1414:
770:
592:
1331:
1616:
jaundice. Most patients with TPI for Glu104Asp mutation or heterozygous for a TPI null allele and Glu104Asp have a life expectancy of infancy to early childhood. TPI patients with other mutations generally show longer life expectancy. There are only two cases of individuals with TPI living beyond the age of 6. These cases involve two brothers from
Hungary, one who did not develop neurological symptoms until the age of 12, and the older brother who has no neurological symptoms and suffers from anemia only.
162:
1048:
148:
1502:
1451:
4117:
908:
176:
1578:, and is associated with non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia of variable severity. This disease is centered on the glucose-6-phosphate protein. This protein can be found in the secretion of some cancer cells. PHI is the result of a dimeric enzyme that catalyses the reversible interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and gluose-6-phosphate.
1623:
TPI is detected through deficiency of enzymatic activity and the build-up of dihyroxyacetone phosphate(DHAP), which is a toxic substrate, in erythrocytes. This can be detected through physical examination and a series of lab work. In detection, there is generally myopathic changes seen in muscles and
1630:
for TPI is not specific, but varies according to different cases. Because of the range of symptoms TPI causes, a team of specialist may be needed to provide treatment to a single individual. That team of specialists would consists of pediatricians, cardiologists, neurologists, and other healthcare
1608:. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia and neurodegeneration, and is caused by anaerobic metabolic dysfunction. This dysfunction results from a missense mutation that effects the encoded TPI protein. The most common mutation is the substitution of gene, Glu104Asp, which produces the most severe
1615:
TPI deficiency is very rare with less than 50 cases reported in literature. Being an autosomal recessive inherited disease, TPI deficiency has a 25% recurrence risk in the case of heterozygous parents. It is a congenital disease that most often occurs with hemolytic anemia and manifests with
1634:
Supportive measures such as red cell transfusions in cases of severe anaemia can be taken to treat TPI as well. In some cases, spleen removal (splenectomy) may improve the anaemia. There is no treatment to prevent progressive neurological impairment of any other non-haematological clinical
2118:
Solomons JT, Zimmerly EM, Burns S, Krishnamurthy N, Swan MK, Krings S, Muirhead H, Chirgwin J, Davies C (Sep 2004). "The crystal structure of mouse phosphoglucose isomerase at 1.6A resolution and its complex with glucose 6-phosphate reveals the catalytic mechanism of sugar ring opening".
239:-2-butene. The sub-categories of isomerases containing racemases, epimerases and cis-trans isomers are examples of enzymes catalyzing the interconversion of stereoisomers. Intramolecular lyases, oxidoreductases and transferases catalyze the interconversion of structural isomers.
1619:
Individuals with TPI show obvious symptoms after 6–24 months of age. These symptoms include: dystonia, tremor, dyskinesia, pyramidal tract signs, cardiomyopathy and spinal motor neuron involvement. Patients also show frequent respiratory system bacterial infections.
1492:
is not known. It is thought that this binding stabilizes the transition state through electrostatic effects, accounting for the dramatic increase in the reaction rate in the presence of the mutase or upon addition of a specifically-placed cation in the active site.
1698:. High-fructose corn syrup is preferred by many confectionery and soda manufacturers because of the high sweetening power of fructose (twice that of sucrose), its relatively low cost and its inability to crystallize. Fructose is also used as a sweetener for use by
903:
from one part of a molecule to another. Phosphotransferases (EC 5.4.2) were categorized as transferases (EC 2.7.5) with regeneration of donors until 1983. This sub-class can be broken down according to the functional group the enzyme transfers:
2578:
Hollán S, Fujii H, Hirono A, Hirono K, Karro H, Miwa S, Harsányi V, Gyódi E, Inselt-Kovács M (Nov 1993). "Hereditary triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency: two severely affected brothers one with and one without neurological symptoms".
1584:
Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture in association with biochemical studies revealing erythrocyte GPI deficiency (between 7 and 60% of normal) and identification of a mutation in the GPI gene by molecular analysis.
1441:
intermediate. The second Asp is located on the opposite side of the active side and it protonates the molecule, effectively adding a proton from the back side. These coupled steps invert stereochemistry at the third carbon.
1624:
chronic axonal neuropathy found in the nerves. Diagnosis of TPI can be confirmed through molecular genetics. Chorionic villus DNA analysis or analysis of fetal red cells can be used to detect TPI in antenatal diagnosis.
434:
act upon molecules with one chiral carbon for inversion of stereochemistry, whereas epimerases target molecules with multiple chiral carbons and act upon one of them. A molecule with only one chiral carbon has two
104:
246:, the difference in energy between isomers. Isomers close in energy can interconvert easily and are often seen in comparable proportions. The isomerization energy, for example, for converting from a stable
2255:
Zheng W, Sun F, Bartlam M, Li X, Li R, Rao Z (Mar 2007). "The crystal structure of human isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase at 1.7 A resolution reveals its catalytic mechanism in isoprenoid biosynthesis".
1563:
1706:(between 7.0 and 9.0) in the reaction environment. Moderately high temperatures, above 70 °C, increase the yield of fructose by at least half in the isomerization step. The enzyme requires a
1954:
Fisher LM, Albery WJ, Knowles JR (May 1986). "Energetics of proline racemase: tracer perturbation experiments using proline that measure the interconversion rate of the two forms of free enzyme".
2074:
Enzyme nomenclature 1992 : recommendations of the
Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the nomenclature and classification of enzymes
309:
the addition of unlabeled substrate perturbs or unbalances it. As equilibrium is established again, the radiolabeled substrate and product are tracked to determine energetic information.
293:
at high concentrations in a single isomerization. Instead, tracer perturbation can overcome these technical difficulties if there are two forms of the unbound enzyme. This technique uses
1454:
A proposed mechanism for chorismate mutase. Clark, T., Stewart, J.D. and Ganem, B. Transition-state analogue inhibitors of chlorismate mutase. Tetrahedron 46 (1990) 731–748. © IUBMB 2001
1721:
for peak activity, an additional cost to manufacturers. Glucose isomerase also has a much higher affinity for xylose than for glucose, necessitating a carefully controlled environment.
