Lava - Knowledge

33: 1396: 168: 1585: 1612: 461:, take the composition and temperatures of eruptions to the extreme. All have a silica content under 45%. Komatiites contain over 18% magnesium oxide and are thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). At this temperature there is practically no polymerization of the mineral compounds, creating a highly mobile liquid. Viscosities of komatiite magmas are thought to have been as low as 100 to 1000 cP (0.1 to 1 Pa⋅s), similar to that of light motor oil. Most ultramafic lavas are no younger than the 2032: 1377: 1298: 1934: 4892: 2357: 2343: 438:, because the less viscous lava can flow for long distances from the vent. The thickness of a solidified basaltic lava flow, particularly on a low slope, may be much greater than the thickness of the moving molten lava flow at any one time, because basaltic lavas may "inflate" by a continued supply of lava and its pressure on a solidified crust. Most basaltic lavas are of ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe types, rather than block lavas. Underwater, they can form 1690:, which is a large subsidence crater, can form in a stratovolcano, if the magma chamber is partially or wholly emptied by large explosive eruptions; the summit cone no longer supports itself and thus collapses in on itself afterwards. Such features may include volcanic crater lakes and lava domes after the event. However, calderas can also form by non-explosive means such as gradual magma subsidence. This is typical of many shield volcanoes. 1756: 1536: 1218: 1842: 1661: 171: 170: 175: 174: 169: 1424: 176: 398:. They are also commonly hotter than felsic lavas, in the range of 850 to 1,100 °C (1,560 to 2,010 °F). Because of their lower silica content and higher eruptive temperatures, they tend to be much less viscous, with a typical viscosity of 3.5 × 10 cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This is slightly greater than the viscosity of smooth 173: 1986:). On the night of 10 January 1977, a crater wall was breached and a fluid lava lake drained out in under an hour. The resulting flow sped down the steep slopes at up to 100 km/h (62 mph), and overwhelmed several villages while residents were asleep. As a result of this disaster, the mountain was designated a 1811:

Lava tubes are formed when a flow of relatively fluid lava cools on the upper surface sufficiently to form a crust. Beneath this crust, which being made of rock is an excellent insulator, the lava can continue to flow as a liquid. When this flow occurs over a prolonged period of time the lava conduit

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Block lava flows are typical of andesitic lavas from stratovolcanoes. They behave in a similar manner to ʻaʻā flows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidified lava instead of clinkers. As with ʻaʻā flows, the molten interior

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The temperature of most types of molten lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) depending on the lava's chemical composition. This temperature range is similar to the hottest temperatures achievable with a forced air charcoal forge. Lava is most fluid when

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that takes place when the lava is erupted. The greater the viscosity, the greater the tendency for eruptions to be explosive rather than effusive. As a result, most lava flows on Earth, Mars, and Venus are composed of basalt lava. On Earth, 90% of lava flows are mafic or ultramafic, with intermediate

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indicating they are derived from the highly alkaline silicic lavas with which they are always associated, probably by separation of an immiscible phase. Natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are composed mostly of sodium carbonate, with about half as much calcium carbonate and half again as much

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lavas are typified by relatively high magnesium oxide and iron oxide content (whose molecular formulas provide the consonants in mafic) and have a silica content limited to a range of 52% to 45%. They generally erupt at temperatures of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F) and at relatively

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The silica component dominates the physical behavior of silicate magmas. Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. If an oxygen ion is bound to two silicon ions in the melt, it is described as a bridging oxygen, and lava with many clumps or chains of silicon

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A cooling lava flow shrinks, and this fractures the flow. Basalt flows show a characteristic pattern of fractures. The uppermost parts of the flow show irregular downward-splaying fractures, while the lower part of the flow shows a very regular pattern of fractures that break the flow into five- or

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Lava flow speeds vary based primarily on viscosity and slope. In general, lava flows slowly, with typical speeds for Hawaiian basaltic flows of 0.40 km/h (0.25 mph) and maximum speeds of 10 to 48 km/h (6 to 30 mph) on steep slopes. An exceptional speed of 32 to 97 km/h (20

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When highly viscous lavas erupt effusively rather than in their more common explosive form, they almost always erupt as high-aspect flows or domes. These flows take the form of block lava rather than ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe. Obsidian flows are common. Intermediate lavas tend to form steep stratovolcanoes,

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The lava's viscosity mostly determines the behavior of lava flows. While the temperature of common silicate lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) for felsic lavas to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) for mafic lavas, its viscosity ranges over seven orders of magnitude, from 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s)

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Rarely, a volcanic cone may fill with lava but not erupt. Lava which pools within the caldera is known as a lava lake. Lava lakes do not usually persist for long, either draining back into the magma chamber once pressure is relieved (usually by venting of gases through the caldera), or by draining

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difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the

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Lava flows are enormously destructive to property in their path. However, casualties are rare since flows are usually slow enough for people and animals to escape, though this is dependent on the viscosity of the lava. Nevertheless, injuries and deaths have occurred, either because they had their

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regularly drilled into the Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in an eruption in 1959. After three years, the solid surface crust, whose base was at a temperature of 1,065 °C (1,949 °F), was still only 14 m (46 ft) thick, even though the lake was about 100 m (330 ft) deep.

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Areas of recent lava flows continue to represent a hazard long after the lava has cooled. Where young flows have created new lands, land is more unstable and can break off into the sea. Flows often crack deeply, forming dangerous chasms, and a fall against ʻaʻā lava is similar to falling against

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where the minimal heat loss maintains a low viscosity. The surface texture of pāhoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. With increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may change into ʻaʻā flows in response to heat loss and

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consequent increase in viscosity. Experiments suggest that the transition takes place at a temperature between 1,200 and 1,170 °C (2,190 and 2,140 °F), with some dependence on shear rate. Pahoehoe lavas typically have a temperature of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F).

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of partially crystalline lava. A familiar example of plug flow is toothpaste squeezed out of a toothpaste tube. The toothpaste comes out as a semisolid plug, because shear is concentrated in a thin layer in the toothpaste next to the tube and only there does the toothpaste behave as a fluid.

