11934:
11875:
2054:
12041:
3608:(ATP). The insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood. The physiological caloric value of glucose, depending on the source, is 16.2 kilojoules per gram or 15.7 kJ/g (3.74 kcal/g). The high availability of carbohydrates from plant biomass has led to a variety of methods during evolution, especially in microorganisms, to utilize glucose for energy and carbon storage. Differences exist in which end product can no longer be used for energy production. The presence of individual genes, and their gene products, the enzymes, determine which reactions are possible. The metabolic pathway of glycolysis is used by almost all living beings. An essential difference in the use of glycolysis is the recovery of
12101:
11724:
11646:
2351:
1884:
1902:
5274:
where other (optical) methods are not or only conditionally usable. In addition to the organic boronic acid derivatives, which often bind highly specifically to the 1,2-diol groups of sugars, there are also other probe concepts classified by functional mechanisms which use selective glucose-binding proteins (e.g. concanavalin A) as a receptor. Furthermore, methods were developed which indirectly detect the glucose concentration via the concentration of metabolized products, e.g. by the consumption of oxygen using fluorescence-optical sensors. Finally, there are enzyme-based concepts that use the intrinsic absorbance or fluorescence of (fluorescence-labeled) enzymes as reporters.
11982:
11822:
11760:
11682:
2539:, a subgroup of the glycosidases, first catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain glucose-containing polysaccharides, removing terminal glucose. In turn, disaccharides are mostly degraded by specific glycosidases to glucose. The names of the degrading enzymes are often derived from the particular poly- and disaccharide; inter alia, for the degradation of polysaccharide chains there are amylases (named after amylose, a component of starch), cellulases (named after cellulose), chitinases (named after chitin), and more. Furthermore, for the cleavage of disaccharides, there are maltase, lactase, sucrase,
1846:
11741:
3545:
2744:-glucose is 917.2 kilojoules per mole. In humans, gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidney, but also in other cell types. In the liver about 150 g (5.3 oz) of glycogen are stored, in skeletal muscle about 250 g (8.8 oz). However, the glucose released in muscle cells upon cleavage of the glycogen can not be delivered to the circulation because glucose is phosphorylated by the hexokinase, and a glucose-6-phosphatase is not expressed to remove the phosphate group. Unlike for glucose, there is no transport protein for
1864:
11663:
72:
4011:
11909:
11845:
11803:
11699:
5009:. Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression. Recently, glucose has been gaining commercial use as a key component of "kits" containing lactic acid and insulin intended to induce hypoglycemia and hyperlactatemia to combat different cancers and infections.
1541:, on the other hand, is glucose that does not have any water molecules attached to it. Anhydrous chemical substances are commonly produced by eliminating water from a hydrated substance through methods such as heating or drying up (desiccation). Dextrose monohydrate can be dehydrated to anhydrous dextrose in industrial setting. Dextrose monohydrate is composed of approximately 9.5% water by mass; through the process of dehydration, this water content is eliminated to yield anhydrous (dry) dextrose.
12005:
32:
2071:
2182:
1612:
11777:
2080:
12076:
1875:
1837:
1893:
1855:
1727:
1701:
52:
11965:
14582:
1739:
1713:
1694:
944:
1766:
14556:
14546:
13447:
2773:
4819:
5265:
Precious metals such as platinum or gold are used in electrodes, as well as carbon nanotube electrodes, which e.g. are doped with boron. Cu–CuO nanowires are also used as enzyme-free amperometric electrodes, reaching a detection limit of 50 μmol/L. A particularly promising method is the so-called "enzyme wiring", where the electron flowing during the oxidation is transferred via a molecular wire directly from the enzyme to the electrode.
11621:
2327:
14594:
1008:
4043:
12124:
3851:, which is made from a derivative of glucose) have structural roles. Oligosaccharides of glucose combined with other sugars serve as important energy stores. These include lactose, the predominant sugar in milk, which is a glucose-galactose disaccharide, and sucrose, another disaccharide which is composed of glucose and fructose. Glucose is also added onto certain proteins and
4842:. Most soft drinks in the US use HFCS-55 (with a fructose content of 55% in the dry mass), while most other HFCS-sweetened foods in the US use HFCS-42 (with a fructose content of 42% in the dry mass). In Mexico, on the other hand, soft drinks are sweetened by cane sugar, which has a higher sweetening power. In addition, glucose syrup is used, inter alia, in the production of
2189:-glucose molecules exist as cyclic hemiacetals that are epimeric (= diastereomeric) to each other. The epimeric ratio α:β is 36:64. In the α-D-glucopyranose (left), the blue-labelled hydroxy group is in the axial position at the anomeric centre, whereas in the β-D-glucopyranose (right) the blue-labelled hydroxy group is in equatorial position at the anomeric centre.
947:
4702:. Enzymatic hydrolysis has largely displaced acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. The result is glucose syrup (enzymatically with more than 90% glucose in the dry matter) with an annual worldwide production volume of 20 million tonnes (as of 2011). This is the reason for the former common name "starch sugar". The amylases most often come from
949:
1559:, without any water molecule attached which is the same as glucose. Anhydrous dextrose on open air tends to absorb moisture and transform to the monohydrate, and it is more expensive to produce. Anhydrous dextrose (anhydrous D-glucose) has increased stability and increased shelf life, has medical applications, such as in oral
1527:, and commonly manufactured from plant starches. Dextrose monohydrate is utilized as the predominant type of dextrose in food applications, such as beverage mixes—it is a common form of glucose widely used as a nutrition supplement in production of foodstuffs. Dextrose monohydrate is primarily consumed in North America as a
1780:
11933:
11874:
948:
4806:, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose, since fructose has a higher sweetening power – with same physiological calorific value of 374 kilocalories per 100 g. The annual world production of isoglucose is 8 million tonnes (as of 2011). When made from corn syrup, the final product is
3993:
in the pancreas could be damaged, causing a lack of insulin in the body. Insulin resistance occurs when the pancreas tries to produce more and more insulin in response to persistently elevated blood glucose levels. Eventually, the rest of the body becomes resistant to the insulin that the pancreas is
3866:
Other than its direct use as a monomer, glucose can be broken down to synthesize a wide variety of other biomolecules. This is important, as glucose serves both as a primary store of energy and as a source of organic carbon. Glucose can be broken down and converted into lipids. It is also a precursor
2763:
Glucose also can be found outside of living organisms in the ambient environment. Glucose concentrations in the atmosphere are detected via collection of samples by aircraft and are known to vary from location to location. For example, glucose concentrations in atmospheric air from inland China range
1493:
is often used in a clinical (related to patient's health status) or nutritional context (related to dietary intake, such as food labels or dietary guidelines), while "glucose" is used in a biological or physiological context (chemical processes and molecular interactions), but both terms refer to the
5273:
There are a variety of other chemical sensors for measuring glucose. Given the importance of glucose analysis in the life sciences, numerous optical probes have also been developed for saccharides based on the use of boronic acids, which are particularly useful for intracellular sensory applications
5255:
The test-strip method employs the above-mentioned enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconic acid to form hydrogen peroxide. The reagents are immobilised on a polymer matrix, the so-called test strip, which assumes a more or less intense color. This can be measured reflectometrically at 510 nm
2827:
to water and carbon dioxide. If there is not enough oxygen available for this, the glucose degradation in animals occurs anaerobic to lactate via lactic acid fermentation and releases much less energy. Muscular lactate enters the liver through the bloodstream in mammals, where gluconeogenesis occurs
2502:
makes it possible to identify glucose-containing food sources. Glucose mainly comes from food—about 300 g (11 oz) per day is produced by conversion of food, but it is also synthesized from other metabolites in the body's cells. In humans, the breakdown of glucose-containing polysaccharides
2429:
Glucose is produced by plants through photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and can be used by all living organisms as an energy and carbon source. However, most glucose does not occur in its free form, but in the form of its polymers, i.e. lactose, sucrose, starch and others which
4001:
can be performed by multiple methods, such as the fasting glucose test which measures the level of glucose in the blood after 8 hours of fasting. Another test is the 2-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) – for this test, the person has a fasting glucose test done, then drinks a 75-gram
3822:
of blood glucose levels after consumption in comparison to glucose (glucose is defined as 100). The clinical importance of the glycemic index is controversial, as foods with high fat contents slow the resorption of carbohydrates and lower the glycemic index, e.g. ice cream. An alternative indicator
3988:
is the organ responsible for the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a hormone that regulates glucose levels, allowing the body's cells to absorb and use glucose. Without it, glucose cannot enter the cell and therefore cannot be used as fuel for the body's functions. If the
2810:
In humans, glucose is metabolized by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycolysis is used by all living organisms, with small variations, and all organisms generate energy from the breakdown of monosaccharides. In the further course of the metabolism, it can be completely degraded via
2735:
The metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing two to four carbon atoms (C) and ends in the glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in all living organisms. The smaller starting materials are the result of other metabolic pathways. Ultimately
2903:
In anaerobic respiration, one glucose molecule produces a net gain of two ATP molecules (four ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation, but two are required by enzymes used during the process). In aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose is much more
5264:
The electroanalysis of glucose is also based on the enzymatic reaction mentioned above. The produced hydrogen peroxide can be amperometrically quantified by anodic oxidation at a potential of 600 mV. The GOx is immobilized on the electrode surface or in a membrane placed close to the electrode.
5641:(1). ... (1) γλευχος, moût, vin doux." It follows from the comparisons made by Mr. Péligot, that the sugar from grapes, that from starch, that from diabetes and that from honey have exactly the same composition and the same properties, and constitute a single substance that we propose to call
5256:
with the aid of an LED-based handheld photometer. This allows routine blood sugar determination by nonscientists. In addition to the reaction of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine, new chromogenic reactions have been developed that allow photometry at higher wavelengths (550 nm, 750 nm).
2197:
group than the one recreated by the opening step (thus switching between pyranose and furanose forms), or the new hemiacetal group created on C-1 may have the same or opposite handedness as the original one (thus switching between the α and β forms). Thus, though the open-chain form is barely
4050:
Most dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either as their only building block (as in the polysaccharides starch and glycogen), or together with another monosaccharide (as in the hetero-polysaccharides sucrose and lactose). Unbound glucose is one of the main ingredients of honey. Glucose is
2638:
can convert glucose 6-phosphate back into glucose exclusively in the liver, so the body can maintain a sufficient blood glucose concentration. In other cells, uptake happens by passive transport through one of the 14 GLUT proteins. In the other cell types, phosphorylation occurs through a
2454:
depend on glucose for their energy production. In adult humans, there is about 18 g (0.63 oz) of glucose, of which about 4 g (0.14 oz) is present in the blood. Approximately 180–220 g (6.3–7.8 oz) of glucose is produced in the liver of an adult in 24 hours.
1314:, applying Van 't Hoff's theory of asymmetrical carbon atoms. The names initially referred to the natural substances. Their enantiomers were given the same name with the introduction of systematic nomenclatures, taking into account absolute stereochemistry (e.g. Fischer nomenclature,
2294:-glucose of +17.5° mL/(dm·g). When equilibrium has been reached after a certain time due to mutarotation, the angle of rotation is +52.7° mL/(dm·g). By adding acid or base, this transformation is much accelerated. The equilibration takes place via the open-chain aldehyde form.
3994:
producing, thereby requiring more insulin to achieve the same blood glucose-lowering effect, and forcing the pancreas to produce even more insulin to compete with the resistance. This negative spiral contributes to pancreatic burnout, and the disease progression of diabetes.
1156:. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form. Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as
6982:
5302:. Taking into account the isotope ratios, it is also possible to reliably detect honey adulteration by added sugars with these methods. Derivatization using silylation reagents is commonly used. Also, the proportions of di- and trisaccharides can be quantified.
3635:, effortful decision-making) are impaired. In the brain, which is dependent on glucose and oxygen as the major source of energy, the glucose concentration is usually 4 to 6 mM (5 mM equals 90 mg/dL), but decreases to 2 to 3 mM when fasting.
5056:
is a classic method for the detection of aldoses. Due to mutarotation, glucose is always present to a small extent as an open-chain aldehyde. By adding the
Fehling reagents (Fehling (I) solution and Fehling (II) solution), the aldehyde group is oxidized to a
5637:: "Il résulte des comparaisons faites par M. Péligot, que le sucre de raisin, celui d'amidon, celui de diabètes et celui de miel ont parfaitement la même composition et les mêmes propriétés, et constituent un seul corps que nous proposons d'appeler
3386:
2924:
1632:, which interconvert. From aqueous solutions, the three known forms can be crystallized: α-glucopyranose, β-glucopyranose and α-glucopyranose monohydrate. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of
2361:
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide. Glucose is also the most widely used aldohexose in most living organisms. One possible explanation for this is that glucose has a lower tendency than other aldohexoses to react nonspecifically with the
2053:
3979:
either because of a lack of insulin in the body or the failure, by cells in the body, to respond properly to insulin. Each of these situations can be caused by persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, through pancreatic burnout and
3662:. The binding of glucose to the sweet receptor on the tongue induces a release of various hormones of energy metabolism, either through glucose or through other sugars, leading to an increased cellular uptake and lower blood sugar levels.
1310:'s theories of chemical kinetics and the arrangements of chemical bonds in carbon-bearing molecules. Between 1891 and 1894, Fischer established the stereochemical configuration of all the known sugars and correctly predicted the possible
3517:
cells often grow comparatively quickly and consume an above-average amount of glucose by glycolysis, which leads to the formation of lactate, the end product of fermentation in mammals, even in the presence of oxygen. This is called the
12040:
1664:
of glucose is 31 °C (88 °F) and the Gordon–Taylor constant (an experimentally determined constant for the prediction of the glass transition temperature for different mass fractions of a mixture of two substances) is 4.5.
6871:
6974:
4002:
glucose drink and is retested. This test measures the ability of the person's body to process glucose. Over time the blood glucose levels should decrease as insulin allows it to be taken up by cells and exit the blood stream.
4025:
often carry small amounts of sugar in various forms. One sugar commonly used is glucose, often in the form of glucose tablets (glucose pressed into a tablet shape sometimes with one or more other ingredients as a binder),
5155:
dissolves dry glucose without blackening at room temperature forming sugar sulfuric acid. In a yeast solution, alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide in the ratio of 2.0454 molecules of glucose to one molecule of
2442:, respectively. These polymers, when consumed by animals, fungi and bacteria, are degraded to glucose using enzymes. All animals are also able to produce glucose themselves from certain precursors as the need arises.
11474:
4724:
were used in the production of glucose syrup to convert amylopectin to starch (amylose), thereby increasing the yield of glucose. The reaction is carried out at a pH = 4.6–5.2 and a temperature of 55–60 °C.
9572:
Venditti A, Frezza C, Vincenti F, Brodella A, Sciubba F, Montesano C, et al. (February 2019). "A syn-ent-labdadiene derivative with a rare spiro-β-lactone function from the male cones of
Wollemia nobilis".