2154:
Terada T, Mukae H, Ohashi K, Hosomi S, Mizoguchi T, Uehara K (Apr 1985). "Characterization of an enzyme which catalyzes isomerization and epimerization of D-erythrose 4-phosphate".
1764:. Overall, extensive research in genetic engineering has been invested into optimizing glucose isomerase and facilitating its recovery from industrial applications for re-use.
1596:, higher number of reticulocytes and plasma bilirubin concentration, as well as increased liver- and spleen-somatic indices, was exclusively manifested in homozygous mutants.
1488:
with the substrate in a trans-diaxial position. Experimental evidence indicates that the isomerase selectively binds the chair transition state, though the exact mechanism of
2835:
1841:
Enzyme nomenclature, 1978 recommendations of the
Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the nomenclature and classification of enzymes
3450:
192:
changes within one molecule. They convert one isomer to another, meaning that the end product has the same molecular formula but a different physical structure.
1605:
702:
1401:
intermediate is created and the C1 oxygen is protonated by the catalytic residue, accompanied by the deprotonation of the endiol C2 oxygen. The straight-chain
227:
Stereoisomers have the same ordering of individual bonds and the same connectivity but the three-dimensional arrangement of bonded atoms differ. For example,
1589:
447:
about the chiral carbon. A molecule with multiple chiral carbons has two forms at each chiral carbon. Isomerization at one chiral carbon of several yields
4069:
1546:
intermediate at C3. The adjacent carbon, C2, is deprotonated from the opposite face to yield a double bond. In effect, the double bond is shifted over.
3772:
3237:
3210:
3153:
1037:. These enzymes catalyze "reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining
3661:
3612:
3517:
3179:
2380:
Krone W, Schneider G, Schulz D, Arnold H, Blume KG (1 January 1970). "Detection of phosphohexose isomerase deficiency in human fibroblast cultures".
1567:
1481:
that can proceed with or without the isomerase, though the rate increases 10 fold in the presence of chorismate mutase. The reaction goes through a
3476:
1437:
residues. After the substrate binds to the enzyme, the first Asp deprotonates the third carbon from one side of the molecule. This leaves a planar
3880:
3311:
2338:"Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase deficiency associated with nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia in the mouse: an animal model for the human disease"
577:
but rather by the position of substituent groups relative to a plane of reference, as across a double bond or relative to a ring structure.
3443:
3823:
3269:
1604:
The disease referred to as triosephosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI), is a severe autosomal recessive inherited multisystem disorder of
3748:
3553:
49:
3920:
3637:
2644:
1086:
4043:
3906:
3195:
3337:
3567:
3436:
1509:
1421:
An example of epimerization is found in the Calvin cycle when D-ribulose-5-phosphate is converted into D-xylulose-5-phosphate by
254:
isomer is greater than for the reverse reaction, explaining why in the absence of isomerases or an outside energy source such as
3146:
2622:
204:. Structural isomers have a different ordering of bonds and/or different bond connectivity from one another, as in the case of
1702:. Major issues of the use of glucose isomerase involve its inactivation at higher temperatures and the requirement for a high
1429:
at the third carbon in the chain. The underlying mechanism involves the deprotonation of that third carbon to form a reactive
2198:
2083:
2047:
1935:
1907:
1882:
402:
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions each have a uniquely assigned classification number. Isomerase-catalyzed reactions have their own
3925:
1592:. As in humans, the hemolytic syndrome, which is characterized by a diminished erythrocyte number, lower hematocrit, lower
1098:
2078:(6th ed.). San Diego: Published for the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Academic Press.
3985:
3873:
1242:
1760:. The use of glucose isomerase very efficiently converts xylose to xylulose, which can then be acted upon by fermenting
459:
differ in configuration at just one chiral carbon. This class is further broken down by the group the enzyme acts upon:
4010:
3304:
2523:
1302:
278:
3990:
3722:
3139:
2862:
1850:
1254:
1991:"The mechanism of the phosphoglucomutase reaction. Studies on rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase with flux techniques"
3980:
3975:
3935:
3607:
1230:
1218:
1122:
285:
since a reaction vessel will contain one substrate and one product so the typical simplified model for calculating
3965:
3617:
3592:
3572:
1366:
and the subsequent formation of a cis-endiol intermediate. A ketose is then formed and the ring is closed again.
1194:
3995:
3866:
3627:
1422:
1266:
525:
1786:
groups at the third and fourth carbons. The current model for the mechanism of glucose isomerase is that of a
1354:
with a five-membered ring). The conversion of D-glucose-6-phosphate to D-fructose-6-phosphate is catalyzed by
3955:
3945:
3930:
3577:
3297:
3254:
3018:
1524:(DMAPP). In this isomerization reaction a stable carbon-carbon double bond is rearranged top create a highly
1355:
1170:
1146:
1110:
766:
of one part of the molecule and the concurrent reduction of another part. Sub-categories of this class are:
286:
4036:
3970:
3543:
3497:
2107:. Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB). 2010.
1206:
1182:
997:
806:
630:
3950:
3646:
3582:
3502:
3278:
1807:
1158:
978:
859:
544:
1405:
is formed. To close the fructose ring, the reverse of ring opening occurs and the ketose is protonated.
4107:
3813:
3786:
3533:
2443:
1575:
1041:
attached to the molecule." Some of these catalyzed reactions involve the breaking of a ring structure.
821:
802:
678:
110:
3428:
3762:
3670:
3597:
3492:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3003:
2337:
1521:
944:
1554:
Isomerase plays a role in human disease. Deficiencies of this enzyme can cause disorders in humans.
451:, which differ from one another in absolute configuration at just one chiral carbon. For example, D-
4060:
4000:
3960:
3897:
3847:
3739:
3679:
3674:
3586:
3538:
3467:
3328:
3259:
3170:
3013:
2967:
2910:
1780:
1679:
1482:
1278:
982:
874:
825:
642:
403:
2745:
Antrim RL, Colilla W, Schnyder BJ (1979). "Glucose isomerase production of high fructose syrups".
