485:
labour. The court held that mere copy-editing "lacks originality as it does not depict independent creation even a modicum of creativity. The inputs put by the appellants is nothing but expressing an idea which can be expressed in a limited way and as such there cannot be a copyright. Filling the blanks or gaps by providing names of the parties or citations of the judgments, both of which are well known and unchangeable parts of that idea, are not original work." The court held that the headnotes that did not copy from the judgment verbatim were copyrightable, and that the division of a judgment into paragraphs and numbering them was enough to meet a standard of skill.
393:, copyright and design right were two separate concepts that could co-exist in applied art, as they had different requirements; novelty and an "individual character" for design right, and "a degree of creativity which allows, from the view of a public open to art and sufficiently skilled in ideas of art, to be called an 'artistic' performance", for copyright. This makes the threshold nearly identical to that in other forms of works. The case centred around the creator of the "Birthday Train", who had received royalties from a design patent but wanted to also collect royalties on the concept as a copyrighted work.
226:
505:
791:
Ets-Hokin's photos as derivative works, we note that " claim to copyright cannot be registered in a print or label consisting solely of trademark subject matter and lacking copyrightable matter." Although a label's "graphical illustrations" are normally copyrightable, "textual matter" is not—at least not unless the text "aid or augment" an accompanying graphical illustration. The label on Skyy's vodka bottle consists only of text and does not include any pictorial illustrations.
602:
546:
249:. On 24 January 2022, the Commonwealth government announced, after more than three years of confidential negotiations, Thomas had transferred the copyright to the flag to the Commonwealth. The federal government paid AUS$ 20.05 million to Thomas and licence holders (including WAM Clothing and Carroll and Richardson Flagworld) to extinguish existing licences and secure copyright. As part of the copyright transfer, Thomas retained
759:
494:
1438:
626:
318:
147:, case law supports a low threshold of originality, so arguments could be made that such recordings can be copyrighted because placing and operating a video camera involves "skill, judgement, and labour". She states that it's also possible that security camera films would not meet the threshold, and that "each case must be assessed on its facts".
749:
under federal copyright law. This was overruled in 2018 in a 3–0 ruling by the 9th
Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that "A digitally remastered sound recording made as a copy of the original analog sound recording will rarely exhibit the necessary originality to qualify for independent copyright
584:
However, in an amendment to Swiss copyright law that took effect on 1 April 2020, "photographic depictions and depictions of three-dimensional objects produced by a process similar to that of photography" are now eligible for copyright, even if they do not display individual character, although their
199:
using Slater's camera — had been used to illustrate a post questioning whether Slater could even hold any copyright interest in the image. Slater argued that he had copyright interest in the photo because he had "engineered" the shot, and that "it was artistry and idea to leave them to play with the
93:
and other pre-positioned recording devices capture whatever happens to take place in their field of view. This raises the question as to whether their recordings are an original and therefore copyrighted work. For example, "f a security camera mounted in a lobby, recording 24 hours a day, captured a
740:
ruled that remastered versions of musical recordings are eligible to receive a new copyright if they contain "multiple kinds of creative authorship, such as adjustments of equalization, sound editing and channel assignment", that are perceptible from the original work. This applies even if the work
281:
stated that the "exercise of skill and judgment" was necessary in order for an expression to attract copyright protection. Chief
Justice McLachlin went on to state that the exercise of skill and judgement would require "intellectual effort" and "must not be so trivial that it could be characterized
212:". In December 2014, the United States Copyright Office issued an opinion that works by animals cannot be copyrighted because they were not a work of authorship by a human, but the copyright office did not rule on whether Slater or the monkey would be considered the author of those specific images.