5108:
and acetic acid is added to the solution of the sugar to be tested and subsequently heated in a water bath for a few minutes. Glucose and other monosaccharides rapidly produce a reddish color and reddish brown
3548:
Diagram showing the possible intermediates in glucose degradation; Metabolic pathways orange: glycolysis, green: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, phosphorylating, yellow: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, non-phosphorylating
5714:"Les raisins secs, etant humectés d'une petite quantité d'eau, de maniere qu'ils mollissent, peuvent alors etre pilés, & le suc qu'on en exprime, etant depuré & épaissi, fournira une espece de Sucre."
1987:. In either case, each carbon in the ring has one hydrogen and one hydroxyl attached, except for the last carbon (C-4 or C-5) where the hydroxyl is replaced by the remainder of the open molecule (which is
1627:
ring (α-glucopyranose monohydrate, sometimes known less precisely by dextrose hydrate). In aqueous solution, on the other hand, it is an open-chain to a small extent and is present predominantly as α- or
5716:(Raisins, being moistened with a small quantity of water, in a way that they soften, can be then pressed, and the juice that is squeezed out, being purified and thickened, will provide a sort of sugar.)
5216:
In concentrated solutions of glucose with a low proportion of other carbohydrates, its concentration can be determined with a polarimeter. For sugar mixtures, the concentration can be determined with a
3685:. Also in the capillary blood, which is often used for blood sugar determination, the values are sometimes higher than in the venous blood. The glucose content of the blood is regulated by the hormones
12100:
11723:
11645:
6715:
5239:
The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) converts glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide while consuming oxygen. Another enzyme, peroxidase, catalyzes a chromogenic reaction (Trinder reaction) of
10320:
6867:
10215:
10460:
Mizoguchi M, Ishiyama M, Shiga M (1998). "Water-soluble chromogenic reagent for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide—an alternative to 4-aminoantipyrine working at a long wavelength".
3784:). Liver cell glycogen can be converted to glucose and returned to the blood when insulin is low or absent; muscle cell glycogen is not returned to the blood because of a lack of enzymes. In
2131:
10750:
Wolfbeis OS, Oehme I, Papkovskaya N, Klimant I (2000). "Sol–gel based glucose biosensors employing optical oxygen transducers, and a method for compensating for variable oxygen background".
2209:
to the cyclic forms. (Although the ring closure reaction could in theory create four- or three-atom rings, these would be highly strained, and are not observed in practice.) In solutions at
11467:
2193:
Mutarotation consists of a temporary reversal of the ring-forming reaction, resulting in the open-chain form, followed by a reforming of the ring. The ring closure step may use a different
10931:
Becker M, Liebner F, Rosenau T, Potthast A (2013). "Ethoximation-silylation approach for mono- and disaccharide analysis and characterization of their identification parameters by GC/MS".
10823:
Sanz ML, Sanz J, Martínez-Castro I (2004). "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of disaccharides and trisaccharides in honey".
4788:, a roughly 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose that is produced from sucrose. In principle, cellulose could be hydrolyzed to glucose, but this process is not yet commercially practical.
2398:. Presumably, glucose is the most abundant natural monosaccharide because it is less glycated with proteins than other monosaccharides. Another hypothesis is that glucose, being the only
1566:
Whereas molecular weight (molar mass) for D-glucose monohydrate is 198.17 g/mol, that for anhydrous D-glucose is 180.16 g/mol The density of these two forms of glucose is also different.
12158:
333:
3536:
Glucose can also degrade to form carbon dioxide through abiotic means. This has been demonstrated to occur experimentally via oxidation and hydrolysis at 22 °C and a pH of 2.5.
6279:
5179:
hydrate is formed with glucose at room temperature, while red copper oxide is formed during boiling (same with dextrin, except for with an ammoniacal copper acetate solution). With
3459:
2997:
11460:
6593:
3729:. When needed, glucose is released into the bloodstream by glucose-6-phosphatase from glucose-6-phosphate originating from liver and kidney glycogen, thereby regulating the
1787:
A open-chain form of glucose makes up less than 0.02% of the glucose molecules in an aqueous solution at equilibrium. The rest is one of two cyclic hemiacetal forms. In its
3792:
types and have other purposes. Glycogen is the body's "glucose energy storage" mechanism, because it is much more "space efficient" and less reactive than glucose itself.
10009:
7463:
1252:, meaning "right"), because in aqueous solution of glucose, the plane of linearly polarized light is turned to the right. In contrast, l-fructose (usually referred to as
12136:
6503:
3887:
are produced from glucose. In addition to the phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate, which is part of the glycolysis, glucose can be oxidized during its degradation to
3669:
The blood sugar content of a healthy person in the short-time fasting state, e.g. after overnight fasting, is about 70 to 100 mg/dL of blood (4 to 5.5 mM). In
3529:, ethanol is fermented at high glucose concentrations, even in the presence of oxygen (which normally leads to respiration rather than fermentation). This is called the
7039:
Bielecki M, Eggert H, Christian
Norrild J (1999). "A fluorescent glucose sensor binding covalently to all five hydroxy groups of α-D-glucofuranose. A reinvestigation".
2698:
in the apical cell membranes and transmitted via GLUT2 in the basolateral cell membranes. About 90% of kidney glucose reabsorption is via SGLT2 and about 3% via SGLT1.
9550:
5001:
4941:
1168:
10593:
Ohara TJ, Rajagopalan R, Heller A (1994). ""Wired" enzyme electrodes for amperometric determination of glucose or lactate in the presence of interfering substances".
950:
6276:"Potentially Important Contribution of Dextrose Used as Diluent to Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients | Diabetes Care | American Diabetes Association"
3718:
9102:
5838:
3803:. Eating or fasting prior to taking a blood sample has an effect on analyses for glucose in the blood; a high fasting glucose blood sugar level may be a sign of
345:
10894:
Cabañero AI, Recio JL, Rupérez M (2006). "Liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a new perspective on honey adulteration detection".
5976:
5953:
5930:
5907:
14629:
12151:
3461:
2999:
10872:
10523:
Chen X, Chen J, Deng C, Xiao C, Yang Y, Nie Z, et al. (2008). "Amperometric glucose biosensor based on boron-doped carbon nanotubes modified electrode".
2853:
can grow on nutrient media containing glucose as the sole carbon source. In some bacteria and, in modified form, also in archaea, glucose is degraded via the
6711:
4946:
4936:
3888:
2145:
885:
6676:
Mitra B, Wolfe C, Wu SJ (4 May 2018). "Dextrose monohydrate as a non-animal sourced alternative diluent in high shear wet granulation tablet formulations".
2217:. Starting from any proportions, the mixture converges to a stable ratio of α:β 36:64. The ratio would be α:β 11:89 if it were not for the influence of the
12345:
4886:
10316:
8974:
Masicampo EJ, Baumeister RF (2008), "Toward a
Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis",
5796:
2876:
Use of glucose as an energy source in cells is by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. The first step of glycolysis is the
10234:
1148:
is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologically active. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an
958:
8640:
Schümann U, Gründler P (September 1998). "Electrochemical degradation of organic substances at PbO2 anodes: Monitoring by continuous CO2 measurements".
3831:
is an indicator for the amount of glucose added to blood glucose levels after consumption, based on the glycemic index and the amount of consumed food.
2422:-glucose is also a highly preferred building block in natural polysaccharides (glycans). Polysaccharides that are composed solely of glucose are termed
10860:
4911:
4891:
4675:
The carbohydrate value is calculated in the USDA database and does not always correspond to the sum of the sugars, the starch, and the "dietary fiber".
2264:- prefix does not refer directly to the optical properties of the compound. It indicates that the C-5 chiral centre has the same handedness as that of
1021:
10031:
6641:
Trasi NS, Boerrigter SX, Byrn SR, Carvajal TM (15 March 2011). "Investigating the effect of dehydration conditions on the compactability of glucose".
3409:
3406:
2947:
2944:
12144:
2745:
1279:, which refers to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl group, and in concordance with the configuration of
7336:
1306:
for his findings. The synthesis of glucose established the structure of organic material and consequently formed the first definitive validation of
5861:
5172:
3418:
2956:
3447:
2985:
8402:
2315:
972:
11981:
11821:
11759:
11681:
2562:
In order to get into or out of cell membranes of cells and membranes of cell compartments, glucose requires special transport proteins from the
2543:, and others. In humans, about 70 genes are known that code for glycosidases. They have functions in the digestion and degradation of glycogen,
10243:
4838:. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of
7731:
5365:
Boerio-Goates J (1991), "Heat-capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of crystalline α-D-glucose at temperatures from 10K to 340K",
3721:. After food intake the blood sugar concentration increases. Values over 180 mg/dL in venous whole blood are pathological and are termed
1260:-glucose) turn linearly polarized light to the left. The earlier notation according to the rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light (
12411:
6444:
5674:
1500:
is the hydrated form of D-glucose, meaning that it is a glucose molecule with an additional water molecule attached. Its chemical formula is
6362:
5884:
12623:
641:
12166:
6275:
6213:
Alvarez-Suarez JM, Tulipani S, Romandini S, Bertoli E, Battino M (2010). "Contribution of honey in nutrition and human health: A review".
3871:(ascorbic acid). In living organisms, glucose is converted to several other chemical compounds that are the starting material for various
3426:
2964:
14297:
12639:
11061:
5996:
Wenyue Kang and Zhijun Zhang (2020): "Selective
Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts",
4051:
extremely abundant and has been isolated from a variety of natural sources across the world, including male cones of the coniferous tree
2840:. Glucose is also used to replenish the body's glycogen stores, which are mainly found in liver and skeletal muscle. These processes are
1948:, each containing a ring of carbons closed by one oxygen atom. In aqueous solution, however, more than 99% of glucose molecules exist as
10558:
Wang G, Wei Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Fang B, Wang L (2010). "Enzyme-free amperometric sensing of glucose using Cu-CuO nanowire composites".
8499:
8469:
6336:
5691:
3390:
2928:
2326:
14220:
5706:
3437:
2975:
6589:
5175:
is formed in the presence of glucose, which becomes less soluble on cooking and turns brown. In an ammoniacal copper solution, yellow
1357:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for the discovery of glucose-derived sugar nucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
965:
5630:
5610:
3428:
3414:
3398:
2966:
2952:
2936:
9532:
Estela, Carlos (2011) "Blood
Glucose Levels," Undergraduate Journal of Mathematical Modeling: One + Two: Vol. 3: Iss. 2, Article 12.
6551:
Khvorova LS, Andreev NR, Lukin ND (January 2020). "Study of
Conditions for Applying Surfactants in Crystalline Glucose Production".
3434:
3393:
2972:
2931:
12240:
12171:
11853:
3458:
3421:
2996:
2959:
10312:
8304:"Regulation of metabolism in Escherichia coli during growth on mixtures of the non-glucose sugars: arabinose, lactose, and xylose"
6845:
6819:
6767:
2046:-glucofuranose. These five structures exist in equilibrium and interconvert, and the interconversion is much more rapid with acid
14167:
12711:
7865:
Wu X, Freeze HH (December 2002). "GLUT14, a
Duplicon of GLUT3, is Specifically Expressed in Testis as Alternative Splice Forms".
6529:
5167:. In an ammoniacal silver solution, glucose (as well as lactose and dextrin) leads to the deposition of silver. In an ammoniacal
5018:
3449:
3448:
3432:
3425:
3422:
2987:
2986:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2732:) or starch (in plants). The cleavage of glycogen is termed glycogenolysis, the cleavage of starch is called starch degradation.
10975:
9346:
8905:
6741:
6180:
Wani HA, Majid S, Khan MS, Bhat AA, Wani RA, Bhat SA, et al. (2020). "Scope of Honey in
Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders".
5523:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3411:
3389:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2949:
2927:
10715:
Mader HS, Wolfbeis OS (2008). "Boronic acid based probes for microdetermination of saccharides and glycosylated biomolecules".
10005:
8791:
8685:
7479:
6017:
Bosch L, Fyles T, James T (November 2004). "Binary and ternary phenylboronic acid complexes with saccharides and Lewis bases".
5689:"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées"
5291:
3818:
is an indicator of the speed of resorption and conversion to blood glucose levels from ingested carbohydrates, measured as the
3410:
3392:
2948:
2930:
1569:
In terms of chemical structure, glucose is a monosaccharide, that is, a simple sugar. Glucose contains six carbon atoms and an
6499:
6305:
5584:
3402:
3401:
2940:
2939:
1353:(for their discovery of the conversion of glycogen from glucose) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In 1970,
10436:
10362:
10081:
10060:
9958:
9906:
9879:
9801:
9775:
9747:
9668:
9468:
9403:
9379:
9272:
9179:
9029:
8707:
8679:
8493:
8463:
8205:
8181:
8065:
8044:
7841:
7767:
7681:
7597:
7576:
7511:
7401:
7371:
7288:
7256:
7231:
7160:
7134:
6913:
6197:
6061:
5734:
5668:
5485:
5429:
3460:
3408:
2998:
2946:
2740:
come from the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants and microbes during photosynthesis. The free energy of formation of α-
1345:(for his discovery of the role of the pituitary gland in the metabolism of glucose and the derived carbohydrates) as well as
1330:
840:
495:
9542:
8081:
Wang G, Kawamura K, Hatakeyama S, Takami A, Li H, Wang W (May 2007). "Aircraft Measurement of Organic Aerosols over China".
6793:
6619:
6131:"Honey and Diabetes: The Importance of Natural Simple Sugars in Diet for Preventing and Treating Different Type of Diabetes"
4826:
Glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener,
2253:(rotates polarized light counterclockwise) by the same amount. The strength of the effect is different for each of the five
14120:
12550:
11588:
9814:
Madsen GB, Norman BE, Slott S (1973). "A New, Heat Stable Bacterial Amylase and its Use in High Temperature Liquefaction".
2116:
The glucopyranose ring (α or β) can assume several non-planar shapes, analogous to the "chair" and "boat" conformations of
1983:
skeleton. The (much rarer) reaction between C-1 and C-4 yields a five-membered furanose ring, named after the cyclic ether
1960:-glucose" are generally used for these cyclic forms as well. The ring arises from the open-chain form by an intramolecular
9971:
9762:
Thomas Becker, Dietmar Breithaupt, Horst Werner Doelle, Armin Fiechter, Günther Schlegel, Sakayu Shimizu, Hideaki Yamada:
3415:
3397:
2953:
2935:
2888:. The main reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent its diffusion out of the cell as the charged
14192:
9285:
Clarke SF, Foster JR (2012). "A history of blood glucose meters and their role in self-monitoring of diabetes mellitus".
7525:
6240:
Ischayek JI, Kern M (August 2006). "US Honeys Varying in Glucose and Fructose Content Elicit Similar Glycemic Indexes".