4029:
3915:
3781:
3757:
3562:
3324:
3249:
2915:
2470:"Drosophila model of human inherited triosephosphate isomerase deficiency glycolytic enzymopathy"
1562:
Phosphohexose
Isomerase Deficiency (PHI) is also known as phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency or
1517:
1074:
940:
840:
752:
738:
714:
666:
562:
529:
126:
1767:
Glucose isomerase is able to catalyze the isomerization of a range of other sugars, including D-
1694:. The fructose produced from this isomerization reaction is purer with no residual flavors from
3689:
3622:
3166:
3131:
1016:
1001:
844:
574:
444:
431:
4082:
4005:
3832:
3715:
3684:
2936:
2855:
1791:
1528:
1478:
1438:
1290:
726:
345:
325:
290:
255:
3858:
2072:
4077:
3227:
3008:
2216:"A strategically positioned cation is crucial for efficient catalysis by chorismate mutase"
1923:
1803:
1787:
1732:
that feed on decaying plant matter. Its most common industrial use is in the production of
1724:
The isomerization of xylose to xylulose has its own commercial applications as interest in
1686:
is more specific than older chemical methods of fructose production, resulting in a higher
878:
690:
306:
282:
1413:
8:
4137:
3837:
3602:
3191:
2972:
2821:
1811:
1381:
the oxygen on the glucose ring (and thereby breaking the O5-C1 bond) in conjunction with
654:
491:
380:
298:
3940:
3796:
3791:
3222:
3214:
2905:
2604:
2494:
2469:
2405:
2167:
2015:
1990:
1839:
1815:
1134:
1008:
963:
959:
866:
769:
548:
536:
510:
391:
317:
313:
277:
from experimental data can be more difficult than for other enzymes because the use of
221:
217:
2777:
2703:
2678:
4021:
2781:
2708:
2596:
2546:
2499:
2397:
2362:
2315:
2273:
2237:
2194:
2171:
2136:
2079:
2043:
2020:
1971:
1931:
1903:
1878:
1846:
1687:
1532:
1458:
1330:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1020:
989:
970:
951:
932:
851:
832:
813:
794:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
625:
618:
613:
517:
498:
479:
294:
243:
197:
117:
as the substrate but differs in bond connectivity or spatial arrangement. Isomerases
2409:
4092:
3708:
3507:
3417:
2951:
2946:
2920:
2848:
2773:
2764:
Wang PY, Shopsis C, Schneider H (May 1980). "Fermentation of a pentose by yeasts".
2698:
2690:
2608:
2588:
2538:
2489:
2481:
2389:
2352:
2307:
2265:
2227:
2163:
2128:
2099:
2010:
2002:
1963:
1819:
1648:
1485:
900:
506:
487:
360:
357:
341:
333:
114:
591:
3842:
3289:
3200:
2998:
2982:
2895:
2694:
1757:
1667:. Like most sugar isomerases, glucose isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of
1588:
The deficiency of phosphohexose isomerase can lead to a condition referred to as
1426:
423:
301:
of the free enzyme between its two forms. The radiolabeled substrate and product
274:
213:
209:
201:
2485:
2357:
1779:. The most efficient substrates are those similar to glucose and xylose, having
4121:
3463:
3036:
2977:
1466:
1462:
1363:
1359:
755:
3700:
2524:"Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: a neurodegenerative misfolding disease"
2522:
Oláh J, Orosz F, Keserü GM, Kovári Z, Kovács J, Hollán S, Ovádi J (Apr 2002).
2269:
2132:
1581:
PHI is a very rare disease with only 50 cases reported in literature to date.
1450:
1397:(assisted by His388) depronates C2 to form a double bond between C1 and C2. A
1362:. The overall reaction involves the opening of the ring to form an aldose via
4131:
4056:
2941:
2900:
2214:
Kast P, Grisostomi C, Chen IA, Li S, Krengel U, Xue Y, Hilvert D (Nov 2000).
1745:
1695:
1683:
1474:
1394:
1044:
This category is not broken down any further. All entries presently include:
1038:
588:
This category is not broken down any further. All entries presently include:
267:
40:
36:
2554:
2298:
Kugler W, Lakomek M (Mar 2000). "Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase deficiency".
1047:
762:
from one part of the molecule to another. In other words, they catalyze the
3241:
2890:
2817:
2550:
2503:
2319:
2311:
2277:
2241:
2232:
2215:
2140:
1737:
1535:
1525:
570:
561:
This category (EC 5.2) includes enzymes that catalyze the isomerization of
427:
20:
2785:
2712:
2600:
2401:
2366:
2175:
2024:
1975:
1643:
By far the most common use of isomerases in industrial applications is in
1501:
1338:
A classic example of ring opening and contraction is the isomerization of
340:
and the other for D-proline. At high concentrations it was shown that the
175:
3407:
3114:
3049:
2885:
1729:
1566:, and is a hereditary enzyme deficiency. PHI is the second most frequent
1543:
1539:
1513:
1378:
1370:
1334:
The isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
892:
573:
may have cis-trans stereoisomers. These isomers are not distinguished by
364:
349:
35:
to another. Isomerases facilitate intramolecular rearrangements in which
1967:
406:
category: EC 5. Isomerases are further classified into six subclasses:
289:
does not hold. There are also practical difficulties in determining the
4087:
3458:
3183:
2592:
2542:
2393:
1691:
1612:, and is responsible for approximately 80% of clinical TPI deficiency.
1593:
1571:
436:
122:
2006:
1902:(3rd ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 220–222.
196:
themselves exist in many varieties but can generally be classified as
79:
3062:
1776:
1718:
1699:
1609:
1489:
1434:
1374:
419:
321:
302:
189:
72:
1461:
is an intramolecular transferase and it catalyzes the conversion of
161:
4116:
3412:
1783:
1741:
1707:
1664:
1660:
1470:
1386:
1347:
1343:
759:
415:
228:
118:
2117:
99:{\displaystyle {\ce {A-B}}\quad {\xrightarrow{}}\quad {\ce {B-A}}}
1733:
1725:
1656:
1339:
566:
456:
452:
337:
329:
147:
3161:
2836:
GoPubMed: Top authors, journals, places publishing on
Isomerases
1631:
professionals, that can develop a comprehensive plan of action.