2338:
However, according to established case law, the courts have said that copyright can only subsist in subject matter that is original in the sense that it is the author's own 'intellectual creation'. Given this criterion, it seems unlikely that what is merely a retouched, digitised image of an older
568:
taken at a concert by a spectator with a handheld camera was eligible for protection, because it had the required individual character by virtue of the aesthetic appeal of the picture, combined with the orientation of the picture's components and the distribution of light and shadow. It also found
484:
case law, the Court established that judgements or court orders by published by judicial authorities were considered to be in the public domain per
Section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act, and that a work would meet the originality standard as long as there is labour or effort involved, but not only
44:
to warrant copyright protection from those that are not. In this context, "originality" refers to "coming from someone as the originator/author" (insofar as it somehow reflects the author's personality), rather than "never having occurred or existed before" (which would amount to the protection of
52:
that creates the foundation of several concepts of international copyright law; however, the threshold for attracting copyright is not defined. This threshold is up to each jurisdiction to determine. While works that do not meet these thresholds are not eligible for copyright protection, they may
790:
The Skyy vodka bottle, although attractive, has no special design or other features that could exist independently as a work of art. It is essentially a functional bottle without a distinctive shape. Turning next to the bottle's label, which the district court also cited in part in categorizing
721:
that were already in the public domain could not be considered original enough for protection under U.S. law, "a photograph which is no more than a copy of a work of another as exact as science and technology permits lacks originality. That is not to say that such a feat is trivial, simply not
472:
that were written by the
Company itself. The respondents had published CD-ROMs containing compilations of these judgements, which Eastern Book Company alleged were sourced from its publications; the CD-ROMs contained the copy-edited texts of the judgements themselves, but did not contain the
132:, "ownership and subsistence of copyright were not in dispute", because, "as section 1 of the 1988 Act makes clear, copyright is a property right" which was owned by the security company. Ultimately, that case concluded that copying and selling the photographs did not lead to a defence of
124:, took still-frame photographs from security video – which showed the couple in the driveway just before their deaths – and sold them to a newspaper. Al Fayed and his privately held security company filed suit, alleging, among other things, infringement of copyright. In that case,
805:
The limitation of copyright to "works of authorship" also implies an author. This appears to mean that a human created the work, using the requisite creativity. In a work made through a completely mechanical process, copyright might be denied on the basis that no one was the
105:, the casino filed suit for copyright infringement on the use of their surveillance video, but the defendant argued in a motion that the surveillance video lacked the sufficient creativity needed to secure copyright protection. However, the case was never heard as a separate
200:
camera and it was all in my eyesight. I knew the monkeys were very likely to do this and I predicted it. I knew there was a chance of a photo being taken." Aurelia J. Schultz disputed Slater's claims, noting a monkey would be incapable of holding a copyright in
1664:
2315:
819:
has taken the position that "in order to be entitled to copyright registration, a work must be the product of human authorship. Works produced by mechanical processes or random selection without any contribution by a human author are not registrable."
580:
with the files he had taken from his employer, lacked individual character. It found that the scope of conceptual and technical possibilities was not exploited, and that the photograph did not distinguish itself in any way from what was common use.
176:
Russian copyright law specifically exempts purely informational reports on events and facts from protection, and security camera footage is not considered a work of authorship. This interpretation was applied in a number of
Russian legal cases.
253:
over the flag (which include the right to be identified as its creator). Following the copyright transfer, Carroll and
Richardson Flagworld continued to be the exclusive manufacturer, although individuals may make copies for personal use.
834:
Some countries grant copyright protection based on how much labour and diligence it took to create a work, rather than or in addition to how original a work is. This is referred to as the "sweat of the brow" doctrine in relation to the
536:
Japanese courts have decided that to be copyrightable, a text logo needs to have artistic appearance that is worth artistic appreciation. Logos composed merely of geometric shapes and texts are also not copyrightable in general.
276:
examined the different approaches taken to the definition of originality. The
Supreme Court ultimately concluded that the proper approach in Canadian law fell between the approach of labour and diligence, and that of creativity.
800:
In works produced in a mechanical medium, "there is broad scope for copyright . . . because 'a very modest expression of personality will constitute originality.'" With respect to United States law, Stephen M. McJohn writes:
810:
Difficulties arise when attempting to determine the boundary line between mechanical or random processes and instances in which the slight intervention of a human agent results in the production of a copyrightable work. The
678:
that artistic elements of a practical article (such as clothing) can be copyrighted if they meet the threshold of originality, and can be identified as art when they are mentally separated from the item's practical aspects.