343:(10 Pa⋅s) for hot rhyolite lava at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for cool rhyolite lava at 800 °C (1,470 °F). For comparison, water has a viscosity of about 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Because of this very high viscosity, felsic lavas usually erupt explosively to produce 114:, roughly 10,000 to 100,000 times that of water. Even so, lava can flow great distances before cooling causes it to solidify, because lava exposed to air quickly develops a solid crust that insulates the remaining liquid lava, helping to keep it hot and inviscid enough to continue flowing. 1964:

in Italy, which reached a stable height of around 2,500 m (8,200 ft) for 18 minutes, briefly peaking at a height of 3,400 m (11,000 ft). Lava fountains may occur as a series of short pulses, or a continuous jet of lava. They are commonly associated with

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meaning "smooth, unbroken lava") is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in geology by

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The morphology of lava describes its surface form or texture. More fluid basaltic lava flows tend to form flat sheet-like bodies, whereas viscous rhyolite lava flows form knobbly, blocky masses of rock. Lava erupted underwater has its own distinctive characteristics.

1289:. The scaling relationship for lavas is that the average speed of a flow scales as the square of its thickness divided by its viscosity. This implies that a rhyolite flow would have to be about a thousand times thicker than a basalt flow to flow at a similar speed. 1277:

Thixotropic behavior also hinders crystals from settling out of the lava. Once the crystal content reaches about 60%, the lava ceases to behave like a fluid and begins to behave like a solid. Such a mixture of crystals with melted rock is sometimes described as

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potassium carbonate, and minor amounts of halides, fluorides, and sulphates. The lavas are extremely fluid, with viscosities only slightly greater than water, and are very cool, with measured temperatures of 491 to 544 °C (916 to 1,011 °F).

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Because of the role of silica in determining viscosity and because many other properties of a lava (such as its temperature) are observed to correlate with silica content, silicate lavas are divided into four chemical types based on silica content:

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or a lava flow enters the ocean. The viscous lava gains a solid crust on contact with the water, and this crust cracks and oozes additional large blobs or "pillows" as more lava emerges from the advancing flow. Since water covers the majority of

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Bosman, Alessandro; Casalbore, Daniele; Romagnoli, Claudia; Chiocci, Francesco Latino (July 2014). "Formation of an 'a'ā lava delta: insights from time-lapse multibeam bathymetry and direct observations during the Stromboli 2007 eruption".

288:, such as ferrous iron, calcium, and magnesium, bond much more weakly to oxygen and reduce the tendency to polymerize. Partial polymerization makes the lava viscous, so lava high in silica is much more viscous than lava low in silica. 1816:, which can conduct molten rock many kilometres from the vent without cooling appreciably. Often these lava tubes drain out once the supply of fresh lava has stopped, leaving a considerable length of open tunnel within the lava flow. 1245:

lava making up 8% of flows and felsic lava making up just 2% of flows. Viscosity also determines the aspect (thickness relative to lateral extent) of flows, the speed with which flows move, and the surface character of the flows.

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Accretionary lava balls as large as 3 metres (10 feet) are common on ʻaʻā flows. ʻAʻā is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe. Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent from meeting impediments or steep slopes.

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On the Earth, most lava flows are less than 10 km (6.2 mi) long, but some pāhoehoe flows are more than 50 km (31 mi) long. Some flood basalt flows in the geologic record extend for hundreds of kilometres.

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Lava flows quickly develop an insulating crust of solid rock as a result of radiative loss of heat. Thereafter, the lava cools by a very slow conduction of heat through the rocky crust. For instance, geologists of the

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Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 800 °C (1,470 °F). Unusually hot (>950 °C; >1,740 °F) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the

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of the flow, which is kept insulated by the solidified blocky surface, advances over the rubble that falls off the flow front. They also move much more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than ʻaʻā flows.

1120:, which is the sole example of an active carbonatite volcano. Carbonatites in the geologic record are typically 75% carbonate minerals, with lesser amounts of silica-undersaturated silicate minerals (such as 1249:

with alternating beds of lava from effusive eruptions and tephra from explosive eruptions. Mafic lavas form relatively thin flows that can move great distances, forming shield volcanoes with gentle slopes.

4570:[... in El Paraíso, just the district most affected to date by the river of lava from the volcano. More than half of the houses, including the local school, have already been consumed by ash.] 284:

ions connected by bridging oxygen ions is described as partially polymerized. Aluminium in combination with alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium) also tends to polymerize the lava. Other

4568:... en El Paraíso, justo la pedanía más afectada hasta la fecha por el río de lava del volcán. Más de la mitad de las casas, incluido el colegio local, ya han sido devoradas por la ceniza. 1357:. Where these merge towards the top of the flow, they form sheets of vesicular basalt and are sometimes capped with gas cavities that sometimes fill with secondary minerals. The beautiful 2554:"Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile" 1338:. (The terms are borrowed from Greek temple architecture.) Likewise, regular vertical patterns on the sides of columns, produced by cooling with periodic fracturing, are described as 1646:

Because it is formed from viscous molten rock, lava flows and eruptions create distinctive formations, landforms and topographical features from the macroscopic to the microscopic.

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Bonaccorso, A.; Calvari, S.; Linde, A.; Sacks, S. (28 July 2014). "Eruptive processes leading to the most explosive lava fountain at Etna volcano: The 23 November 2013 episode".

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Cheng, Zhilong; Yang, Jian; Zhou, Lang; Liu, Yan; Wang, Qiuwang (January 2016). "Characteristics of charcoal combustion and its effects on iron-ore sintering performance".

1493:) is one of three basic types of flow lava. ʻAʻā is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker. The word is 138:, which means a fall or slide. An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of 3708:

Sehlke, A.; Whittington, A.; Robert, B.; Harris, A.; Gurioli, L.; Médard, E. (17 October 2014). "Pahoehoe to 'a'a transition of Hawaiian lavas: an experimental study".

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escape route cut off, because they got too close to the flow or, more rarely, if the lava flow front travels too quickly. This notably happened during the eruption of

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Cigolini, Corrado; Borgia, Andrea; Casertano, Lorenzo (March 1984). "Intra-crater activity, aa-block lava, viscosity and flow dynamics: Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica".

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When a dome forms on an inclined surface it can flow in short thick flows called coulées (dome flows). These flows often travel only a few kilometres from the vent.

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Peterson, Donald W.; Tilling, Robert I. (May 1980). "Transition of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Field observations and key factors".

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Flood basalts typically crystallize little before they cease flowing, and, as a result, flow textures are uncommon in less silicic flows. On the other hand,

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Duncan, A.M.; Dibben, C.; Chester, D.K.; Guest, J.E. (1996). "The 1928 Eruption of Mount Etna Volcano, Sicily, and the Destruction of the Town of Mascali".

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Lev, Einat; Ruprecht, Philipp; Oppenheimer, Clive; Peters, Nial; Patrick, Matt; Hernández, Pedro A.; Spampinato, Letizia; Marlow, Jeff (September 2019).