443:
having the isoforms D-serine and L-serine differing only in the
16:
Class of enzymes which convert a molecule between isomeric forms
3735:
3521:
3484:
3480:
3394:
3354:
3349:
3101:
2871:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1714:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1402:
1390:
1382:
1351:
1325:
896:
448:
440:
312:
The earliest use of this technique elucidated the kinetics and
242:
The prevalence of each isomer in nature depends in part on the
205:
193:
43:
and formed. The general form of such a reaction is as follows:
32:
28:
2300:
Baillière's Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology
1417:
The conversion of ribulose-5-phosphate to xylulose-5-phosphate
3888:
3650:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3075:
1761:
1749:
1644:
1034:
907:
763:
1872:
1678:
The conversion of glucose to fructose is a key component of
3806:
3801:
3525:
3345:
2467:
1877:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
1516:
synthesis and in particular it catalyzes the conversion of
1430:
1398:
353:
2840:
2468:
Celotto AM, Frank AC, Seigle JL, Palladino MJ (Nov 2006).
2379:
1748:
as source material is very common. Hemicellulose contains
773:
reaction catalyzed by phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase
332:. This technique was then adopted to study the profile of
2042:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
1710:
1549:
595:
Conversion mediated by peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase).
1728:
has increased. This reaction is often seen naturally in
2679:"Molecular and industrial aspects of glucose isomerase"
2577:
2153:
1930:(4th ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 238–241.
1703:
1599:
703:
2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase
262:
isomer tends to be present in greater amounts than the
121:
reactions across many biological processes, such as in
4051:
2799:
Chen WP (August–September 1980). "Glucose isomerase".
1051:
reaction catalyzed by ent-Copalyl diphosphate synthase
4105:
2744:
2521:
1557:
1393:
with an acidic C2 proton. The C3-C4 bond rotates and
581:
isomers have substituent groups on the same side and
52:
2763:
2213:
1433:
intermediate. The enzyme's active site contains two
1373:
of the isomerase. The isomerase opens the ring: its
305:
in a time-dependent manner. When the system reaches
2766:
2676:
2331:
2329:
1953:
375:
Generally, "the names of isomerases are formed as "
348:and that these enzyme forms may differ just in the
3319:
2071:
1838:
98:
2818:Superfamilies of single-pass transmembrane lyases
2254:
1797:
746:
281:is impractical. That is, isomerization is not an
4129:
2615:
2326:
1647:manufacturing. Glucose isomerase (also known as
1512:type I (also known as IPP isomerase) is seen in
1496:
1477:in some plants and bacteria. This reaction is a
1389:oxygen. The ring opens to form a straight-chain
911:reaction catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate mutase
336:and its two states: the form which isomerizes L-
113:yielding one product. This product has the same
3730:
1531:. IPP isomerase catalyzes this reaction by the
1033:This category (EC 5.5) includes intramolecular
891:This category (EC 5.4) includes intramolecular
2461:
2373:
2111:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1922:
886:
4037:
3874:
3716:
3613:5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate D-isomerase
3444:
3305:
3147:
2856:
2677:Bhosale SH, Rao MB, Deshpande VV (Jun 1996).
2335:
2297:
2191:Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry
1988:
899:). These isomerases catalyze the transfer of
320:, favoring the model of indirect transfer of
2645:"Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency -TPI"
2517:
2515:
2513:
1897:
1326:Ring expansion and contraction via tautomers
758:. These isomerases catalyze the transfer of
2571:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2056:
1425:. The substrate and product differ only in
1320:
4044:
4030:
3881:
3867:
3723:
3709:
3451:
3437:
3312:
3298:
3154:
3140:
2863:
2849:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
1638:
1445:
3921:3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase
2702:
2510:
2493:
2356:
2231:
2189:Bugg T (2012). "Chapter 10: Isomerases".
2014:
1949:
1947:
1087:3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase
3196:Phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing)
2726:Baker S (1976). "Pure fructose syrups".
2416:
2031:
1870:
1564:Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase deficiency
1500:
1449:
1412:
1329:
1046:
1028:
906:
768:
590:
409:
3568:Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
2747:Applied Biochemistry and Bioengineering
2661:
2444:"Triose phosphate-isomerase deficiency"
1916:
1542:is protonated at C4 to form a tertiary
1510:Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
1369:Glucose-6-phosphate first binds to the
585:isomers have groups on opposite sides.
556:
522:Acting on Carbohydrates and Derivatives
503:Acting on Hydroxy Acids and Derivatives
4130:
2637:
2623:"Triosephosphate Isomerase Deficiency"
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2037:
1944:
1891:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1550:The role of isomerase in human disease
1538:transposition of a single proton. The
270:by lowering the isomerization energy.
4025:
3862:
3704:
3432:
3293:
3135:
2844:
2725:
818:Interconverting Keto- and Enol-Groups
3926:tetrahydroxypteridine cycloisomerase
2798:
2188:
2101:The Enzyme List Class 5 - Isomerases
2069:
1600:Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
1099:Tetrahydroxypteridine cycloisomerase
956:Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases)
871:Other Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
484:Acting on Amino Acids and Derivative
266:isomer. Isomerases can increase the
3986:terpentedienyl-diphosphate synthase
2284:
2220:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1859:
1243:Terpentedienyl-diphosphate synthase
799:Interconverting Aldoses and Ketoses
208:and its four other isomeric forms (
13:
4011:prosolanapyrone-III cycloisomerase
2168:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08845.x
1989:Britton HG, Clarke JB (Nov 1968).
1874:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1845:. New York: Academic Press. 1979.
1814:, for example isomerases with the
1558:Phosphohexose isomerase deficiency
1303:Prosolanapyrone-III cycloisomerase
14:
4149:
3991:halimadienyl-diphosphate synthase
2829:
2441:
1255:Halimadienyl-diphosphate synthase
414:This category (EC 5.1) includes (
397:
31:that convert a molecule from one
4115:
3981:syn-copalyl-diphosphate synthase
3976:ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase
3936:carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase
3608:Prostaglandin-A1 Delta-isomerase
2531:Biochemical Society Transactions
2156:European Journal of Biochemistry
1651:) catalyzes the conversion of D-
1408:
1231:Syn-copalyl-diphosphate synthase
1219:Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase
1123:Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase
778:Intramolecular oxidoreductases:
751:This category (EC 5.3) includes
181:Epimers: D-glucose and D-mannose
174:
160:
153:The structural isomers of hexane
146:
132:
3966:dichloromuconate cycloisomerase
2811:
2792:
2757:
2738:
2719:
2248:
2207:
2182:
2147:
1928:Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics
1802:Some isomerases associate with
1635:manifestation of the diseases.
