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last minaret that stood at the corners of the mosque was almost completely destroyed by Soviet heavy artillery during this period, leaving only 12 m (39 ft) of its base remaining. The middle minaret also suffered damage, with tile work in the best condition on the southern side and partly remaining on the eastern side. The balcony supports were destroyed and shells hit the minaret. A two-metre (6 ft 7 in) hole was created 17 m (56 ft) up, exposing the staircase inside. A scar two meters below the hole was also created. The eastern minaret in the southeast corner was the most affected of the four eastern minarets: two holes were created by howitzers 30 m (98 ft) off the ground and 2 metres in diameter. Further repairs were conducted by the
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west. When built, they were at least 70 m (230 ft) tall. Due to wind and changes in temperature, they all lean westward. The minarets had an ornate turquoise tile covering before it was destroyed. Robert Byron wrote it "was as if one saw the sky through a net of shining hair planted suddenly with flowers". There were also two tall arches over an entrance, depicted in 1887. The tombstone of
Bayqara's grandfather, called the Stone of the Seven Pens, is nearby.
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to earthquakes in the 20th century. The remaining minaret, called Minar-i Nahbas, stood in the southwest. It was 37.5 m (123 ft) tall before the Soviet–Afghan War. Fakhr-ul
Madaris, a religious school with 350 students, was built at its base around 1940, incorporating the minaret into its northern façade. Both minaret and school were destroyed by Soviet artillery in 1985, and only 12 m (39 ft) of the minaret's base remains.
899:
1258:"Masjid-i Jami'-i Gawhar Shad | General view of the complex from west, with Gawhar Shad's Mausoleum seen at center and a canal in the foreground. The three minarets on the left marked the corners of Sultan Husain Baiqara's Madrasa, while the minaret at center once flanked the portal to Gawhar Shad's Madrasa. The two minarets seen on the right are the only remnants of Gawhar Shad's Mosque"
496:, the mausoleum and minarets suffered additional damage. Herat was the only urban battlefield during the war, and historical buildings were often targeted to lower morale. The mausoleum's roof was struck in 1984–1985 and lost several tiles, especially on the northern and western portions. At the bottom of the dome, writing in
674:
The four minarets in the west stood at the corners of the former mosque and outlined a court 350 m × 210 m (1,150 ft × 690 ft). These were wider, eight-sided, and had one balcony each. They were supported by white marble panels and the color of grape-blue. Three fell due
666:
Nine towers survived the events of 1885, but the explosions had weakened them structurally, and they remained neglected over the next few years due to an unsettled political situation. No repairs or restorations were undertaken, and over time, four more towers collapsed due to structural weaknesses,
423:
in order to prevent the
Russians from using the buildings as cover. Only the Gawhar Shad mausoleum and nine of the original twenty minarets were allowed to remain. The Heratis had petitioned Abdur Rahman to save the complex, but he responded that saving the living was more important than saving the
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Due to the widespread habit of tombstones being taken and re-used, it is unknown how many burials there are in the mausoleum. Though some sources claim there were as many as twenty grave markers at one time, at present there are only six. Lying in the center of the room, they are oblong shaped and
670:
The four eastern minarets stood at the corners of Sultan Husayn
Bayqara's Ni'matiyya madrasa before it was demolished, and outlined a courtyard 103 m × 105 m (338 ft × 344 ft). They had one balcony each and were a brighter blue than the four minarets that stood in the
500:
was partially destroyed on the eastern side and completely gone on the north. The 1950 eastern façade was hit by a shell and repaired with regular bricks. Evidence of the former connections to the madrasa to the east and south was destroyed. Its inner square chamber remained in good condition. The
763:
In 1998, some objects were located inside the mausoleum to preserve them and prevent robbery. They include twelve 100 cm × 60 cm (39 in × 24 in) marble slabs, a piece of the base of a minaret rising from the mosque, a large slab with seven lines of writing, and other
512:
Emergency preservation work was carried out at the site in 2001 by the
Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage (SPACH). These efforts included erecting walls to protect the mausoleum and Sultan Husain Madrasa, restoring garden landscaping at the mausoleum, and measures to
552:
The
Timurids built the complex initially north of the city along the Khiyaban avenue 1.6 km (1 mi) north of Darvaza-yi Malik. The location was convenient because of its close vicinity to the royal residence in the Bagh-i Zaghan. In 2015, Herat's suburbs were surrounding the site. The
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The middle minaret with a height of 42.40 m (139 ft 1 in) has two balconies and was decorated with blue lozenges separated by regular bricks with flower mosaics. The top of the minaret (above the second balcony) was hit by artillery and destroyed. It had a lean of 90 cm
464:
being demolished and replaced with a rectangular one. The interior dome was decorated and mosaics were installed on the outside walls to a height of one metre (3 ft 3 in). Restoration and repairs to the mausoleum often were of poor quality using inappropriate materials.