2004:, poisonous gases that travel ahead of lava, or explosions caused when the flow comes into contact with water. A particularly dangerous area is called a 1140:

that was subsequently removed by hydrothermal activity, though laboratory experiments show that a calcite-rich magma is possible. Carbonatite lavas show

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for felsic lavas to 10 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for mafic lavas. Lava viscosity is mostly determined by composition but also depends on temperature and shear rate.

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which is thrown from an explosive vent. Spatter cones are formed by accumulation of molten volcanic slag and cinders ejected in a more liquid form.

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flows of lava enter standing bodies of water. The lava cools and breaks up as it encounters the water, with the resulting fragments filling in the

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Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea, and significant, extensive and open lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North

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Bonnichsen, B.; Kauffman, D.F. (1987). "Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho".

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such that the sub-aerial flow can move further offshore. Lava deltas are generally associated with large-scale, effusive type basaltic volcanism.

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or "coulees" (which are thick, short lava flows). The lavas typically fragment as they extrude, producing block lava flows. These often contain

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As lava cools, crystallizing inwards from its edges, it expels gases to form vesicles at the lower and upper boundaries. These are described as

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and spatter cones are small-scale features formed by lava accumulation around a small vent on a volcanic edifice. Cinder cones are formed from

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Pinkerton, Harry; James, Mike; Jones, Alun (March 2002). "Surface temperature measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i".

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Pinkerton, H.; Bagdassarov, N. (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials".

1683:(also known as composite volcanoes) made of alternating layers of ash and more viscous lava flows typical of intermediate and felsic lavas. 2180: 1576:

The rounded texture makes pāhoehoe a poor radar reflector, and is difficult to see from an orbiting satellite (dark on Magellan picture).

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steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow.

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A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. It also forms

245: 1993: 1353:. Liquids expelled from the cooling crystal mush rise upwards into the still-fluid center of the cooling flow and produce vertical 2019:

Diverting a lava flow is extremely difficult, but it can be accomplished in some circumstances, as was once partially achieved in

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with broad, shallow slopes formed from predominantly effusive eruptions of relatively fluid basaltic lava flows, to steeply-sided

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Atkinson, A.; Griffin, T. J.; Stephenson, P. J. (June 1975). "A major lava tube system from Undara Volcano, North Queensland".

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properties. In other words, most lavas do not behave like Newtonian fluids, in which the rate of flow is proportional to the

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A handbook of rocks for use without the microscope : with a glossary of the names of rocks and other lithological terms

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The following subsection is about the types of lava flow. For the sculpture of a god from the Pacific island of Rurutu, see

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Lava domes are formed by the extrusion of viscous felsic magma. They can form prominent rounded protuberances, such as at

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volcano, Chile. They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).

4481:"Église et gendarmerie envahies mais non détruites par la coulée d'avril 1977 de Piton Sainte Rose, île de La Réunion" 1385: 1252:

In addition to melted rock, most lavas contain solid crystals of various minerals, fragments of exotic rocks known as

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Volcanoes are the primary landforms built by repeated eruptions of lava and ash over time. They range in shape from

430:, although it is still many orders of magnitude higher than that of water. Mafic lavas tend to produce low-profile 146:, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a 4705: 3090:

Keller, Jörg; Krafft, Maurice (November 1990). "Effusive natrocarbonatite activity of Oldoinyo Lengai, June 1988".

1983: 4552: 2023:, Iceland. The optimal design of simple, low-cost barriers that divert lava flows is an area of ongoing research. 4215: 1322:

Residual liquid was still present at depths of around 80 m (260 ft) nineteen years after the eruption.

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meaning "stony rough lava", but also to "burn" or "blaze"; it was introduced as a technical term in geology by

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Lava can easily destroy entire towns. This picture shows one of over 100 houses destroyed by the lava flow in

2049: 4480: 1342:. Despite their names, these are natural features produced by cooling, thermal contraction, and fracturing. 4218: 2220: 1890: 1417: 1527:ʻAʻā lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,050 to 1,150 °C (1,920 to 2,100 °F) or greater. 1395: 4931: 2697: 1241: 520:). They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in the mantle than subalkaline magmas. Olivine 75:, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). The 4916: 4796: 4412: 4382: 3138: 3065: 2071: 1180: 4666:

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Volcano Watch newsletter article on Nyiragongo eruptions, 31 January 2002

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To the best of our knowledge, it reached the highest value ever measured for a lava fountain on Earth.

2483: 1638:'s surface and most volcanoes are situated near or under bodies of water, pillow lava is very common. 4334: 3050: 2094: 524:

lavas are both ultramafic and highly alkaline, and are thought to have come from much deeper in the

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volcanic complex on the Chile-Argentina border. Iron oxide lavas are thought to be the result of

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than felsic lavas. Intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas and may occur on steep

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Some lavas of unusual composition have erupted onto the surface of the Earth. These include:

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There are only a few sites in the world where permanent lakes of lava exist. These include:

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The term "lava" can also be used to refer to molten "ice mixtures" in eruptions on the icy

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lavas contain 52% to 63% silica, and are lower in aluminium and usually somewhat richer in

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lavas. With such a high silica content, these lavas are extremely viscous, ranging from 10

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low viscosities, around 10 to 10 cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). This is similar to the viscosity of

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and had to be completely abandoned, along with over half of the island. It is still the

4936: 4457: 4339: 4165: 4122: 4033: 3969: 3725: 3115: 2606:"Apatite–monazite relations in the Kiirunavaara magnetite–apatite ore, northern Sweden" 2581: 2235: 2150: 1630: 486: 95: 52: 4065:"Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake: DYNAMICS OF THE MT. NYIRAGONGO LAVA LAKE" 3637: 3490: 3337: 2629: 2123: 280:

fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava.