2339:
work can be considered as 'original'. This is because there will generally be minimal scope for a creator to exercise free and creative choices if their aim is simply to make a faithful reproduction of an existing work.
1671:
1319:
To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or
522:, a work is considered eligible for protection when it is "a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain."
300:
The test for the threshold of originality is in the
European Union whether the work is the author's own intellectual creation. This threshold for originality was harmonised within the European Union in 2009 by the
447:, which held that compilations (an English-Tamil dictionary) and databases (an internal customer database that had been obtained by a former employee and brought to their competitor) were eligible for copyright.
894:
match schedules due to the skill and labour used in their creation, as their compilation is "dictated by rules or constraints which leave no room for creative freedom". In
November 2015, the United Kingdom's
1110:
150:
In Canada, "skill and judgement" are required for a photograph to be protected by copyright, and a photograph meets this threshold "even by the particular angle and point of view" according to the
2197:
U.S. Congress, Office of
Technology Assessment, Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics and Information, OTA-CIT-302 72 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office, April 1986).
165:
In the law of continental European countries, works are required to be original to have copyright protection. According to a 2002 book by professor and lawyer Pascal Kamina, written before the
2409:
733:
of Toyota vehicles were not entitled to additional copyright protection since the purpose of the models was to faithfully represent the original objects without any creative additions.
665:
585:
creation must still be the result of "human actions", and they are subject to a shorter copyright term (50 years after production rather than 70 years after the death of the author).
292:, and by some civil law courts as those courts require that a work demonstrate a "modicum of creativity" in decision making rather than a mechanical exercise in order to be original.
1490:
655:. The court opinion stated that copyright protection could only be granted to "works of authorship" that possess "at least some minimal degree of creativity". As such, mere labor ("
778:
614:
856:
ruled that the copyright of an account of a speech transcribed by a reporter belonged to the newspaper he worked for because of the effort it took to reproduce his spoken words.
158:
has expressed the view that "whether scenes taken by an automatic surveillance camera are authored by anyone is doubtful: the person responsible for positioning the camera is no
435:
Courts initially favoured a doctrine of originality being based upon the "skill, labour and brain" used in the preparation of the work. This was demonstrated in the cases of
1920:
1890:
533:
packaging. Tokyo High Court ruled that although the shape is stylised, the text is in a normal arrangement and keeps its function of being read as a sequence of letters.
1246:
2208:
282:
as a purely mechanical exercise." It has been suggested that this approach taken by the Supreme Court of Canada is functionally the same as the approach taken by the
1194:
288:
266:, an eligible work must be original to its author, not copied from another work, and requires more than trivial or mechanical intellectual effort. In the case of
1991:
455:
617:
Car Credit City logo: U.S. Copyright office ruled this logo too simple to be protected, but a slightly more complicated version was accepted for registration (
1456:
306:
1934:"Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung"
151:
850:
The sweat of the brow doctrine has been recognised at various times in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India, and elsewhere. The 1900 UK case
659:") is not sufficient to establish a copyright claim. For example, the expression of some obvious methods of compilation and computation, such as the
2421:
1272:
2404:
1696:
815:
posited that the question is open as to whether computers are unlike other tools of creation in that they are possible of being co-creators. The
1718:
2271:
1610:
268:
997:
899:
clarified that it was "unlikely" that a digitised reproduction of a work out of copyright would be original enough to attain a new copyright.
2325:
896:
861:
812:
651:
390:
2396:
2392:
2023:
1113:§ 37 the European Court of Justice rules that subject-matter is original in the sense that it is its author's own intellectual creation.
674:
1638:
1361:
2489:
871:(1999). In these cases, the courts asserted that originality was required for copyright protection. Since the Feist decision, many
1219:
560:
defines works as being "creations of the mind, literary or artistic, that have an individual character." In a 2003 decision, the
1811:
1745:
879:(1997), where the court concluded that compilations of data must embody originality and creativity in order to be copyrighted.
