Madame Nhu - Knowledge

399: 1019:'s advice for her to stop damaging relations with inflammatory remarks, Madame Nhu refused to back down, describing herself as a scapegoat for American shortcomings and failures. She went on to accuse the administration of betraying her family, saying "I refuse to play the role of an accomplice in an awful murder ... According to a few immature American junior officials—too imbued by a real but obsolete imperialist spirit, the Vietnamese regime is not puppet enough and must be liquidated." She accused the Americans of undermining South Vietnam through "briberies, threats and other means" to destroy her family because they "do not like" it. She further mocked Kennedy's entourage, asking why "all the people around President Kennedy are 581:

Vietnam. Madame Nhu frequently talked to the Vietnamese, French and other foreign press quite candidly. Madame Nhu's marriage was unhappy as she wrote in her diary of an all consuming "rising desire" in her body, complained her husband had little interest in sex with her, and wrote with disgust of his affections for a younger woman whom she called that "creature" who was very "vulgar" and "dirty". Madame Nhu devoted her time to politics, championing a new Family Code she presented to parliament in October 1957 and passed in June 1958 to replace the old French code that banned concubinage and polygamy; allowed women to open bank accounts and own property; and required that daughters be given greater inheritance rights.

1031:, the Madison Avenue PR firm that had been hired to promote Diệm's image in the U.S. for $ 3,000 per month ended its relationship with Diệm during Madame Nhu's visit under the grounds she had so badly damaged the image of the Diệm government in America that there was nothing that could be done to improve his image and a continued association was going to cost the Oram Group other clients. American journalists had discovered Madame Nhu was "unfortunately too beautiful to ignore" as a Kennedy administration staffer complained, and that it was easy to provoke her into saying something outrageous, causing a media circus to develop around her as she traveled across America. 917:'s plans to assassinate him were uncovered. Madame Nhu gave a media interview in which she called on government troops to invade the American embassy and capture Thích Trí Quang and some other monks who were staying there, saying that the government must arrest "all key Buddhists". In a media interview, her husband responded to his parents-in-law by vowing to kill his father-in-law, claiming his wife would participate. He said "I will have his head cut off. I will hang him in the center of a square and let him dangle there. My wife will make the knot on the rope because she is proud of being a Vietnamese and she is a good patriot." 1008:

officers from helping the South Vietnamese forces. Lodge denounced the comments and said, "These men should be thanked, not insulted." However, one of his aides lost his composure and asked if "there were not something the government could do to shut her up." Diệm was stunned by the comments and retorted that "one cannot deny a lady the right to defend herself when she has been unjustly attacked", saying his sister-in-law was entitled to freedom of speech. But McNamara reinforced the point, noting to Diệm that "This is not satisfactory. The problems were real and serious. They had to be solved before the war could be won."

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rally in Saigon led to a confrontation on the streets between Madame Nhu and Bình Xuyên gunmen, with Madame Nhu daring the thugs to kill her right then and there, which caused them to demur, and the rally went on. Emboldened by this triumph, Diệm saw a chance to put his puritanical Roman Catholic values into practice and to strike a blow at the Bình Xuyên at the same time by shutting down the brothels, gambling houses and opium dens of Saigon owned by the Bình Xuyên while having pornographic magazines burned on the streets (the Bình Xuyên were the largest producers and sellers of pornography in Vietnam).

701:" and "The Queen Bee". She once stated "Power is wonderful. Total power is totally wonderful." In Vietnam, Madame Nhu was called the Tiger Lady as dragons are considered lucky and benevolent (mythical) animals in Vietnamese culture that are the wise and kindly friends of humanity, whereas the tiger is considered a symbol of ferocity, and many Vietnamese found the term "Dragon Lady" mystifying and insulting. She once told a group of American congressmen, "I'm not exactly afraid of death. I love power and in the next life I have a chance to be even more powerful than I am." U.S. Defense Secretary 508:

associations with the French, which led them to back Diệm. Madame Nhu had lobbied Bảo Đại to appoint her brother-in-law Prime Minister and believed that it was her influence that led to the appointment. She was deeply shocked to learn the real reason why Bảo Đại had appointed Diệm Prime Minister was out of the expectation that he would fail, thereby curtailing his career. The State of Vietnam was in a serious political and economic crisis by 1954 that almost nobody expected Diệm to navigate effectively. Nhu never forgave the Emperor and the French for this plot to ruin Diệm.

836:, Madame Nhu said that it was "embarrassing to see people so uncultured claiming to be leaders". The U.S. embassy told Diệm that these comments violated an agreement between the Buddhists and his regime to avoid verbal exchanges, but Diệm refused to keep his family's end of the bargain, saying that his sister-in-law was obliged to expose "extremists" to keep the public informed. In July, the U.S. government rejected a request from her to travel to the United States for a public speaking tour, fearing a public relations disaster. On 3 August, she called the Buddhists " 60: 311: 410:, a prestigious French school in Hanoi, was entirely in French, and she remembered as a schoolgirl learning about French history but nothing about Vietnamese history, and of singing songs about the forests and mountains of France, observing later the purpose of her education was to eradicate any sense of a Vietnamese identity, and to make her into a proper young Frenchwoman. The purpose of French educational policies in Vietnam was always in reference to France's self-proclaimed 906:, the ambassador to the United States, resigned in protest, along with all but one of the staffers at the embassy. Chương charged Diệm with having "copied the tactics of totalitarian regimes". His wife, who was South Vietnam's observer at the United Nations, resigned and spoke of mass executions and a reign of terror under Diệm and Nhu. She predicted that if Diệm, Nhu, and Madame Nhu did not leave Vietnam, then they would inevitably be killed. Madame Nhu claimed Buddhist leader 787:, as 8 May was the 2,527th anniversary of the Buddha's birthday. The Catholic Diệm disapproved of Vesak, and ordered the police to put down the celebrations under a law which forbade religious symbols from being paraded in the streets. A series of clashes occurred all over South Vietnam as the police sought to end the marches. When she heard that Diệm was to sign a statement offering compensation to the families of Buddhist protesters shot dead by the police of his brother 872:

had been a public relations disaster for his regime, both at home and abroad. Through her paramilitary organization, Madame Nhu claimed that the Buddhists were "controlled by communism" and that they were manipulated by the Americans, calling on Diệm to "expel all foreign agitators whether they wear monks' robes or not". A few days after the raids, Madame Nhu described the deadly attacks on the Buddhists as "the happiest day in my life since we crushed the