4640: 4461: 4416: 4343: 4169: 4126: 4037: 4028: 4003: 3973: 3729: 3672: 3566: 3263: 3119: 2953: 2812: 2704: 2675: 2605: 2585: 2553: 2414: 2200: 1966: 1922: 1738: 1626: 1552: 1494: 1460: 1331: 1198: 1172: 1136:. This may not reflect the original composition of the lava, which may have included 563: 501: 474: 391: 364: 347:(fragmental) deposits. However, rhyolite lavas occasionally erupt effusively to form 189: 91: 60: 4626: 4200: 4453: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4282: 4157: 4114: 4076: 4023: 3961: 3806: 3717: 3668: 3633: 3420: 3416: 3333: 3259: 3176: 3107: 2877: 2804: 2625: 2573: 2485:

Istoria dell' incendio del Vesuvio accaduto nel mese di maggio dell'anno MDCCXXXVII

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lava flows up to 250 metres (820 feet) long and 10 metres (33 feet) wide occur at

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Video of lava agitating and bubbling in the volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur, 2023

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A forested lava dome in the midst of the Valle Grande, the largest meadow in the

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six-sided columns. The irregular upper part of the solidified flow is called the

328: 225: 143: 72: 4583:"El barrio de Todoque desaparece totalmente bajo la lava del volcán de La Palma" 2391: – Air pollution resulting from volcanic gases reacting with the atmosphere 4896: 4821: 4509: 2382: 2362: 2307: 2291: 2281: 2270: 2146: 2129: 2109: 2098: 2020: 1987: 1853: 1768: 1760: 1676: 1664: 1521: 1261: 497: 431: 276:

routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or

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phenomenon in which lava is forcefully but non-explosively ejected from a

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geodes found in the flood basalts of South America formed in this manner.

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Dietterich, Hannah; Cashman, Katherine; Rust, Alison; Lev, Einat (2015).

4161: 4081: 4064: 3181: 3156: 2882: 2858:"Preeruptive magma viscosity: An important measure of magma eruptibility" 2857: 2376: 2287: 2160: 2081: 2008:. This very young ground will typically break off and fall into the sea. 1704: 1615: 1606: 1176: 1164: 1105: 550: 521: 505: 466: 462: 403: 273: 3877: 3865: 3810: 2808: 1520:

reflector, and can easily be seen from an orbiting satellite (bright on

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Glowing ʻaʻā flow front advancing over pāhoehoe on the coastal plain of

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to 60 mph) was recorded following the collapse of a lava lake at

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Burgi, P.-Y.; Darrah, T. H.; Tedesco, D.; Eymold, W. K. (May 2014).

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Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983).

2825: 2551: 2056:, Canada, were destroyed by thick lava flows during the eruption of 1755: 1728: 1313:

first erupted, becoming much more viscous as its temperature drops.

4862: 4842: 4811: 4775: 4683: 3223:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. 11 February 2004. p. 19 2342: 2239: 2156: 2132:, was largely inundated by lava in June 2018, with its subdivision 2067: 2013: 1881: 1877: 1845: 1358: 1253: 1168: 1152: 1117: 573: 568: 517: 513: 509: 458: 442:, which are rather similar to entrail-type pahoehoe lavas on land. 422: 379: 356: 332: 205: 193: 139: 3565:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 23. 2379: – Terrestrial planet with the surface covered by molten lava 1504:

The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes

19:"Lava flow" redirects here. For the programming anti-pattern, see 4837: 2948:

Arndt, N.T. (1994). "Archean komatiites". In Condie, K.C. (ed.).

2890: 2326: 2277: 2262: 2231: 2210: 2194: 2190: 2166: 1996:

frequently have a different cause. For example, volcanic ejecta,

1949: 1899: 1780: 1687: 1655: 1625:

is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an

1400: 1226: 1125: 558: 427: 253: 241: 201: 111: 64: 3071: 2990: 2978: 2966: 1535: 4867: 4715: 4095: 3544: 3542: 3275: 3273: 2931: 2929: 2837: 2636: 2385: – Acid haze formed when molten lava enters the cold ocean 2320:, in 1995. Plymouth was the capital and only port of entry for 2254: 1895: 1708: 1505: 1432: 1230: 1217: 1186: 1160: 1156: 336: 265: 237: 217: 103: 3817: 3439: 3427: 2902: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2653: 2651: 1841: 3841: 3707: 2530: 2528: 2102: 2001: 1660: 1635: 1517: 1485: 1473: 659: 630: 529: 395: 147: 131: 56: 48: 4386: 4001: 3901: 3853: 3829: 3539: 3513:. Vol. 5. New York: D. Van Nostrand. pp. 180, 240. 3297: 3285: 3270: 3032: 2926: 4625: 4139: 4044: 3766: 3463: 3451: 3380: 3368: 3356: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2717: 2648: 2512:

Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology

2216: 1716: 1423: 1121: 828: 776: 605: 580: 387: 331:

lavas have a silica content greater than 63%. They include

261: 213: 151: 3344: 2525: 406:. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker 3943: 2388: 1539:

Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States

1479: 802: 754: 732: 710: 688: 4435: 4260: 4232:"Vestmannaeyjar, The Town That Fought A Volcano And Won" 4062: 3189: 2794: 2750: 2373: – Optical phenomenon resulting from burning sulfur 1179:

separation of iron oxide magma from a parental magma of

477:

has cooled too much to produce highly magnesian magmas.

4636:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 289–290. 4300:

Hinton, Edward; Hogg, Andrew; Huppert, Herbert (2020).

4185: 3980: 3931: 3919: 3883: 3871: 3650: 3560: 3154: 2016:, and gloves are recommended when crossing lava flows. 79:

resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called

1861:

via eruption of lava flows or pyroclastic explosion.

1771:. As a volcano extrudes silicic lava, it can form an 402:. Intermediate lavas show a greater tendency to form 4358:"Tourist attractions of Albay Province, Philippines" 3315: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2338: 16:

Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption

4383:"Article – Our Volcanic History by Gladys Flanders" 3615: 3235: 2097:, destroyed in 1944 by the most recent eruption of 1470: 489:(sodium and potassium), particularly in regions of 4607:Bundschuh, J. and Alvarado, G. E (editors) (2007) 2696: 504:. Their silica content can range from ultramafic ( 4528:"La Palma volcano: Visual guide to what happened" 4299: 3563:Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii 2552:Guijón, R.; Henríquez, F.; Naranjo, J.A. (2011). 2540: 4908: 4429: 3588: 3398: 2799:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 2179:(village after which the volcano was named) and 2026: 485:Some silicate lavas have an elevated content of 469:in Central America that are attributed to a hot 236:Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by 51:) that has been expelled from the interior of a 4609:Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards 3241: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2411:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 410:, including amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts. 4580: 4478: 4406: 4008:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3653:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3618:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3318:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3244:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3132: 2140: 2112:, were both destroyed by the same eruption of 1827:, some extending for 15 kilometres (9 miles). 1516:The sharp, angled texture makes ʻaʻā a strong 473:. No modern komatiite lavas are known, as the 465:, with a few ultramafic magmas known from the 4699: 4611:, volume 1, p. 56, London, Taylor and Francis 4050: 3823: 3791:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 3772: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3155:Sonder, I; Zimanowski, B; Büttner, R (2006). 3077: 3038: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2843: 2782: 2744: 2732: 2657: 2642: 2534: 2408: 2169:, Italy, almost destroyed by the eruption of 4069:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 3997: 3995: 3595:Volcanic Features of Hawaii and Other Worlds 3527:Dutton, C. E. (1883). "Hawaiian volcanoes". 3089: 2603: 2592: 2409:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). 2249: 1786:Examples of lava dome eruptions include the 1221:Toes of a pāhoehoe advance across a road in 4574: 4472: 4400: 4302:"Viscous free-surface flows past cylinders" 3157:"Non-Newtonian viscosity of basaltic magma" 2947: 2797:Geological Society of America Special Paper 1693: 246:most abundant elements of the Earth's crust 63:onto its surface. Lava may be erupted at a 4706: 4692: 4407:Bonaccorso, A.; et al., eds. (2004). 4004:"A global synthesis of lava lake dynamics" 3736: 3584: 3582: 2941: 2694: 2101:during the Allies' occupation of southern 1151:lavas are thought to be the source of the 272:and minor amounts of many other elements. 4335:1983/f52f7078-5936-4e37-9d79-be456f08eb5c 4333: 4229: 4080: 4027: 3992: 3986: 3907: 3895: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3744:"Types and Processes Gallery: Lava Flows" 3548: 3522: 3520: 3350: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3195: 3180: 3150: 3148: 3010:"Stikine Volcanic Belt: Volcano Mountain" 2935: 2881: 2831: 2759: 2669: 1744: 4770: 4415:(Geophysical Monograph 143). p. 3. 3208: 3206: 3204: 2855: 2030: 2012:broken glass. Rugged hiking boots, long 1932: 1840: 1754: 1659: 1610: 1583: 1534: 1422: 1394: 1375: 1296: 1216: 166: 31: 4661:USGS hazards associated with lava flows 4510:"Global Volcanism Program - Nyiragongo" 4385:. Vhca.info. 1959-11-15. Archived from 4196: 4194: 3579: 3502: 3500: 2122:, was destroyed by the eruption of the 4909: 4238:. Indiana Public Media. Archived from 3526: 3517: 3145: 2463:. Dictionary.reference.com. 1994-12-07 1551: 1459: 457:and highly magnesian magmas that form 299: 4687: 4230:Sonstroem, Eric (14 September 2010). 4186:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3932:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3920:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3884:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3872:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983 3784: 3201: 2481: 1096: 157: 98:, by contrast, produces a mixture of 4713: 4191: 3529:Annual Report U.S. Geological Survey 3506: 3497: 1590:Fantastic Lava Beds near Cinder Cone 1380:Lava entering the sea to expand the 542:Examples of lava compositions (wt%) 370: 311: 47:is molten or partially molten rock ( 4206: 3135:An introduction to the Solar System 2952:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 19. 2856:Takeuchi, Shingo (5 October 2011). 2695:Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). 2244:2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption 2052:and Wii Lax K'abit in northwestern 1812:can form a tunnel-like aperture or 1790:dome, and successive lava domes of 1579: 367:of the northwestern United States. 90:is an outpouring of lava during an 13: 4581:Sagrera, Berto (10 October 2021). 4458:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb00511.x 4213:Nyiragongo – Could it happen here? 2604:Harlov, D.E.; et al. (2002). 2300:, El Salvador, in the eruption of 2091:Keawaiki, Hawaii, 1859 (abandoned) 1852:in the distance, with a radiating 1371: 1330:, while the lower part that shows 445: 14: 4948: 4618: 4263:"Diverting lava flows in the lab" 2439:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 1937:450 m-high lava fountain at 1928: 1641: 480: 231: 130:and is probably derived from the 40:volcano eruption in Iceland, 2023 4890: 4651:USGS definition of Ropy Pāhoehoe 4029:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.010 3691:Hawaiian Dictionary (Hwn to Eng) 3487:Hawaiian Dictionary (Hwn to Eng) 2703:. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. 2674:. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. 2355: 2341: 2310:, Indonesia, in the eruption of 2095:San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Italy 1984:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1761:Valles Caldera National Preserve 1592:in Lassen Volcanic National Park 1466: 293: 224:silicate and nonsilicate liquid 4601: 4545: 4520: 4502: 4479:Thomas, Pierre (23 June 2008). 4375: 4350: 4293: 4254: 4223: 4133: 4089: 4056: 3937: 3778: 3701: 3679: 3644: 3609: 3597:. Lunar and Planetary Institute 3554: 3475: 3392: 3309: 3221:UMass Department of Geosciences 3133:McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). 3126: 3083: 3044: 3014:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 3002: 2862:Journal of Geophysical Research 2849: 2788: 2688: 2670:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). 2663: 1848:, New Mexico, United States: a 1386:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park 1319:United States Geological Survey 1268:. Instead, a typical lava is a 305: 4922:Glassforming liquids and melts 4671:National Geographic lava video 4326:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.084101 3421:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.095 2500: 2475: 2453: 2427: 2402: 2238:(El Paraíso neighbourhood) on 2084:, buried by lava erupted from 1994:Deaths attributed to volcanoes 1618:on the ocean floor near Hawaii 1600: 1292: 1240:Lava viscosity determines the 319: 162: 110:of most lava is about that of 1: 4409:Mount Etna:Volcano Laboratory 4360:. Nscb.gov.ph. Archived from 3638:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00257-8 3591:"Radar Studies of Lava Flows" 3338:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x 2630:10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00148-1 2395: 2116:in January, 1960 (abandoned). 