in 1909
2849:Hassan Nasrallah
2803:and compiler of
2797:Al-Hurr al-Amili
2751:
2737:
2723:
2709:
2699:Hassan Nasrallah
2695:
2679:
2665:
2651:
2637:
2623:
2609:
2595:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2345:
2225:
2224:
2200:2006 Lebanon War
2079:, adjoining the
2056:and maintaining
2048:Shi'ism, having
1745:religious clergy
1631:movement led by
1592:Kingdom of Syria
1415:El Assaad Family
1387:Southern Lebanon
1343:al-Ashraf Khalil
1210:as confirmed by
958:Southern Lebanon
781:
780:
776:; pronounced as
772:
771:
766:
752:
732:
725:
718:
704:
703:
702:
614:
442:Lebanese culture
169:Lebanese Muslims
139:
129:
106:
105:
64:Total population
56:
49:
47:
46:
39:
21:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6811:Lebanese people
6803:
6678:
6653:
6635:Ismaili Shiites
6630:Alawite Shiites
6625:Shiite Twelvers
6602:
6584:Syriac Orthodox
6579:Coptic Orthodox
6531:Latin Catholics
6493:
6479:
6477:
6447:
6442:
6414:
6382:
6373:
6354:Northern Cyprus
6340:
6333:
6075:
6072:
6035:
6030:
6021:
6017:
5972:
5968:
5914:
5910:
5854:
5850:
5797:
5790:
5777:
5770:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5622:
5618:
5603:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5579:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5518:
5516:
5509:
5505:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5400:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5279:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5184:
5180:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5121:
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4706:
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4554:
4538:
4534:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4496:
4489:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4432:Bosworth, C. E.
4421:
4417:
4410:
4391:
4387:
4372:
4356:
4352:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4311:
4296:
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4264:
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4209:
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4172:
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4153:
4145:
4130:
4123:
4107:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4070:Rowson, Everett
4056:
4052:
4045:
4029:
4025:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3982:
3978:
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3399:
3376:
3372:
3356:
3355:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3301:
3297:
3238:
3189:– Famous singer
3142:
3109:Hanan al-Shaykh
3103:Ali Chamseddine
3067:
3014:militia in 1982
2999:Jamil Al Sayyed
2908:
2840:Abbas al-Musawi
2820:social reformer
2805:Wasa'il al-Shia
2772:
2757:
2755:Hanan al-Shaykh
2752:
2743:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2696:
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2680:
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2470:
2464:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2291:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2221:
2213:
2193:personal status
2173:Greater Lebanon
2083:at the foot of
2015:
1959:
1904:Greater Lebanon
1874:
1860:
1855:
1820:
1717:
1572:
1504:
1496:Comte de Volney
1494:. According to
1480:Nasif al-Nassar
1417:
1411:
1409:Nasif al-Nassar
1405:
1403:Harfush dynasty
1399:
1333:. According to
1331:Aqqush al-Afram
1262:
1155:Fall of Tripoli
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
871:throughout the
861:than another."
851:Lebanese people
847:
842:
819:Twelver Shi'ism
795:Lebanese people
791:Lebanese Arabic
736:
700:
698:
693:
692:
688:Flag of Lebanon
643:
635:
634:
612:
604:Lebanese Arabic
594:
586:
585:
564:Greater Lebanon
512:
504:
503:
437:
429:
428:
226:
218:
217:
159:Lebanese people
154:
153:Lebanese people
146:
138:
119:Lebanese people
82:Lebanese Arabic
80:
59:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6863:
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6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6565:
6564:
6562:Greek Orthodox
6558:
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6083:
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6076:
6071:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6033:External links
6031:
6029:
6028:
6015:
5966:
5929:(2): 274–282.
5917:(2017-08-03).
5908:
5848:
5811:(3): 334–340.
5788:
5768:
5739:(1): 149–157.