618:
2458:
2269:
Gervais, Daniel J. (Summer 2002). "Feist Goes Global: A Comparative Analysis of the Notion of Originality in Copyright Law".
2212:
1648:
1583:
1140:
1091:
959:
569:
that the photograph was a "creation of the mind" by being shot at a specific time during the singer's movement on the stage.
1333:
867:
693:
561:
129:
978:
2080:
1394:
1386:
1615:
283:
2006:
932:
769:
709:
due to age, claiming that it infringed on their copyrights. The court ruled that exact or "slavish" reproductions of
113:
385:
In November 2013, the Federal Court of Justice rejected the concept of a lower standard for applied artworks in the
233:
was copyrighted in Australia until the copyright of the flag was transferred to the Commonwealth on 25 January 2022.
2498:
1953:. Swiss Federal Council - English translation (select DE, FR or IT for legally enforceable versions). 1 April 2020.
2053:
609:, this logo does not contain a sufficient amount of original and creative authorship to be protected by copyright.
2413:
875:
countries have moved towards applying a similar standard. A similar precedent was set in Canada by cases such as
192:
1178:
Ruling of the Ninth apellate arbitration court of 20.04.2011 No. 09АП-2257/2011 on case No. А40-113912/10-12-720
2477:
2447:
2380:
2122:
2002:
1420:
1306:
1013:
606:
508:
Logos composed of geometric shapes and texts are uncopyrightable in Japan. This example shows the logo for the
173:
member countries in 2009, "it is unlikely, however, that security camera videos would be considered original".
2354:
2148:
705:'s rights to redistribute their high quality reproductions of old paintings that had already fallen into the
2387:
688:
557:
98:
1950:
1299:
646:
642:
645:, the principle of requiring originality for copyright protection was invoked in the 1991 ruling of the
593:
In Taiwan, independently created works with "minimal creativity" are eligible for copyright protection.
2469:
1964:
242:
238:
230:
143:
requires films to be original to qualify for copyright protection. However, according to law professor
1056:
1531:
1277:
883:
302:
166:
54:
1030:
669:), but sufficiently original elements within the work itself can still be eligible for protection.
246:
191:
to take down a photo that Caters had licensed from nature photographer David Slater. The image — a
1491:"Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright"
1182:
Decision of the Arbitration court of city of Moscow of 04.02.2011 on case No. А40-131349/10-67-236
367:
laws. Only design creations that were very high above the average were considered to be "works of
2439:
1181:
1177:
412:
A controversial decision on 16 July 2013 rendered "backseat conversations"—such as those between
273:
263:
2526:
2362:
2175:
1719:"Digitising public domain images creates a new copyright, rules German court [Updated]"
1132:
737:
519:
451:
432:) states that copyright subsists in "original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works".
425:
401:
389:
case. The court ruled that per changes made to German law in 2004 by the implementation of the
2031:
2245:"When are compilations original? Telstra Corporation Ltd v Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd"
949:
816:
698:
349:
for "Small coin") was low, the requirements for design, works that have a "purpose" (such as
337:) could classify copyrightable works into two classes, a design, or anything else (such as a
1933:
1247:"Can We Subpoena The Monkey? Why The Monkey Self-Portraits Are Likely In The Public Domain"
891:
742:
397:
330:
204:(where the photo was taken), the United Kingdom, or the United States, because it is not a
20:
1854:
1840:
1836:
776:
cannot be protected under U.S. law. The non-eligibility of "textual matter" was raised in
8:
2426:
2244:
1522:
David Vaver, Intellectual Property Law, 2nd Edition, Irwin Law: Toronto, 2011. at pg 100.
2098:
1125:
746:
429:
376:
278:
140:
1665:"German Federal Court of Justice expands copyright protection of works of Applied Art"
1156:
633:
is not considered a "work of authorship" because it only consists of text in a simple
2502:
2493:
2473:
2443:
2376:
1644:
1579:
1563:
1498:
1464:
1338:
1136:
1087:
1063:. Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic. 19 July 2012
955:
928:
829:
702:
656:
379:
322:
2455:
Wonderful or worrisome? The impact of the ECJ ruling in infopaq on UK Copyright law.