2027:Towns destroyed by lava flows 2000:from a collapsing lava dome, 1906: 1830: 1800: 413: 248:, with smaller quantities of 4656:Volcanic landforms of Hawaii 4219:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 4201:Lava Flows and Their Effects 4142:Geophysical Research Letters 3898:, pp. 132–138, 152–153. 3673:10.1016/0377-0273(84)90072-6 3264:10.1016/0377-0273(80)90033-5 3161:Geophysical Research Letters 2488:. Naples: Presso Il De Bonis 2290:, Italy, in the eruption of 2280:, Italy, in the eruption of 2221:Democratic Republic of Congo 1891:Democratic Republic of Congo 1649: 117: 7: 4723:Basalts by tectonic setting 4646:USGS definition of Pāhoehoe 3507:Kemp, James Furman (1918). 2834:, pp. 21–24, 132, 143. 2334: 2141:Towns damaged by lava flows 2136:being completely destroyed. 1763:, New Mexico, United States 1530: 1368:is common in felsic flows. 1212: 102:and other fragments called 10: 4953: 4413:American Geophysical Union 3139:Cambridge University Press 3066:San Diego State University 2072:eruption of Trevejo (1706) 1972: 1917:Lava deltas form wherever 1910: 1834: 1804: 1748: 1726: 1722: 1697: 1653: 1604: 1415: 975: 858: 539: 18: 4886: 4830: 4784: 4753: 4722: 4119:10.1007/s00445-014-0838-2 4051:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3824:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3773:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3722:10.1007/s00445-014-0876-9 3470:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3458:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3446:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3434:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3387:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3375:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3363:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3078:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3039:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2997:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2985:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2973:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2950:Archean Crustal Evolution 2921:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2909:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2897:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2844:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2783:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2745:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2733:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2658:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2643:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2578:10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x 2535:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2482:Serao, Francesco (1778). 2250:Towns destroyed by tephra 2203:, Reunion island, in 1977 2159:, Samoa, by eruptions of 2039:, United States, in 1990. 1418:Statue of A'a from Rurutu 1242:kind of volcanic activity 1225:on the east rift zone of 493:, areas overlying deeply 4754:Basalts by form and flow 4680:Retrieved 23 August 2007 4559:(in Spanish). 2021-09-23 3787:"Origin of pillow lavas" 3748:Global Volcanism Program 2181:San Juan Parangaricutiro 1694:Cinder and spatter cones 1627:underwater volcanic vent 1405:the Big Island of Hawaii 1183:or alkaline composition. 1163:which formed during the 4641:USGS definition of ʻAʻā 4633:Encyclopædia Britannica 4589:(in Spanish). Barcelona 4099:Bulletin of Volcanology 3946:Bulletin Volcanologique 3752:Smithsonian Institution 3710:Bulletin of Volcanology 3092:Bulletin of Volcanology 2923:, p. 53-55, 59-64. 2508:"Vesuvius Erupts, 1738" 2257:is lava in the form of 2230:Los Llanos de Aridane ( 1553:[paːˈhoweˈhowe] 1411: 863:Tholeiitic basalt lava 184:Solidified lava on the 106:, not lava flows.) The 21:Lava flow (programming) 4735:Mid-ocean ridge basalt 4306:Physical Review Fluids 4236:indianapublicmedia.org 3589:McGounis-Mark, Peter. 2304:between 410 and 535 AD 2213:in 1986–87 (abandoned) 2040: 1941: 1857: 1764: 1745:Lava domes and coulées 1737:term derived from the 1672: 1619: 1593: 1540: 1436: 1408: 1388: 1309: 1233: 1167:. Iron oxide lavas of 181: 41: 23:. For other uses, see 3922:, pp. 23, 26–29. 3697:on 18 September 2012. 2223:, in the eruption of 2209:, by the eruption of 2207:Royal Gardens, Hawaii 2163:between 1905 and 1911 2070:was destroyed by the 2034: 1936: 1844: 1758: 1663: 1614: 1587: 1538: 1426: 1398: 1379: 1301:Columnar jointing in 1300: 1231:Hawaii, United States 1220: 1142:stable isotope ratios 1112:lavas are known from 179: 35: 25:Lava (disambiguation) 4797:Calc-alkaline basalt 4785:Basalts by chemistry 4162:10.1002/2014GL060623 4082:10.1002/2013JB010895 3850:, pp. 132, 286. 3785:Lewis, J.V. (1914). 3493:on 28 December 2012. 3182:10.1029/2005GL024240 3055:, Unusual Lava Types 2899:, pp. 1376–377. 2883:10.1029/2011JB008243 2699:Volcanic Successions 2318:Plymouth, Montserrat 2126:in 1990 (abandoned). 1382:big island of Hawaii 4745:Volcanic arc basalt 4740:Ocean island basalt 4450:1996Disas..20....1D 4411:. Washington D.C.: 4318:2020PhRvF...5h4101H 4279:2015NatGe...8..494D 4242:on 23 February 2017 4154:2014GeoRL..41.4912B 4111:2014BVol...76..838B 4020:2019JVGR..381...16L 3958:1975BVol...39..266A 3910:, pp. 132–134. 3862:, pp. 149–151. 3838:, pp. 147–148. 3811:10.1130/GSAB-25-591 3803:1914GSAB...25..591L 3665:1984JVGR...20..155C 3630:2002JVGR..113..159P 3551:, pp. 131–132. 3413:2016ApEn..161..364C 3330:2004JVGR..132..115B 3306:, pp. 127–128. 3294:, pp. 143–144. 3282:, pp. 132–138. 3256:1980JVGR....7..271P 3173:2006GeoRL..33.2303S 3104:1990BVol...52..629K 3080:, pp. 396–397. 2999:, pp. 606–607. 2987:, pp. 139–148. 2975:, pp. 399–400. 2938:, pp. 128–132. 2874:2011JGRB..11610201T 2809:10.1130/SPE212-p119 2645:, pp. 132–133. 2622:2002ChGeo.191...47H 2570:2011Geohe...3..299G 2234:neighbourhood) and 2134:Vacationland Hawaii 1667:, Costa Rica, is a 1351:pipe-stem amygdales 543: 536: 500:, or at intraplate 491:continental rifting 487:alkali metal oxides 392:composite volcanoes 4932:Volcanic degassing 4897:Geology portal 4831:Important minerals 4676:2016-03-03 at the 3966:10.1007/BF02597832 3112:10.1007/BF00301213 3060:2017-10-23 at the 3053:How volcanoes work 2846:, pp. 23–611. 2197:eruption (rebuilt) 2151:1669 Etna eruption 2041: 1967:Hawaiian eruptions 1942: 1858: 1765: 1673: 1631:subglacial volcano 1620: 1594: 1541: 1437: 1409: 1389: 1347:pipe-stem vesicles 1310: 1234: 1097:Non-silicate lavas 541: 535: 532:than other lavas. 182: 158:Properties of lava 96:explosive eruption 53:terrestrial planet 42: 4917:Eruption products 4904: 4903: 4792:Tholeiitic basalt 4422:978-0-87590-408-5 4312:(84101): 084101. 4267:Nature Geoscience 4148:(14): 4912–4919. 3886:, pp. 22–23. 3874:, pp. 26–17. 3826:, pp. 59–73. 3448:, pp. 58–59. 3436:, pp. 55–56. 3353:, pp. 39–40. 2959:978-0-444-81621-4 2911:, pp. 23–25. 2747:, pp. 70–77. 2710:978-0-04-552022-0 2201:Piton Sainte-Rose 2187:from 1943 to 1952 2173:in 1928 (rebuilt) 2066:on the island of 1923:seabed topography 1856:on its south side 1739:Hawaiian language 1458:, and pronounced 1355:vesicle cylinders 1332:columnar jointing 1171:age occur at the 1094: 1093: 856: 855: 564:Tholeiitic basalt 394:, such as in the 371:Intermediate lava 365:Snake River Plain 190:silicate minerals 188:is predominantly 177: 92:effusive eruption 4944: 4895: 4894: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4637: 4629: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4287:10.1038/ngeo2470 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4227: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4075:(5): 4106–4122. 