5718:
5711:
5691:
5671:
5643:
5636:
5616:
5594:
5568:
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5525:
5503:
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5414:
5394:
5373:
5352:
5345:
5325:
5300:
5293:
5268:
5245:
5223:
5201:
5190:. Menassat.com
5178:
5154:
5136:
5126:. naharnet.com
5115:
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5021:
5014:
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4625:
4605:
4590:
4559:
4552:
4532:
4514:
4505:
4487:
4466:
4459:
4436:van Donzel, E.
4415:
4408:
4385:
4370:
4350:
4330:
4324:978-0674052987
4323:
4294:
4287:
4267:
4258:
4246:
4239:
4212:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4170:
4128:
4121:
4096:
4087:
4066:Krämer, Gudrun
4050:
4043:
4023:
4007:
4000:
3976:
3967:
3960:
3954:. I.B.Tauris.
3940:
3918:
3901:Canard, Marius
3892:
3846:Canard, Marius
3837:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3803:
3785:
3745:
3728:
3704:
3675:
3654:
3647:
3626:
3617:
3610:
3589:
3566:
3541:
3517:
3488:
3467:
3461:978-0813383187
3460:
3437:
3415:
3407:Riad Yazbeck.
3397:
3370:
3338:
3318:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3257:Lebanese Druze
3254:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3187:Assi El Helani
3184:
3178:
3169:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3055:Muhsin Ibrahim
3052:
3046:
3036:Husayn Muruwwa
3033:
3024:
3015:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2947:Imad Mughniyah
2944:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2883:
2874:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2827:
2822:and leader of
2813:
2807:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2514:Central Asians
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
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2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2296:
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2276:
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2266:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:Madhvani Group
2142:Zengid dynasty
2052:that are more
2042:Musa al-Kadhim
2026:emerged in 765
2014:
2011:
1987:Taif Agreement
1958:
1955:
1888:Ottoman Empire
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1819:
1816:
1784:social capital
1716:
1713:
1571:
1568:
1503:
1500:
1476:Shihab dynasty
1398:
1395:
1290:crisis of 1781
1261:
1258:
1197:Ja'fari school
1149:hills east of
1071:The spread of
1050:
1047:
983:of the entire
919:Amurru kingdom
855:Pierre Zalloua
846:
843:
841:
838:
738:
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
709:
708:
695:
694:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
658:Prime Minister
655:
650:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
627:
626:
625:
615:
609:
608:
607:
606:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
579:Taif Agreement
576:
566:
561:
556:
555:
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529:
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510:
509:
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270:United Kingdom
267:
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243:
242:
237:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
201:Greek Orthodox
198:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
166:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:Lebanese cedar
130:
122:
121:
115:
114:
113:of articles on
102:
101:
90:
89:
85:
84:
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75:
71:
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66:
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61:
60:
57:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6757:
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6707:
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6697:
6695:
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6691:
6689:
6685:
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6672:
6670:
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6666:
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6647:
6645:
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6609:
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6408:
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6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:South Ossetia
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6327:
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6257:
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6125:
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6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6025:
6019:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5712:9780190872151
5708:
5704:
5703:
5695:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5637:9781108471459
5633:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5599:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5557:. 20 May 2013
5556:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5514:
5507:
5492:
5485:
5479:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5383:
5377:
5362:
5356:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5329:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5256:
5249:
5233:
5227:
5211:
5205:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5164:
5158:
5151:. 2023-10-16.
5150:
5146:
5140:
5125:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5092:on 2007-10-01
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5063:. p. 36.
5062:
5055:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5015:9781845193164
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4965:9780231106610
4961:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4942:
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4906:
4902:
4895:
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4859:
4855:
4848:
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4835:
4828:
4820:
4818:9781503631090
4814:
4810:
4803:
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4662:9780429499586
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4626:9780887066382
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4609:
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4597:
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4591:9783319899473
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4553:9781403982940
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4338:Stefan Winter
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4299:
4290:
4288:9781000034257
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4240:9781139486811
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4118:
4115:(in Arabic).
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4001:0-299-09140-6
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3961:9780857716781
3957:
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3932:
3928:
3927:Heidemann, S.
3922:
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3869:
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3860:Ménage, V. L.