1815:
1571:
908:
745:
as a sound recording published prior to 1972, thus making them become eligible for
730:
121:
49:
2435:
Copyright, Communication and Culture: Towards a Relational Theory of Copyright Law
404:
that digital reproductions of public domain works are subject to a new copyright.
2433:
1697:"Germany: Copyright Protection More Easily Available For Works Of "Applied Arts""
887:
710:
577:
550:
465:
346:
82:
1575:
2290:
852:
545:
413:
185:
A similar topic came up in 2011, when the Caters News Agency asked the website
170:
62:
2388:
Of Silos and Constellations: Comparing Notions of Originality in Copyright Law
2084:
1442:
2520:
2123:"CBS Radio Has Novel Argument to Legal Demand to Stop Playing Pre-1972 Songs"
1502:
1468:
706:
360:
355:
341:). While the threshold (which is reached even by simple creations, known as "
338:
225:
112:
In the United Kingdom the topic came up in 2000, during the aftermath of the
33:
1868:
1157:"Civil Code of the Russian Federation (as last amended on December 8, 2011)"
2368:
1844:
660:
526:
461:
250:
205:
144:
133:
106:
473:
headnotes and original content that were written by Eastern Book Company.
1936:, BBl 2018 591, 620. See also W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds),
725:
Another court case related to threshold of originality was the 2008 case
530:
504:
497:
368:
159:
155:
90:
41:
2188:
Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)
1869:"SR 231.1 Bundesgesetz über das Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte"
1195:"Monkeys Don't Do Fair Use; News Agency Tells Techdirt To Remove Photos"
437:
1457:"Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $ 20m deal"
1441:
Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a
872:
783:
762:
718:
565:
510:
442:
382:, was considered ineligible for protection under German copyright law.
209:
117:
2176:"U.S. appeals court revives case against CBS over pre-1972 recordings"
1857:
1766:¶8, V. Govindan vs E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone And Anr. (AIR 1955 Mad 391)
927:
Definitions taken from Webster's new universal unabridged dictionary,
237:
Despite consisting only of two fields and a circle at the centre, the
877:
Tele-Direct (Publications) Inc. v. American Business Information Inc.
364:
353:), was set much higher, as "novel" designs could be protected by the
201:
58:
37:
2410:
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal
2149:"CBS Beats Lawsuit Over Pre-1972 Songs With Bold Copyright Argument"
601:
2508:
844:
773:
714:
634:
469:
372:
187:
2233:
See Compendium II of Copyright Office Practices § 503.03(a) (1984)
1895:, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 5 September 2003"
1362:"Explainer: our copyright laws and the Australian Aboriginal flag"
109:
ruled that the tribes, rather than the casino, owned the footage.
2422:
Originality Proxies: Toward a Theory of Copyright and Creativity.
1564:"The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard"
758:
97:
This question remains untested in the United States. In the 2008
2316:"Copyright notice: digital images, photographs and the internet"
1919:, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 19 April 2004;
1387:"Who is Harold Thomas, the man who created the Aboriginal flag?"
613:
215:
2320:
576:, the Court found that a photo, shot by a reporter to document
416:
and police—not sufficiently creative for copyright protection.
196:
86:
1568:
Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century
493:
464:
versions of Supreme Court judgments with numbered paragraphs,
120:, when a security guard at a property owned by Dodi's father,
1543:
Daniel J. Gervais (2004). "Canadian Copyright Law Post-CCH".
1437:
1334:"Is the 'monkey selfie' case making a monkey out of the law?"
1220:"Can monkey who took grinning self-portrait claim copyright?"
1186:
840:
836:
823:
663:
or blank forms, cannot receive a copyright (demonstrated in
396:
In June 2016, a state court ruled in a complaint against the
687:
The requirement of originality was also invoked in the 1999
625:
2405:
The Role of the Non-Functionality Requirement in Design Law
637:, so it is not an object of copyright in respect to US law.
