361:
echinoderms. Specific tissues are targets in different species, including the gills, brain, blood, kidney, and liver/hepatopancreas. Physiological effects have been reported in these species. Mn can affect the renewal of immunocytes and their functionality, such as phagocytosis and activation of pro-phenoloxidase, suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible to infections. As climate change occurs, pathogen distributions increase, and in order for organisms to survive and defend themselves against these pathogens, they need a healthy, strong immune system. If their systems are compromised from high Mn levels, they will not be able to fight off these pathogens and die.
305:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 3.0 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs. The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient information to set a UL.
20:
351:
Manganese deficiency in humans, which is rare, results in a number of medical problems. Many common vitamin and mineral supplement products fail to include manganese in their compositions. Relatively high dietary intake of other minerals such as iron, magnesium, and calcium may inhibit the proper
308:
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For manganese labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 2.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A
360:
Many enzymatic systems need Mn to function, but in high levels, Mn can become toxic. One environmental reason Mn levels can increase in seawater is when hypoxic periods occur. Since 1990 there have been reports of Mn accumulation in marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and
145:
defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese
376:, and also in most bacteria (this fact is in keeping with the bacterial-origin theory of mitochondria). The Mn-SOD enzyme is probably one of the most ancient, for nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen use it to deal with the toxic effects of
286:(IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese, there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for
952:
Hernroth, Bodil; Krång, Anna-Sara; Baden, Susanne (February 2015). "Bacteriostatic suppression in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) exposed to manganese or hypoxia under pressure of ocean acidification".
996:
Hernroth, Bodil; Tassidis, Helena; Baden, Susanne P. (March 2020). "Immunosuppression of aquatic organisms exposed to elevated levels of manganese: From global to molecular perspective".
294:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of manganese, the adult UL is set at 11 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as
1138:
402:, which use a different nonenzymatic mechanism with manganese (Mn) ions complexed with polyphosphate, suggesting a path of evolution for this function in aerobic life.
759:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Chromium
901:
Silva Avila, Daiana; Luiz Puntel, Robson; Aschner, Michael (2013). "Manganese in Health and
Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.).
1560:
511:
Rice, Derek B.; Massie, Allyssa A.; Jackson, Timothy A. (2017). "Manganese–Oxygen
Intermediates in O–O Bond Activation and Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Reactions".
440:, and has a metalloenzyme core containing four atoms of manganese. To fulfill this requirement, most broad-spectrum plant fertilizers contain manganese.
352:
intake of manganese. A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.
1145:
819:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
835:
1111:
918:
766:
691:
566:
428:(OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it is responsible for the terminal
871:
818:
855:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"
1336:
346:
1231:
302:
1509:
1094:
Charles
Dismukes, G.; Van Willigen, Rogier T. (2006). "Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models".
1131:
411:
291:
1555:
1534:
283:
1565:
1389:
392:), formed from the 1-electron reduction of dioxygen. The exceptions, which are all bacteria, include
604:
459:"The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions"
295:
854:
804:
801:
425:
394:
58:
683:
677:
1401:
334:
310:
1341:
1216:
141:
in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and
98:
1514:
1226:
1176:
1171:
1052:
962:
151:
90:
8:
1580:
1384:
1351:
1311:
1211:
1056:
966:
1575:
1570:
1519:
1478:
1303:
1181:
1076:
1021:
929:
732:
646:
619:
592:
580:
485:
458:
720:
551:
Essential Metals in
Medicine: Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic
1488:
1458:
1426:
1421:
1406:
1379:
1326:
1316:
1221:
1201:
1196:
1166:
1107:
1080:
1068:
1025:
1013:
978:
934:
914:
772:
762:
724:
687:
651:
572:
562:
528:
490:
326:
793:
584:
1453:
1411:
1099:
1060:
1005:
970:
924:
906:
879:
736:
716:
641:
631:
554:
520:
480:
470:
429:
417:
118:
24:
974:
752:
1524:
1416:
1356:
1321:
1206:
1191:
673:
549:
Erikson, K. M.; Aschner, M. (2019). "Manganese: Its Role in
Disease and Health".
524:
433:
287:
910:
1468:
1463:
1448:
1436:
437:
147:
62:
1041:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å"
1039:
Umena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (May 2011).
1009:
558:
1549:
1529:
1493:
1483:
1441:
1431:
1103:
399:
1473:
754:
1346:
1072:
1017:
982:
938:
776:
728:
655:
576:
532:
494:
475:
373:
142:
114:
636:
1394:
1331:
1040:
905:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 199–227.
421:
66:
1064:
37:
is an essential biological element in all organisms. It is used in many
1282:
872:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
377:
106:
102:
1123:
370:
322:
155:
78:
70:
34:
137:
Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a
1366:
1274:
1258:
330:
138:
126:
86:
27:
1374:
1290:
1266:
1250:
1241:
122:
94:
82:
54:
42:
38:
903:
Interrelations between
Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
618:
Schmidt, Sidsel
Birkelund; Husted, Søren (27 September 2019).