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3648:9780884023470
3644:
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3621:
3613:
3611:9780884021155
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3556:on 2011-07-25
3555:
3551:
3545:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3507:on 2018-07-18
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3119:
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3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:Physicist at
3095:
3091:
3090:Rammal Rammal
3088:
3085:
3084:Zaynab Fawwaz
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
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3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:– Founder of
3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:Abbas Ibrahim
2988:
2986:
2985:Amal Movement
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:Amal movement
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:Adel Osseiran
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:Henri Gouraud
2922:
2921:Adham Khanjar
2919:
2917:
2913:
2910:
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2901:
2897:
2894:
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2881:Matn al-Lugha
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2834:Amal movement
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2655:Sabri Hamadeh
2650:
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2641:Adel Osseiran
2636:
2631:
2628:
2627:Adham Khanjar
2622:
2617:
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2608:
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2594:
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2518:Ottoman Turks
2515:
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2132:
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2124:
2119:
2117:
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2101:
2096:
2094:
2093:Mount Lebanon
2090:
2086:
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2078:
2074:
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2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:seven pillars
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1952:
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1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
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1815:
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1812:al-Ja'fariyya
1808:
1803:
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1611:
1603:
1602:Adham Khanjar
1599:
1595:
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1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
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1509:
1499:
1497:
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1492:North Lebanon
1489:
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1481:
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1471:
1469:
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1464:Mount Lebanon
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
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1437:Mount Lebanon
1434:
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1323:Mount Lebanon
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1260:Mamluk period
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:noted in his
1237:
1236:Nasir Khusraw
1233:
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1067:Tyre, Lebanon
1062:
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1020:
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986:
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981:lingua franca
978:
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947:
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926:
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916:
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903:was known as
902:
898:
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890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
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866:
862:
860:
856:
852:
837:
835:
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830:National Pact
826:
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762:
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719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
707:
697:
696:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:Phoenicianism
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:National Pact
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
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547:1860 conflict
545:
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297:United States
295:
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108:
107:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
77:
72:
67:
62:
55:
50:
33:
19:
6764:Palestinians
6674:Baháʼí Faith
6508:Christianity
6487:Demographics
6379:Dependencies
6309:Turkmenistan
6274:Saudi Arabia
6023:
6018:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5926:
5922:
5911:
5866:
5862:
5851:
5808:
5804:
5783:
5736:
5732:
5721:
5701:
5694:
5681:
5674:
5662:. Retrieved
5653:
5646:
5626:
5619:
5606:
5586:. Retrieved
5559:. Retrieved
5528:
5517:. Retrieved
5506:
5495:. Retrieved
5490:
5478:
5467:. Retrieved
5462:
5449:
5438:. Retrieved
5424:
5404:
5397:
5386:. Retrieved
5376:
5365:. Retrieved
5355:
5335:
5328:
5317:. Retrieved
5303:
5283:
5259:. Retrieved
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5204:
5192:. Retrieved
5181:
5173:
5167:. Retrieved
5157:
5148:
5139:
5128:. Retrieved
5118:
5105:
5094:. Retrieved
5090:the original
5060:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5030:
5024:
5005:
4999:
4980:
4974:
4949:
4941:
4900:
4894:
4861:
4857:
4833:
4827:
4808:
4802:
4783:
4761:
4725:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4684:
4671:
4644:
4615:
4608:
4576:. Springer.