630:
350:
325:
to be ineligible for protection under German copyright law.
317:
66:
1917:
Blau Guggenheim gegen British Broadcasting Corporation BBC
1084:
Intellectual property law: copyright, patents, trade-marks
500:
packaging design is not eligible for copyright protection.
2030:. University of Connecticut School of Law. Archived from
1421:"Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians"
1238:
72:
2466:
New Frontiers in the Philosophy of Intellectual Property
2081:"Copyright Protection and Subject Matter in Photographs"
1300:"Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2"
1273:"US government: Monkey selfies ineligible for copyright"
289:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
40:. It is used to distinguish works that are sufficiently
36:
that is used to assess whether a particular work can be
1000:(W.D. Okla., 27 October 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013.
162:. Such authorless films may have no copyright at all".
2291:"Football match fixture list copyright claim rejected"
1331:
457:
Eastern Book Company & Ors vs D.B. Modak & Anr
1746:""Backseat conversations" not protected by copyright"
1611:"Germany: conflict between design and copyright law?"
307:
Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening
48:
Copyright finds its international commonality in the
1604:
1602:
981:(W.D. Okla., 28 Aug. 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013.
859:
Courts in the United States rejected this notion in
574:
Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation
152:
Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic
94:dramatic event, the video could be uncopyrighted."
77:
2308:
2078:
1951:"Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights 1992"
1814:(in Japanese). Government of Japan. Archived from
1124:
444:Burlington Home Shipping Pvt Ltd v Rajnish Chibber
1599:
1542:
1212:
2518:
1711:
169:harmonized the threshold of originality between
2209:"Artificial Intelligence and Authorship Rights"
2115:
2099:"Meshwerks v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. (2008)"
2054:"Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc"
1419:Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022).
1292:
53:still be eligible for protection through other
2272:Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A.
1015:Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland & Others
795:
269:CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada
2072:
1657:
1418:
1017:[2000] EWCA Civ 37 (10 February 2000)
1008:
1006:
994:Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman
989:
987:
975:Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman
862:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
813:Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
652:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
371:" and so granted copyright. As an example in
216:Uses of the concept of originality by country
180:
103:Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. vs Flyingman
2393:Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal
2236:
1689:
1536:
1035:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
782:, judging whether photographs of bottles of
549:A Swiss court considered this photograph of
454:would reject this doctrine in the 2007 case
391:Directive on the legal protection of designs
2282:
2141:
1448:
1149:
943:
941:
675:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
672:The Supreme Court similarly established in
428:(which is largely derived from the British
2264:
2262:
2200:
1830:
1482:
1443:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
1003:
984:
886:also set a similar precedent, ruling that
19:"TOO" redirects here. For other uses, see
2016:
1861:
1848:
1359:
1105:
1103:
753:
45:something new, as in patent protection).
2028:An Introduction to Intellectual Property
1943:
1643:(in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 118.
1630:
938:
757:
624:
612:
600:
544:
503:
492:
316:
224:
136:, nor did it serve the public interest.
2359:The Philosophy of Intellectual Property
2268:
2259:
2173:
1940:(4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 35.
1804:
1743:
1561:
1555:
1270:
1264:
1244:
1192:
1028:
954:. Aspen Publishers Online. p. 20.
321:German case law considered the logo of
2519:
2288:
2206:
2079:Filler, Stephen C. (9 December 2006).
1983:
1670:. Baker & McKenzie. Archived from
1636:
1454:
1325:
1131:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1122:
1116:
1100:
1057:"Copyright and Privacy in Photography"
1022:
947:
73:Originality in specific types of works
2412:, Vol. 20:3, 2010 pp. 847–874, (
2373:A Philosophy of Intellectual Property
1794:
1792:
1790:
1488:
1414:
1412:
1081:
786:were original enough for protection:
460:; Eastern Book Company had published
438:V. Govindan v E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone
241:had upheld copyright claims over the
2395:, Vol. 27, 2009, pp. 375–408, (
2174:Stempel, Jonathan (20 August 2018).