1195:Dichloromuconate cycloisomerase
1159:(+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase
370:
167:Cis-2-butene and Trans-2-butene
82:
66:
3996:(S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase
3628:Polyenoic fatty acid isomerase
2092:
1982:
1831:
1798:Membrane-associated isomerases
1794:and isotope exchange studies.
1752:, which itself is composed of
1423:ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase
1267:(S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase
747:Intramolecular oxidoreductases
526:ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase
279:product inhibition experiments
231:exists in two isomeric forms:
1:
3956:cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase
3946:chloromuconate cycloisomerase
3931:inositol-3-phosphate synthase
3255:N-acetylneuraminate epimerase
2778:10.1016/s0006-291x(80)80213-0
1898:Whitesell JK, Fox MA (2004).
1825:
1810:or anchored through a single
1497:Intramolecular oxidoreduction
1356:glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
1346:with a six-membered ring) to
1171:Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase
1147:Chloromuconate cycloisomerase
1111:Inositol-3-phosphate synthase
916:Intramolecular transferases:
3971:copalyl diphosphate synthase
3544:4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase
3498:Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
2695:10.1128/mr.60.2.280-300.1996
2336:Merkle S, Pretsch W (1993).
2258:Journal of Molecular Biology
2121:Journal of Molecular Biology
1808:peripheral membrane proteins
1207:Copalyl diphosphate synthase
1183:Alpha-pinene-oxide decyclase
998:(hydroxyamino)benzene mutase
837:Transposing C=C Double Bonds
807:Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
631:Maleylacetoacetate isomerase
7:
3951:bornyl diphosphate synthase
3647:Protein disulfide-isomerase
3618:Isopiperitenone D-isomerase
3593:Methylitaconate D-isomerase
3583:Cholestenol Delta-isomerase
3573:Vinylacetyl-CoA D-isomerase
3503:Mannose phosphate isomerase
3279:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
2870:
2486:10.1534/genetics.106.063206
2358:10.1182/blood.V81.1.206.206
2040:Essential Organic Chemistry
1505:Conversion by IPP isomerase
994:Transferring hydroxy groups
979:Beta-lysine 5,6-aminomutase
887:Intramolecular transferases
860:Protein disulfide-isomerase
545:methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
422:). These isomerases invert
344:in this interconversion is
328:and the direct transfer of
10:
4154:
3814:Phosphoenolpyruvate mutase
3787:Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
3534:Phenylpyruvate tautomerase
1576:pyruvate kinase deficiency
1469:, used as a precursor for
822:Phenylpyruvate tautomerase
803:Triose-phosphate isomerase
463:Racemases and epimerases:
297:to measure indirectly the
250:isomer to the less stable
4068:
3905:
3822:
3771:
3763:Precorrin-8X methylmutase
3747:
3671:Prostaglandin D2 synthase
3660:
3636:
3598:Aconitate Delta-isomerase
3578:Muconolactone D-isomerase
3552:
3516:
3493:Triosephosphate isomerase
3475:
3336:
3268:
3236:
3209:
3178:
3027:
3019:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
2991:
2960:
2929:
2878:
2270:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.055
2133:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.085
1522:dimethylallyl diphosphate
1013:Transferring Other Groups
975:Transferring Amino Groups
945:Precorrin-8X methylmutase
541:Acting on Other Compounds
379:isomerase" (for example,
316:underlying the action of
4001:lycopene epsilon-cyclase
3961:a-pinene-oxide decyclase
3848:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
3680:Prostaglandin E synthase
3675:Prostaglandin-D synthase
3539:Oxaloacetate tautomerase
3260:Phosphopentose epimerase
2911:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1680:high-fructose corn syrup
1321:Mechanisms of isomerases
1279:Lycopene epsilon-cyclase
983:Tyrosine 2,3-aminomutase
937:Transferring Acyl Groups
875:Prostaglandin-D synthase
826:Oxaloacetate tautomerase
679:Peptidylprolyl isomerase
643:Maleylpyruvate isomerase
3916:muconate cycloisomerase
3782:Phosphoglycerate mutase
3758:Lysolecithin acylmutase
3250:UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
3167:Epimerase and racemases
2683:Microbiological Reviews
2193:(3rd ed.). Wiley.
1995:The Biochemical Journal
1639:Industrial applications
1518:isopentenyl diphosphate
1446:Intramolecular transfer
1075:Muconate cycloisomerase
1056:Intramolecular lyases:
941:Lysolecithin acylmutase
841:Steroid Delta-isomerase
739:Beta-carotene isomerase
715:Zeta-carotene isomerase
667:Furylfuramide isomerase
530:UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
127:carbohydrate metabolism
27:are a general class of
3690:Thromboxane-A synthase
3623:L-dopachrome isomerase
2312:10.1053/beha.1999.0059
2233:10.1074/jbc.M006351200
1506:
1455:
1418:
1335:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1052:
1017:Methylaspartate mutase
1007:
1002:Isochorismate synthase
988:
969:
950:
931:
912:
865:
850:
845:L-dopachrome isomerase
831:
812:
793:
774:
732:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:Cis-trans isomerases:
596:
575:absolute configuration
535:
516:
497:
478:
445:absolute configuration
273:Calculating isomerase
100:
80:
4083:Type II topoisomerase
4006:lycopene beta-cyclase
3909:Intramolecular Lyases
3894:Intramolecular Lyases
3833:Cycloartenol synthase
3685:Prostacyclin synthase
3004:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
2937:Allosteric regulation
1792:X-ray crystallography
1606:glycolytic metabolism
1504:
1479:Claisen rearrangement
1453:
1416:
1385:deprotonating the C1
1333:
1291:Lycopene beta-cyclase
1050:
1029:Intramolecular lyases
910:
856:Transposing S-S Bonds
772:
727:Prolycopene isomerase
594:
410:Racemases, epimerases
291:rate-determining step
283:irreversible reaction
256:ultraviolet radiation
101:
75: isomerase
68:
4078:Type I topoisomerase
3228:Isocitrate epimerase
3014:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2801:Process Biochemistry
2728:Process Biochemistry
1871:McNaught AD (1997).