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involved in the coup, the troubles of the United States in Vietnam were just beginning. She called the deaths an "indelible stigma" against the U.S. and said "My family has been treacherously killed with either official or unofficial blessing of the American government, I can predict to you now that the story is only at its beginning". She invoked biblical analogies, saying "

3623: 416:("civilizing mission") to make all Vietnamese into "Frenchmen with yellow skin," and thus French teachers tried to stamp out any sense of a Vietnamese identity in their students. The message French teachers taught their students was that to be French was to be "civilized" and to be Vietnamese was to be "uncivilized." She then dropped out of 984:, she said in an interview that "President Kennedy is a politician, and when he hears a loud opinion speaking in a certain way, he tries to appease it somehow", referring to the opposition to her family's rule. She continued: "if that opinion is misinformed, the solution is not to bow to it, but the solution should be to inform." 596:, with the facial features modelled on herself, and also established the Women's Solidarity Movement, a female paramilitary organization. The statue cost US$ 20,000, a substantial sum at the time, given that South Vietnam was a developing country, but she was undeterred by criticism about largesse. She pressured the wives of 828:. She responded by calling him a "coward". Her mother said that "There is an old proverb in my country which means 'one should not make oneself or one's family naked before the world'... I was sick... Now, nobody can stop her ... She never listened to our advice." After these comments, the U.S. ambassador, 389:. The Trầns were under observation by the French police who doubted their loyalty to France, with M. Chương dismissed as a "little runt" controlled by his wife, while Madame Chương, described as "beautiful and very intriguing...the one who directs her husband," was known for "her dogged ambition as for her 1007:

On 29 September 1963 meeting with Diệm, McNamara bemoaned "the ill-advised and unfortunate declarations of Madame Nhu", who had described U.S. military advisors as "acting like little soldiers of fortune". McNamara said that such comments would damage bilateral military cooperation and deter American

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of good faith" to stop helping the communists, otherwise Vietnamese Buddhism would be seen as a "small anti-nationalist branch of a dubious international association, exploited and controlled by communism and oriented to the sowing of the disorder of neutralism". She made another attack on the United

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40. President Diệm never married and is not known to have had a relationship with any women, through his bodyguard noted he was fond of keeping "good looking men around him". Diệm, who was known for his poor social skills, decided to have his sister-in-law serve as the unofficial First Lady of South

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To win support for Diệm, Madame Nhu hit upon the idea of enlisting support from the million or so refugees from North Vietnam, many of them Catholics who fled to the south after the Geneva accords had partitioned Vietnam, organizing them for a massive pro-Diệm demonstration on 21 September 1954. The

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was born in Saigon in 1959. She received a PhD from the University of Rome. Lệ Quyên was a lawyer in the legal IT sector and was invited as a guest lecturer at presentations by Law Faculty of the University of Rome. She served as Commissioner of Immigration Caritas Europe. On 16 April 2012, she was

1172:. The interview, one of at least two hundred and fifty-nine for the series, lasts a recorded fifty-two minutes but Madame Nhu's subjectivity was far from the hard facts demanded of the producers' intended content and barely two minutes of her observations found use. The series subsequently aired on 1108:

In response to the killings of Diệm and Nhu, she immediately accused the United States, saying "Whoever has the Americans as allies does not need enemies", and that "No coup can erupt without American incitement and backing". She went on to predict a bleak future for Vietnam and said that, by being

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on 13 October 1963, defending her actions and those of the South Vietnamese government. "I don't know why you Americans dislike us ... Is it because the world is under a spell called liberalism? Your own public, here in America, is not as anti-Communistic as ours is in Vietnam. Americans talk about

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She denounced American liberals as "worse than communists" and Buddhists as "hooligans in robes". Her father did not share the same beliefs and followed her around the country rebutting her comments, denouncing the "injustice and oppression" and stating that his daughter had "become unwittingly the

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Madame Nhu arrived in the United States on 7 October, and her arrival was greeted by the United Nations' launching of an inquiry into the repression of Buddhists in South Vietnam. Kennedy had resisted the temptation to deny her an entry visa and his administration soon came under a flurry of verbal

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warned that development aid might be withheld if the repression orchestrated by the Ngôs continued, Madame Nhu denounced it as blackmail. Nhu and Diệm, fearing a cut in aid, sent Madame Nhu to the United States on a speaking tour. She departed South Vietnam on 9 September 1963 in an expedition that

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demolished, and the body of a deceased monk stolen. When the populace came to the defense of the monks, the resulting clashes saw 30 civilians killed and 200 wounded. Notably, President Diệm sent his sister-in-law a letter asking her not to talk in public about the clashes as her "barbecue" remarks

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who had led an advisory group that helped to train Vietnamese public servants and who had lobbied American politicians in the 1950s to support Diệm's bid for power, resigned along with his staff. Fishel called Madame Nhu "Brilliant, vivacious, bitchy and brutal in her Borgia-like fashion", claiming

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crime syndicate that dominated the economic life of Saigon. Giving Madame Nhu an additional reason to intrigue against Hinh was his repeated boasting that when he deposed Diệm he would make Madame Nhu into another of his concubines. At a party, Madame Nhu confronted Hinh to tell him: "You are never

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officers and public servants into joining her "movement". A flamboyant woman, Madame Nhu took to flashing around her handgun in public, and the Women's Solidarity Movement was intended to allow Vietnamese women to participate in the fight against the Viet Cong, just as the Trưng sisters had fought

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my husband and I leaving our native land permanently. Why should we do this? Where would we go? To say that 70 percent of my country's population is Buddhistic is absolutely true. My father, who was our ambassador to the United States until two months ago, has been against me since my childhood."