3429:
3394:
2967:
2932:
14115:
12595:
9139:
5290:
In particular, for the analysis of complex mixtures containing glucose, e.g. in honey, chromatographic methods such as
3457:
3424:
3420:
3413:
2995:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2494:
Ingested glucose initially binds to the receptor for sweet taste on the tongue in humans. This complex of the proteins
10419:
Zhang Q, Zhao G, Yang N, Zhang L (2019). "Fasting blood glucose levels in patients with different types of diseases".
7543:
5835:
3435:
3427:
3391:
2973:
2965:
2929:
2796:.Glucose is stored in mainly the liver and muscles as glycogen. It is distributed and used in tissues as free glucose.
2002:
The ring-closing reaction can give two products, denoted "α-" and "β-". When a glucopyranose molecule is drawn in the
14406:
14135:
14088:
12439:
9937:
9247:
7312:
6961:
6940:
5973:
5950:
5927:
5904:
4869:
In addition, various organic acids can be biotechnologically produced from glucose, for example by fermentation with
3440:
2978:
616:
5452:
5341:
3430:
3419:
3403:
2968:
2957:
2941:
14150:
12489:
12457:
12445:
12394:
10864:
8431:
3847:(polysaccharides). Some of these polymers (starch or glycogen) serve as energy stores, while others (cellulose and
3396:
2934:
1016:
6470:
5607:"Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Péligiot, intitulé: Recherches sur la nature et les propriétés chimiques des sucres"
3717:
lead to an increase in the glucose level. There is also a hormone-independent regulation, which is referred to as
1028:
13483:
12600:
12590:
12451:
12400:
12388:
12315:
12235:
11054:
10965:
9700:
3462:
3417:
3000:
2955:
2250:
2234:
1393:
starting at 188 °C (370 °F) with release of various volatile products, ultimately leaving a residue of
1307:
4802:
In the US, almost exclusively corn (more precisely, corn syrup) is used as glucose source for the production of
3446:
3407:
2984:
2945:
2904:
profitable in that a maximum net production of 30 or 32 ATP molecules (depending on the organism) is generated.
14062:
12544:
12349:
11749:
11377:
10286:
7109:
5790:
5768:
5151:
solution with glucose to 100 °C, a strong reddish browning and a caramel-like odor develops. Concentrated
3863:
glucose to power the formation of the new bond by coupling it with the breaking of the glucose-phosphate bond.
3454:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3400:
3395:
2992:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2938:
2933:
2587:
2275:-glucose is dextrorotatory is a combined effect of its four chiral centres, not just of C-5; some of the other
1341:
in 1929 for their "research on the fermentation of sugar and their share of enzymes in this process". In 1947,
10229:
9651:
Balan V, Bals B, Chundawat SP, Marshall D, Dale BE (2009). "Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Using AFEX".
5617:(Report on a memoir of Mr. Péligiot, titled: Investigations on the nature and chemical properties of sugars),
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3399:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2350:
13966:
12539:
11671:
11354:
7180:
Bunn HF, Higgins PJ (1981). "Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance".
3859:. This is often critical for their functioning. The enzymes that join glucose to other molecules usually use
3442:
3441:
3439:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2563:
196:
8798:. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy – The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. Archived from
2120:. Similarly, the glucofuranose ring may assume several shapes, analogous to the "envelope" conformations of
1482:
in a jet followed by further enzymatic depolymerization. Unbonded glucose is one of the main ingredients of
867:
13996:
12673:
7464:"High Blood Glucose and Diabetes Complications: The buildup of molecules known as AGEs may be the key link"
5319:
3568:. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing about 3.75
2552:
1661:
581:
11452:
6079:
3899:
biosynthesis and in animals as a building block of glycogen. Glucose can also be converted from bacterial
3385:
2923:
2535:. Glucose is a building block of many carbohydrates and can be split off from them using certain enzymes.
1883:
423:
14619:
14230:
14145:
14130:
12704:
12463:
11529:
11359:
10825:
8922:
Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF (2007), "The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control",
7328:
3565:
1945:
1901:
5858:
3879:), mannose (the epimer of glucose at position 2), galactose (the epimer at position 4), fucose, various
14572:
14292:
14272:
14252:
13858:
12555:
12167:
11834:
11795:
11769:
11047:
9616:
Lei Y, Shi SP, Song YL, Bi D, Tu PF (May 2014). "Triterpene Saponins from the Roots of Ilex asprella".
5234:
4871:
2579:
1224:
1164:
8363:
2764:
from 0.8 to 20.1 pg/L, whereas east coastal China glucose concentrations range from 10.3 to 142 pg/L.
1269:
1240:
532:
14559:
12615:
12479:
12013:
11811:
11733:
10668:"Review of glucose oxidases and glucose dehydrogenases: A bird's eye view of glucose sensing enzymes"
7500:
Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, et al. (2009). Varki A (ed.).
5548:
4961:
3593:
3519:
2812:
2805:
2144:
are stable and can be obtained pure as crystalline solids. For example, reaction of α-D-glucose with
2057:
Widely proposed arrow-pushing mechanism for acid-catalyzed dynamic equilibrium between the α- and β-
1048:
454:
9299:
8936:
8876:
8124:
Adeva-Andany MM, Pérez-Felpete N, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Pazos-García C (2016).
1478:
in tropical areas. The manufacturing process uses hydrolysis via pressurized steaming at controlled
14172:
14140:
13718:
12771:
12628:
12340:
12181:
11581:
10859:
7698:
4981:
4807:
3998:
2854:
2395:
1532:
1303:
526:
6440:
5658:
5191:
solution is used to precipitate elemental, black-brown bismuth with glucose. Glucose boiled in an
3997:
To monitor the body's response to blood glucose-lowering therapy, glucose levels can be measured.
1979:
system called a pyranose, which is a monosaccharide sugar (hence "-ose") containing a derivatised
14453:
14267:
14125:
13981:
13723:
13264:
12261:
11973:
11917:
11898:
9979:
6358:
5881:
4931:
4714:(strain MN-385), which are more thermostable than the originally used enzymes. Starting in 1982,
2021:
2015:
1964:
reaction between the aldehyde group (at C-1) and either the C-4 or C-5 hydroxyl group, forming a
767:
9204:
Bisschop PH, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A (2015). "Autonomic regulation of hepatic glucose production".
9103:"Do non-nutritive sweeteners influence acute glucose homeostasis in humans? A systematic review"
8362:
Bonadonna RC, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Saccomani M, Cobelli C, Natali A, et al. (July 1996).
3839:
Organisms use glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of several important substances. Starch,
363:
14527:
14307:
13450:
13258:
12697:
12250:
11994:
11954:
11490:
9294:
8931:
8871:
8855:
Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF, DeWall CN, Plant EA, Brewer LE, Schmeichel BJ, et al. (2007),
4991:
4704:
3746:
3605:
2386:. The reason for glucose having the most stable cyclic form of all the aldohexoses is that its
1560:
1390:
1334:
1100:
816:
9841:
Norman BE (1982). "A Novel Debranching Enzyme for Application in the Glucose Syrup Industry".
8857:"Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower is More than a Metaphor"
8364:"Roles of glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in muscle insulin resistance of NIDDM"
5419:
2650:
is produced by most cell types and is of particular importance for nerve cells and pancreatic
14317:
14257:
13763:
13252:
12660:
12633:
12560:
12310:
11707:
10377:"Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor"
9418:"An insulin index of foods: The insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods"
8483:
8453:
8011:
6332:
5688:
5477:
Cellulose products and Cellulose Derivatives: Molecular Characterization and its Applications
5022:
3561:
2866:
2635:
2471:
1961:
1091:
from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. Glucose is used by plants to make
162:
10423:. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. Vol. 162. pp. 277–292.
8123:
5703:
5475:
2748:. Gluconeogenesis allows the organism to build up glucose from other metabolites, including
2382:
compared to other aldohexoses, which means it spends less time than they do in its reactive
13818:
13733:
13621:
13391:
11691:
11534:
11170:
11115:
10107:
9582:
8315:
8090:
7189:
7013:
6560:
5374:
4971:
4729:
has between 20% and 95% glucose in the dry matter. The Japanese form of the glucose syrup,
3663:
3522:. For the increased uptake of glucose in tumors various SGLT and GLUT are overly produced.
2837:
2776:
Glucose metabolism and various forms of it in the process.Glucose-containing compounds and
1915:
1593:
functional groups, the form having the straight chain can easily convert into a chair-like
1299:
1228:
597:
590:
184:
5626:
5606:
4784:(from maize) is used almost exclusively. Some commercial glucose occurs as a component of
1845:
443:
8:
14639:
14225:
14110:
14067:
13476:
12216:
12211:
12065:
11655:
11574:
11511:
11506:
5148:
4921:
4881:
3952:
3714:
3557:
2885:
2631:
2575:
2548:
2375:
2169:
reforms the normal pyranose ring to yield the 4-fold ester α-D-glucofuranose-1,2:3,5-bis(
1582:
1578:
1236:
990:
299:
282:
10111:
9586:
8319:
8094:
7193:
7017:
6564:
6075:"glucose." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2015. Encyclopedia.com. 17 November 2015
5378:
2555:). Humans do not produce cellulases, chitinases, or trehalases, but the bacteria in the
292:
14644:
14634:
14624:
14485:
14312:
14202:
13868:
11422:
11215:
11020:
10994:"Sweetening pharmaceutical radiochemistry by (18)f-fluoroglycosylation: A short review"
10993:
10732:
10692:
10667:
10575:
10398:
10278:
10187:
10152:
10128:
10095:
9510:
9485:
9320:
9171:
9130:
9075:
9048:
8999:
8957:
8897:
8838:
8767:
8742:
8617:
8592:
8538:
8394:
8336:
8303:
8172:
H. Robert Horton, Laurence A. Moran, K. Gray Scrimgeour, Marc D. Perry, J. David Rawn:
8150:
8125:
7975:
7950:
7926:
7901:
7833:
7639:
7614:
7440:
7415:
6841:
6815:
6763:
6410:
6385:
6157:
6130:
5322:
in oncology and neurology, where it is by far the most commonly used diagnostic agent.
5315:
5295:
5192:
5126:
4951:
4839:
3981:
3819:
3556:. It is used as an energy source in organisms, from bacteria to humans, through either
2221:. Mutarotation is considerably slower at temperatures close to 0 °C (32 °F).
2213:, the four cyclic isomers interconvert over a time scale of hours, in a process called
2202:
2088:
2003:
1911:
1756:
1685:
403:
383:
77:
57:
10763:
8653:
8279:
8260:
6525:
5386:
5061:, while the Cu tartrate complex is reduced to Cu and forms a brick red precipitate (Cu
5017:
When a glucose molecule is to be detected at a certain position in a larger molecule,
3827:, measured as the impact of carbohydrate consumption on the blood insulin levels. The
3544:
3502:
3485:
3472:
14416:
14282:
14197:
13671:
12518:
11600:
11150:
11092:
11070:
11025:
10969:
10948:
10913:
10896:
10842:
10805:
10767:
10697:
10648:
10610:
10540:
10504:
10442:
10432:
10358:
10192:
10174:
10133:
10077:
10056:
9954:
9933:
9902:
9875:
9797:
9771:
9743:
9674:
9664:
9633:
9598:
9515:
9464:
9439:
9399:
9375:
9338:
9312:
9268:
9243:
9221:
9185:
9175:
9122:
9080:
9025:
8991:
8987:
8949:
8889:
8856:
8830:
8772:
8703:
8675:
8622:
8573:
8542:
8530:
8489:
8459:
8398:
8386:
8341:
8284:
8241:
8201:
8177:
8155:
8106:
8061:
8040:
8015:
7980:
7931:
7882:
7847:
7837:
7806:
7763:
7723:
7677:
7644:
7593:
7572:
7517:
7507:
7471:
7445:
7397:
7367:
7308:
7284:
7252:
7227:
7205:
7156:
7130:
7105:
6957:
6936:
6909:
6737:
6693:
6658:
6415:
6257:
6193:
6162:
6057:
6053:
5730:
5664:
5515:
5481:
5425:
5311:
5299:
5244:
5164:
5138:
5097:
4901:
4863:
4720:
4710:
3872:
3808:
3697:. Insulin lowers the glucose level, glucagon increases it. Furthermore, the hormones
3659:
3589:
2824:
2816:
2603:
2463:
1295:
1290:
Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its
1107:
984:
10736:
10579:
10402:
10282:
9594:
9324:
9134:
9003:
8961:
8842:
8826:
8799:
8667:
7998:
Smith, Alison M., Zeeman, Samuel C., Smith, Steven M. (2005). "Starch Degradation".
7151:
Manfred Hesse, Herbert Meier, Bernd Zeeh, Stefan Bienz, Laurent Bigler, Thomas Fox:
4858:. Typical chemical reactions of glucose when heated under water-free conditions are
2897:
2686:. Excess glucose is broken down and converted into fatty acids, which are stored as
2318:), so that a balance between these isomers is formed. This reaction proceeds via an
1863:
14614:
14586:
14480:
14322:
14244:
13878:
13676:
12844:
12255:
12244:
11740:
11662:
11280:
11015:
11005:
10940:
10905:
10834:
10801:
10797:
10759:
10724:
10687:
10679:
10640:
10602:
10567:
10532:
10496:
10469:
10424:
10388:
10270:
10182:
10164:
10123:
10115:
9850:
9823:
9656:
9625:
9590:
9505:
9497:
9429:
9308:
9304:
9213:
9167:
9114:
9070:
9060:
8983:
8941:
8901:
8881:
8822:
8762:
8754:
8668:"Chapter 3: Calculation of the Energy Content of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors"
8649:
8612:
8604:
8565:
8522:
8378:
8331:
8323:
8274:
8231:
8145:
8137:
8098:
8007:
7970:
7962:
7921:
7913:
7874:
7829:
7796:
7713:
7634:
7626:
7435:
7427:
7197:
7079:
7048:
7021:
6901:
6685:
6650:
6568:
6405:
6397:
6301:
6249:
6222:
6185:
6152:
6142:
6109:
6049:
6026:
6001:
5760:
5576:
5556:
5382:
5200:
3900:
2849:
2303:
2210:
1680:
1342:
916:
906:
896:
755:
677:
132:
100:
37:
10944:
10536:
9118:
8743:"Pathway alignment: Application to the comparative analysis of glycolytic enzymes"
8674:, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003,
6905:
6689:
6654:
14598:
14463:
14385:
14093:
14072:
13986:
13293:
13239:
13219:
13110:
12582:
12084:
11289:
11259:
11254:
11210:
11183:
10979:
10838:
10428:
10324:
10238:
9896:
9869:
9162:
La Fleur SE, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A (2014). "Neuroscience of glucose homeostasis".