4572:
4542:
4535:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4480:
4469:
4450:
4443:
4418:
4398:
4388:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4314:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4229:
4206:
4177:Harris, 2011
4173:
4163:25 September
4161:. Retrieved
4149:
4111:
4090:
4073:
4053:
4033:
4026:
4015:
4010:
3990:
3979:
3970:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3921:
3904:
3895:
3878:
3871:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3738:
3731:
3721:
3666:
3638:
3620:
3601:
3575:
3569:
3558:. Retrieved
3554:the original
3544:
3533:. Retrieved
3520:
3509:. Retrieved
3505:the original
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3470:
3451:
3429:. Retrieved
3418:
3408:
3383:
3373:
3351:
3327:
3321:
3181:Ragheb Alama
3155:Layal Abboud
3012:Islamic Amal
2969:Sabri Hamade
2830:Musa al-Sadr
2669:Musa al-Sadr
2541:(25.5%) and
2522:
2479:
2477:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2314:
2240:
2233:
2219:Demographics
2214:
2197:
2185:
2175:, alongside
2170:
2166:
2139:
2127:divine unity
2120:
2097:
2085:Mount Hermon
2081:Beqaa valley
2077:Wadi al-Taym
2066:
2016:
1995:Akkar region
1972:
1967:Jabal Mohsen
1948:
1940:Abil al-Qamh
1928:al-Malikiyya
1901:
1885:
1875:
1847:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1804:
1788:middle-class
1779:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1718:
1697:
1692:
1652:
1647:
1626:
1618:Beqaa Valley
1607:
1573:
1505:
1484:Jazzar Pasha
1472:
1449:
1433:Beqaa Valley
1426:
1391:Beqaa valley
1354:
1329:, headed by
1316:
1297:
1263:
1247:
1201:
1167:
1120:
1093:Irfan Shahîd
1070:
1035:Irfan Shahîd
1023:Roman Empire
1016:
1006:
970:
927:
904:
901:Bekaa valley
863:
848:
827:
786:
782:
773:
767:, plural of
755:
754:
742:
741:
542:Ottoman rule
461:Architecture
419:Saudi Arabia
392:
391:
387:South Africa
382:Sierra Leone
290:
289:
253:
252:
245:
244:
228:
173:
37:Ethnic group
6815:Middle East
6789:Sri Lankans
6593:Protestants
6438:Asia portal
6339:States with
6259:Philippines
6199:South Korea
6194:North Korea
6089:Afghanistan
5986:(1): 6659.
5113:2008-11-18.
4440:Pellat, Ch.
4018:, 1886, p.
4014:Mukaddasi,
3877:Volume III:
3868:Schacht, J.
3864:Pellat, Ch.
3851:"Ḥamdānids"
3211:Rima Karaki
3199:Amal Hijazi
3146:Haifa Wehbe
3130:Fouad Ajami
3105:– Physicist
3018:Assem Qanso
2981:Nabih Berri
2975:Kamel Asaad
2937:(1925–1927)
2900:Sadr family
2858:Ragheb Harb
2727:Haifa Wehbe
2713:Nabih Berri
2531:Haplogroups
2506:Sea Peoples
2498:Hellenistic
2357:Percentage
2188:Aga Khan IV
2104:Zoroastrian
1878:Shia Muslim
1839:Imam Husain
1780:muṭālabiyya
1737:nationalist
1524:Hidden Imam
1337:chronicler
1208:Transjordan
1127:dialectical
1087:as well as
1009:Banu Amilah
979:became the
913:kingdom of
393:Middle East
372:Ivory Coast
312:New Zealand
225:Communities
79:Vernacular:
6839:Categories
6759:Pakistanis
6704:Bulgarians
6319:Uzbekistan
6294:Tajikistan
6209:Kyrgyzstan
6189:Kazakhstan
6109:Bangladesh
6099:Azerbaijan
5664:17 January
5588:2013-12-15
5561:17 January
5519:2013-12-17
5497:2015-01-12
5469:2015-01-12
5440:2015-01-12
5415:1590338715
5388:2013-12-17
5367:2013-12-17
5346:0520071964
5319:2013-12-17
5294:0520071964
5261:18 January
5238:18 January
5216:18 January
5194:18 January
5169:2015-01-12
5130:2015-01-12
5096:2015-01-12
4990:0691155119
4449:Volume VI:
4424:Salibi, K.
4394:Salibi, K.