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4031: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3693:. Archived from 3683: 3677: 3676: 3659:(1–2): 155–176. 3648: 3642: 3641: 3624:(1–2): 159–176. 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3489:. Archived from 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3324:(2–3): 115–136. 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3250:(3–4): 271–293. 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3016:. Archived from 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2715: 2714: 2702: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2610:Chemical Geology 2601: 2590: 2589: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2406: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2351: 2349:Volcanoes portal 2346: 2345: 2191:Heimaey, Iceland 2120:Kalapana, Hawaii 2054:British Columbia 2037:Kalapana, Hawaii 1998:pyroclastic flow 1735:Hawaiian English 1677:shield volcanoes 1580:Block lava flows 1555: 1550:, from Hawaiian 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1461:[ʔəˈʔaː] 1399:Lava enters the 1307:Northern Ireland 1303:Giant's Causeway 1287:Mount Nyiragongo 1138:sodium carbonate 1114:Ol Doinyo Lengai 1110:natrocarbonatite 1085: 1071: 1061: 1051: 1037: 1027: 1022: MgO (0.4%) 1021: 1016: CaO (1.3%) 1015: 1010: FeO (1.7%) 1009: 995: 985: 969: MnO (0.2%) 968: 954: 944: 934: 920: 910: 905: MgO (4.1%) 904: 899: CaO (7.9%) 898: 893: FeO (9.3%) 892: 878: 868: 544: 540: 537: 534: 432:shield volcanoes 178: 36:Fresh lava from 4952: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4889: 4882: 4826: 4780: 4761:Columnar basalt 4749: 4718: 4712: 4678:Wayback Machine 4624: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4477: 4473: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4405: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4298: 4294: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4138: 4134: 4094: 4090: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3706: 3702: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3649: 3645: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3525: 3518: 3505: 3498: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3271: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3153: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3062:Wayback Machine 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2868:(B10): B10201. 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2718: 2711: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2602: 2593: 2550: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2271:volcanic blocks 2252: 2143: 2124:Kīlauea volcano 2029: 1975: 1931: 1915: 1909: 1839: 1833: 1809: 1803: 1792:Mount St Helens 1777:endogenous dome 1753: 1747: 1731: 1725: 1702: 1696: 1681:stratovolcanoes 1658: 1652: 1644: 1609: 1603: 1582: 1559:Clarence Dutton 1533: 1499:Clarence Dutton 1484: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1435:, United States 1421: 1414: 1374: 1372:Lava morphology 1295: 1215: 1099: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: MnO (0.%) 1083: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 993: 991: 989: 983: 973: 972: 971: 970: 966: 964: 962: 958: 952: 950: 948: 942: 940: 938: 932: 930: 928: 924: 918: 916: 914: 908: 906: 902: 900: 896: 894: 890: 888: 886: 882: 876: 874: 872: 866: 836: 832: 806: 780: 667: 663: 638: 634: 609: 584: 483: 453:lavas, such as 448: 446:Ultramafic lava 416: 373: 322: 234: 167: 165: 160: 144:Francesco Serao 120: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4950: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4902: 4901: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4822:Picrite basalt 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4620: 4619:External links 4617: 4614: 4613: 4600: 4587:elnacional.cat 4573: 4544: 4519: 4514:volcano.si.edu 4501: 4471: 4428: 4421: 4399: 4374: 4349: 4292: 4273:(7): 494–496. 4253: 4222: 4205: 4190: 4178: 4132: 4088: 4055: 4043: 3991: 3987:Schmincke 2003 3979: 3952:(2): 266–293. 3936: 3924: 3912: 3908:Schmincke 2003 3900: 3896:Schmincke 2003 3888: 3876: 3864: 3860:Schmincke 2003 3852: 3848:Schmincke 2003 3840: 3836:Schmincke 2003 3828: 3816: 3777: 3765: 3735: 3700: 3678: 3643: 3608: 3578: 3571: 3553: 3549:Schmincke 2003 3538: 3516: 3496: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3401:Applied Energy 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3351:Schmincke 2003 3343: 3308: 3304:Schmincke 2003 3296: 3292:Schmincke 2003 3284: 3280:Schmincke 2003 3269: 3234: 3200: 3198:, p. 128. 3196:Schmincke 2003 3188: 3144: 3141:. p. 392. 3125: 3098:(8): 629–645. 3082: 3070: 3043: 3041:, p. 145. 3031: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2958: 2940: 2936:Schmincke 2003 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2848: 2836: 2832:Schmincke 2003 2824: 2817: 2787: 2764: 2762:, p. 132. 2760:Schmincke 2003 2749: 2737: 2716: 2709: 2687: 2680: 2662: 2647: 2635: 2616:(1–3): 47–72. 2591: 2539: 2524: 2499: 2474: 2452: 2426: 2419: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2383:Laze (geology) 2380: 2374: 2367: 2366: 2363:Geology portal 2352: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2315: 2308:Sumbawa Island 2305: 2295: 2292:Mount Vesuvius 2285: 2282:Mount Vesuvius 2267:volcanic bombs 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2228: 2214: 2204: 2198: 2193:, in the 1973 2188: 2174: 2164: 2154: 2147:Catania, Italy 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2130:Kapoho, Hawaii 2127: 2117: 2110:Kapoho, Hawaii 2106: 2099:Mount Vesuvius 2092: 2089: 2075: 2061: 2028: 2025: 2021:Vestmannaeyjar 1988:Decade Volcano 1982:in Zaire (now 1974: 1971: 1930: 1929:Lava fountains 1927: 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1773:inflation dome 1769:Valles Caldera 1749:Main article: 1746: 1743: 1727:Main article: 1724: 1721: 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1665:Arenal Volcano 1654:Main article: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1642:Lava landforms 1640: 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1588:Block lava at 1581: 1578: 1546:(also spelled 1532: 1529: 1442:(also spelled 1413: 1410: 1373: 1370: 1334:is called the 1294: 1291: 1262:shear thinning 1214: 1211: 1195: 1194: 1184: 1146: 1124:and olivine), 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1001: 997: 992: 987: 982: 980:Rhyolite lava 978: 977: 976: 974: 965: 960: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 922: 917: 912: 907: 901: 895: 889: 884: 880: 875: 870: 865: 861: 860: 859: 857: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 834: 830: 825: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 804: 799: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 778: 773: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 665: 661: 656: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 636: 632: 627: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 607: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 582: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 553: 548: 482: 481:Alkaline lavas 479: 475:Earth's mantle 447: 444: 415: 412: 372: 369: 321: 318: 233: 232:Silicate lavas 230: 164: 161: 159: 156: 150:) after heavy 119: 116: 38:Fagradalsfjall 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4949: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4927:Igneous rocks 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Alkali basalt 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4776:Pahoehoe lava 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766:Pillow basalt 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4610: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4490: 4487:(in French). 