8608:
8526:
7997:
7966:
7097:
6789:
6615:
6083:
5980:
5957:
5934:
5911:
5888:
5865:
5842:
5710:
5695:
5634:
5614:
5345:
5110:
5058:
4695:
4550:
4010:
3989:
pancreas is exposed to persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, the
3860:
3530:
2877:
2858:
2707:
2667:
2623:
2532:
2403:
2238:
2218:
1792:
1633:
1231: – in 1792, and distinguished as being different from cane sugar (
1172:
1139:
780:
554:
473:
9660:
8569:
6189:
2847:
In other living organisms, other forms of fermentation can occur. The bacterium
2658:
is highly expressed in nerve cells. Glucose from the bloodstream is taken up by
2378:. Glucose's low rate of glycation can be attributed to its having a more stable
14549:
14473:
14468:
14426:
14390:
14185:
14160:
14052:
14042:
14010:
13873:
13843:
13661:
13575:
13516:
13502:
13469:
13280:
13077:
12834:
12811:
12791:
12422:
12406:
12289:
12226:
12175:
11844:
11802:
11566:
11487:
11427:
11409:
11318:
11225:
10683:
10421:
Glycans and Glycosaminoglycans as Clinical Biomarkers and Therapeutics - Part A
10393:
10376:
10259:"Ueber die Nachweisung des Traubenzuckers neben Dextrin und verwandten Körpern"
10119:
10096:"A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia"
9983:
8885:
8327:
7801:
7784:
7431:
6253:
5399:
Ponomarev VV, Migarskaya LB (1960), "Heats of combustion of some amino-acids",
5196:
5157:
5105:
5101:
5078:
5033:
5029:
4986:
4916:
4859:
3876:
3815:
3773:
3765:
3706:
3601:
3481:
2793:
2721:
2711:
2556:
2467:
2411:
2341:
2265:
1811:
1796:
1641:
1570:
1475:
1409:
1157:
1088:
1072:
999:
625:
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1
13778:
11698:
10728:
10571:
8236:
8219:
7917:
7718:
7630:
7501:
7025:
6572:
6333:"What is Dextrose, How is It Used, and is It Healthy? - the Nutrition Insider"
6226:
6030:
3673:, the measured values are about 10–15% higher. In addition, the values in the
2908:
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
1227:. Glucose was discovered in grapes by another German chemist –
31:
14608:
14516:
14180:
14030:
13976:
13823:
13708:
13686:
13681:
13611:
13386:
13303:
13191:
13082:
12655:
12495:
12004:
11908:
10178:
10169:
10038:
9854:
9827:
9434:
9417:
9065:
8945:
7475:
7201:
5222:
5218:
5184:
5152:
5006:
4926:
4906:
4855:
4843:
4777:
4077:
3944:
3932:
3908:
3856:
3828:
3824:
3745:), because the carbohydrates are converted more by their gut microbiota into
3726:
3722:
3682:
3655:
3628:
3624:
2893:
2724:. Glucose is also formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms of glucose like
2483:
2447:
2410:-glucose, is more readily accessible to chemical reactions, for example, for
2387:
2181:
2020:
arrangement), while "β-" means that they are on the same side of the plane (a
2006:, the designation "α-" means that the hydroxyl group attached to C-1 and the
1611:
1398:
1338:
1326:
1179:
797:
736:
10788:
Galant AL, Kaufman RC, Wilson JD (2015). "Glucose: Detection and analysis".
6401:
2241:
clockwise as seen looking toward the light source. The effect is due to the
2070:
1779:
71:
14375:
14363:
14287:
14262:
14155:
14103:
13961:
13898:
13893:
13713:
13691:
13543:
13270:
13151:
13133:
12781:
12721:
12380:
12330:
12202:
12113:
12075:
11776:
11483:
11482:
11391:
11305:
11230:
11074:
11029:
10952:
10917:
10846:
10809:
10771:
10701:
10652:
10544:
10508:
10446:
10196:
10137:
9678:
9637:
9629:
9602:
9519:
9316:
9225:
9189:
9126:
9084:
8995:
8953:
8893:
8834:
8776:
8626:
8577:
8534:
8345:
8288:
8245:
8159:
8110:
8019:
7984:
7935:
7886:
7878:
7851:
7810:
7727:
7648:
7521:
7449:
7209:
6697:
6662:
6261:
6166:
6147:
5553:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
5176:
5168:
5074:
5053:
4996:
4896:
4785:
4742:
4734:
4522:
4464:
4262:
4031:
4022:
3936:
3928:
3880:
3796:
3780:
cells, where it is absorbed and stored as glycogen (under the influence of
3710:
3670:
3651:
3632:
3581:
2789:
2757:
2687:
2671:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2451:
2214:
2121:
2079:
1815:
1606:
1420:
1298:. This understanding occurred largely as a result of the investigations of
1076:
911:
901:
891:
13461:
11137:
11039:
11010:
10614:
9443:
9238:
W. A. Scherbaum, B. M. Lobnig, In: Hans-Peter Wolff, Thomas R. Weihrauch:
8390:
8382:
6098:"Comprehensive review on functional and nutraceutical properties of honey"
6005:
3681:
blood since glucose is absorbed into the tissue during the passage of the
971:
14521:
14441:
14431:
14348:
14338:
14277:
14098:
14035:
13940:
13925:
13888:
13828:
13808:
13794:
13768:
13743:
13696:
13666:
13626:
13606:
13601:
13570:
13428:
13416:
13288:
13199:
12947:
12942:
12882:
12689:
11369:
11334:
11324:
11249:
11105:
9217:
8813:
Fairclough SH, Houston K (2004), "A metabolic measure of mental effort",
8265:
6419:
6096:
Aga MB, Sharma V, Dar AH, Dash KK, Singh A, Shams R, et al. (2023).
5448:
5338:
5180:
4966:
4876:
4781:
4715:
3976:
3956:
3924:
3884:
3804:
3761:
3753:
3730:
3650:. Blood sugar levels are regulated by glucose-binding nerve cells in the
3647:
3577:
3569:
2780:
forms are digested and taken up by the body in the intestines, including
2749:
2737:
2663:
2627:
2619:
2591:
2283:
2198:
detectable in solution, it is an essential component of the equilibrium.
2117:
1976:
1649:
1620:
1471:
1370:
1354:
1131:
1123:
11964:
10606:
9901:. Food Science and Technology (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
9874:. Food Science and Technology (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
8427:
8141:
5764:
5561:
3795:
As a result of its importance in human health, glucose is an analyte in
1874:
1836:
1726:
1700:
957:
51:
14436:
14421:
14358:
14047:
13913:
13908:
13758:
13703:
13636:
13631:
13616:
13591:
13204:
13146:
13141:
13014:
12967:
12667:
12527:
11629:
11597:
11441:
11399:
11329:
11310:
11145:
10274:
9501:
7539:
6466:
4976:
4956:
4803:
4797:
4726:
4691:
4605:
4578:
4063:
Sugar content of selected common plant foods (in grams per 100 g)
4027:
3940:
3920:
3904:
3800:
3698:
3585:
2881:
2833:
2829:
2801:
2753:
2717:
2640:
2599:
2571:
1965:
1892:
1854:
1807:
1788:
1738:
1712:
1693:
1594:
1574:
1528:
1447:
1417:
1350:
1153:
964:
705:
485:
455:
434:
13991:
10909:
10644:
10500:
9692:
8758:
8556:
Szablewski L (2013). "Expression of glucose transporters in cancers".
8102:
6212:
5700:
Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin
3654:. In addition, glucose in the brain binds to glucose receptors of the
1765:
1474:
in the US and Japan, from potato and wheat starch in Europe, and from
14495:
14490:
14380:
14368:
14343:
14302:
13930:
13853:
13848:
13800:
13738:
13596:
13563:
13526:
13362:
13358:
13313:
13227:
13209:
13176:
13161:
12982:
12905:
12867:
12326:
11436:
11417:
11220:
11178:
11155:
11134:
11123:
11083:
10473:
8792:"Blood Brain Barrier and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11)"
8513:
Annibaldi A, Widmann C (2010). "Glucose metabolism in cancer cells".
7083:
7052:
7004:
Takagi S, Jeffrey GA (1979). "1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose".
6933:
Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3: Lactose, water, salts and vitamins
4835:
4827:
4769:
4346:
3990:
3948:
3892:
3868:
3840:
3785:
3757:
3702:
3636:
3613:
3580:
per gram. Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g., starch) yields mono- and
3573:
2889:
2772:
2651:
2622:
and is stored there as a cellular glycogen. In the liver cell, it is
2611:
2540:
2439:
2371:
2242:
2047:
1657:
1637:
1459:
1440:
1346:
1294:
makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in
1200:
1188:
1142:
1096:
1092:
10309:Über alkalische Wismuthlösung als Reagens auf Traubenzucker im Harne
10258:
6500:"The difference between dextrose anhydrous and dextrose monohydrate"
6114:
6097:
5748:
4818:
2594:
side of the intestinal epithelial cells via the glucose transporter
2290:-glucose has a specific rotation angle of +112.2° mL/(dm·g), pure β-
2271:(which was so labelled because it is dextrorotatory). The fact that
998:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
14353:
13935:
13813:
13753:
13521:
13379:
13340:
13325:
13298:
13247:
13181:
13054:
13049:
13034:
13019:
12935:
12930:
12750:
12745:
12475:
12371:
12300:
11550:
11299:
11266:
11241:
11206:
11201:
11160:
9166:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 126. pp. 341–351.
5142:
4015:
3985:
3972:
3916:
3912:
3734:
3694:
3690:
2785:
2729:
2725:
2683:
2675:
2615:
2459:
2390:(with the exception of the hydroxy group on the anomeric carbon of
2311:
2254:
1953:
1949:
1795:) unbranched backbone of six carbon atoms, where C-1 is part of an
1759:(2) Haworth projection (3) chair conformation (4) Mills projection
1653:
1629:
1586:
1463:
1435:-glucose, also known as dextrose, occurs widely in nature, but the
1374:
1291:
1149:
1127:
1111:
1058:
930:
515:
9894:
9867:
8261:"Glucose and gluconic acid oxidation of Pseudomonas saccharophila"
7902:"Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1, SGLT2, and GLUT2"
7828:. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 66. pp. 173–240.
7826:
Cellular regulation of glucose uptake by glucose transporter GLUT4
5653:
5651:
3875:. Among them, all other monosaccharides such as fructose (via the
344:
332:
14500:
14411:
14057:
14025:
13956:
13883:
13833:
13773:
13748:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13421:
13401:
13344:
13334:
13330:
13308:
13171:
13166:
13156:
13066:
13029:
13024:
13002:
12977:
12894:
12872:
12856:
12190:
12019:
11620:
11555:
11521:
11346:
11193:
10094:
Datan E, Minn I, Peng X, He QL, Ahn H, Yu B, et al. (2020).
8796:
Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences
8361:
5188:
4757:
4730:
4149:
3896:
3844:
3781:
3686:
3597:
3553:
2841:
2583:
2567:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2367:
2319:
2307:
1455:
1451:
1378:
1366:
1232:
1119:
1115:
726:
541:
5036:
reporter enzyme conjugate, which binds only glucose or mannose.
14458:
14446:
13918:
13863:
13536:
13411:
13406:
13396:
13373:
13350:
13318:
13105:
13100:
13044:
13007:
12992:
12972:
12959:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12823:
12776:
12766:
12740:
12735:
12677:
12535:
12276:
11432:
10749:
9655:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 581. pp. 61–77.
7038:
5648:
5339:
Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996) | 2-Carb-2
5240:
5085:
5026:
4851:
4831:
4822:
Relative sweetness of various sugars in comparison with sucrose
4765:
4761:
4688:
4436:
4177:
3848:
3777:
3738:
3674:
2900:
glucose for subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis.
2781:
2777:
2691:
2679:
2607:
2512:
2479:
2443:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2206:
2127:
In the solid state, only the glucopyranose forms are observed.
2105:-glucose similarly gives rise to four distinct cyclic forms of
2058:
1919:
1803:
1645:
1590:
1581:(acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form—due to the presence of
1467:
1428:
1405:
1394:
1311:
1220:
1080:
1064:
1052:
414:
9571:
6590:"What is the difference between anhydrous glucose and glucose"
6076:
3891:. Glucose is used in some bacteria as a building block in the
13903:
13838:
13728:
13653:
13492:
12997:
12800:
8854:
8672:
Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors
7066:
Chandran SK, Nangia A (2006). "Modulated crystal structure (Z
4847:
4753:
4749:
4699:
4637:
4493:
4290:
4234:
4205:
4121:
4021:
Individuals with diabetes or other conditions that result in
3975:
is a metabolic disorder where the body is unable to regulate
3852:
3769:
3742:
3737:, the blood glucose concentration is lower (60 mg/dL in
3620:
3609:
3526:
3514:
2695:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2595:
2475:
2435:
2363:
1984:
1980:
1624:
1483:
1244:
1194:
1182:
1084:
1044:
565:
394:
317:
141:
112:
10930:
8080:
7615:"Glucose transporters: Physiological and pathological roles"
7420:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
7251:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
6896:
Schenck FW (2006). "Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups".
5228:
5039:
4042:
2892:
group prevents glucose 6-phosphate from easily crossing the
2374:—impairs or destroys the function of many proteins, e.g. in
2282:
The conversion between the two anomers can be observed in a
1956:
forms exist in negligible amounts. The terms "glucose" and "
12571:
12492:(Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa)
6640:
4773:
4738:
4407:
4374:
4318:
3678:
3640:
3500:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
2896:. Furthermore, addition of the high-energy phosphate group
2643:, whereupon glucose can no longer diffuse out of the cell.
2499:
2495:
1466:, etc. Dextrose is commonly commercially manufactured from
1207:
506:
147:
118:
12123:
10231:Über ammon-alkalische Silberlösung als Reagens auf Aldehyd
9650:
8740:
5360:
5358:
3788:, glucose is used to power reactions that synthesize some
2402:-aldohexose that has all five hydroxy substituents in the
2014:
group at C-5 lies on opposite sides of the ring's plane (a
1952:
forms. The open-chain form is limited to about 0.25%, and
13971:
8741:
Dandekar T, Schuster S, Snel B, Huynen M, Bork P (1999).
7070:= 2) of α-d-glucofuranose-1,2:3,5-bis(p-tolyl)boronate".
5547:
3789:
3631:, psychological processes requiring mental effort (e.g.,
1783:
Glucose can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.
1239:
in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature.
135:
106:
12603:(von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency)
12448:(Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
12288:
10972:
Anlagen zum Positionspapier der Fachgruppe Nuklearchemie
9374:. 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011,
8515:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
6182:
Therapeutic Applications of Honey and its Phytochemicals
5565:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
5084:
to the sample solution, glucose reduces Ag to elemental
3619:
Glucose and oxygen supply almost all the energy for the
1365:
Glucose forms white or colorless solids that are highly
1110:, glucose is the most important source of energy in all
1095:—the most abundant carbohydrate in the world—for use in
10822:
10151:
Goodwin ML, Gladden LB, Nijsten MW (3 September 2020).
9455:
9453:
8558:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
7754:
7752:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7563:
7561:
7506:(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press.
7499:
7358:
7356:
7354:
5355:
5225:
determination in the course of the production of wine.