457:
in particular being severely deteriorated. Intervention in the 1950s supervised and led by Fikri Saljuqi resulted in drastically changing the appearance of the building, with construction of an entirely new eastern façade and a partly new southern facade, and the hexagonal
524:
During the occupation of
Afghanistan, Soviet troops used the site as a base. Mujahedeen fighters launched attacks against the troops stationed there and the Soviet forces laid anti-personnel mines around the base of the minarets. In 2015 the landmine clearance NGO
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An earthquake in 1932 destroyed two of the mosque's four minarets, and another earthquake in 1951 destroyed another, leaving only one standing. Only five of the original twenty minarets in the complex remained in 2021.
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began preliminary conservation and restoration efforts in 1974–75. Work started on the minarets of the
Nicmatiyya madrassa in April 1977. A year later, structural reinforcement started in cooperation with the
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going around it. The madrasa with the mausoleum in its corner was built to the northwest Mosque. Husayn
Bayqara's madrassa was built to the northwest of Gawhar Shad's madrasa. There was also the mausoleum of
570:
between the ruins of the madrasas. Across from the mausoleum of Gawhar Shad there was the tomb of Sheikh Zadeh
Abdallah. Abdallah's tomb was octagonal with four iwans, with the north iwan being the largest.
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shape, with a dome covering the center. This dome is the most impressive feature of the structure, in that it is actually three domes superimposed over one another: a low inner dome, a bulbous outer
787:
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began work clearing the site of mines following an accident in which a young man playing football stood on an anti-personnel mine and lost a foot. The site was cleared of mines by May 2016.
679:(35 in) before the Soviet–Afghan War which had extended to 350 cm (140 in) by 1998. The minaret was one of a pair that had stood at the sides of the entrance to the madrasa.
725:, who was responsible for Gawhar Shad's execution), were also buried in the mausoleum. Baysunghur's father Shah Rukh was briefly interred as well, before later being transferred to the
1437:
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dead's resting places. Ultimately the crisis was resolved, and fighting never broke out, making the destruction unnecessary. Nine minarets and two mausoleums were spared destruction.
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397:. The complex had two minarets by its eastern façade on either side of the main entrance and the mausoleum in its northwest corner. The mosque was completed in 1437. A madrasa by
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and the Afghanistan government coordinated to attempt to preserve and replicate the tile work on the exterior dome. UNESCO is presently considering the nomination of Herat as a
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Gawhar Shad's mausoleum is 27 m (89 ft) tall. It lies is between the two western minarets and was built in the madrasa's northwest corner. The building forms a
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362:, when the British and ruling Emir of Afghanistan demolished most of the complex buildings. Due to earthquakes and war, four fell during the course of the 20th century.
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and Gawhar Shad. Some members of Baysunghur's family were interred alongside him. They included Gawhar Shad herself and her brother Amir Sufi Tarkhan, her other son
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327:. Much of the 15th-century complex is in ruins today, and the buildings that still stand are in need of restoration. The complex ruins consist of the five
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decoration and to prevent masonry erosion. The work was slowed due to a lack of steel piping. While close to finishing the mosque restoration, Herat's
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The minarets are each 55 meters tall, braced with steel cables. The current minarets in Herat are the remains of 20 minarets of the former complex.