1804:biological membranes
1358:, an intramolecular
879:Allene-oxide cyclase
691:Farnesol 2-isomerase
557:Cis-trans isomerases
244:isomerization energy
50:
3838:Lanosterol synthase
3603:Enoyl CoA isomerase
3563:Steroid D-isomerase
3192:Amino-acid racemase
2822:Membranome database
1968:10.1021/bi00357a038
1812:transmembrane helix
1690:of fructose and no
1364:acid/base catalysis
1057:
917:
779:
655:Linoleate isomerase
601:
492:methionine racemase
464:
381:enoyl CoA isomerase
140:Examples of isomers
78:
3941:chalcone isomerase
3797:Phosphomannomutase
3792:Phosphoglucomutase
3223:Mandelate racemase
2973:Enzyme superfamily
2906:Enzyme promiscuity
2593:10.1007/bf00216456
2543:10.1042/bst0300030
2394:10.1007/BF00295784
2038:Bruice PY (2010).
1816:thioredoxin domain
1736:, achieved by the
1590:hemolytic syndrome
1507:
1456:
1419:
1336:
1314:D-ribose pyranase
1135:Chalcone isomerase
1055:
1053:
964:Phosphopentomutase
960:Phosphoglucomutase
915:
913:
777:
775:
599:
597:
549:hydantoin racemase
511:tartrate epimerase
462:
392:phosphoglucomutase
318:phosphoglucomutase
222:2,3-dimethylbutane
218:2,2-dimethylbutane
198:structural isomers
109:There is only one
96:
4103:
4102:
4019:
4018:
3856:
3855:
3698:
3697:
3508:Glucose isomerase
3462:: intramolecular
3426:
3425:
3287:
3286:
3129:
3128:
2200:978-1-118-34896-3
2085:978-0-12-227164-9
2049:978-0-321-59695-6
2007:10.1042/bj1100161
1937:978-3-527-66548-8
1909:978-0-7637-2197-8
1900:Organic Chemistry
1884:978-0-9678550-9-7
1820:prolyl isomerases
1459:Chorismate mutase
1318:
1317:
1026:
1025:
1021:Chorismate mutase
901:functional groups
884:
883:
744:
743:
619:Maleate isomerase
563:cis-trans isomers
554:
553:
388:type of isomerase
287:reaction kinetics
115:molecular formula
94:
86:
76:
64:
56:
4145:
4120:
4119:
4111:
4093:topoisomerase IV
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3418:Prolyl isomerase
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3009:Hanes–Woolf plot
2952:Enzyme activator
2947:Enzyme inhibitor
2921:Enzyme catalysis
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2674:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2553:. Archived from
2528:
2519:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2414:
2413:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2070:Webb EC (1992).
2067:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1924:Cornish-Bowden A
1920:
1914:
1913:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1835:
1649:xylose isomerase
1486:transition state
1058:
1054:
918:
914:
780:
776:
602:
598:
507:lactate racemase
488:alanine racemase
465:
461:
390:" (for example,
342:transition state
334:proline racemase
295:isotope exchange
178:
164:
150:
105:
103:
102:
97:
95:
92:
91:
84:
81:
77:
74:
65:
62:
61:
54:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4064:
4050:
4020:
4015:
3901:
3887:
3857:
3852:
3843:Lupeol synthase
3818:
3767:
3743:
3729:
3699:
3694:
3656:
3632:
3548:
3512:
3471:
3464:oxidoreductases
3457:
3427:
3422:
3332:
3318:
3288:
3283:
3264:
3232:
3205:
3201:Serine racemase
3174:
3160:
3130:
3125:
3037:Oxidoreductases
3023:
2999:Enzyme kinetics
2987:
2983:List of enzymes
2956:
2925:
2896:Catalytic triad
2874:
2869:
2832:
2827:
2816:
2812:
2797:
2793:
2762:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2675:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2440:
2417:
2378:
2374:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2296:
2285:
2253:
2249:
2226:(47): 36832–8.
2212:
2208:
2201:
2187:
2183:
2152:
2148:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2036:
2032:
1987:
1983:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1800:
1758:β(1,4) linkages
1641:
1602:
1568:erthoenzyopathy
1560:
1552:
1533:stereoselective
1499:
1475:L-phenylalanine
1448:
1427:stereochemistry
1411:
1328:
1323:
1031:
889:
756:oxidoreductases
749:
559:
439:forms, such as
424:stereochemistry
412:
400:
373:
299:interconversion
214:3-methylpentane
210:2-methylpentane
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
179:
170:
169:
168:
165:
156:
155:
154:
151:
142:
141:
135:
87:
83:
73:
67:
57:
53:
51:
48:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4125:
4124:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4057:topoisomerases
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3775:Phosphomutases
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3473:
3472:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2961:Classification
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2830:External links
2828:
2826:
2825:
2810:
2791:
2756:
2737:
2718:
2689:(2): 280–300.
2660:
2636:
2614:
2581:Human Genetics
2570:
2509:
2480:(3): 1237–46.
2460:
2415:
2372:
2325:
2283:
2264:(5): 1447–58.
2247:
2206:
2199:
2181:
2146:
2110:
2091:
2084:
2055:
2048:
2030:
1981:
1962:(9): 2538–42.
1943:
1936:
1926:(2013-02-22).
1915:
1908:
1890:
1883:
1858:
1851:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1818:, and certain
1799:
1796:
1640:
1637:
1601:
1598:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1529:allylic isomer
1498:
1495:
1447:
1444:
1410:
1407:
1360:oxidoreductase
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
995:
992:
986:
985:
976:
973:
967:
966:
957:
954:
948:
947:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
922:
888:
885:
882:
881:
872:
869:
863:
862:
857:
854:
848:
847:
838:
835:
829:
828:
819:
816:
810:
809:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
784:
753:intramolecular
748:
745:
742:
741:
736:
730:
729:
724:
718:
717:
712:
706:
705:
700:
694:
693:
688:
682:
681:
676:
670:
669:
664:
658:
657:
652:
646:
645:
640:
634:
633:
628:
622:
621:
616:
610:
609:
606:
558:
555:
552:
551:
542:
539:
533:
532:
523:
520:
514:
513:
504:
501:
495:
494:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
469:
426:at the target
411:
408:
399:
398:Classification
396:
372:
369:
235:-2-butene and
180:
173:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
157:
152:
145:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
136:
134:
131:
107:
106:
90:
71:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4150:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:Carbohydrates
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3215:Hydroxy acids
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Enzyme family
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Cooperativity
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Oxyanion hole
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:(1): 248–54.