3560:2010-08-11
3535:2010-08-11
3511:2010-08-11
3482:2010-08-11
3431:2013-01-05
3380:"Mutawālī"
3295:References
3268:Jabal Amel
3262:Banu Amela
3205:May Hariri
3172:Rima Fakih
3159:Pop singer
3150:Arab world
3075:Electrical
3049:Mahdi Amel
2916:Jabal Amel
2877:Ahmad Rida
2741:Roda Antar
2490:Bronze Age
2488:since the
2472:See also:
2100:Qarmatians
2089:Jabal Shuf
2018:Isma'ilism
1924:Nabi Yusha
1870:See also:
1853:Sub-groups
1709:Bint Jbeil
1687:Bint Jbeil
1677:and fifty
1614:Jabal Amel
1588:Ahmad Rida
1441:mukataacıs
1429:Jabal Amil
1370:al-Maqrizi
1345:compelled
1321:region in
1266:Jabal Amel
1254:Banu Ammar
1244:Ibn Asakir
1212:al-Maqdisi
1183:ascent in
1168:In Syria,
1123:Jabal Amel
1116:Byzantines
1112:Ghassanids
1073:Shia Islam
1065:See also:
1061:Banu Ammar
1059:See also:
1053:See also:
989:Phoenician
973:Roman rule
962:Jabal Amel
942:Aram-Zobah
917:and later
859:Phoenician
799:Shia Islam
473:Literature
211:Protestant
98:Shia Islam
69:~1,600,000
6709:Canadians
6699:Assyrians
6694:Armenians
6516:Catholics
6405:Hong Kong
6359:Palestine
6284:Sri Lanka
6279:Singapore
6159:Indonesia
5943:0002-9297
5903:219105572
5825:1018-4813
5610:(Beirut:
5456:"Lebanon"
4927:cite book
4919:910847832
4886:204456533
4878:0043-2539
4600:187523435
4380:242675094
4082:1873-9830
3913:715397763
3887:495469525
3856:Lewis, B.
3774:: 1, 21.
3693:cite book
3685:757935847
3359:cite book
3316:, cia.gov
3167:fit model
3065:Academics
3027:Ali Qanso
2868:Ayatollah
2853:Hezbollah
2844:Hezbollah
2801:muhaddith
2537:(26.5%),
2452:5,296,814
2449:1,652,600
2438:4,044,784
2435:1,325,499
2424:2,550,000
2410:1,407,868
2162:Crusaders
2158:Assassins
2073:Salamiyah
2013:Isma'ilis
1969:, Lebanon
1899:-system.
1796:petitions
1748:Society (
1741:sectarian
1715:Education
1580:Arab flag
1548:Astarabad
1520:Karak Nuh
1516:Tahmasp I
1452:Harfushes
1286:Karak Nuh
1240:Safarnama
1234:c. 1047,
1204:Palestine
1174:Hamdanids
1145:. In the
1108:al-Tabari
1100:foederati
1097:Nabataean
1055:Hamdanids
1037:. As the
1018:foederati
1013:Nabataean
930:Aramaeans
774:mutawālin
653:President
532:Phoenicia
352:Venezuela
317:Argentina
307:Australia
74:Languages
32:mutawallī
6784:Russians
6739:Italians
6729:Iranians
6644:Sunnites
6499:Religion
6428:Category
6349:Abkhazia
6299:Thailand
6254:Pakistan
6234:Mongolia
6229:Maldives
6224:Malaysia
6124:Cambodia
6010:33758277
5961:28757201
5895:32470401
5843:21119711
5763:32470374
4451:Mahk–Mid
4442:(eds.).
4426:(1991).
4396:(2005).
4072:(eds.).
3929:(2005).
3903:(1951).
3870:(eds.).
3848:(1971).
3530:Naharnet
3501:NOW News
3236:See also
3219:– Singer
3176:Miss USA
3078:engineer
2890:Al-Irfan
2792:polymath
2494:Iron Age
2462:Genetics
2168:exodus.
2146:Damascus
2116:Aga Khan
2054:esoteric
2036:was the
1975:Alawites
1957:Alawites
1936:Tarbikha
1775:l-'Irfan
1754:Āmiliyya
1725:Russians
1694:Shiites.