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1999:
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/afghanistan/herat-and-northwestern-afghanistan/herat/attractions/musalla-complex-minarets/a/poi-sig/451137/355747
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and a structural dome between them. The outer cupola is decorated with flowery light-blue-green mosaics. The inner dome is adorned with
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358:, and ended in the late 1400s with the building of a madrassa by Sultan Husayn Bayqara. It was seriously damaged in 1885 during the
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1833:"A Sufi Lodge, a Leaning Minaret and a Polymath's Shrine: A look at recent efforts to preserve – and appreciate – historical Herat"
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between 1992 and 1994. DACAAR added masonry and covered the dome of the mausoleum along with the base with a thin layer of cement.
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The Musalla complex was heavily damaged in the late 19th century. Due to artillery fire, the minaret tops were destroyed in 1868.
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and other colours which form intricate patterns. The interior of the tomb itself is a square chamber with axial niches.
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The complex used to have 20 minarets adorned with tiles in intricate patterns and designs. By 2002, the five remaining
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62:
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1972:
Restoration of monuments in Herat: strengthening government's capability for the preservation of historical monuments
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Herat : a pictorial guide / text Nancy Hatch ; photography Inger Hansen ; Drawings Brigitte McCulloch
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and construction began in 1417, likely under architect Kavamad-Din of Shiraz who also built a similar madrasa in
17:
1728:
445:, mentions the minarets and discusses Timurid history. The mausoleum of 'Ali Shir Nawa'i was rebuilt in 1950.
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and the resultant suppression caused work to end. UNESCO returned briefly in 1989 to review the situation.
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made of matt black stone, with floral patterns carved on them. There are two larger stones, three smaller
1617:"Italian-Funded Conservation of Gawhar Shad Mausoleum in Herat Underway by Afghan Government and UNESCO"
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1997:
Musalla Complex & Minarets | Herat, Afghanistan Attractions. (2006, January 15). Lonely Planet.
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to restore a minaret in danger of collapsing. This work is being completed through the work of the
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called Madrasa Ni'matiyya was built sometime between 1469 and 1506, probably around 1493 (898
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1937:
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earthquake and sheer decrepitude. Only five of the original twenty minarets survive today.
324:
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1317:"After the War. The Condition of Historical Buildings and Monuments in Herat, Afghanistan"
8:
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106 m × 64 m (348 ft × 210 ft). The inner court had four
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332:
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1385:
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1169:"Monuments Of Herat, Afghanistan's Ancient Cultural Capital, In Danger Of Destruction"
898:
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1781:"President Ghani stresses immediate action to restore Minaret Five of Herat Musallah"
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Keeping history alive: safeguarding cultural heritage in post-conflict Afghanistan
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2019:
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Musalla complex — 15th-century Timurid style complex of Islamic structures, 1962
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forestall the collapse of the Gawhar Shad Madrasa's remaining minaret. In 2014,
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2015:
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The complex was visited and photographed in the 1930s by the travel writers
419:. Most of the buildings in the complex were leveled by the British and Emir
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1690:
1526:"Mousallah Complex in Herat – Afghanistan – Tourist Spots Around the World"
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By the 20th century, the mausoleum had been extensively damaged, with the
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The mausoleum was originally constructed to house the remains of Prince
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AvaPress | Breaking Updated news and Latest headlines from Afghanistan
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (
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1751:"Ambassador Hirji discuss Afghan peace process with Minister Naderi"
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390:. The madrasa was built between 1417 and 1426, possibly as late as
273:
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1496:"The sad story of the Musalla Complex: art crime and destruction"
1133:"Musalla Complex & Minarets | Herat, Afghanistan Attractions"
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344:
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of 1885, Russian soldiers attacked Afghan soldiers southeast of
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1557:"Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets Of Herat, Jam"
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Occasional Paper - Royal Ontario Museum, Art and Archaeology
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1012:
Kids rest near a minaret by Annemarie Schwarzenbach, 1939.