3867:
for the synthesis of other important molecules such as
2030:-glucose gives rise to four distinct cyclic isomers: α-
1975:
The reaction between C-1 and C-5 yields a six-membered
1479:
1169:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
745:-Glucose: 146 °C (295 °F; 419 K) β-
10631:
Borisov SM, Wolfbeis OS (2008). "Optical biosensors".
10592:
10459:
9561:– via Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
9203:
9161:
5310:
Glucose uptake in cells of organisms is measured with
3931:. Finally, glucose is used as a building block in the
3616:
that would otherwise have to be generated indirectly.
2245:
of the molecules, and indeed the mirror-image isomer,
1936:
In solutions, the open-chain form of glucose (either "
1791:
form, the glucose molecule has an open (as opposed to
14570:
10487:
Wang J (2008). "Electrochemical glucose biosensors".
10150:
8590:
4059:
plants in China, and straws from rice in California.
2434:, which are components of the cell wall in plants or
2109:-glucose, each the mirror image of the corresponding
150:
144:
121:
115:
12672:
Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (
10893:
10008:. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 November 2014.
9450:
9339:"Diagnosing Diabetes and Learning About Prediabetes"
8050:
7749:
7655:
7558:
7351:
7283:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
7041:
Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions
6616:"Anhydrous vs. Monohydrate - What's the Difference?"
6550:
3843:, and glycogen ("animal starch") are common glucose
2486:
and is essential for the function of many proteins.
1337:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with
138:
109:
10787:
9895:BeMiller, James N., Whistler, Roy L., eds. (2009).
9390:
9388:
9046:
8973:
7899:
7153:
Spektroskopische Methoden in der organischen Chemie
6128:
5520:
Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online
5398:
5044:These reactions have only historical significance:
4776:are all used in various parts of the world. In the
2482:-regulated addition of sugars to protein is called
2474:) are probably due to the glycation of proteins or
2316:
Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda–Van Ekenstein transformation
1360:
1268:-nomenclature) was later abandoned in favor of the
494:
103:
10861:Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
10418:
10053:Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use
9138:
8921:
8727:, 30. Auflage. Springer Verlag, 2007, p. 907
8176:. Pearson Studium; 4. aktualisierte Auflage 2008;
5449:"NCATS Inxight Drugs — DEXTROSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM"
5195:solution turns the solution blue. A solution with
12547:(Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)
12397:(Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency)
10557:
10006:"High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers"
9813:
9685:
8812:
7948:
6215:Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
6179:
5859:"Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5749:"On Fischer's Classification of Stereo-Isomers.1"
3604:and water, yielding energy mostly in the form of
2832:). With a high supply of glucose, the metabolite
2694:, glucose in the urine is absorbed via SGLT1 and
2566:. In the small intestine (more precisely, in the
2430:are energy reserve substances, and cellulose and
362:
14606:
12454:(McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency)
11596:
10522:
9415:
9385:
8639:
8512:
8295:
7699:"GLUT2, glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis"
7540:"Showing Compound D-Glucose (FDB012530) - FooDB"
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
6952:Benjamin Caballero, Paul Finglas, Fidel Toldrá:
6095:
5480:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 1.
5250:
5211:
4748:Many crops can be used as the source of starch.
4687:Glucose is produced industrially from starch by
3760:, which is then utilized as an energy source by
3677:blood are higher than the concentrations in the
1597:ring structure commonly found in carbohydrates.
1130:. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as
749:-Glucose: 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K)
553:
12442:(Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency)
10991:
10665:
10630:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10333:
10093:
10076:. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013,
9740:Food Processing Technology. Woodhead Publishing
8258:
7612:
6359:"Dextrose vs. Glucose: Are These Sugars Equal?"
6016:
5417:
5318:. (F)fluorodeoxyglucose is used as a tracer in
5282:Glucose can be quantified by copper iodometry.
3764:; some glucose is used by intestinal cells and
3388:
2926:
2026:arrangement). Therefore, the open-chain isomer
1325:For the discovery of the metabolism of glucose
946:
298:
291:
10244:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
9768:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
9758:
9756:
9486:"Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis"
9461:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
9366:
9364:
8485:Medical Biochemistry at a Glance @Google books
8455:Medical Biochemistry at a Glance @Google books
8058:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7955:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
7760:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7674:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7569:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7364:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7124:
7065:
6946:
6898:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5418:Domb AJ, Kost J, Wiseman D (4 February 1998).
5259:
5206:
1802:. Therefore, glucose is also classified as an
1401:of 12.16 at 25 °C (77 °F) in water.
14630:World Health Organization essential medicines
13477:
12705:
12152:
11582:
11468:
11055:
10714:
10203:
9483:
8031:
8029:
7377:
7003:
6383:
6043:
5729:Springer Science & Business Media, 2012,
5364:
3494:
1600:
1171:. It is also on the list in combination with
1134:. The naturally occurring form of glucose is
189:PINs are not identified for natural products.
12624:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
10414:
10412:
10330:
10247:(1882), volume 15, p. 1635–1639 (in German).
10219:(1848), volume 7, p. 64–73 (in German).
9982:, Corvallis, OR. 23 May 2012. Archived from
9615:
9284:
9042:
9040:
9038:
8301:
6975:"16.4: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides"
6675:
6242:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
6239:
5605:Thénard, Gay-Lussac, Biot, and Dumas (1838)
1544:Anhydrous dextrose has the chemical formula
1103:(ATP), which is used by the cell as energy.
14298:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
13491:
12640:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency
11069:
10853:
10626:
10624:
10315:. Volume 8, Issue 3, 1884, p. 175–185
10211:Quantitative Bestimmung des Zuckers im Harn
9868:James N. BeMiller, Roy L. Whistler (2009).
9753:
9734:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9361:
8593:"Glucose transporters in cancer metabolism"
8037:Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Resistance.
7179:
7155:. 8th revised Edition. Georg Thieme, 2011,
6302:"Dextrose: Why is it in food and medicine?"
5905:"Bernardo Houssay - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5411:
5125:As a reducing sugar, glucose reacts in the
2570:), glucose is taken up into the intestinal
2306:or other dilute bases, the monosaccharides
2130:Some derivatives of glucofuranose, such as
1247:
1211:is a chemical classifier denoting a sugar.
13484:
13470:
12719:
12712:
12698:
12159:
12145:
11589:
11575:
11475:
11461:
11062:
11048:
10783:
10781:
10672:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
9788:
9786:
9784:
9422:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
9096:
9094:
8555:
8488:, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, p. 50,
8458:, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, p. 52,
8026:
7782:
7582:
7329:"Chemistry for Biologists: Photosynthesis"
7242:
7240:
7216:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7104:(2nd ed.), Brooks/Cole, p. 866,
6891:
6889:
6712:"Diabetes & Prediabetes Tests - NIDDK"
6377:
5285:
4005:
2836:from the Krebs cycle can also be used for
2344:and some biochemical reactions of glucose
2325:
2237:, meaning it will rotate the direction of
1404:With six carbon atoms, it is classed as a
1381:. They melt at 146 °C (295 °F) (
442:
12572:Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency
11019:
11009:
10691:
10409:
10392:
10186:
10168:
10127:
10074:Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry
9943:
9794:Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes.
9509:
9433:
9298:
9100:
9074:
9064:
9047:Koekkoek LL, Mul JD, La Fleur SE (2017).
9035:
9016:
9014:
9012:
8935:
8875:
8766:
8616:
8591:Adekola K, Rosen ST, Shanmugam M (2012).
8335:
8302:Ammar EM, Wang X, Rao CV (January 2018).
8278:
8235:
8149:
7974:
7925:
7800:
7717:
7638:
7439:
7413:
6459:
6409:
6156:
6146:
6135:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
6113:
5560:
5543:
5541:
5229:Photometric enzymatic methods in solution
5040:Classical qualitative detection reactions
4791:
2332:
1302:, a German chemist who received the 1902
1256:-fructose) (a ketohexose) and l-glucose (
596:
589:
12241:Inborn errors of renal tubular transport
10621:
10250:
10045:
9998:
9715:
8692:
8012:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144257
7864:
7323:
7321:
7278:
7147:
7145:
7059:
7032:
6997:
6678:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
6386:"Letter: Glucose is dextrose is glucose"
6129:Bobiş O, Dezmirean DS, Moise AR (2018).
5990:
5882:"Arthur Harden - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5836:"Otto Meyerhof - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5753:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5746:
5740:
5268:
4817:
4682:
4041:
4009:
3725:, values below 40 mg/dL are termed
3543:
2771:
2590:(SGLT1). Further transfer occurs on the
2180:
1778:
1763:
1691:
1610:
1494:same molecule, specifically D-glucose.
1114:. Glucose for metabolism is stored as a
653:-glucopyranose: C(1((((O1)O)O)O)O)O
243:)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
10778:
10374:
10256:
9834:
9807:
9792:The Amylase Research Society of Japan:
9781:
9257:
9091:
8200:Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2013,
8192:
8190:
7696:
7470:, American Diabetes Association, 2010,
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7246:
7237:
7166:
7096:
6895:
6886:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
5817:Fraser-Reid B, "van't Hoff's Glucose",
5816:
5719:
5443:
5441:
5019:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2458:Many of the long-term complications of
1944:-") exists in equilibrium with several
1577:. The glucose molecule can exist in an
1446:, does not. Glucose can be obtained by
1071:. Glucose is overall the most abundant
761:909 g/L (25 °C (77 °F))
531:
14607:
10153:"Lactate-Protected Hypoglycemia (LPH)"
9840:
9370:Richard A. Harvey, Denise R. Ferrier:
9049:"Glucose-Sensing in the Reward System"
9009:
8357:
8355:
8220:"Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism"
8166:
8083:Environmental Science & Technology
7949:Poulsen SB, Fenton RA, Rieg T (2015).
7823:
6643:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
6365:from the original on 29 September 2023
6327:
6325:
6323:
6044:Yebra-Biurrun M (2005), "Sweeteners",
5974:"Luis Leloir - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5677:from the original on 23 February 2018.
5645:(1) ... (1) γλευχος, must, sweet wine.
5538:
5473:
5292:high performance liquid chromatography
3907:produce all nonessential amino acids,
2767:
1619:Glucose is present in solid form as a
1523:. Dextrose monohydrate is also called
1099:, and by all living organisms to make
874:2,805 kJ/mol (670 kcal/mol)
13465:
12693:
12140:
11570:
11456:
11043:
10959:
10875:from the original on 9 September 2018
10313:Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie
10066:
9484:Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W (2016).
9416:Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P (1997).
9287:British Journal of Biomedical Science
8502:from the original on 23 February 2018
8472:from the original on 23 February 2018
8217:
7900:Ghezzi C, Loo DDF, Wright EM (2018).
7528:from the original on 6 December 2016.
7493:
7318:
7142:
6927:
6925:
6874:from the original on 21 December 2023
6860:
6796:from the original on 15 December 2023
6718:from the original on 16 December 2023
6584:
6582:
6339:from the original on 14 February 2024
6308:from the original on 13 February 2024
5951:"Gerty Cori - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5799:from the original on 3 September 2009
5771:from the original on 17 December 2019
5727:Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry.
5663:. Academic Press. 2015. p. 239.
5587:from the original on 26 November 2016
5555:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
5455:from the original on 11 December 2023
4862:and, in presence of amino acids, the
3471:|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
1810:. The aldehyde group makes glucose a
1450:of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (
1331:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1243:proposed the term dextrose (from the
662:-glucopyranose: OC1OC(O)(O)(O)1O
628:Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N
422:
402:
12551:Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
12498:(LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb)
10486:
10012:from the original on 25 January 2018
9703:from the original on 3 December 2019
9553:from the original on 30 January 2017
8434:from the original on 5 December 2023
8187:
8126:"Liver glucose metabolism in humans"
7737:from the original on 2 December 2023
7546:from the original on 6 December 2022
7265:
6744:from the original on 2 December 2023
6518:
6485:
6426:
5928:"Carl Cori - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5438:
5401:Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)
3584:, most of which is glucose. Through
2756:, while consuming energy. The renal
2582:mechanism called sodium ion-glucose
2383:
2229:Whether in water or the solid form,
1814:giving a positive reaction with the
915:
905:
895:
12565:Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency
12466:(PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV)
10216:Archiv für physiologische Heilkunde
8911:from the original on 18 August 2017
8352:
7532:
6320:
5305:
5298:are often used in combination with
5277:
5203:destains when boiled with glucose.
4813:
3951:and other substances (catalyzed by
3733:of blood glucose concentration. In
3646:The glucose in the blood is called
2618:. Glucose enters the liver via the
2224:
544:
514:
13:
12596:Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency
12568:Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
10666:Ferri S, Kojima K, Sode K (2011).
10263:Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie
9398:. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014,
9240:Internistische Therapie 2006, 2007
9172:10.1016/B978-0-444-53480-4.00026-6
8039:Bentham Science Publishers, 2011,
7834:10.1016/B978-0-12-801401-1.00006-2
7339:from the original on 4 August 2016
6985:from the original on 17 April 2023
6922:
6848:from the original on 18 March 2024
6822:from the original on 18 March 2024
6770:from the original on 18 March 2024
6622:from the original on 18 March 2024
6596:from the original on 18 March 2024
6579:
6532:from the original on 18 March 2024
6506:from the original on 18 March 2024
6473:from the original on 24 March 2023
6046:Encyclopedia of Analytical Science
5421:Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers
5163:. Glucose forms a black mass with
5120:
3955:) and can be cleaved from them by
3903:to fructose. In addition, glucose
3588:and later in the reactions of the
3384:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2922:
2349:
2052:
1774:
942:
14:
14656:
14407:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
13503:List of sugars and sugar products
12460:(phosphorylase kinase deficiency)
10863:in Golm Database (19 July 2007).
10289:from the original on 29 July 2020
9349:from the original on 28 July 2017
8408:from the original on 6 March 2017
6441:"Prakash Chemicals International"
5501:
3666:do not lower blood sugar levels.
3623:, so its availability influences
3503:"GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"
2379:
1385:) and 150 °C (302 °F) (
1235:). Glucose is the term coined by
1178:The name glucose is derived from
16:Naturally produced monosaccharide
14592:
14580:
14555:
14554:
14545:
14544:
13446:
13445:
12490:Glycogen storage disease type II
12122:
12099:
12074:
12039:
12003:
11980:
11963:
11932:
11907:
11873:
11843:
11820:
11801:
11775:
11758:
11739:
11722:
11697:
11680:
11661:
11644:
11619:
10985:
10924:
10887:
10816:
10743:
10708:
10659:
10586:
10551:
10516:
10480:
10453:
10368:
10301:
10222:
10144:
10087:
10024:
9964:
9922:
9898:Starch: Chemistry and Technology
9888:
9871:Starch: Chemistry and Technology
9861:
9770:, 7th Edition, Wiley-VCH, 2011.
9644:
9609:
9565:
9535:
9526:
9477:
9409:
9331:
9278:
9242:. 16th Edition. Elsevier, 2006,
9232:
9197:
9155:
9022:Glucose Metabolism in the Brain.