4486: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4389:on 2016-03-03 4388: 4384: 4378: 4364:on 2016-09-21 4363: 4359: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4053:, p. 61. 4052: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3989:, p. 27. 3988: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3934:, p. 27. 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3775:, p. 53. 3774: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3472:, p. 72. 3471: 3466: 3460:, p. 48. 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3389:, p. 71. 3388: 3383: 3377:, p. 16. 3376: 3371: 3365:, p. 40. 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3167:(2): L02303. 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3020:on 2009-03-07 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2820: 2818:0-8137-2212-8 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2785:, p. 20. 2784: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2735:, p. 23. 2734: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2683: 2681:9783540436508 2677: 2673: 2666: 2660:, p. 25. 2659: 2654: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564:(4): 99–315. 2563: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2537:, p. 19. 2536: 2531: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2462: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2422: 2420:9780521880060 2416: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312:Mount Tambora 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183:, Mexico, by 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086:Mayon Volcano 2083: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060:in the 1700s. 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:lava fountain 1940: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1850:volcanic neck 1847: 1843: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1808: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1700:Volcanic cone 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1669:stratovolcano 1666: 1662: 1657: 1647: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270:Bingham fluid 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1210: 1208: 1207:giant planets 1204: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181:calc-alkaline 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 981: 864: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 837: 827: 826: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 808: 801: 800: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 782: 775: 774: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 668: 658: 657: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 639: 629: 628: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 610: 604: 603: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 585: 579: 578: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 554: 552: 549: 546: 545: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 516:) to felsic ( 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 496: 492: 488: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 443: 441: 437: 436:flood basalts 433: 429: 424: 420: 411: 409: 405: 401: 400:peanut butter 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 368: 366: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 317: 315: 314: 309: 308: 303: 302: 297: 296: 289: 287: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:feldspathoids 195: 191: 187: 186:Earth's crust 155: 153: 149: 145: 142:, written by 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 84: 82: 78: 77:volcanic rock 74: 70: 67:or through a 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4888: 4873:Cristobalite 4807:Trachybasalt 4730:Flood basalt 4631: 4627:"Lava" 4608: 4603: 4591:. Retrieved 4586: 4576: 4567: 4561:. Retrieved 4556: 4547: 4536:. Retrieved 4534:. 2021-09-25 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4492:. Retrieved 4485:Planet Terre 4484: 4474: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4408: 4402: 4391:. Retrieved 4387:the original 4377: 4366:. Retrieved 4362:the original 4352: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4244:. Retrieved 4240:the original 4235: 4225: 4208: 4188:, p. 9. 4181: 4173: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4046: 4011: 4007: 3982: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3768: 3756:. Retrieved 3747: 3738: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3695:the original 3690: 3681: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3599:. Retrieved 3594: 3562: 3556: 3532: 3528: 3509: 3491:the original 3486: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3225:. Retrieved 3220: 3214:"Lava Flows" 3191: 3164: 3160: 3134: 3128: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3073: 3052: 3046: 3034: 3022:. Retrieved 3018:the original 3013: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2949: 2943: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2740: 2698: 2690: 2671: 2665: 2638: 2613: 2609: 2561: 2557: 2515:. Retrieved 2511: 2502: 2490:. Retrieved 2484: 2477: 2465:. Retrieved 2455: 2443:. Retrieved 2441:. 2012-08-31 2438: 2429: 2410: 2404: 2325: 2259:volcanic ash 2253: 2048:villages of 2018: 2010: 1992: 1976: 1945: 1943: 1916: 1869:Mount Erebus 1863: 1859: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1796: 1785: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1732: 1705:Cinder cones 1703: 1685: 1674: 1645: 1622: 1621: 1595: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1526: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1390: 1366:flow banding 1363: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340:chisel marks 1339: 1335: 1327: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1283: 1279:crystal mush 1278: 1266:shear stress 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1203:Solar System 1196: 1100: 979: 862: 506:nephelinites 484: 471:mantle plume 450: 449: 440:pillow lavas 418: 417: 376:Intermediate 375: 374: 361: 324: 323: 312: 306: 301:intermediate 300: 294: 290: 282: 274:Petrologists 235: 183: 135: 123: 121: 100:volcanic ash 87: 85: 80: 44: 43: 29: 4848:Plagioclase 4489:ENS de Lyon 4444:(1): 1–20. 4246:24 November 3716:(11): 876. 3407:: 364–374. 3024:23 November 2803:: 119–145. 2558:Geoheritage 2377:Lava planet 2288:Herculaneum 2161:Mt Matavanu 2082:Philippines 2050:Lax Ksiluux 1956:, vent, or 1623:Pillow lava 1616:Pillow lava 1607:Pillow lava 1601:Pillow lava 1524:pictures). 1328:entablature 1293:Temperature 1258:thixotropic 1229:Volcano in 1165:Proterozoic 1116:volcano in 1106:Carbonatite 551:Nephelinite 522:nephelinite 467:Phanerozoic 463:Proterozoic 404:phenocrysts 349:lava spines 345:pyroclastic 320:Felsic lava 163:Composition 126:comes from 4911:Categories 4593:18 January 4563:2021-09-25 4538:2021-09-25 4393:2013-12-08 4368:2013-12-08 4105:(7): 838. 3797:(1): 639. 3758:1 December 3687:"pāhoehoe" 3572:0824808320 3535:(95): 240. 3051:Vic Camp, 2467:8 December 2445:8 December 2396:References 2322:Montserrat 2225:Nyiragongo 2171:Mount Etna 2074:(rebuilt). 2058:Tseax Cone 2006:lava bench 1980:Nyiragongo 1962:Mount Etna 1919:sub-aerial 1913:Lava delta 1907:Lava delta 1887:Nyiragongo 1873:Antarctica 1831:Lava lakes 1821:Queensland 1801:Lava tubes 1566:lava tubes 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