506:
2671:
Former religious buildings and structures in Afghanistan
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Traffic passing on road near the Herat minarets, 2005.
350:
Construction on the complex began in 1417 under Queen
583:
had their tiles scattered on the ground around them.
298:
2091:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
2641:Demolished buildings and structures in Afghanistan
1200:
1198:
1196:
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2180:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 258, 263.
2021:The Archaeology & Architecture of Afghanistan
2612:
1807:"بازسازی منار پنجم مصلی گوهرشاد در هرات آغاز شد"
2626:14th-century religious buildings and structures
2010:
2008:
2006:
1721:"AKDN Vows to Restore Ancient Minaret in Herat"
1691:"AKDN Vows to Restore Ancient Minaret in Herat"
1191:
1062:A measurement of how off-balance the minaret is
1975:. United Nations Development Programme. 1981.
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1204:
1087:
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2177:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran
2003:
1434:10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_ds375_h47_w65_1966
2661:Buildings and structures demolished in 1885
2222:. Princeton University Press. p. 318.
2136:. Vol. 2. Brill Archive. p. 147.
2133:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
880:New replanted trees in complex garden, 2009
503:Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees
2311:
2297:
2284:The Timurid architecture of Iran and Turan
1677:"HALO partners with UNESCO in Afghanistan"
1076:
940:Herat skyline with Musallah minarets, 2009
928:Herat skyline with Musallah minarets, 1969
45:
2264:. Macmillan and Co. Ltd. pp. 97–103.
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1428:. University of Arizona Libraries. 1966.
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976:Herat skyline with Musallah minarets,2009
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2094:. Univ of California Press. p. 66.
2014:
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370:Shah Rukh made Herat the capital of the
1211:. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 184–186.
1205:Cassar, Brendan; Noshadi, Sara (2015).
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481:government. Its aim was to restore the
448:
378:. The complex was then commissioned by
51:Remains of Musalla Complex seen in 2005
14:
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2212:
2194:from the original on 25 September 2021
2140:from the original on 25 September 2021
2108:from the original on 25 September 2021
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2038:from the original on 25 September 2021
1948:from the original on 20 September 2018
1874:from the original on 25 September 2021
1837:Afghanistan Analysts Network - English
1506:from the original on 20 September 2018
1443:from the original on 17 September 2021
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1225:from the original on 25 September 2021
1179:from the original on 20 September 2018
1113:from the original on 25 September 2021
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793:Photo by Annemarie Schwarzenbach, 1939
781:Photo by Annemarie Schwarzenbach, 1939
94:Musallah complex, Gauhar Shad Musallah
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2069:from the original on 14 November 2019
1979:from the original on 8 September 2021
1965:
1963:
1893:
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1701:from the original on 25 November 2020
1627:from the original on 15 November 2019
1466:"7 must-see minarets in Central Asia"
1275:
856:Vegetable Stands near the ruins, 2009
2170:
2065:. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.
1597:from the original on 25 January 2019
1536:from the original on 21 January 2019
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2636:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan
2236:from the original on 20 August 2020
1918:from the original on 11 August 2020
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1367:
1355:from the original on 23 August 2021
1143:from the original on 19 August 2021
1098:. University of Arizona Libraries.
717:. More distantly related Timurids,
291:
24:
2318:
1960:
1901:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
1886:
1488:
479:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
25:
2682:
2666:Buildings and structures in Herat
2272:
1860:"The Timurid Shrine at Gazur Gah"
1761:from the original on 3 March 2021
1657:from the original on 23 June 2020
1567:from the original on 30 July 2018
1455:
1408:
1396:from the original on 29 July 2018
1237:
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2128:Barthold, Vasilii Vladimirovitch
1005:
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2577:Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine
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2152:
2120:
2081:
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1991:
1930:
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1669:
1639:
1609:
1579:
1561:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1548:
1518:
1386:"Masjid-i Jami'-i Gawhar Shad-"
1315:Tirard-Collet, Olivier (1998).