8988:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x
8967:
8915:
8848:
8806:
8789:
8783:
8734:
8717:
8688:from the original on 24 May 2010
8660:
8633:
8584:
8549:
8506:
8476:
7613:Navale AM, Paranjape AN (2016).
7396:Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014,
7006:Acta Crystallographica Section B
6467:"API | glucose monohydrate"
6447:from the original on 6 June 2023
6282:from the original on 29 May 2022
5987:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5964:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5941:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5918:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5895:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5872:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5849:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5526:from the original on 25 May 2022
4669:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
3552:Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in
3539:
3484:Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
2857:. With Glucose, a mechanism for
2297:
2078:
2069:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1764:
1737:
1725:
1711:
1699:
1692:
1361:Chemical and physical properties
1219:Glucose was first isolated from
1006:
868:Heat of combustion, higher value
689:
219:)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal
131:
99:
70:
50:
30:
12591:Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
12401:Adult polyglucosan body disease
12236:Glucose-galactose malabsorption
10966:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
10381:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
10357:. John Wiley & Sons, 2012,
10055:. John Wiley & Sons, 2017,
9932:(1999). "Mizuame", p. 510
9595:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.012
9543:"Carbohydrates and Blood Sugar"
9164:Diabetes and the Nervous System
8827:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.10.001
8446:
8420:
8252:
8211:
8117:
8074:
7991:
7942:
7893:
7858:
7817:
7785:"The GLUT4 glucose transporter"
7776:
7690:
7606:
7456:
7407:
7297:
7118:
7090:
6967:
6954:Encyclopedia of Food and Health
6834:
6808:
6782:
6756:
6730:
6704:
6669:
6634:
6608:
6544:
6351:
6294:
6268:
6233:
6206:
6173:
6122:
6089:
6069:
6037:
6010:
5967:
5944:
5921:
5898:
5875:
5852:
5829:
5810:
5783:
5681:
5660:Encyclopedia of Food and Health
5599:
5091:
5077:, after addition of ammoniacal
5068:
5047:
2701:
2634:, which cannot leave the cell.
2503:happens in part already during
2279:-aldohexoses are levorotatory.
2176:
1821:
1416:-Glucose is one of the sixteen
1002:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
12391:(glycogen synthase deficiency)
10992:Maschauer S, Prante O (2014).
10802:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.071
9309:10.1080/09674845.2012.12002443
8259:Entner N, Doudoroff M (1952).
7307:, Worth Publishers Inc. 1972,
6054:10.1016/b0-12-369397-7/00610-5
6048:, Elsevier, pp. 562–572,
5569:
5467:
5392:
5332:
5132:
3977:levels of glucose in the blood
2588:sodium/glucose cotransporter 1
1223:in 1747 by the German chemist
695:
683:
1:
12464:Phosphoglucomutase deficiency
10998:BioMed Research International
10945:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.052
10764:10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00073-1
10752:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
10537:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.023
9343:American Diabetes Association
9119:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.016
8702:John Wiley & Sons, 2012,
8654:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00046-3
8280:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52415-2
7125:Juaristi E, Cuevas G (1995),
6906:10.1002/14356007.a12_457.pub2
6690:10.1080/03639045.2017.1414231
6655:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.042
6553:Russian Agricultural Sciences
6384:Baron DN, McIntyre N (1976).
5577:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
5387:10.1016/S0021-9614(05)80128-4
5325:
5251:Photometric test-strip method
5212:Refractometry and polarimetry
3768:, while the rest reaches the
3752:Some glucose is converted to
2602:, kidney cells, cells of the
2564:major facilitator superfamily
1926:-glucopyranose (top row) and
12674:AMP-activated protein kinase
10839:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.095
10429:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.01.004
9974:. Learning, Food Resources.
9951:The Oxford Companion to Food
9618:Chemistry & Biodiversity
8924:Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev.
8609:10.1097/CCO.0b013e328356da72
8527:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833a5577
7967:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000152
7951:"Sodium-glucose cotransport"
7129:, CRC Press, pp. 9–10,
6935:, Springer, 1992. Volume 3,
6000:, volume 10, pages 502–515.
5320:positron emission tomography
5187:during boiling. An alkaline
4745:contains about 20% glucose.
3962:
3834:
2682:is expressed exclusively in
2418:formation. For this reason,
2101:The other open-chain isomer
2091:of α- (left) and β- (right)
1918:structures of the α- and β-
1736:
1724:
1710:
1698:
1662:glass transition temperature
1308:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
1201:
1189:
1079:. Glucose is mainly made by
7:
11530:Uridine diphosphate glucose
10826:Journal of Chromatography A
9661:10.1007/978-1-60761-214-8_5
8597:Current Opinion in Oncology
8570:10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.004
6764:"D-(+)-glucose monohydrate"
6190:10.1007/978-981-15-7305-7_9
6077:http://www.encyclopedia.com
5260:Amperometric glucose sensor
5207:Instrumental quantification
5012:
3967:
3639:occurs below 1 mM and
1930:-glucofuranose (bottom row)
1152:group, and is therefore an
10:
14661:
14293:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
14273:Demerara rebellion of 1823
14253:1811 German Coast uprising
13859:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
12636:(Transketolase deficiency)
12556:Pyruvate kinase deficiency
11854:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
11835:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
11796:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
11770:Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
10684:10.1177/193229681100500507
10394:10.1177/000456326900600108
10365:, p. 102 (in German).
10120:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536
10033:Mexican Coke a hit in U.S.
9101:Tucker RM, Tan SY (2017).
8886:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325
8328:10.1038/s41598-017-18704-0
7802:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.006
7783:Huang S, Czech MP (2007).
7503:Essentials of Glycobiology
7432:10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008
7305:Biochemistry, 6th printing
6254:10.1016/j.jada.2006.05.003
5424:. CRC Press. p. 275.
5235:Glucose oxidation reaction
5232:
5136:
5100:, a solution of dissolved
4872:Clostridium thermoaceticum
4795:
4037:
2799:
2760:can also produce glucose.
2720:, glucose is a product of
2705:
2580:secondary active transport
2406:position in the form of β-
2203:thermodynamically unstable
1604:
1601:Structure and nomenclature
1214:
1195:
1183:
1165:intravenous sugar solution
14540:
14509:
14399:
14331:
14243:
14213:
14081:
14018:
14009:
13949:
13787:
13652:
13645:
13584:
13509:
13500:
13441:
13279:
13236:
13218:
13190:
13132:
13125:
13093:
13065:
12958:
12893:
12855:
12822:
12799:
12790:
12759:
12728:
12648:
12616:Pentose phosphate pathway
12614:
12581:
12526:
12513:
12473:
12430:
12421:
12379:
12366:
12324:
12298:
12275:
12225:
12201:
12189:
12182:glycogen storage diseases
11734:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
11607:
11543:
11520:
11497:
11408:
11390:
11368:
11345:
11288:
11279:
11239:
11226:Methylthioninium chloride
11192:
11171:Liver functional capacity
11169:
11133:
11114:
11091:
11082:
10729:10.1007/s00604-008-0947-8
10572:10.1007/s00604-009-0260-1
10462:Analytical Communications
10323:23 September 2015 at the
10157:Frontiers in Neuroscience
9267:. Springer-Verlag, 2013,
9107:Physiology & Behavior
9053:Frontiers in Neuroscience
8237:10.1007/s00125-016-3940-5
8198:Strickberger's Evolution.
7918:10.1007/s00125-018-4656-5
7719:10.1007/s00125-014-3451-1
7631:10.1007/s12551-015-0186-2
7026:10.1107/S0567740879006968
6956:. Academic Press (2016).
6573:10.3103/S1068367420010048
6227:10.1007/s12349-009-0051-6
6031:10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.046
5549:World Health Organization
4962:Lactobacillus delbrueckii
4631:
4401:
4115:
4014:Glucose, 5% solution for
3594:oxidative phosphorylation
2813:oxidative decarboxylation
2806:Pentose phosphate pathway
2489:
1750:
1684:
1671:Forms and projections of
1670:
1454:), cane sugar (sucrose),
996:
924:
878:
790:
670:
637:
612:
275:
256:
195:
183:
161:
89:
69:
49:
29:
13719:High-fructose corn syrup
12772:Cyclohexane conformation
12629:Transaldolase deficiency
10869:Golm Metabolome Database
10237:19 February 2022 at the
10170:10.3389/fnins.2020.00920
9930:Oxford Companion to Food
9855:10.1002/star.19820341005
9828:10.1002/star.19730250906
9206:Comprehensive Physiology
9066:10.3389/fnins.2017.00716
8946:10.1177/1088868307303030
8725:Physiologie des Menschen
7279:Voet D, Voet JG (2011).
7202:10.1126/science.12192669
5887:3 September 2018 at the
5864:3 September 2018 at the
5002:Gluconobacter suboxydans
4982:Propionibacter shermanii
4942:Gluconobacter suboxydans
4808:high-fructose corn syrup
3999:Blood glucose monitoring
3799:that are common medical
2855:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
2646:The glucose transporter
2511:, which is contained in
1533:high-fructose corn syrup
1304:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
14268:Colonial molasses trade
13724:High-maltose corn syrup
13265:Isomaltooligosaccharide
12414:(glycogenin deficiency)
12262:Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
12172:carbohydrate metabolism
11974:Phosphoglycerate mutase
11918:Phosphoglycerate kinase
11899:1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
11491:metabolic intermediates
10970:wayback=20100331071121
10865:"Glucose mass spectrum"
9980:Oregon State University
9463:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
8747:The Biochemical Journal
8060:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7762:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7676:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7592:Springer-Verlag, 2013,
7590:Medizinische Biochemie.
7571:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7416:"Four grams of glucose"
7374:, p. 195. (German)
7366:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7234:, p. 531. (German)
7226:Springer-Verlag, 2017,
6402:10.1136/bmj.2.6026.41-c
6390:British Medical Journal
5709:27 October 2014 at the
5633:6 December 2015 at the
5613:6 December 2015 at the
5286:Chromatographic methods
4932:Pseudomonas fluorescens
4834:and to create a softer
4006:Hypoglycemia management
3991:insulin-producing cells
3747:short-chain fatty acids
2205:, and it spontaneously
2201:The open-chain form is
1829:Cyclic forms of glucose
1675:-glucose in comparison
1615:Mutarotation of glucose
1408:, a subcategory of the
1241:Friedrich August Kekulé
768:Magnetic susceptibility
166:Allowed trivial names:
14528:Pure, White and Deadly
14308:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
14214:By region (historical)
13259:Galactooligosaccharide
12251:Fructose malabsorption
11370:Fertility disturbances
11216:Cation exchange resins
9630:10.1002/cbdv.201300155
9435:10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1264
9265:Medizinische Biochemie
9024:Academic Press, 2002,
8864:J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.
8184:; p. 490–496. (German)
7879:10.1006/geno.2002.7010
6738:"Dextrose Monohydrate"
5344:27 August 2023 at the
5147:Upon heating a dilute
5005:for the production of
4995:for the production of
4992:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4985:for the production of
4975:for the production of
4965:for the production of
4955:for the production of
4945:for the production of
4935:for the production of
4925:for the production of
4905:for the production of
4895:for the production of
4885:for the production of
4823:
4792:Conversion to fructose
4705:Bacillus licheniformis
4055:in Rome, the roots of
4047:
4018:
3719:glucose autoregulation
3606:adenosine triphosphate
3549:
3465:
3003:
2797:
2630:at position 6 to form
2598:, as well uptake into
2354:
2333:Biochemical properties
2190:
2062:
2042:-glucofuranose, and β-
1784:
1755:-Glucopyranose in (1)
1616:
1573:, and is therefore an
1561:glucose tolerance test
1373:but poorly soluble in
1335:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1248:
1205:) 'sweet'. The suffix
1118:, in plants mainly as
1101:adenosine triphosphate
953:
774:−101.5×10 cm/mol
14318:Taiwan Sugar Railways
14258:Amelioration Act 1798
13253:Fructooligosaccharide
12661:Primary hyperoxaluria
12561:Aldolase A deficiency
12311:Essential fructosuria
12178:metabolism disorders
11750:Fructose-bisphosphate
11708:Phosphofructokinase-1
11442:Phenolsulfonphthalein
10978:31 March 2010 at the
8383:10.2337/diab.45.7.915
8000:Annu. Rev. Plant Biol
7414:Wasserman DH (2009).
7303:Albert L. Lehninger,
6082:26 April 2009 at the
6006:10.3390/catal10050502
5269:Other sensory methods
5221:, for example in the
5023:X-ray crystallography
4821:
4683:Commercial production
4045:
4013:
3741:and 40 mg/dL in
3664:Artificial sweeteners
3562:anaerobic respiration
3547:
3464:
3002:
2867:catabolite repression
2775:
2636:Glucose 6-phosphatase
2472:peripheral neuropathy
2394:-glucose) are in the
2353:
2340:Metabolism of common
2184:
2056:
1962:nucleophilic addition
1782:
1614:
1193:) 'wine, must', from
952:
834:209.2 J/(K·mol)
810:218.6 J/(K·mol)
343:-glucopyranose:
331:-glucopyranose:
197:Systematic IUPAC name
13997:Unrefined sweeteners
13819:Crystalline fructose
13734:Inverted sugar syrup
12316:Fructose intolerance
12212:Congenital alactasia
11692:Fructose 6-phosphate
11535:Uridine triphosphate
10595:Analytical Chemistry
9976:food.oregonstate.edu
9953:. OUP Oxford, 2014,
9547:The Nutrition Source
9218:10.1002/cphy.c140009
8802:on 17 November 2016.
7684:, p. 199, 200.
7163:, p. 34 (in German).
6979:Chemistry LibreTexts
6868:"Glucose (Dextrose)"
6526:"Dextrose anhydrous"
6502:. 28 December 2022.
6184:. pp. 195–217.
6148:10.1155/2018/4757893
5979:15 July 2018 at the
5956:15 July 2018 at the
5933:15 July 2018 at the
5910:15 July 2018 at the
5841:15 July 2018 at the
5795:, Nobel Foundation,
5747:Rosanoff MA (1906).
5694:24 June 2016 at the
4972:Lactobacillus brevis
3953:glycosyltransferases
3855:in a process called
3820:area under the curve
2838:fatty acid synthesis
2604:islets of Langerhans
2576:glucose transporters
2314:interconvert (via a
1910:From left to right:
1498:Dextrose monohydrate
1229:Johann Tobias Lowitz
1138:-glucose, while its
1126:, and in animals as
935:(fire diamond)
185:Preferred IUPAC name
14082:By region (current)
13982:Sugar confectionery
12217:Sucrose intolerance
12066:Phosphoenolpyruvate
11672:Glucose-6-phosphate
11656:Glucose 6-phosphate
11512:Glucose 1-phosphate
11507:Glucose 6-phosphate
11242:pancreatic function
11221:Histamine phosphate
11184:Sulfobromophthalein
11011:10.1155/2014/214748
10607:10.1021/ac00087a008
10112:2020iSci...23j1536D
9587:2019PChem.158...91V
9496:(3, March): e219–.