321:
Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as
900:
74:
1093:
19:
753:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001).
309:
table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at
707:
Takeda, A. (2003). "Manganese action in brain function".
110:
1038:
837:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For
Vitamins And Minerals
679:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
995:
620:"The Biochemical Properties of Manganese in Plants"
951:
510:
1547:
682:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp.
544:
542:
548:
416:Manganese is also important in photosynthetic
364:
23:Reactive center of arginase with boronic acid
1561:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
1139:
667:
665:
617:
761:. National Academy Press. pp. 394–419.
539:
405:
132:
113:) contains manganese. Manganese-containing
1146:
1132:
998:Developmental & Comparative Immunology
662:
355:
166:
30:– the manganese atoms are shown in yellow.
928:
645:
635:
484:
474:
463:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
85:. Other enzymes containing manganese are
876:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
18:
1153:
748:
746:
506:
504:
333:neuronal death and symptoms similar to
173:Current AIs of Mn by age group and sex
1548:
847:
843:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
706:
671:
456:
298:(DRIs). Manganese deficiency is rare.
1127:
369:Mn-SOD is the type of SOD present in
743:
501:
1244: (Core six elements)
1096:Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry
290:(AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets
13:
553:. Vol. 19. pp. 253–266.
457:Li, Longman; Yang, Xiaobo (2018).
14:
1592:
41:and proteins. It is essential in
798:Micronutrient Information Center
1087:
1032:
989:
945:
894:
864:
828:
48:
1232:Biological aspects of fluorine
811:
783:
700:
611:
450:
303:European Food Safety Authority
1:
1510:Composition of the human body
975:10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.025
721:10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00234-5
513:Accounts of Chemical Research
443:
340:
292:Tolerable upper intake levels
97:). Also the enzyme class of
16:Use of manganese by organisms
525:10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00343
412:Manganese deficiency (plant)
161:
7:
1520:Mineral (Essential element)
911:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_7
365:Biological role in bacteria
316:
10:
1597:
1535:Uranium in the environment
409:
344:
284:U.S. Institute of Medicine
1502:
1390:Acute beryllium poisoning
1365:
1302:
1240:
1159:
1010:10.1016/j.dci.2019.103536
559:10.1515/9783110527872-016
406:Biological role in plants
296:Dietary Reference Intakes
261:
258:
255:
180:
177:
133:Biological role in humans
1104:10.1002/0470862106.ia128
805:Linus Pauling Institute
802:Oregon State University
430:photooxidation of water
426:oxygen-evolving complex
395:Lactobacillus plantarum
356:Toxicity in marine life
167:Dietary recommendations
1402:Chlorine gas poisoning
709:Brain Research Reviews
311:Reference Daily Intake
99:reverse transcriptases
31:
1375:Argyria (Silver)
1217:Molybdenum in biology
672:Emsley, John (2001).
637:10.3390/plants8100381
329:disorder that causes
22:
1515:Lithium (medication)
1227:Arsenic biochemistry
1187:Manganese in biology
1177:Potassium in biology
1172:Magnesium in biology
476:10.1155/2018/7580707
347:Manganese deficiency
152:glutamine synthetase
91:superoxide dismutase
57:that have manganese
1385:Beryllium poisoning
1212:Selenium in biology
1154:Elements in biology
1065:10.1038/nature09913
1057:2011Natur.473...55U
967:2015AqTox.159..217H
335:Parkinson's disease
174:
89:and Mn-containing
1556:Biological systems
1479:Thallium poisoning
1182:Calcium in biology
955:Aquatic Toxicology
172:
32:
1543:
1542:
1489:Toxic heavy metal
1474:Selenium toxicity
1459:Mercury poisoning
1427:Fluoride toxicity
1422:Cadmium poisoning
1407:Chromium toxicity
1380:Arsenic poisoning
1222:Iodine in biology
1202:Copper in biology
1197:Cobalt in biology
1167:Sodium in biology
1113:978-0-470-86078-6
920:978-94-007-7499-5
768:978-0-309-07279-3
693:978-0-19-850340-8
568:978-3-11-052787-2
519:(11): 2706–2717.
327:neurodegenerative
279:
278:
1588:
1566:Dietary minerals
1454:Lithium toxicity
1412:Cobalt poisoning
1148:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1036:
1030:
1029:
993:
987:
986:
949:
943:
942:
932:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
878:. Archived from
868:
862:
861:
859:
851:
845:
844:
842:
832:
826:
825:
823:
815:
809:
808:
787:
781:
780:
750:
741:
740:
704:
698:
697:
669:
660:
659:
649:
639:
615:
609:
608:
602:
598:
596:
588:
546:
537:
536:
508:
499:
498:
488:
478:
454:
418:oxygen evolution
391:
390:
389:
288:Adequate Intakes
175:
171:
119:diphtheria toxin
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1525:Oxygen toxicity
1498:
1417:Copper toxicity
1361:
1298:
1236:
1207:Zinc in biology
1192:Iron in biology
1155:
1152:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1092:
1088:
1051:(7345): 55–60.