1683:Nabatieh
1622:Ain Ebel
1616:and the
1576:Nabatieh
1508:Safavids
1488:Kisrawan
1389:and the
1382:Buhturid
1374:Damascus
1362:ambushes
1355:kafarat
1325:east of
1319:Kisrawan
1308:Sarbadar
1304:Khorasan
1216:Tiberias
1178:Isma'ili
1147:Keserwan
950:Itureans
934:Damascus
897:Aradians
811:Maronite
787:matawali
783:metouali
756:matāwila
642:Politics
593:Language
449:Religion
367:Paraguay
332:Colombia
291:Overseas
196:Maronite
163:religion
111:a series
109:Part of
88:Religion
18:Metouali
6794:Syrians
6724:Indians
6620:Shiites
6598:Baptist
6491:Lebanon
6324:Vietnam
6239:Myanmar
6219:Lebanon
6149:Georgia
6104:Bahrain
6094:Armenia
6001:7987999
5980:Sci Rep
5952:5544389
5834:3062011
5754:7332655
5627:Lebanon
5614:, 2014)
5086:Haaretz
3348:2392664
3217:Melissa
3040:Marxist
2927:in 1923
2524:Genetic
2502:Ottoman
2421:668,500
2407:250,605
2396:785,543
2393:154,208
2382:609,069
2379:104,947
2368:487,600
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2241:Percent
2109:Fatimid
2022:Sevener
1991:Tripoli
1983:Ali Eid
1979:Lebanon
1906:to the
1892:Baalbek
1881:Twelver
1841:during
1835:madhhab
1830:madhhab
1805:Sayyid
1701:tobacco
1649:strife.
1564:Isfahan
1540:Isfahan
1460:Tripoli
1456:Baalbek
1445:sanjaks
1357:rawafid
1347:Baydara
1282:Jezzine
1276:due to
1232:Tripoli
1181:Fatimid
1131:Imamism
1102:of the
1077:Lebanon
1031:Balqayn
1021:of the
977:Aramaic
971:During
923:Enišasi
911:Amorite
893:Tripoli
865:Lebanon
845:Origins
840:History
803:Lebanon
793:), are
630:English
613:Foreign
511:History
492:Cuisine
436:Culture
377:Senegal
362:Jamaica
347:Ecuador
337:Uruguay
260:Germany
206:Melkite
136:Lebanon
6780:groups
6774:Romani
6754:Malays
6734:Iraqis
6719:Greeks
6714:French
6369:Taiwan
6304:Turkey
6269:Russia
6204:Kuwait
6184:Jordan
6174:Israel
6134:Cyprus
6119:Brunei
6114:Bhutan
6026:, p.34
6008:
5998:
5959:
5949:
5941:
5901:
5893:
5841:
5831:
5823:
5761:
5751:
5709:
5634:
5412:
5343:
5291:
5012:
4987:
4962:
4917:
4907:
4884:
4876:
4815:
4790:
4691:
4659:
4623:
4598:
4588:
4550:
4457:
4438:&
4428:"Maʿn"
4406:
4378:
4368:
4321:
4285:
4237:
4156:. The
4119:
4080:
4041:
3998:
3958:
3911:
3885:
3879:H–Iram
3866:&
3801:
3683:
3673:
3645:
3608:
3458:
3346:
3336:
3163:dancer
2563:T-L206
2561:, and
2555:G-M201
2551:Arabia
2500:, and
2486:Levant
2455:31.2%
2441:32.8%
2427:26.2%
2413:17.8%
2399:19.6%
2385:17.2%
2371:11.3%
2365:55,120
2181:Druzes
2177:Sunnis
2150:Aleppo
2113:Nizari
2087:, and
2069:da'wah
2020:, or "
2007:Sunnis
1985:, the
1944:Saliha
1942:, and
1843:Ashura
1758:Beirut
1721:French
1679:horses
1675:rifles
1671:Akroum
1637:Syrian
1550:, and
1536:Qazvin
1532:Tabriz
1468:cotton
1366:Ghazan
1335:Mamluk
1327:Beirut
1278:Mamluk
1274:Aleppo
1270:Levant
1249:rafida
1170:Aleppo
1151:Beirut
1104:Romans