1173:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1104:10.2458/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977
1095:Historical guide to Afghanistan
1056:
587:Minarets of Ni'Matiyya Madrasa
472:) along with Italian architect
1938:"Historical Minarets of Herat"
1813:(in Persian). 25 November 2020
1167:Podelco, Grant (11 May 2010).
713:, as well as the latter's son
553:complex was centered around a
547:
13:
1:
1069:
832:Remaining minarets in 1939–40
697:, a son of the Timurid ruler
654:58.72 m (192.7 ft)
640:58.23 m (191.0 ft)
626:54.75 m (179.6 ft)
612:51.83 m (170.0 ft)
391:
315:religious complex located in
69:
2279:Timurid Herat by Terry Allen
1839:(in Pashto). 29 January 2021
1092:Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977).
534:Aga Khan Development Network
354:, the wife of Timurid ruler
27:Timurid ruins in Afghanistan
7:
1623:. UNESCO. 6 November 2014.
1017:
574:
339:, and the ruins of a large
299:
10:
2687:
1904:. Routledge. p. 111.
767:
760:, and a child-sized tomb.
686:
542:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
365:
329:Musallah Minarets of Herat
272:Timurid Mosque, Shah Rukh
2646:Islam and other religions
2564:
2443:
2432:
2341:
2326:
1898:Petersen, Andrew (2002).
1591:Adventuretravelphotos.com
1024:Musalla Minarets of Herat
657:170 cm (67 in)
643:200 cm (79 in)
581:Musalla Minarets of Herat
323:, containing examples of
276:, mausoleums, 20 minarets
268:
258:
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122:
112:
98:
90:
56:
44:
37:
2059:"BĀYSONḠOR, ḠĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN"
1049:
629:50 cm (20 in)
615:70 cm (28 in)
538:President of Afghanistan
374:in 1405, moving it from
38:
2651:Vandalized works of art
2024:. Tempus. p. 137.
1944:. Alalam News Network.
1858:Golombek, Lisa (1969).
952:A panorama of the ruins
721:and Shah Rukh (sons of
437:Annemarie Schwarzenbach
82:Location in Afghanistan
2057:Roemer, H. R. (1989).
1000:Minarets in 1939–1940.
309:Musalla of Gawhar Shah
174:55 m (180 ft) minarets
2587:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2582:Great Mosque of Herat
2172:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
2063:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1029:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
819:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
689:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
683:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
536:made a pledge to the
399:Sultan Husayn Bayqara
337:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
303:), also known as the
269:Architectural details
144:34.35917°N 62.18611°E
91:Alternative name
2656:Destroyed sculptures
2088:Green, Nile (2017).
1868:Royal Ontario Museum
1502:. 16 November 2017.
1476:on 19 September 2018
705:, Baysunghur's sons
449:Preservation efforts
325:Timurid architecture
259:Architectural styles
228:Ruins, razed in 1885
2631:Arts in Afghanistan
2601:Herat City Old Fort
1139:. 15 January 2006.
805:Dome interior, 2009
588:
519:World Heritage Site
487:March 1979 uprising
140: /
34:
2261:The Road to Oxiana
1731:on 21 January 2021
586:
442:The Road to Oxiana
333:Mir Ali Sher Navai
246:Public access
149:34.35917; 62.18611
32:
2608:
2607:
2229:978-1-4008-5891-0
2187:978-1-139-46284-6
2101:978-0-520-29413-4
2031:978-0-7524-2519-1
1911:978-1-134-61365-6
1787:. 4 November 2020
1755:Afghanistan Times
1587:"Tư vấn sản phẩm"
1218:978-92-3-100064-5
868:A minaret in 2009
844:Mausoleum in 2009
661:
660:
505:(DACAAR) and the
494:Soviet–Afghan War
421:Abdur Rahman Khan
297:
280:
279:
166:religious complex
16:(Redirected from
2678:
2444:Populated places
2438:
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2085:
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2054:
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2012:
2001:
1995:
1989:
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1727:. Archived from
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1687:
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1530:Touristspots.org
1522:
1516:
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1492:
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1472:. Archived from
1470:caravanistan.com
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1089:
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916:The site in 1975
913:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
814:
802:
790:
778:
589:
585:
439:. Byron's book,
413:Panjdeh incident
411:Then during the
396:
393:
360:Panjdeh incident
305:Musallah Complex
302:
300:Musalay Mojtame'
296:romanized:
295:
293:
155:
154:
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145:
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138:
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72:
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65:
49:
35:
31:
21:
2686:
2685:
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2679:
2677:
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2675:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2597:Musalla complex
2560:
2536:Pashtun Zarghun
2439:
2430:
2416:Pashtun Zarghun
2337:
2322:
2317:
2275:
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2253:
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2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2055:
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2016:Knobloch, Edgar
2013:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1969:
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1961:
1951:
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1647:"City of Herat"
1645:
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764:marble panels.