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When she became an adult, her mother introduced her to a series of eligible young men, but she insisted on Nhu. He was fourteen years her senior and referred to her as "little niece" in accordance with Vietnamese custom. In accordance with Vietnamese tradition, they were married three years after

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about the progress of the war. One of the purposes of the mission was to achieve, in the words of President Kennedy, "a visible reduction in influence of Nhus, who are symbol to disaffected of all that they dislike in GVN . This we think would require Nhus' departure from Saigon and preferably

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gowns to be sexually suggestive. In Vietnam's Confucian culture, overt displays of sexuality are considered inappropriate. Her family received further scorn as her sister Trần Lệ Chi, who was married to Nguyễn Hữu Châu, had a French lover named Etienne Oggeri, and critics alleged that Madame Nhu

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street to protest against the shooting of Buddhists by Diệm's regime. She labelled it a "barbecue" and stated, "Let them burn and we shall clap our hands." She further offered to provide more fuel and matches for the Buddhists, noting the "barbecuing" was not "self-sufficient" because "imported

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Diệm reacted to the bombing by cracking down on political dissidents and further tightening control of the press. Madame Nhu added, "ou open a window to let in light and air, not bullets. We want freedom, but we don't want to be exploited by it." In a radio interview in late 1962, she mockingly

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as Head of State, while the Americans wanted to push the French out by having Diệm create a republic. Diệm in the words of an American diplomat had developed "a blind hatred of the French" and the Americans believed that South Vietnam needed an anti-Communist leader who was not tainted with any

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She, her mother-in-law and her eldest daughter, at the time a baby, were captured. Thinking her piano was a radio for communicating with French colonialists, the Viet Minh blew it up and then exiled her to a remote village for four months, where she lived on two bowls of rice a day. The French

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The United States, in a position of some leverage owing to the considerable U.S. aid flowing into South Vietnam, in August 1963 wished to give President Diệm a chance to rid himself of both his brother and Madame Nhu. In a cable drafted by Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs,

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was prohibited, and the result was rigged, with Bảo Đại's supporters attacked by Nhu's paid thugs. Diệm claimed 98.2% of the vote, including 605,025 votes in Saigon, where only 450,000 voters were registered. Diệm's tally exceeded the registration numbers in other districts. As a result, Diệm

441:, her husband's religion. Madame Nhu later admitted she married Nhu as a way of getting away from her family, saying "I never had a sweeping love. I read about such things in books, but I do not believe that they really existed. Or perhaps only for a very few people". After an uprising by the 688:

rich entrepreneurs. Diệm had stated before becoming president, "The history of China bears witness to the grave crises brought on by the empresses and their relatives." The Diệm regime tended to favor giving high positions to Roman Catholics, which alienated the Buddhist majority over time.

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that was considered controversial in its day due to its tight fit and low-cut neckline. According to Boi Tran Huynh, a scholar of Vietnamese visual arts, "To foreigners, this collar made sense given the tropical conditions, but conservatives saw it as too suggestive for Vietnamese women."

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She often exerted her influence through bouts of shouting. Sometimes when she disagreed with a proposal or decision that had been made inside the palace by some ministers or other senior public servants, she would verbally abuse them and intimidate them into adopting her preferred stance.

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In 1993, she sued her parents' insurance company to prevent it from awarding their death-benefit because she contested the validity of their wills. Her parents allegedly changed their wills, disinheriting their son Khiem and Madame Nhu and making their sister Le Chi the sole beneficiary.

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Known for her incendiary comments that attacked and severely denounced the Buddhist community of South Vietnam and the strong U.S. influence and presence in the country, she went to live in exile in France after her husband, Nhu, and her brother-in-law, Diệm, were assassinated in 1963.

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wrote that Madame Nhu was "conceited, and obsessed with a drive for power that far surpasses that of even her husband ... It is no exaggeration to say that Madame Nhu is the most detested personality in South Vietnam." Sully was promptly expelled from Vietnam by the Ngô family.

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The following year she instructed her Women's Solidarity Movement to oppose American attempts "to make lackeys of Vietnamese and to seduce Vietnamese women into decadent paths." As relations became strained, she publicly accused the Americans of having supported the 1960 coup.

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gasoline" was used. The monk's suicide followed Ngô Đình Nhu's repression of the Buddhist-inspired protests and was responsible for the regime's continuing instability. According to historian Howard Jones, these comments "all but put the finishing touch on the Diệm regime".

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There was also speculation that she could turn up at the United Nations in New York and embarrass South Vietnam and the U.S. Bundy said in a meeting that "this was the first time the world had been faced with collective madness in a ruling family since the days of the

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Ngô Đình Quỳnh (son) was born in Dalat in 1952. He graduated from ESSEC (École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales), a private school training professionals in the economy; currently works as a trade representative for a U.S. company in Brussels,

472:(people were persons, not individuals) while Madame Nhu later saying "I was alone most of the time. My husband would simply disappear without a word". To improve her husband's career, Madame Nhu befriended her cousin, the Emperor Bảo Đại during this time. 1150:

that belonged to Madame Nhu and her family, and she was not allowed to return to South Vietnam. She went to Rome briefly before moving to France and later Italy, with her children. Her daughter, Lệ Thủy, died in 1967, at age 22, in a car accident in

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introduced the "morality laws" so that her sister's husband could not get a divorce. Since he was extremely wealthy, the Ngô family would have lost highly valuable assets. In addition, her brother, Khiêm, used his government connections to

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Madame Nhu exerted influence with her fiery attitude, often abusing Diệm and Nhu, who bowed to her angry tirades. Madame Nhu was frequently mocked by the media for her ostentatious flaunting of power, and was sometimes called the

1056:. The circumstances which allowed the flow towards the elimination from South Vietnam of the Diệm regime, Kennedy held, were due to the active personality of Madame Nhu. The Secretary recalls the President's feelings and in an 632:

and wore a small diamond crucifix", and "wore form-fitting apparel so tight that one French correspondent suggestively described her as 'molded into her ... dress like a dagger in its sheath.' On formal occasions, she wore red

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and she feared that they would meet the same fate as their father. The children were not harmed by the generals and were flown out of the country into exile in Rome, where they were placed in the custody of their uncle,