2167:
1360:Alexander, Isabella (12 June 2019).
1127:Film copyright in the European Union
979:Defense Motion for Summary Judgement
951:Copyright: examples and explanations
868:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
727:Meshwerks v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.
694:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
562:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
130:Court of Appeal of England and Wales
2385:Elizabeth F. Judge/Daniel Gervais:
2207:Acosta, Raquel (17 February 2012).
2046:
1608:
1525:
1395:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1332:Nicholas O'Donnell (28 July 2017).
729:In this case, the court ruled that
333:, the "Schöpfungshöhe" (literally:
13:
2510:Compendium of Office Practices III
2348:
1989:
1969:Intellectual Property Office, MOEA
1855:Tokyo High Court ruling 平成6(ネ)1470
1837:Tokyo High Court ruling 昭和55(行ケ)30
1787:
1616:World Intellectual Property Review
1489:Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022).
1409:
477:
284:Supreme Court of the United States
126:Hyde Park Residence Ltd v. Yelland
14:
2538:
2483:
2429:, Vol. 76:4, 2010, pp. 1552.
2242:
2024:"Morrissey v. Procter and Gamble"
1640:Urheber- und Urhebervertragsrecht
1271:Axelrad, Jacob (22 August 2014).
1031:"The Copyright and Privacy Nexus"
666:Morrissey v. Procter & Gamble
363:("Geschmacksmustergesetz") or by
295:
114:death of Diana, Princess of Wales
16:Minimal requirement for copyright
2490:Commons:Threshold of originality
2211:. JOLTdigest.com. Archived from
1744:Sherman, Brad (20 August 2013).
1455:Butler, Josh (24 January 2022).
1436:
824:The "sweat of the brow" doctrine
682:
596:
529:lost the case for the design of
78:Pre-positioned recording devices
2513:. URL last accessed 2017-03-01.
2461:Vol. 5, 2010, pp. 247–251.
2227:
2191:
2182:
2091:
1957:
1926:
1910:
1883:
1841:Supreme Court ruling 昭和55(行ツ)75
1800:Eastern Book Company v DB Modak
1778:
1769:
1760:
1737:
1516:
1379:
1353:
1171:
553:to lack "individual character".
2375:, Dartmouth Publishing, 1996,
2365:, Vol. 77, 1988, pp. 6–28
2003:United States Copyright Office
1309:. 22 December 2014. p. 22
1307:United States Copyright Office
1245:Masnick, Mike (13 July 2011).
1193:Masnick, Mike (12 July 2011).
1075:
1049:
1029:Frankel, Susy (October 2005).
968:
921:
779:Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc.
572:By contrast, in the 2004 case
540:
407:
1:
2289:Wilson, Bill (1 March 2012).
2247:. Robinson College, Cambridge
1545:Intellectual Property Journal
1086:. Irwin Law. pp. 54–55.
914:
890:could not claim copyright on
65:(particularly in the case of
2326:Intellectual Property Office
897:Intellectual Property Office
772:states that the design of a
689:United States District Court
558:Copyright law of Switzerland
220:
99:United States district court
7:
1971:(in Chinese). 31 March 2008
1871:. Government of Switzerland
1576:10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_6
1425:Prime Minister of Australia
1019:; URL retrieved 2011-01-11.
996:, Case Number CIV-07-949-C
977:, Case Number CIV-07-949-C
948:McJohn, Stephen M. (2006).
902:
796:Mechanically produced works
647:United States Supreme Court
643:United States copyright law
481:
10:
2543:
2470:Cambridge University Press
1497:. London, United Kingdom.
1463:. London, United Kingdom.
827:
743:common law state copyright
731:wire-frame computer models
312:
243:Australian Aboriginal flag
239:Federal Court of Australia
231:Australian Aboriginal flag
181:Works by non-human authors
55:intellectual property laws
18:
1278:Christian Science Monitor
1012:English Court of Appeal:
884:European Court of Justice
588:
375:, the logo of the German
303:European Court of Justice
257:
167:European Court of Justice
154:. However, legal scholar
2499:Commons:Derivative works
1999:Copyright appeals (2006)
1812:"Japanese copyright law"
1562:Margoni, Thomas (2016).