1089:Hamdan
1085:Judham
1081:Amilah
1043:Arabic
1027:Judham
994:Beirut
985:Levant
946:Hazael
944:where
938:Hamath
889:Byblos
873:Bronze
823:Levant
779:متوالي
765:متاولة
761:Arabic
747:Arabic
618:French
599:Arabic
485:Cinema
404:Kuwait
327:Mexico
322:Brazil
302:Canada
280:Greece
275:Sweden
265:France
254:Europe
235:Cyprus
132:Emblem
6799:Turks
6769:Poles
6749:Kurds
6662:Other
6649:Druze
6612:Islam
6410:Macau
6329:Yemen
6289:Syria
6264:Qatar
6244:Nepal
6179:Japan
6154:India
6144:Egypt
6129:China
5899:S2CID
5686:(PDF)
5658:(PDF)
5487:(PDF)
5459:(PDF)
5434:(PDF)
5313:(PDF)
4882:S2CID
4766:(PDF)
4681:(PDF)
4596:S2CID
4430:. In
4154:(PDF)
3854:. In
2543:E1b1b
2528:Y-DNA
2510:South
2348:Year
2307:31.2%
2294:32.8%
2281:26.2%
2268:19.6%
2255:17.2%
2154:Syria
2135:Druze
2131:Cairo
2123:Hakim
2046:Imami
1932:Hunin
1920:Qadas
1792:Sunni
1764:) in
1756:) in
1663:Syria
1544:Rasht
1528:sadrs
1378:na'ib
1351:Egypt
1299:faqīh
1224:Qadas
1220:Amman
1189:da'wa
1185:Egypt
1015:Arab
998:Latin
954:Arabs
915:Qatna
885:Sidon
815:Druze
807:Sunni
770:متوال
499:Sport
480:Music
414:Qatar
399:Egypt
357:Haiti
342:Chile
285:Spain
240:Syria
184:Druze
179:Sunni
94:Islam
6809:The
6744:Jews
6669:Jews
6249:Oman
6214:Laos
6169:Iraq
6164:Iran
6006:PMID
5984:6659
5957:PMID
5939:ISSN
5891:PMID
5863:Cell
5839:PMID
5821:ISSN
5759:PMID
5707:ISBN
5666:2016
5632:ISBN
5563:2016
5410:ISBN
5341:ISBN
5289:ISBN
5263:2016
5240:2016
5218:2016
5196:2016
5010:ISBN
4985:ISBN
4960:ISBN
4933:link
4915:OCLC
4905:ISBN
4874:ISSN
4813:ISBN
4788:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4621:ISBN
4586:ISBN
4548:ISBN
4455:ISBN
4404:ISBN
4376:OCLC
4366:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4283:ISBN
4235:ISBN
4165:2014
4117:ISBN
4078:ISSN
4039:ISBN
3996:ISBN
3956:ISBN
3909:OCLC
3883:OCLC
3799:ISBN
3699:link
3681:OCLC
3671:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3365:link
3344:OCLC
3334:ISBN
3165:and
3098:CNRS
2516:and
2446:2022
2432:1988
2418:1975
2404:1956
2390:1932
2376:1921
2362:1861
2299:2022
2286:1988
2273:1975
2260:1932
2247:1921
2234:Year
2186:The
2148:and
2038:true
1916:Jews
1897:waqf
1766:Tyre
1739:and
1723:and
1685:and
1669:and
1552:Amol
1512:Iran
1490:and
1450:The
1435:and
1284:and
1230:and
1228:Tyre
1222:and
1206:and
1193:Iraq
1083:and
1029:and
936:and
906:Amqu
891:and
881:Tyre
877:Iron
875:and
813:and
424:Iran
174:Shia
6778:Dom
6489:of
6381:and
5996:PMC
5988:doi
5947:PMC
5931:doi
5927:101
5881:hdl
5871:doi
5867:181
5829:PMC
5813:doi
5749:PMC
5741:doi
5737:107
4866:doi
4649:doi
4578:doi
3776:doi
3580:doi
3388:doi
2559:R1b
1977:in
1827:or
1510:of
1454:of
1118:.
1075:in
1004:".
801:in
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785:or
468:Art
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