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who loved ballet and piano, once dancing solo at Hanoi's National Theatre. She had an elder sister named Trần Lệ Chi (who married the Frenchman Etienne Oggeri and changed her name to Lechi Oggeri) and a younger brother,

791:, Nhu was reported to have thrown a bowl of soup at him. On 8 June 1963, Madame Nhu released a statement through the Women's Solidarity Movement accusing the Buddhists of neutralism, effectively accusing them of being 468:("a bizarre little war") as the fighting never affected her personally. Nhu was during these years building a secret political party called the Cần Lao (Personalist Labour Party) based on the Catholic philosophy of 395:—sleeping around with people of influence from any and all nationalities." Madame Chuong was accused by the French secret police (French Sûreté) of sleeping with Japanese diplomats so her husband was hired by them. 1068:

That goddamn bitch. She's responsible for the death of that kind man. You know, it's so totally unnecessary to have that kind man die because that bitch stuck her nose in and boiled up the whole situation down

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was dissolved, leaving Diệm in temporary control of the south. After the French defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, the French wanted to hang on to a zone of influence in the south by keeping the Emperor

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and lived comfortably, editing a newspaper, where his wife bore three more children. The French war in Vietnam made little impression on Madame Nhu from her home in Đà Lạt, and she often called the war

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In her last years, she lived with her eldest son, Ngô Đình Trác, and youngest daughter, Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên, in Rome, and was reportedly working on a book of memoirs to be published posthumously.

420:. She spoke French at home and could not write in Vietnamese; as an adult, she drafted her speeches in French and had them translated into Vietnamese. She gained a reputation in her youth as a 1301:

Ngô Đình Trác (son) was born in Dalat in 1949. He graduated with a degree in agricultural engineering, married an Italian woman, and had 4 children. He died in 2021 due to a stroke.

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States, calling on Diệm to "keep vigilance on all others, particularly those inclined to take Viet Nam for satellite of foreign power or organization." Madame Nhu publicly mocked

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eliminated the Emperor Bảo Đại and became the first president of South Vietnam. Madame Nhu made no secret of her dislike for the Emperor Bảo Đại, calling him "that French puppet".

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In order to ensure American support for Diệm, Madame Nhu befriended Americans working at the embassy in Saigon known to be CIA agents. For their part, the French backed General

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going to overthrow this government because you don't have the guts. And if you do overthrow the government, you will never have me because I will claw your throat out first!"

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against the Chinese, but most of the women who joined the movement were upper-class women who believed that their husbands would benefit by being given government jobs.

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The couple was found strangled to death in Washington, D.C., in 1986, killed by their son, Trần Văn Khiêm, reportedly for being cut out of their will, according to "

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Her father became the ambassador to the United States while her mother was South Vietnam's observer at the United Nations. Two of her uncles were cabinet ministers.

429:. Like many other Vietnamese, Lệ Xuân was to find that no matter how hard she tried to be French, that the French were only prepared to accept whites as French. 3261: 1200:, a Vietnamese Catholic community publication. It was published in October 2004. The article stated that she was living in Paris and working on her memoirs. 1079: 3673: 2532: 625:

Her parents resigned from their posts in 1963, in protest over the treatment of Buddhists under the regime of President Diệm and disowned their daughter.

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in the United States, she said, "I cannot stay in a country whose government stabbed me in the back. I believe all the devils in hell are against us".

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in 1954. She claimed it was the family's destiny to save South Vietnam. Following the collapse of the coup, her influence in the family began to rise.

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thought her comments were so damaging that it would only be acceptable for Ngô Đình Diệm to remain in power if she were out of the picture. The

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Her comments further stoked open infighting with her parents, who would eventually disown her and seek refuge in the United States. Her father,

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brought widespread international scorn to her family's regime. She had predicted "a triumphant lecture tour". She left on 17 September for the

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On 2 November 1986, Madame Nhu charged the United States with hounding her family during the arrest of her younger brother,

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archive. Oral History Interview with Paul B. Fay, Jr., November 11, 1970. (Oral transcript p. to be found on PDF doc p.14.)

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On 8 May 1963, a series of celebrations were held by Buddhist priests all over South Vietnam to honor Buddhist holiday of

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dismissed Nhu from his post at the National Library due to his brother (Diệm)'s nationalist activities, and he moved to

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noted that "I saw Madame Nhu as bright, forceful, and beautiful, but also diabolical and scheming—a true sorceress."

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A referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955, to determine the future direction of the south. It was contested by

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During her brother-in-law's presidency, Madame Nhu pushed for the passing of "morality laws" outlawing abortion,

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dens. She was widely mocked by the public who regarded her as a hypocrite, with older Vietnamese believing her

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Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August–December 1963 › Document 94

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that Madame Nhu had erected with her own facial features were demolished by jubilant anti-Diệm rioters. The

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Upon the assassination of the Diệm brothers, President Kennedy's feelings were expressed to close friend

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in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

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by Boi Tran Huynh; Chapter 4: Visual Arts of the Republic of Viet-Nam (The South) 1954–1975: The 'Other'

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In November 1982 Madame Nhu accorded a first significant interview on the historic events in Vietnam to

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and charging the press for interviews. In 2002, she gave an interview to journalist Truong Phu Thu of

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was born in Hue in 1945. She died on 12 April 1967, in an automobile accident in Longjumeau, France.

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greatest asset to the communists." She predicted that Buddhism would become extinct in Vietnam. The

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Finding The Dragon Lady: In Search of Vietnam's Infamous Madame Nhu . . The Daily Beast, 09.24.13

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said that the regime had alienated "the strongest moral forces", implying that they had lost the

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As her husband's influence grew, as did her own vicariously, so did American distaste for them.

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In early April 2011, she was taken to a hospital in Rome where she died three weeks later, on

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presented as Madame Nhu's, from the years leading up to the coup, this having the only known

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in Saigon in August. The pagoda was vandalized, monks beaten, and the cremated remains of

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became personally concerned. He asked his advisers to find means of having Diệm gag her.