770:House Report No. 94-1476
488:
424:Section 13(1)(a) of the
419:
30:threshold of originality
2507:U.S. Copyright Office:
2464:Annabelle Lever (ed.):
2440:Edward Elgar Publishing
1748:. Kluwer Copyright Blog
1123:Kamina, Pascal (2002).
279:Chief Justice McLachlin
274:Supreme Court of Canada
2363:Georgetown Law Journal
2153:The Hollywood Reporter
2127:The Hollywood Reporter
1637:Schack, Haimo (2007).
808:
793:
766:
754:Typefaces and geometry
638:
622:
610:
564:ruled that a photo of
554:
520:Japanese copyright law
515:
501:
402:Reiss Engelhorn Museum
326:
264:Canadian copyright law
234:
2402:Orit Fischman Afori:
1938:Das neue Urheberrecht
1082:Vaver, David (1997).
817:U.S. Copyright Office
803:
788:
761:
699:Bridgeman Art Library
628:
616:
607:U.S. Copyright Office
604:
548:
514:multimedia franchise.
507:
496:
320:
228:
1677:on 23 September 2015
998:Memorandum and Order
892:association football
741:was only subject to
738:Judge Percy Anderson
398:Wikimedia Foundation
351:brand identification
331:German copyright law
139:In New Zealand, the
21:Too (disambiguation)
2427:Brooklyn Law Review
2087:on 9 December 2006.
1992:"Best Western Logo"
1775:1995 IVAD Delhi 732
882:In March 2012, the
747:compulsory licenses
426:Copyright Act, 1957
2453:Estelle Derclaye:
2058:Harvard Law Review
1818:on 28 October 2016
1609:Hartwig, Henning.
767:
639:
623:
611:
555:
516:
502:
430:Copyright Act 1956
377:public broadcaster
335:height of creation
327:
235:
141:Copyright Act 1994
2503:Wikimedia Commons
2494:Wikimedia Commons
2419:Eva E. Subotnik:
2129:. 21 October 2015
2060:. 4 November 2017
2012:on 12 April 2016.
1990:Carson, David O.
1650:978-3-16-149489-5
1585:978-3-319-31176-0
1397:. 25 January 2022
1142:978-0-521-77053-8
1093:978-1-55221-007-9
961:978-0-7355-5287-6
830:Sweat of the brow
703:Corel Corporation
657:sweat of the brow
605:According to the
245:by its designer,
2534:
2432:Carys J. Craig:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2312:
2306:
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2256:
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2234:
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2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:on 29 April 2012
2204:
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2110:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2083:. Archived from
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2005:. Archived from
1996:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
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1924:
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1908:
1907:BGE 130 III 168.
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1784:AIR 1955 Mad 391
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1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:The Conversation
1357:
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945:
936:
925:
909:Derivative works
466:cross-references
195:taken by a wild
122:Mohamed Al Fayed
83:Security cameras
50:Berne Convention
32:is a concept in
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
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2486:
2351:
2349:Further reading
2346:
2345:
2331:
2329:
2328:. November 2015
2314:
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2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2034:on 18 July 2011
2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1965:"著作權基本概念篇-1~10"
1963:
1962:
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1949:
1948:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1921:BGE 130 III 714
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1723:Ars Technica UK
1717:
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1339:Apollo Magazine
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905:
888:Football DataCo
832:
826:
798:
756:
711:two-dimensional
701:questioned the
685:
599:
591:
578:Christoph Meili
551:Christoph Meili
543:
525:In a case law,
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2484:External links
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2243:Aplin, Tanya.
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1893:X. gegen Y. AG
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828:Main article:
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2330:. Retrieved
2319:
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2238:
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2217:. Retrieved
2213:the original
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2157:. Retrieved
2152:
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2131:. Retrieved
2126:
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2107:22 September
2105:. Retrieved
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