9459:Peter C. Heinrich:
9250:, p. 927, 985
8320:2018NatSR...8..609A
8142:10.1042/BSR20160385
8095:2007EnST...41.3115W
8056:Peter C. Heinrich:
8035:Leszek Szablewski:
7758:Peter C. Heinrich:
7672:Peter C. Heinrich:
7619:Biophysical Reviews
7567:Peter C. Heinrich:
7362:Peter C. Heinrich:
7247:Garrett RH (2013).
7194:1981Sci...213..222B
7127:The Anomeric Effect
7018:1979AcCrB..35.1522T
6565:2020RuAgS..46...90K
6335:. 27 October 2023.
6025:(49): 11175–11190.
5765:10.1021/ja01967a014
5379:1991JChTh..23..403B
5367:J. Chem. Thermodyn.
5149:potassium hydroxide
4947:5-ketogluconic acid
4937:2-ketogluconic acid
4922:Aspergillus terreus
4882:Penicillium notatum
4840:alcoholic beverages
4064:
4046:a source of glucose
3889:glucono-1,5-lactone
3715:adrenocorticotropin
3612:as a reductant for
3600:to eventually form
3558:aerobic respiration
2886:glucose 6-phosphate
2869:(formerly known as
2768:Glucose degradation
2746:glucose-6-phosphate
2716:In plants and some
2632:glucose 6-phosphate
2549:mucopolysaccharides
2396:equatorial position
2376:glycated hemoglobin
2089:Chair conformations
1912:Haworth projections
1237:Jean Baptiste Dumas
1075:, a subcategory of
756:Solubility in water
713: g/mol
384:Beilstein Reference
26:
14620:Chemical pathology
14486:Sweetened beverage
14313:Sugar Intervention
14221:Danish West Indies
14203:U.S. Sugar Program
13962:Cotton candy floss
13869:Plantation Reserve
13764:Steen's cane syrup
12264:(GLUT2 deficiency)
12258:(GLUT1 deficiency)
12121:
12112:
12073:
12064:
12002:
11995:2-Phosphoglycerate
11993:
11962:
11955:3-Phosphoglycerate
11953:
11906:
11897:
11842:
11833:
11423:Aminohippuric acid
10375:Trinder P (1969).
10275:10.1007/BF01462957
10257:Barfoed C (1873).
10051:Steve T. Beckett:
10042:, 29 October 2004.
9778:. Volume 6, p. 48.
9693:"FoodData Central"
9502:10.1038/emm.2016.6
9263:Harold A. Harper:
8700:Zuckersüße Chemie.
8308:Scientific Reports
8130:Bioscience Reports
7697:Thorens B (2015).
7588:Harold A. Harper:
7482:on 14 October 2013
7392:U. Satyanarayana:
6964:, Volume 1, p. 76.
6870:. 2 October 2013.
5625: : 106–113.
5522:. 7 October 2019.
5316:fluorodeoxyglucose
5296:gas chromatography
5193:ammonium molybdate
5032:is performed with
4952:Aspergillus oryzae
4887:araboascorbic acid
4830:, to increase the
4824:
4062:
4048:
4019:
3982:insulin resistance
3873:metabolic pathways
3564:(in bacteria), or
3550:
3466:
3004:
2861:was discovered in
2798:
2355:
2191:
2149:-tolylboronic acid
2063:
2061:of D-glucopyranose
2038:-glucopyranose, α-
2034:-glucopyranose, β-
2004:Haworth projection
1785:
1686:Haworth projection
1617:
1539:Anhydrous dextrose
1525:hydrated D-glucose
1029:Infobox references
954:
861:−1271 kJ/mol
78:Fischer projection
58:Haworth projection
21:
14568:
14567:
14417:Blood sugar level
14283:Leith Sugar House
14239:
14238:
14198:Sugar Association
14005:
14004:
13967:Maple sugar foods
13672:Barley malt syrup
13495:as food commodity
13459:
13458:
13437:
13436:
13121:
13120:
12687:
12686:
12610:
12609:
12574:(MPC1 deficiency)
12509:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12362:
12361:
12358:
12357:
12271:
12270:
12134:
12133:
12119:
12110:
12071:
12062:
12000:
11991:
11960:
11951:
11904:
11895:
11840:
11831:
11601:metabolic pathway
11564:
11563:
11450:
11449:
11386:
11385:
11275:
11274:
11194:Gastric secretion
11151:Magnesium sulfate
10910:10.1021/jf062067x
10904:(26): 9719–9727.
10897:J Agric Food Chem
10717:Microchimica Acta
10645:10.1021/cr068105t
10601:(15): 2451–2457.
10560:Microchimica Acta
10501:10.1021/cr068123a
10438:978-0-12-817738-9
10363:978-3-527-66001-8
10355:Zuckersüße Chemie
10082:978-1-475-76431-4
10061:978-1-118-78014-5
9959:978-0-191-04072-6
9908:978-0-08-092655-1
9881:978-0-08-092655-1
9802:978-1-483-29939-6
9776:978-3-527-32943-4
9748:978-0-081-00523-1
9670:978-1-60761-213-1
9549:. 5 August 2013.
9469:978-3-642-17972-3
9404:978-8-131-23713-7
9394:U Satyanarayana:
9380:978-1-608-31412-6
9273:978-3-662-22150-1
9181:978-0-444-53480-4
9030:978-0-123-66852-3
8759:10.1042/bj3430115
8708:978-3-527-66001-8
8681:978-92-5-105014-9
8495:978-1-4051-1322-9
8465:978-1-4051-1322-9
8218:Jones JG (2016).
8206:978-1-449-61484-3
8182:978-3-8273-7312-0
8103:10.1021/es062601h
8066:978-3-642-17972-3
8045:978-1-608-05189-2
7912:(10): 2087–2097.
7843:978-0-12-801401-1
7824:Govers R (2014).
7768:978-3-642-17972-3
7682:978-3-642-17972-3
7598:978-3-662-22150-1
7577:978-3-642-17972-3
7513:978-0-87969-770-9
7468:Diabetes Forecast
7402:978-8-131-23713-7
7372:978-3-642-17972-3
7290:978-0-470-57095-1
7258:978-1-133-10629-6
7232:978-3-662-54620-8
7224:Stryer Biochemie.
7161:978-3-13-160038-7
7136:978-0-8493-8941-2
7102:Organic Chemistry
6915:978-3-527-30673-2
6199:978-981-15-7304-0
6063:978-0-12-369397-6
5735:978-1-461-21622-3
5670:978-0-12-384953-3
5487:978-0-08-045444-3
5474:Kamide K (2005).
5431:978-1-4200-4936-7
5312:2-deoxy-D-glucose
5300:mass spectrometry
5247:to a purple dye.
5245:4-aminoantipyrine
5165:stannous chloride
5139:Maillard reaction
4902:Aspergillus niger
4864:Maillard reaction
4721:Aspergillus niger
4711:Bacillus subtilis
4698:or by the use of
4665:
4664:
4111:total sugars (%)
4075:total, including
3809:diabetes mellitus
3660:nucleus accumbens
3643:at lower levels.
3590:citric acid cycle
2825:respiratory chain
2817:citric acid cycle
2574:with the help of
2359:
2358:
2249:-(−)-glucose, is
2173:-tolylboronate).
1772:
1771:
1296:organic chemistry
1287:-glyceraldehyde.
1108:energy metabolism
1049:molecular formula
1037:Chemical compound
1035:
1034:
985:Safety data sheet
346:Interactive image
334:Interactive image
248:
224:
14652:
14597:
14596:
14595:
14585:
14584:
14583:
14576:
14558:
14557:
14548:
14547:
14481:Sugar substitute
14323:Triangular trade
14016:
14015:
13677:Brown rice syrup
13650:
13649:
13486:
13479:
13472:
13463:
13462:
13449:
13448:
13240:oligosaccharides
13220:Tetrasaccharides
13130:
13129:
12845:Dihydroxyacetone
12797:
12796:
12714:
12707:
12700:
12691:
12690:
12524:
12523:
12483:
12433:
12428:
12427:
12377:
12376:
12334:
12304:
12296:
12295:
12286:
12285:
12245:Renal glycosuria
12199:
12198:
12161:
12154:
12147:
12138:
12137:
12126:
12103:
12078:
12043:
12007:
11984:
11967:
11936:
11911:
11877:
11847:
11824:
11805:
11779:
11762:
11743:
11726:
11701:
11684:
11665:
11648:
11623:
11591:
11584:
11577:
11568:
11567:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11454:
11453:
11347:Thyroid function
11286:
11285:
11281:Endocrine system
11089:
11088:
11084:Digestive system
11064:
11057:
11050:
11041:
11040:
11034:
11033:
11023:
11013:
10989:
10983:
10982:, February 2000.
10963:
10957:
10956:
10928:
10922:
10921:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10880:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10833:(1–2): 143–148.
10820:
10814:
10813:
10785:
10776:
10775:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10712:
10706:
10705:
10695:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10633:Chemical Reviews
10628:
10619:
10618:
10590:
10584:
10583:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10520:
10514:
10512:
10489:Chemical Reviews
10484:
10478:
10477:
10474:10.1039/A709038B
10457:
10451:
10450:
10416:
10407:
10406:
10396:
10372:
10366:
10351:
10328:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10254:
10248:
10226:
10220:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10190:
10172:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10131:
10091:
10085:
10070:
10064:
10049:
10043:
10028:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10017:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9968:
9962:
9947:
9941:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9811:
9805:
9796:Elsevier, 2014,
9790:
9779:
9760:
9751:
9736:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9697:fdc.nal.usda.gov
9689:
9683:
9682:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9524:
9523:
9513:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9457:
9448:
9447:
9437:
9428:(5): 1264–1276.
9413:
9407:
9392:
9383:
9368:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9302:
9282:
9276:
9261:
9255:
9253:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9142:
9137:. Archived from
9098:
9089:
9088:
9078:
9068:
9044:
9033:
9018:
9007:
9006:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8939:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8879:
8861:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8770:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8721:
8715:
8713:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8648:(9): 2835–2842.
8637:
8631:
8630:
8620:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8407:
8368:
8359:
8350:
8349:
8339:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8282:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8239:
8215:
8209:
8194:
8185:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8153:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8089:(9): 3115–3120.
8078:
8072:
8071:
8054:
8048:
8033:
8024:
8023:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7978:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7929:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7736:
7721:
7703:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7670:
7653:
7652:
7642:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7586:
7580:
7565:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7478:, archived from
7460:
7454:
7453:
7443:
7411:
7405:
7390:
7375:
7360:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7325:
7316:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7276:
7263:
7262:
7244:
7235:
7222:Jeremy M. Berg:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7188:(4504): 222–24.
7177:
7164:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7084:10.1039/B608029D
7069:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7053:10.1039/A808896I
7036:
7030:
7029:
7012:(6): 1522–1525.
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6981:. 18 July 2014.
6971:
6965:
6950:
6944:
6931:Patrick F. Fox:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6893:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6586:
6577:
6576:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6496:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6437:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6329:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6304:. 24 June 2018.
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6248:(8): 1260–1262.
6237:
6231:
6230:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6160:
6150:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6093:
6087:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6014:
6008:
5994:
5988:
5971:
5965:
5948:
5942:
5925:
5919:
5902:
5896:
5879:
5873:
5856:
5850:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5744:
5738:
5723:
5717:
5687:Marggraf (1747)
5685:
5679:
5678:
5655:
5646:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5512:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5362:
5353:
5350:iupac.qmul.ac.uk
5336:
5306:In vivo analysis
5278:Copper iodometry
5201:sodium carbonate
5183:, glucose forms
5171:solution, white
4912:Candida brumptii
4892:Rhizopus delemar
4814:Commercial usage
4768:, sweet potato,
4676:
4673:
4065:
4061:
4053:Wollemia nobilis
3901:xylose isomerase
3627:processes. When
3507:
3506:
3498:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
2880:of glucose by a
2850:Escherichia coli
2743:
2728:(in animals and
2515:, as well as by
2421:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2370:. This reaction—
2337:
2336:
2329:
2304:sodium hydroxide
2293:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2248:
2233:-(+)-glucose is
2232:
2225:Optical activity
2211:room temperature
2196:
2188:
2168:
2141:
2140:
2136:-isopropylidene-
2112:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1971:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1801:
1768:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1681:Natta projection
1674:
1668:
1667:
1634:oligosaccharides
1558:
1522:
1514:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1415:
1397:. Glucose has a
1343:Bernardo Houssay
1321:
1317:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1225:Andreas Marggraf
1204:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1145:
1137:
1070:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
974:
967:
960:
945:
919:
909:
899:
857:
830:
806:
791:Thermochemistry
748:
744:
712:
697:
691:
685:
678:Chemical formula
661:
652:
604:
600:
593:
557:
546:
535:
518:
498:
474:Gmelin Reference
457:
446:
426:
406:
366:
348:
342:
336:
330:
306:
302:
295:
267:
244:
220:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
83:
74:
63:
54:
43:
38:Skeletal formula
34:
27:
24:
20:
14660:
14659:
14655:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14650:
14649:
14605:
14604:
14603:
14593:
14591:
14581:
14579:
14571:
14569:
14564:
14536:
14505:
14464:Sugar addiction
14395:
14386:Sugar sculpture
14327:
14235:
14209:
14186:Tate & Lyle
14177:United Kingdom
14094:Bundaberg Sugar
14077:
14073:Sugar marketing
14001:
13987:Sugarcane juice
13945:
13783:
13641:
13580:
13505:
13496:
13490:
13460:
13455:
13433:
13294:Oat beta-glucan
13281:Polysaccharides
13275:
13238:
13232:
13214:
13186:
13117:
13111:Neuraminic acid
13089:
13061:
12954:
12889:
12851:
12818:
12792:Monosaccharides
12786:
12755:
12724:
12718:
12688:
12683:
12644:
12606:
12583:Gluconeogenesis
12577:
12501:
12474:
12469:
12432:Extralysosomal:
12431:
12417:
12354:
12350:GALE deficiency
12346:GALT deficiency
12341:GALK deficiency
12325:
12320:
12299:
12267:
12256:De Vivo Disease
12221:
12195:(extracellular)
12194:
12185:
12179:
12165:
12135:
12130:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12117:
12106:
12105:
12104:
12096:
12095:
12092:
12088:
12085:Pyruvate kinase
12080:
12079:
12069:
12058:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12049:
12045:
12044:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12028:
12024:
12015:
12014:Phosphopyruvate
12009:
12008:
11998:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11977:
11969:
11968:
11958:
11947:
11946:
11945:
11942:
11938:
11937:
11929:
11928:
11925:
11921:
11913:
11912:
11902:
11891:
11890:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11879:
11878:
11870:
11869:
11866:
11865:
11859:
11855:
11849:
11848:
11838:
11827:
11826:
11825:
11817:
11813:
11812:Triosephosphate
11807:
11806:
11799:
11791:
11790:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11773:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11755:
11751:
11745:
11744:
11737:
11729:
11728:
11727:
11719:
11718:
11715:
11711:
11703:
11702:
11695:
11687:
11686:
11685:
11677:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11659:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11641:
11640:
11637:
11633:
11625:
11624:
11617:
11603:
11595:
11565:
11560:
11539:
11516:
11493:
11481:
11451:
11446:
11404:
11382:
11364:
11341:
11271:
11260:cholecystokinin
11235:
11211:sodium benzoate
11188:
11165:
11129:
11110:
11078:
11068:
11038:
11037:
10990:
10986:
10980:Wayback Machine
10964:
10960:
10929:
10925:
10892:
10888:
10878:
10876:
10858:
10854:
10821:
10817:
10786:
10779:
10748:
10744:
10713:
10709:
10664:
10660:
10629:
10622:
10591:
10587:
10556:
10552:
10521:
10517:
10485:
10481:
10458:
10454:
10439:
10417:
10410:
10373:
10369:
10353:Georg Schwedt:
10352:
10331:
10325:Wayback Machine
10307:Emil Nylander:
10306:
10302:
10292:
10290:
10255:
10251:
10239:Wayback Machine
10227:
10223:
10208:
10204:
10149:
10145:
10092:
10088:
10072:James A. Kent:
10071:
10067:
10050:
10046:
10029:
10025:
10015:
10013:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9989:
9987:
9986:on 18 July 2011
9970:
9969:
9965:
9949:Alan Davidson:
9948:
9944:
9928:Alan Davidson:
9927:
9923:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9893:
9889:
9882:
9866:
9862:
9849:(10): 340–346.