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Madame Nhu claimed that she and her husband were responsible for Diệm's triumph over the

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Trần Lệ Xuân, whose given name means "Spring's Beauty," was born in 1924 into a wealthy

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Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War

2916:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

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Madame Nhu's brother-in-law, Ngô Đình Diệm, had been appointed Prime Minister of the

434: 59: 3471: 713: 585: 3627: 3562: 3363: 2870: 2682:. Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, November 1982. 1130: 1084:

On 2 November 1963, Diệm and Nhu were assassinated in a coup d'état led by General

942:

and possibly to the United States, where she had an invitation to speak before the

833: 641:, which was the mark of the highest-ranking women of the imperial court in ancient 499: 487: 433:

being betrothed in 1940. In May 1943, aged 18, she married Nhu, and converted from

370: 155: 3486: 1125: 593: 569: 3491: 3373: 3353: 3323: 3218: 3157: 2979: 2841:"ImmigrazioneOggi – OblĂ˛: i rifugiati... ed il coraggio di chi salva vite umane" 2630: 2173: 1942: 1872: 1766: 1435: 1118: 1097: 988: 950: 913:

Following the pagoda raids, Trí Quang was given asylum at the U.S. Embassy after

892: 873: 805: 792: 721: 702: 698: 666: 552:. Madame Nhu was influential on government policy and, since her brother-in-law, 516: 458: 449:, the eldest of the Ngô brothers, was buried alive, and Nhu and another brother, 438: 378: 20: 3615: 3557: 3130: 3023: 2974: 2952: 2019: 1191: 1117:. The Ngô brothers have been sold for a few dollars". When asked if she wanted 1110: 1040: 1016: 996: 954: 868: 679: 565: 1279:

In the early 1960s, Madame Nhu popularized her own version of the traditional

709: 3637: 3461: 3388: 3343: 3168: 3095: 2027: 1231: 1207: 881: 732: 658: 629: 561: 223: 99: 3572: 3552: 3127:

speaking after the assassination of husband and brother-in-law (audio file)

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The issue resulted in an awkward confrontation when U.S. Defense Secretary

977:" and her comments provoked much debate on how to get Diệm to silence her. 817: 708:

She had a message to Diệm's opponents: "We will track down, neutralize and

1134:

office was also burned down, and the newspaper was never published again.

345:. As Diệm was a lifelong bachelor and because she and her family lived in 3047:

Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History

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with a cult around herself as a modern reincarnation of Vietnam's fabled

182: 3164: 3136: 1243: 1152: 1061: 1028: 935: 841: 557: 294: 36: 771:

remarked that American journalists were "intoxicated with communism".

3288: 1477:"Finding The Dragon Lady: In Search of Vietnam's Infamous Madame Nhu" 896: 740:

that she and her husband were evil influences corrupting the regime.

442: 326:(22 August 1924 – 24 April 2011), more popularly known in English as 2875:

The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era

685: 1211: 981: 974: 837: 654: 3187: 2679: 2664: 910:"spoke for many intellectuals who had repeatedly ridiculed her." 864: 796: 670: 642: 572:, who raised a revolt against China and temporarily defeated the 24: 1235: 1147: 1035: 809: 662: 589: 421: 2694:

FindACase™ | 03/02/93 ESTATE TRAN VAN CHUONG v. FIRST AMERICAN

1096:. Her other children were in Vietnam at the family retreat in 999:, traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission known as the 1239: 1034:

In the wake of the tumultuous events, Madame Nhu appeared on

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as Prime Minister, and he in turn had won the support of the

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Finding the Dragon Lady: The Mystery of Vietnam's Madame Nhu

1225:

Finding the Dragon Lady: the Mystery of Vietnam's Madame Nhu

349:

together with him, she was considered to be the first lady.

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The Last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West

2644:"American Experience | Vietnam, a Television History" 1740: 1738: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1531: 1529: 1246:, a Vietnamese-American U.S. Army Captain James Văn Thạch. 1238:; and that additionally revealed to the author had been a 1461: 1459: 1457: 1173: 628:

Howard Jones says "Madame Nhu was chauffeured in a black

611:

Madame Nhu and Vice President Johnson, visit to Vietnam,

3133:

speaking of "barbecued monks" (download mp3 or mpg file)

1312:

killed in a traffic accident on the way to work in Rome.

961:

deemed her a threat to U.S. security, and told the then

816:

Her own father went on radio to condemn her comments. A

1735: 1622: 1526: 1454: 840:

elements who use the most odious Communist tactics to

3599: 2766:"Bà Ngô Đình Nhu từ trần tại Roma, hưởng thọ 87 tuổi" 341:, who was the brother and chief advisor to President 3125:

Madame Ngô Đình Nhu, sister-in-law of President Diệm

3087: 3001: 2978: 2794: 2445: 1274: 969:to seek her permanent removal from South Vietnam. 1707: 1705: 1437:The Ignorance of Bliss: An American Kid in Saigon 1367: 1142:The military government of Vietnam under General 1124:In the aftermath of the coup, the statues of the 3635: 1659: 1657: 1415:J. Lacouture, Vietnam: Between Two Truces, p. 79 402:Mandarin Trần Văn Thông, the grandfather of Xuân 2973: 2529:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 1363: 1361: 1359: 1190:In the 1990s, she was reportedly living on the 949:Madame Nhu's comments were such that President 2918:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2877:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2734: 1702: 1105:. Madame Nhu later flew to Rome to join them. 548:After the election, the couple moved into the 3203: 2897:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 2506:, New York: Public Affairs, 2013 pp. 180–181. 1654: 1370:"Madame Nhu, Vietnam War Lightning Rod, Dies" 920: 876:in 1955", and assailed them as "communists". 16:First Lady of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963 2103: 2101: 1833:Change in Will Linked to Saigon Aide's Death 1356: 494:, after the French had been defeated at the 463: 411: 390: 3674:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism 3079:Triumph Forsaken The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 2805: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2602: 1333: 1331: 1092:, traveling with her 18-year-old daughter, 899:upon its approval by most of his advisors. 712:all these scabby sheep." French journalist 3210: 3196: 2937:. New York City: Oxford University Press. 2754: 91:26 October 1955 – 2 November 1963 58: 3644:20th-century Vietnamese women politicians 3268:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 2728: 2350:US Dept of State: Historical Documents › 2161: 2098: 1719: 1717: 1492: 1490: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1267:La République du Viêt-Nam et les Ngô-Đình 1217: 1080:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 1004:Vietnam at least for extended vacation." 963:United States Ambassador to South Vietnam 556:, was unmarried, she was regarded as the 2698: 2595: 2593: 2519:, New York: Public Affairs, 2013 p. 173. 1328: 606: 490:by her mother's distant cousin, Emperor 397: 3719:People educated at Lycee Albert Sarraut 3049:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2999: 2985:. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 2813:Vietnamese Aesthetics from 1925 Onwards 2790:Barnes & Noble sales dept promotion 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2337: 2335: 2316: 2314: 2286: 2284: 2247: 2245: 2115: 2113: 2005: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1963: 1961: 1888: 1886: 1800: 1798: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1517: 615:. Madame Nhu is wearing her collarless 337:from 1955 to 1963. She was the wife of 209: 1943; died 1963) 3636: 3085: 3063: 3044: 2951: 2913: 2891: 2763: 2714:"'Bà Nhu như tôi từng biết' (phần 1)'" 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2482:A Pictorial History of the Vietnam War 2443: 2437: 2263: 2211: 2018: 1714: 1487: 1387: 1166:in Rome. Vecchione was a producer for 3191: 3076: 3022: 3008:. New York City: Methuen Publishing. 2932: 2590: 2572: 1771:, Vol. 73, Issue 4, 26 January 1959. 1474: 1433: 3679:Italian people of Vietnamese descent 2554: 2448:The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam 2419: 2401: 2383: 2332: 2323: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2281: 2272: 2254: 2242: 2152: 2143: 2110: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2000: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1958: 1913: 1883: 1795: 1538: 1228:, authored by Monique Brinson Demery 445:in August 1945, her brother-in-law, 3649:20th-century Vietnamese politicians 3217: 2667:The Vietnam Collection, interviews. 2581: 2536: 1368:Joseph R. Gregory (26 April 2011). 1251:Trần Lệ Xuân Giấc Mộng Chính Trường 1146:confiscated all of the property in 980:In Madame Nhu's first destination, 747:On 27 February 1962, two dissident 735:, the anti-Communist academic from 13: 3243:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 2827:"Bà Ngô Đình Nhu – Trương Phú Thứ" 2364:"Madame Nhu meets Belgrade Press." 1475:Baker, Katie (24 September 2013). 778: 14: 3735: 3258:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 3113: 3004:Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War 2012: 543: 3724:Spouses of Vietnamese presidents 3621: 3609: 2959:. New York City: Penguin Books. 2833: 2819: 2783: 2735:Robert Templer (26 April 2011). 2687: 2672: 2658: 2636: 2617: 2563: 2177:. 30 August 1963. Archived from 2131:: America's Mandarin (1954–1963) 1434:Hanna, Sandy (15 January 2019). 1155:, France. Her younger daughter, 1137: 661:, dance halls, beauty pageants, 475: 309: 3120:Interview with Madame Nhu, 1982 2981:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 2899:. New York City: E. P. Dutton. 2863: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2487: 2474: 2410: 2374: 2357: 2344: 2233: 2220: 2202: 2193: 2169:"South Viet Nam: The Crackdown" 2134: 2122: 2089: 2053: 2044: 1949: 1931: 1928:McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 42. 1922: 1904: 1895: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1786: 1777: 1756: 1747: 1726: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1645: 1636: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1552: 1508: 1499: 1275:Influence on Vietnamese fashion 1064:of the words addressed to him, 637:pantaloons with three vertical 206: 3233:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 1869:"South Vietnam: The Queen Bee" 1468: 1427: 1418: 1409: 564:. She attempted to syncretize 482:1955 South Vietnamese election 356: 1: 2129:Vietnam: A Television History 1316: 1259:Đệ Nhất Phu Nhân Trần Lệ Xuân 1169:Vietnam: A Television History 808:on 11 June 1963 in a crowded 749:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 257: 252: 31:, but is often simplified to 2873:; Singal, Daniel J. (2008). 1321: 1015:Despite U.S. Vice President 925:When acting U.S. ambassador 867:being looted, the statue of 7: 3045:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). 2770:Radio France Internationale 2444:Cooper, Chester L. (1970). 1289: 1073: 1060:interview gave volunteered 648: 406:Lệ Xuân's education at the 335:First Lady of South Vietnam 75:First Lady of South Vietnam 10: 3740: 3659:Vietnamese Roman Catholics 3654:Vietnamese anti-communists 2633:, 1982 by Judith Vecchione 2480:p. 73 Newcomb, Richard F. 1919:Maitland and Weiss, p. 65. 