1037:
1033:
994:
990:
950:
946:
921:
899:
895:
885:
883:
882:on 7 April 2020
870:
869:
865:
857:
853:
852:
848:
840:
834:
833:
829:
821:
817:
816:
812:
792:
788:
784:
769:
751:
744:
705:
701:
694:
670:
663:
616:
612:
600:
599:
590:
589:
569:
547:
540:
509:
502:
455:
451:
446:
434:light reactions
424:in plants. The
414:
408:
388:
385:
384:
383:
381:
367:
358:
349:
343:
319:
280:
275:lactating: 2.6
169:
164:
150:, most notably
148:metalloproteins
135:
63:oxidoreductases
53:The classes of
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Nickel allergy
1466:
1464:Metal toxicity
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Lead poisoning
1446:
1445:
1444:
1437:Iron poisoning
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1086:
1031:
988:
944:
919:
893:
863:
846:
827:
810:
782:
767:
742:
699:
692:
661:
610:
601:|journal=
567:
538:
500:
448:
447:
445:
442:
438:photosynthesis
407:
404:
386:
366:
363:
357:
354:
345:Main article:
342:
339:
318:
315:
277:
276:
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134:
131:
50:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1593:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Soil salinity
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1494:Zinc toxicity
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Tin poisoning
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:Iron overload
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Halotolerance
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
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1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
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1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
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1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
881:
877:
873:
867:
856:
850:
839:
838:
831:
820:
814:
807:. 2014-04-23.
806:
803:
799:
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786:
778:
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770:
764:
760:
756:
749:
747:
738:
734:
730:
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718:
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703:
695:
689:
685:
681:
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648:
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629:
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621:
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460:
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431:
427:
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419:
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403:
401:
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379:
375:
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353:
348:
338:
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328:
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314:
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306:
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159:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
46:
44:
40:
36:
29:
26:
21:
1304:Deficiencies
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1186:
1095:
1089:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1001:
997:
991:
958:
954:
947:
902:
896:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
875:
866:
849:
836:
830:
813:
797:
789:
785:
758:
715:(1): 79–87.
712:
708:
702:
678:
627:
623:
613:
550:
516:
512:
466:
462:
452:
422:chloroplasts
415:
400:lactobacilli
398:and related
393:
374:mitochondria
368:
359:
350:
331:dopaminergic
320:
307:
300:
281:
270:pregnant: 2
195:AI (mg/day)
189:AI (mg/day)
143:free radical
136:
115:polypeptides
107:lentiviruses
105:(though not
103:retroviruses
67:transferases
52:
49:Biochemistry
33:
1395:Berylliosis
961:: 217–224.
794:"Manganese"
755:"Manganese"
674:"Manganese"
630:(10): 381.
432:during the
1581:Physiology
1550:Categories
1342:Molybdenum
1004:: 103536.
444:References
410:See also:
378:superoxide
371:eukaryotic
341:Deficiency
156:astrocytes
79:isomerases
71:hydrolases
1576:Nutrition
1571:Manganese
1337:Manganese
1332:Potassium
1286:hosphorus
1081:205224374
1026:207935992
603:ignored (
593:cite book
323:manganism
162:Nutrition
127:integrins
59:cofactors
35:Manganese
25:inhibitor
1367:Toxicity
1352:Selenium
1312:Chromium
1160:Elements
1073:21499260
1018:31705914
983:25553539
939:24470093
777:25057538
729:12505649
656:31569811
585:73725546
577:30855111
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469:: 1–11.
317:Toxicity
181:Females
139:coenzyme
117:are the
109:such as
101:of many
87:arginase
61:include
28:arginase
1503:Related
1278:itrogen
1262:ydrogen
1053:Bibcode
963:Bibcode
930:6589086
824:. 2017.
737:1922613
684:249–253
647:6843630
486:5907490
123:lectins
83:ligases
55:enzymes
39:enzymes
1347:Sodium
1327:Iodine
1317:Copper
1242:CHONPS
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1079:
1071:
1045:Nature
1024:
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624:Plants
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248:14–18
242:14–18
178:Males
95:Mn-SOD
75:lyases
43:plants
1294:ulfur
1270:xygen
1254:arbon
1077:S2CID
1022:S2CID
858:(PDF)
841:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
733:S2CID
581:S2CID
234:9–13
228:9–13
1357:Zinc
1322:Iron
1108:ISBN
1069:PMID
1014:PMID
979:PMID
935:PMID
915:ISBN
888:2020
773:PMID
763:ISBN
725:PMID
688:ISBN
652:PMID
605:help
573:PMID
563:ISBN
529:PMID
491:PMID
467:2018
325:, a
301:The
282:The
265:1.8
262:19+
259:2.3
256:19+
251:1.6
245:2.2
237:1.6
231:1.9
223:1.5
220:4–8
217:1.5
214:4–8
209:1.2
206:1–3
203:1.2
200:1–3
192:Age
186:Age
125:and
81:and
1100:doi
1061:doi
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1006:doi
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971:doi
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925:PMC
907:doi
790:See
717:doi
642:PMC
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471:doi
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