723:Abu Sa'id Mirza
707:Sultan Muhammad
691:
685:
577:
568:Ali-Shir Nava'i
550:
451:
394:
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335:mausoleum, the
284:Musalla complex
188:Queen Goharshad
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2159:Golombek (1969
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2526:Kushki Kuhna
2406:Kushki Kuhna
2328:
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2250:
2240:25 September
2238:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2198:25 September
2196:. Retrieved
2176:
2166:
2154:
2144:25 September
2142:. Retrieved
2132:
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2112:25 September
2110:. Retrieved
2090:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2042:25 September
2040:. Retrieved
2020:
1993:
1983:25 September
1981:. Retrieved
1971:
1952:20 September
1950:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1922:25 September
1920:. Retrieved
1900:
1878:25 September
1876:. Retrieved
1863:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1560:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1510:19 September
1508:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1480:19 September
1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1469:
1447:25 September
1445:. Retrieved
1421:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1357:. Retrieved
1324:
1320:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1229:25 September
1227:. Retrieved
1207:
1183:19 September
1181:. Retrieved
1172:
1147:25 September
1145:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1117:25 September
1115:. Retrieved
1094:
1058:
762:
754:
750:lapis lazuli
735:
711:Ala al-Dawla
692:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
592:Designation
580:
578:
551:
531:
523:
511:
491:
474:Andrea Bruno
467:
459:
452:
440:
433:Robert Byron
430:
426:
410:
407:
369:
349:
328:
308:
304:
283:
281:
254:Architecture
29:
2219:Afghanistan
2073:14 November
1661:15 November
1631:15 November
1400:5 September
1390:Archnet.org
1359:6 September
1327:: 123–138.
561:, with two
548:Description
492:During the
395: 1432
384:Gawhar Shad
321:Afghanistan
147: /
123:Coordinates
107:Afghanistan
2615:Categories
2556:Zendeh Jan
2506:Islam Qala
1843:8 February
1817:8 February
1791:8 February
1765:8 February
1735:8 February
1705:8 February
1653:. UNESCO.
1651:unesco.org
1621:unesco.org
1601:21 January
1571:21 January
1540:21 January
1267:8 February
1070:References
727:Gur-e-Amir
695:Baysunghur
651:Southeast
637:Northeast
623:Northwest
609:Southwest
352:Gawharshad
347:complex.
292:مصلی مجتمع
233:Site notes
135:62°11′10″E
132:34°21′33″N
39:مصلی مجتمع
2565:Landmarks
2551:Torghundi
2426:Zinda Jan
2343:Districts
1942:alalam.ir
1341:0578-6967
758:cenotaphs
746:gold leaf
738:cruciform
731:Samarqand
699:Shah Rukh
595:Location
388:Khar Gerd
376:Samarkand
356:Shah Rukh
238:Condition
207:Abandoned
2546:Shindand
2541:Sabzawar
2466:Bazargan
2456:Azizabad
2451:Adraskan
2421:Shindand
2351:Adraskan
2258:(1937).
2234:Archived
2216:(2014).
2192:Archived
2174:(2007).
2138:Archived
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