1077: 921:Visiting the United States 479: 18: 3581: 3545: 3452: 3307: 3294:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 3276: 3225: 3175: 3162: 3153: 3148: 3000:Maclear, Michael (1981). 2716:. BBC News. 26 April 2011 2609:Milestones: 21 April 1967 1344:. BBC News. 24 April 2011 1342:"Bà Trần Lệ Xuân qua đời" 1090:Beverly Hills, California 959:National Security Council 932:Inter-Parliamentary Union 895:supported the message in 737:Michigan State University 317: 305: 293: 276: 245: 216: 188: 178: 161: 138: 133: 129: 117: 105: 95: 84: 73: 69: 57: 50: 3709:Persecution of Buddhists 3589:Persecution of Buddhists 3248:Double Seven Day scuffle 3086:Demery, Monique (2013). 2764:Tú Anh (25 April 2011). 1113:has sold the Christ for 991:and the Chairman of the 938:, followed by a trip to 853:raided the Xá Lợi Pagoda 498:. At the start of 1955, 453:, were forced to flee. 385:and a cousin of Emperor 3299:McNamara–Taylor mission 3179:Madame Nguyen Van Thieu 2624:Interviewing Madame Nhu 2517:Finding the Dragon Lady 2504:Finding the Dragon Lady 1879:(subscription required) 1773:(subscription required) 1115:thirty pieces of silver 1001:McNamara–Taylor mission 793:communist collaborators 496:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ 465:une guerre bizardouille 64:Madame Nhu in the 1950s 3064:Warner, Denis (1964). 3030:. St. Martin's Press. 2933:Jones, Howard (2003). 2629:6 January 2014 at the 1792:Langguth, pp. 169–171. 1218:Books about Madame Nhu 1071: 669:, and closed down the 622: 464: 412: 403: 392:coucheries utilitaires 391: 375:French colonial empire 3369:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 3028:Where the Domino Fell 2914:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 2737:"Madame Nhu obituary" 1859:Langguth, pp. 109–111 1523:Prochnau, pp. 122–23. 1066: 1054:Secretary of the Navy 993:Joint Chiefs of Staff 967:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 610: 592:to the memory of the 413:mission civilisatrice 401: 3664:Vietnamese feminists 3238:Hue chemical attacks 3077:Moyar, Mark (2006). 2454:Dodd, Mead & Co. 2371:, 17 September 1963. 1813:Demery, pp. 125–126. 1763:"Dainty Emancipator" 1406:Karnow, pp. 280–284. 847:This occurred after 795:. It then implored " 418:Lycée Albert Sarraut 408:Lycée Albert Sarraut 300:Lycée Albert Sarraut 112:Position established 3339:W. Averell Harriman 3253:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 3070:Angus and Robertson 2847:on 25 February 2014 2493:Karnow, pp. 296–320 2416:R. McNamara, p. 76. 2380:R. McNamara, p. 67. 2269:Halberstam, p. 151. 2217:Halberstam, p. 146. 2030:. pp. 280–81. 1955:Jones, pp. 195–196. 1938:"Joan or Lucrezia?" 1901:Warner, pp. 117–19. 1610:Maclear, pp. 65–68. 1440:. Post Hill Press. 1232:PublicAffairs Books 944:Overseas Press Club 765:Independence Palace 584:In 1962, she had a 550:Presidential Palace 373:, then part of the 347:Independence Palace 3714:Catholic feminists 3568:Marguerite Higgins 2957:Vietnam: A History 2569:Jones, pp. 432–33. 2140:Jacobs, pp. 294–5. 2024:Vietnam: A history 1838:The New York Times 1651:Demery, pp. 82–83. 1642:Demery, pp. 81–82. 1619:Demery, pp. 80–81. 1601:Demery, pp. 65–66. 1564:openvault.wgbh.org 1496:Jones, pp. 292–93. 1374:The New York Times 851:loyal to the Ngôs 804:, who performed a 623: 576:Chinese troops in 404: 124:Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh 3689:People from Hanoi 3597: 3596: 3439:William Trueheart 3429:Maxwell D. Taylor 3419:Frederick Nolting 3409:Nguyễn Đình Thuận 3379:Joseph Mendenhall 3334:Michael Forrestal 3186: 3185: 3176:Succeeded by 2884:978-0-7425-6007-9 2871:Halberstam, David 2407:Langguth, p. 246. 2368:The Straits Times 2107:Langguth, p. 216. 2086:Langguth, p. 219. 2009:Langguth, p. 212. 1997:Langguth, p. 164. 1985:Langguth, p. 111. 1976:Langguth, p. 109. 1877:, 9 August 1963. 1804:Langguth, p. 170. 1447:978-1-68261-794-6 1424:Lacouture, p. 79. 1309:Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên 1262:(Vietnamese book) 1254:(Vietnamese book) 1157:Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên 927:William Trueheart 893:President Kennedy 889:Henry Cabot Lodge 830:Frederick Nolting 826:Mandate of Heaven 726:Battle for Saigon 566:Roman Catholicism 439:Roman Catholicism 435:Mahayana Buddhism 321: 320: 268:Ngô Đình Lệ Quyên 3731: 3704:Anti-Americanism 3626: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3563:David Halberstam 3532:Trần Thiện Khiêm 3512:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 3507:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 3364:Victor H. Krulak 3359:Thich Tinh Khiet 3284:Joint Communiqué 3212: 3205: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3154:Preceded by 3149:Honorary titles 3146: 3145: 3109: 3093: 3082: 3073: 3060: 3041: 3019: 3007: 2996: 2984: 2970: 2948: 2929: 2910: 2893:Hammer, Ellen J. 2888: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2843:. Archived from 2837: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2711: 2707: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2534: 2526: 2520: 2515:Demery, Monique 2513: 2507: 2502:Demery, Monique 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2451: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2068:Sheehan, p. 208. 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2016: 2010: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1946:, 23 March 1962. 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841:, 8 August 1986. 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1712: 1709: 1700: 1699:Langguth, p. 99. 1697: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1536: 1533: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1485: 1484: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1452: 1451: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1365: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1339: 1335: 1296:Ngô Đình Lệ Thủy 1197:Dân Chúa Mỹ Châu 1164:Judith Vecchione 1131:Times of Vietnam 1094:Ngô Đình Lệ Thủy 834:David Halberstam 500:French Indochina 488:State of Vietnam 467: 415: 394: 371:French Indochina 313: 263:Ngô Đình Lệ Thủy 226:(brother-in-law) 210: 208: 168: 156:French Indochina 148: 146: 134:Personal details 120: 108: 89: 62: 48: 47: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3684:Buddhist crisis 3634: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3577: 3541: 3454: 3448: 3434:Trần Văn Chương 3424:Thích Trí Quang 3404:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 3374:Robert McNamara 3354:John F. Kennedy 3349:Thich Thien Hoa 3329:Thích Quảng Đức 3311: 3309: 3303: 3272: 3221: 3219:Buddhist crisis 3216: 3182: 3172: 3160: 3116: 3106: 3057: 3038: 3024:Olson, James S. 3016: 2993: 2975:Langguth, A. J. 2967: 2953:Karnow, Stanley 2945: 2926: 2907: 2885: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2761:(in Vietnamese) 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2710:(in Vietnamese) 2709: 2708: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2678:openvault from 2677: 2673: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2631:Wayback Machine 2622: 2618: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2537: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484:Doubleday, 1987 2479: 2475: 2468: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2278:Hammer, p. 171. 