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2646:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:(5): 486–90.
2586:
2582:
2574:
2560:on 2013-12-03
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(3): 224–30.
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2351:(1): 206–13.
2350:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:(1): 89–101.
2305:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:(2): 345–51.
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:(3): 847–60.
2126:
2122:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:(2): 161–80.
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1852:9780323144605
1848:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:hydride shift
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:hemicellulose
1744:. The use of
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:side products
1689:
1685:
1684:Isomerization
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:electrophilic
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1439:sp-hybridized
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1409:Epimerization
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
991:
987:
984:
980:
977:
974:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
955:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939:
936:
934:
930:
926:
923:
920:
919:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
880:
876:
873:
870:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
817:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
781:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
754:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
725:
723:
719:
716:
713:
711:
707:
704:
701:
699:
695:
692:
689:
687:
683:
680:
677:
675:
671:
668:
665:
663:
659:
656:
653:
651:
647:
644:
641:
639:
635:
632:
629:
627:
623:
620:
617:
615:
611:
607:
604:
603:
593:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
550:
546:
543:
540:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
502:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
481:
477:
473:
470:
467:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
428:chiral carbon
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
395:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
368:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:rate-limiting
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
268:reaction rate
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:stereoisomers
199:
195:
191:
177:
163:
149:
133:Isomerization
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
88:
69:
58:
46:
45:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4052:
3893:
3889:
3826:Other groups
3731:
3459:
3320:
3162:
3115:Translocases
3112:
3099:
3088:
3086:
3073:
3060:
3050:Transferases
3047:
3034:
2891:Binding site
2813:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2686:
2682:
2651:. Retrieved
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2617:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2562:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2534:
2530:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:
2385:
2382:Humangenetik
2381:
2375:
2348:
2344:
2303:
2299:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2190:
2184:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2100:
2094:
2073:
2039:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1959:
1956:Biochemistry
1955:
1927:
1918:
1899:
1893:
1873:
1840:
1833:
1801:
1766:
1738:fermentation
1723:
1696:contaminants
1682:production.
1677:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1561:
1553:
1536:antarafacial
1508:
1457:
1420:
1368:
1337:
1043:
1032:
893:transferases
890:
750:
587:
582:
578:
571:cycloalkanes
560:
437:enantiomeric
413:
401:
387:
384:
376:
374:
371:Nomenclature
326:intermediate
311:
272:
263:
259:
251:
247:
241:
236:
232:
226:
187:
108:
24:
21:biochemistry
18:
3751:Acyl Groups
3408:Cyclophilin
3184:Amino acids
2886:Active site
2653:26 November
2629:14 December
2537:(2): 30–8.
2453:14 November
1544:carbocation
1540:double bond
1514:cholesterol
1371:active site
1310:EC 5.5.1.n1
1298:EC 5.5.1.20
1286:EC 5.5.1.19
1274:EC 5.5.1.18
1262:EC 5.5.1.17
1250:EC 5.5.1.16
1238:EC 5.5.1.15
1226:EC 5.5.1.14
1214:EC 5.5.1.13
1202:EC 5.5.1.12
1190:EC 5.5.1.11
1178:EC 5.5.1.10
924:Description
786:Description
734:EC 5.2.1.14
722:EC 5.2.1.13
710:EC 5.2.1.12
698:EC 5.2.1.10
471:Description
365:active site
350:protonation
307:equilibrium
188:Isomerases
4138:Isomerases
3460:Isomerases
3321:Isomerases
3163:Isomerases
3089:Isomerases
3063:Hydrolases
2930:Regulation
2564:2013-11-27
2442:Orosz PF.
1826:References
1781:equatorial
1594:hemoglobin
1572:glycolysis
1471:L-tyrosine
1467:prephenate
1463:chorismate
1399:cis-endiol
1379:protonates
1166:EC 5.5.1.9
1154:EC 5.5.1.8
1142:EC 5.5.1.7
1130:EC 5.5.1.6
1118:EC 5.5.1.5
1106:EC 5.5.1.4
1094:EC 5.5.1.3
1082:EC 5.5.1.2
1070:EC 5.5.1.1
1039:covalently
686:EC 5.2.1.9
674:EC 5.2.1.8
662:EC 5.2.1.6
650:EC 5.2.1.5
638:EC 5.2.1.4
626:EC 5.2.1.2
614:EC 5.2.1.1
420:epimerases
383:), or as "
123:glycolysis
25:isomerases
4053:Isomerase
3890:Isomerase
3732:Isomerase
3325:geometric
2968:EC number
2753:: 97–155.
1790:based on
1777:arabinose
1700:diabetics
1628:Treatment
1610:phenotype
1520:(IPP) to
1490:catalysis
1064:Examples
1061:EC number
1009:EC 5.4.99
927:Examples
921:EC number
867:EC 5.3.99
789:Examples
783:EC number
764:oxidation
760:electrons
608:Examples
605:EC number
537:EC 5.1.99
474:Examples
468:EC number
432:Racemases
416:racemases
385:substrate
377:substrate
324:with one
322:phosphate
314:mechanism
111:substrate
89:−
59:−
4132:Category
3413:Parvulin
2992:Kinetics
2916:Cofactor
2879:Activity
2807:: 36–41.
2734:: 20–25.