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260:Karnow, p. 302. 2259: 2255: 2251:Jacobs, p. 154. 2250: 2243: 2239:Id., pp. 53–54. 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199:Demery, p. 166. 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2181:on 13 July 2007 2167: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2095:Demery, p. 158. 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050:Tucker, p. 405. 2049: 2045: 2038: 2020:Karnow, Stanley 2017: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910:Demery, p. 117. 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1830: 1826: 1822:Tucker, p. 293. 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783:Demery, p. 102. 1782: 1778: 1772: 1761: 1757: 1753:Demery, p. 107. 1752: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1715: 1711:Karnow, p. 239. 1710: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1481:The Daily Beast 1473: 1469: 1464: 1455: 1448: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1366: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1338:(in Vietnamese) 1337: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1292: 1277: 1229: 1220: 1140: 1103:Archbishop Thục 1082: 1076: 989:Robert McNamara 951:John F. Kennedy 923: 908:Thích Trí Quang 904:Trần Văn Chương 857:Thích Quảng Đức 806:self-immolation 802:Thích Quảng Đức 781: 779:Buddhist crisis 699:Lucretia Borgia 697:", as well as " 667:animal fighting 651: 546: 513:Nguyễn Văn Hinh 484: 478: 379:Trần Văn Chương 359: 289: 284:Trần Văn Chương 272: 241: 212: 204: 200: 197: 179:Political party 170: 166: 150: 144: 142: 118: 106: 90: 85: 77: 65: 53: 44: 21:Vietnamese name 17: 12: 11: 5: 3737: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3631: 3630: 3618: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3558:Malcolm Browne 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3527:Trần Kim Tuyến 3524: 3519: 3517:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3477:Dương Văn Minh 3474: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 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p. 306. 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2241: 2232: 2219: 2210: 2208:Jacobs, p. 146 2201: 2192: 2160: 2158:Jones, p. 291. 2151: 2149:Jones, p. 290. 2142: 2133: 2121: 2119:Jones, p. 266. 2109: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2077:Jones, p. 245. 2070: 2061: 2059:Warner, p. 92. 2052: 2043: 2036: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1967:Jones, p. 196. 1957: 1948: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1892:Jones, p. 292. 1882: 1861: 1852: 1850:Jones, p. 294. 1843: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1755: 1746: 1744:Demery, p. 98. 1734: 1732:Demery, p. 66. 1725: 1723:Jacobs, p. 95. 1713: 1701: 1692: 1690:Demery, p. 88. 1683: 1681:Demery, p. 87. 1674: 1672:Demery, p. 86. 1665: 1663:Demery, p. 83. 1653: 1644: 1635: 1633:Demery, p. 81. 1621: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1592:Demery, p. 64. 1585: 1583:Demery, p. 63. 1576: 1551: 1549:Jones, p. 293. 1537: 1535:Demery, p. 37. 1525: 1516: 1514:Demery, p. 30. 1507: 1505:Warner, p. 93. 1498: 1486: 1467: 1465:Demery, p. 33. 1453: 1446: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1386: 1355: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 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New York: 3089: 3081:. Cambridge. 3078: 3065: 3046: 3027: 3003: 2980: 2956: 2934: 2915: 2896: 2874: 2864:Bibliography 2849:. Retrieved 2845:the original 2835: 2821: 2812: 2807: 2796: 2785: 2773:. Retrieved 2756: 2744:. Retrieved 2741:The Guardian 2740: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2689: 2674: 2660: 2648:. Retrieved 2638: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2452:. New York: 2447: 2439: 2412: 2403: 2376: 2366: 2359: 2354:(see Note 4) 2346: 2325: 2304: 2295: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2179:the original 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2023: 2014: 1981: 1972: 1951: 1941: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1788: 1779: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1728: 1695: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1647: 1638: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1567:. Retrieved 1563: 1554: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1480: 1470: 1436: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1377:. 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Sydney: 2467:0396062415 1569:22 October 1317:References 1244:provenance 1153:Longjumeau 1078:See also: 1062:paraphrase 1029:Oram Group 995:, General 936:Yugoslavia 886:Ambassador 874:Bình Xuyên 722:Bình Xuyên 558:First Lady 517:Bình Xuyên 383:Đồng Khánh 365:family in 330:, was the 328:Madame Nhu 295:Alma mater 145:1924-08-22 37:given name 3628:Biography 3310:religious 3289:Cable 243 3181:(in 1967) 2456:pp. 1322:Citations 1176:in 1983. 1052:, Acting 1012:attacks. 897:the cable 838:seditious 818:Confucian 710:extirpate 680:décolleté 443:Viet Minh 306:Signature 232:(brother) 217:Relations 96:President 3453:Military 3262:reaction 3173:1955–63 3156:Empress 3026:(1996). 2977:(2000). 2955:(1997). 2895:(1987). 2851:21 April 2775:25 April 2746:26 April 2720:26 April 2627:Archived 2230:, p. 53. 2022:(1997). 1379:26 April 1348:25 April 1305:Belgium. 1290:Children 1212:BBC News 1074:Downfall 982:Belgrade 751:pilots, 703:McNamara 671:brothels 655:adultery 649:Advocacy 630:Mercedes 613:May 1961 332:de facto 286:(father) 246:Children 79:de facto 19:In this 3616:Vietnam 3602:Portals 3582:Related 3455:figures 3324:Bửu Hội 3312:figures 2680:WGBH-TV 2665:WGBH-TV 1236:memoirs 842:subvert 724:in the 537:Bảo Đại 529:Bảo Đại 505:Bảo Đại 492:Bảo Đại 387:Bảo Đại 238:(uncle) 211: 203: 199: 183:Cần Lao 174:, Italy 87:In role 25:surname 3472:Đỗ Mậu 3277:Policy 3226:Events 3102: 3053: 3034: 3012: 2989: 2963: 2941: 2922: 2903: 2881: 2464: 2460:–197. 2185:12 May 2034: 1444: 1282:áo dài 1148:Saigon 1119:asylum 1098:Đà Lạt 1069:there. 1036:NBC-TV 822:Chương 810:Saigon 797:bonzes 761:bombed 663:boxing 639:pleats 618:áo dài 590:Saigon 586:statue 459:Đà Lạt 422:tomboy 277:Parent 189:Spouse 23:, the 2646:. 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