2551:12023819
2504:16980388
2474:Genetics
2448:Orphanet
2410:34123426
2320:10916680
2278:17250851
2242:10960481
2141:15342241
1784:hydroxyl
1742:xylulose
1730:bacteria
1726:biofuels
1713:such as
1708:divalent
1665:fructose
1661:xylulose
1574:besides
1387:hydroxyl
1377:residue
1348:fructose
1344:aldehyde
990:EC 5.4.4
971:EC 5.4.3
952:EC 5.4.2
933:EC 5.4.1
852:EC 5.3.4
833:EC 5.3.3
814:EC 5.3.2
795:EC 5.3.1
518:EC 5.1.3
499:EC 5.1.2
480:EC 5.1.1
275:kinetics
258:a given
229:2-butene
190:catalyze
119:catalyze
70:→
4122:Biology
3736:mutases
3664:: other
3556:: C = C
3485:Ketoses
3481:Aldoses
3406:other:
3272:: Other
3102:Ligases
2872:Enzymes
2786:6446306
2713:8801434
2609:3110178
2601:8244340
2495:1667072
2402:5475507
2367:8417789
2176:3987693
2025:5726186
2016:1187194
1976:3521737
1734:ethanol
1673:ketoses
1669:aldoses
1657:glucose
1431:enolate
1340:glucose
897:mutases
567:Alkenes
457:mannose
453:glucose
449:epimers
363:of the
352:at the
338:proline
330:glucose
303:diffuse
194:Isomers
29:enzymes
4108:Portal
4088:gyrase
3824:5.4.99
3662:5.3.99
3395:FKBP10
3355:FKBP1B
3350:FKBP1A
3270:5.1.99
3076:Lyases
2784:
2711:
2704:239444
2701:
2625:. NORD
2607:
2599:
2549:
2502:
2492:
2408:
2400:
2365:
2318:
2276:
2240:
2197:
2174:
2139:
2082:
2046:
2023:
2013:
1974:
1934:
1906:
1881:
1849:
1775:and L-
1773:allose
1769:ribose
1754:xylose
1711:cation
1663:and D-
1655:and D-
1653:xylose
1403:ketose
1395:Glu357
1391:aldose
1383:Lys518
1375:His388
1352:ketone
1035:lyases
455:and D-
441:serine
418:) and
361:groups
354:acidic
220:, and
206:hexane
41:broken
33:isomer
4070:5.6.2
3907:5.5.1
3773:5.4.2
3749:5.4.1
3651:PDIA3
3640:: S-S
3638:5.3.4
3554:5.3.3
3518:5.3.2
3477:5.3.1
3400:FKBPL
3390:FKBP9
3385:FKBP8
3380:FKBP6
3375:FKBP5
3370:FKBP4
3365:FKBP3
3360:FKBP2
3338:5.2.1
3238:5.1.3
3211:5.1.2
3180:5.1.1
3028:Types
2648:(PDF)
2605:S2CID
2558:(PDF)
2527:(PDF)
2406:S2CID
2345:Blood
2341:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
1762:yeast
1750:xylan
1688:yield
1659:to D-
1645:sugar
1483:chair
583:trans
358:basic
264:trans
252:trans
237:trans
37:bonds
4063:5.6)
3900:5.5)
3807:PMM2
3802:PMM1
3742:5.4)
3526:Enol
3522:Keto
3470:5.3)
3346:FKBP
3331:5.2)
3173:5.1)
3120:list
3113:EC7
3107:list
3100:EC6
3094:list
3087:EC5
3081:list
3074:EC4
3068:list
3061:EC3
3055:list
3048:EC2
3042:list
3035:EC1
2782:PMID
2709:PMID
2655:2013
2631:2013
2597:PMID
2547:PMID
2500:PMID
2455:2013
2398:PMID
2363:PMID
2316:PMID
2274:PMID
2238:PMID
2195:ISBN
2172:PMID
2137:PMID
2080:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2021:PMID
1972:PMID
1932:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1771:, D-
1717:and
1671:and
1473:and
1342:(an
569:and
394:)."
356:and
125:and
39:are
3587:EBP
2820:in
2774:doi
2699:PMC
2691:doi
2589:doi
2539:doi
2490:PMC
2482:doi
2478:174
2390:doi
2353:doi
2308:doi
2266:doi
2262:366
2228:doi
2224:275
2164:doi
2160:148
2129:doi
2125:342
2011:PMC
2003:doi
1999:110
1964:doi
1806:as
1756:in
1740:of
1570:in
1465:to
1435:Asp
1350:(a
579:Cis
260:cis
248:cis
233:cis
224:).
200:or
19:In
4134::
4061:EC
4055::
3898:EC
3892::
3740:EC
3734::
3520::
3479::
3468:EC
3348::
3329:EC
3323::
3240::
3213::
3194::
3182::
3171:EC
3165::
2805:15
2803:.
2780:.
2770:94
2768:.
2749:.
2732:11
2730:.
2707:.
2697:.
2687:60
2685:.
2681:.
2663:^
2603:.
2595:.
2585:92
2583:.
2545:.
2535:30
2533:.
2529:.
2512:^
2498:.
2488:.
2476:.
2472:.
2446:.
2418:^
2404:.
2396:.
2386:10
2384:.
2361:.
2349:81
2347:.
2343:.
2328:^
2314:.
2304:13
2302:.
2286:^
2272:.
2260:.
2236:.
2222:.
2218:.
2170:.
2158:.
2135:.
2123:.
2058:^
2019:.
2009:.
1997:.
1993:.
1970:.
1960:25
1958:.
1946:^
1861:^
1822:.
1719:Mg
1715:Co
1704:pH
1675:.
1019:,
1000:,
981:,
962:,
943:,
877:,
843:,
824:,
805:,
565:.
547:,
528:,
509:,
490:,
430:.
404:EC
367:.
216:,
212:,
129:.
23:,
4110::
4059:(
4045:e
4038:t
4031:v
3896:(
3882:e
3875:t
3868:v
3738:(
3724:e
3717:t
3710:v
3673:/
3653:)
3649:(
3589:)
3585:(
3524:/
3483:/
3466:(
3452:e
3445:t
3438:v
3327:(
3313:e
3306:t
3299:v
3169:(
3155:e
3148:t
3141:v
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3118:(
3109:)
3105:(
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3092:(
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3079:(
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3066:(
3057:)
3053:(
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3040:(
2864:e
2857:t
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2788:.
2776::
2751:2
2715:.
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2657:.
2633:.
2611:.
2591::
2567:.
2541::
2506:.
2484::
2457:.
2412:.
2392::
2369:.
2355::
2322:.
2310::
2280:.
2268::
2244:.
2230::
2203:.
2178:.
2166::
2143:.
2131::
2088:.
2052:.
2027:.
2005::
1978:.
1966::
1940:.
1912:.
1887:.
1855:.
895:(
93:A
85:B
63:B
55:A
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