9843:Starch – Stärke
9839:
9835:
9816:Starch – Stärke
9812:
9808:
9791:
9782:
9761:
9754:
9738:P. J. Fellows:
9737:
9716:
9706:
9704:
9691:
9690:
9686:
9671:
9649:
9645:
9614:
9610:
9570:
9566:
9556:
9554:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9531:
9527:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9458:
9451:
9414:
9410:
9393:
9386:
9369:
9362:
9352:
9350:
9337:
9336:
9332:
9300:10.1.1.468.2196
9283:
9279:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9237:
9233:
9202:
9198:
9182:
9160:
9156:
9146:
9144:
9143:on 29 July 2020
9099:
9092:
9045:
9036:
9032:, p. XIII.
9019:
9010:
8972:
8968:
8937:10.1.1.475.9484
8920:
8916:
8908:
8877:10.1.1.337.3766
8859:
8853:
8849:
8811:
8807:
8788:
8784:
8739:
8735:
8728:
8723:Schmidt, Lang:
8722:
8718:
8711:
8698:Georg Schwedt:
8697:
8693:
8682:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8638:
8634:
8589:
8585:
8554:
8550:
8511:
8507:
8496:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8466:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8437:
8435:
8426:
8425:
8421:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8366:
8360:
8353:
8300:
8296:
8257:
8253:
8230:(6): 1098–103.
8216:
8212:
8196:Brian K. Hall:
8195:
8188:
8171:
8167:
8122:
8118:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8068:, p. 389.
8055:
8051:
8034:
8027:
7996:
7992:
7947:
7943:
7898:
7894:
7863:
7859:
7844:
7822:
7818:
7789:Cell Metabolism
7781:
7777:
7771:
7770:, p. 214.
7757:
7750:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7701:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7671:
7656:
7611:
7607:
7601:
7600:, p. 641.
7587:
7583:
7566:
7559:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7514:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7483:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7412:
7408:
7391:
7378:
7361:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7327:
7326:
7319:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7277:
7266:
7259:
7245:
7238:
7221:
7217:
7178:
7167:
7150:
7143:
7137:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7095:
7091:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7037:
7033:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6951:
6947:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6894:
6887:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6851:
6849:
6842:"D-(+)-Glucose"
6840:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6816:"D-(+)-Glucose"
6814:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6721:
6719:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6674:
6670:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6599:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6549:
6545:
6535:
6533:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6439:
6438:
6427:
6396:(6026): 41–42.
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6330:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6238:
6234:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6178:
6174:
6127:
6123:
6115:10.1002/efd2.71
6094:
6090:
6084:Wayback Machine
6074:
6070:
6064:
6042:
6038:
6015:
6011:
5995:
5991:
5981:Wayback Machine
5972:
5968:
5958:Wayback Machine
5949:
5945:
5935:Wayback Machine
5926:
5922:
5912:Wayback Machine
5903:
5899:
5889:Wayback Machine
5880:
5876:
5866:Wayback Machine
5857:
5853:
5843:Wayback Machine
5834:
5830:
5819:Chem. Eng. News
5815:
5811:
5802:
5800:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5745:
5741:
5725:John F. Robyt:
5724:
5720:
5711:Wayback Machine
5696:Wayback Machine
5686:
5682:
5671:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5635:Wayback Machine
5615:Wayback Machine
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5546:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5514:
5513:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5397:
5393:
5363:
5356:
5346:Wayback Machine
5337:
5333:
5328:
5308:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5237:
5231:
5214:
5209:
5181:Hager's reagent
5161:
5145:
5135:
5127:Nylander's test
5123:
5121:Nylander's test
5116:
5111:copper(I) oxide
5094:
5082:
5071:
5064:
5059:carboxylic acid
5050:
5042:
5015:
4816:
4800:
4794:
4733:, is made from
4696:glucose amylase
4685:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4040:
4023:low blood sugar
4008:
3970:
3965:
3935:of proteins to
3837:
3766:red blood cells
3707:glucocorticoids
3542:
3531:Crabtree effect
3512:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2878:phosphorylation
2859:gene regulation
2808:
2800:Main articles:
2794:monosaccharides
2770:
2741:
2714:
2708:Gluconeogenesis
2706:Main articles:
2704:
2668:skeletal muscle
2533:small intestine
2492:
2478:. In contrast,
2446:, cells of the
2419:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2384:open-chain form
2342:monosaccharides
2335:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2269:-glyceraldehyde
2266:
2261:
2246:
2239:polarized light
2230:
2227:
2219:anomeric effect
2194:
2186:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1999:respectively).
1996:
1992:
1988:
1969:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1799:
1777:
1775:Open-chain form
1757:Tollens/Fischer
1752:
1746:-glucopyranose
1743:
1734:-glucopyranose
1731:
1720:-glucofuranose
1717:
1708:-glucofuranose
1705:
1672:
1642:polysaccharides
1609:
1603:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1410:monosaccharides
1363:
1322:nomenclature).
1319:
1315:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1253:
1217:
1173:sodium chloride
1143:
1135:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024: ?)
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
979:
978:
977:
976:
969:
962:
955:
951:
943:
888:
871:
858:
855:
849:
845:
842:
841:Std enthalpy of
831:
828:
821:
818:
807:
800:
783:
771:
758:
746:
742:
731:1.54 g/cm
710:
700:
694:
688:
680:
666:
663:
659:
654:
650:
645:
644:
633:
630:
629:
626:
620:
619:
608:
605:-glucopyranose)
602:
576:
560:
547:
521:
501:
488:
476:
467:
449:
429:
409:
386:
369:
351:
340:
328:
321:
310:
307:-glucopyranose)
304:
285:
271:
269:
265:
264:
262:
260:
252:
251:
191:
190:
179:
134:
130:
102:
98:
85:
81:
75:
65:
61:
55:
45:
41:
35:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14658:
14648:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14602:
14601:
14589:
14566:
14565:
14563:
14562:
14552:
14541:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14534:
14533:
14532:
14519:
14513:
14511:
14507:
14506:
14504:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14477:
14476:
14474:Residual sugar
14469:Sugars in wine
14466:
14461:
14456:
14454:Health effects
14451:
14450:
14449:
14444:
14439:
14429:
14427:Flavored syrup
14424:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14403:
14401:
14397:
14396:
14394:
14393:
14391:Treacle mining
14388:
14383:
14378:
14373:
14372:
14371:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14335:
14333:
14329:
14328:
14326:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14249:
14247:
14241:
14240:
14237:
14236:
14234:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14217:
14215:
14211:
14210:
14208:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14200:
14190:
14189:
14188:
14183:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14161:Tongaat Hulett
14158:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14107:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14085:
14083:
14079:
14078:
14076:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14053:Sugarcane mill
14050:
14045:
14040:
14039:
14038:
14028:
14022:
14020:
14013:
14007:
14006:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13953:
13951:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13844:Molasses sugar
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13805:
13804:
13791:
13789:
13785:
13784:
13782:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13701:
13700:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13662:List of syrups
13658:
13656:
13647:
13643:
13642:
13640:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13588:
13586:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13578:
13576:Reducing sugar
13573:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13551:
13541:
13540:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13517:Monosaccharide
13513:
13511:
13507:
13506:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13489:
13488:
13481:
13474:
13466:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13453:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13425:
13424:
13419:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13392:Levan beta 2→6
13389:
13384:
13383:
13382:
13366:
13355:
13354:
13353:
13337:
13328:
13323:
13322:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13285:
13283:
13277:
13276:
13274:
13273:
13268:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13244:
13242:
13234:
13233:
13231:
13230:
13224:
13222:
13216:
13215:
13213:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13196:
13194:
13192:Trisaccharides
13188:
13187:
13185:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13138:
13136:
13127:
13123:
13122:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13115:
13114:
13113:
13103:
13097:
13095:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13087:
13086:
13085:
13080:
13078:Mannoheptulose
13071:
13069:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13059:
13058:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13012:
13011:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12964:
12962:
12956:
12955:
12953:
12952:
12951:
12950:
12940:
12939:
12938:
12933:
12925:
12924:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12899:
12897:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12885:
12877:
12876:
12875:
12870:
12861:
12859:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12835:Glyceraldehyde
12828:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12814:
12812:Glycolaldehyde
12805:
12803:
12794:
12788:
12787:
12785:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12763:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12732:
12730:
12726:
12725:
12717:
12716:
12709:
12702:
12694:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12681:
12670:
12665:
12664:
12663:
12652:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12631:
12626:
12620:
12618:
12612:
12611:
12608:
12607:
12605:
12604:
12598:
12593:
12587:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12569:
12566:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12542:
12532:
12530:
12521:
12511:
12510:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12493:
12486:
12484:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12461:
12455:
12449:
12443:
12436:
12434:
12425:
12423:Glycogenolysis
12419:
12418:
12416:
12415:
12409:
12407:Lafora disease
12404:
12398:
12392:
12385:
12383:
12374:
12364:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12352:
12343:
12337:
12335:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12318:
12313:
12307:
12305:
12293:
12290:Monosaccharide
12283:
12273:
12272:
12269:
12268:
12266:
12265:
12259:
12253:
12248:
12238:
12232:
12230:
12227:Monosaccharide
12223:
12222:
12220:
12219:
12214:
12208:
12206:
12196:
12187:
12186:
12176:monosaccharide
12164:
12163:
12156:
12149:
12141:
12132:
12131:
12120:2 ×
12118:
12108:
12107:
12098:
12097:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12082:
12081:
12072:2 ×
12070:
12060:
12059:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12046:
12038:
12037:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12011:
12010:
12001:2 ×
11999:
11989:
11988:
11979:
11978:
11971:
11970:
11961:2 ×
11959:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11931:
11930:
11926:
11923:
11922:
11915:
11914:
11905:2 ×
11903:
11893:
11892:
11887:
11883:
11881:
11880:
11872:
11871:
11867:
11863:
11861:
11860:
11851:
11850:
11841:2 ×
11839:
11829:
11828:
11819:
11818:
11809:
11808:
11800:
11793:
11792:
11788:
11783:
11782:
11774:
11767:
11766:
11757:
11756:
11747:
11746:
11738:
11731:
11730:
11721:
11720:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11705:
11704:
11696:
11689:
11688:
11679:
11678:
11669:
11668:
11660:
11653:
11652:
11643:
11642:
11638:
11635:
11634:
11627:
11626:
11618:
11611:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11594:
11593:
11586:
11579:
11571:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11553:
11547:
11545:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11526:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11495:
11494:
11488:glycogenolysis
11480:
11479:
11472:
11465:
11457:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11437:polyfructosans
11430:
11428:Indigo carmine
11425:
11420:
11414:
11412:
11410:Renal function
11406:
11405:
11403:
11402:
11396:
11394:
11388:
11387:
11384:
11383:
11381:
11380:
11374:
11372:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11362:
11357:
11351:
11349:
11343:
11342:
11340:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11308:
11295:
11293:
11283:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11252:
11246:
11244:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11204:
11198:
11196:
11190:
11189:
11187:
11186:
11181:
11175:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11142:
11140:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11127:
11120:
11118:
11116:Fat absorption
11112:
11111:
11109:
11108:
11103:
11097:
11095:
11086:
11080:
11079:
11067:
11066:
11059:
11052:
11044:
11036:
11035:
10984:
10958:
10923:
10886:
10852:
10815:
10790:Food Chemistry
10777:
10758:(1–2): 69–76.
10742:
10707:
10678:(5): 1068–76.
10658:
10639:(2): 423–461.
10620:
10585:
10566:(1–2): 87–92.
10550:
10531:(4): 763–767.
10515:
10495:(2): 814–825.
10479:
10452:
10437:
10408:
10367:
10329:
10300:
10249:
10221:
10202:
10143:
10086:
10084:, p. 938.
10065:
10044:
10023:
9997:
9963:
9961:, p. 527.
9942:
9921:
9907:
9887:
9880:
9860:
9833:
9822:(9): 304–308.
9806:
9804:, p. 195.
9780:
9752:
9714:
9684:
9669:
9643:
9624:(5): 767–775.
9608:
9575:Phytochemistry
9564:
9534:
9525:
9476:
9471:, p. 27.
9449:
9408:
9406:, p. 508.
9384:
9382:, p. 366.
9360:
9330:
9277:
9275:, p. 294.
9256:
9231:
9212:(1): 147–165.
9196:
9180:
9154:
9090:
9034:
9020:Donard Dwyer:
9008:
8966:
8930:(4): 303–327,
8914:
8870:(2): 325–336,
8847:
8821:(2): 177–190,
8815:Biol. Psychol.
8805:
8782:
8753:(1): 115–124.
8733:
8716:
8710:, p. 100
8691:
8680:
8659:
8642:Water Research
8632:
8583:
8548:
8505:
8494:
8475:
8464:
8445:
8419:
8351:
8294:
8273:(2): 853–862.
8251:
8210:
8208:, p. 164.
8186:
8165:
8116:
8073:
8049:
8025:
7990:
7941:
7892:
7857:
7842:
7816:
7775:
7748:
7689:
7654:
7605:
7581:
7579:, p. 404.
7557:
7531:
7512:
7492:
7455:
7406:
7376:
7350:
7317:
7296:
7289:
7264:
7257:
7236:
7215:
7165:
7141:
7135:
7117:
7110:
7089:
7078:(8): 581–585.
7058:
7047:(3): 449–456.
7031:
6996:
6966:
6945:
6921:
6914:
6885:
6859:
6833:
6807:
6781:
6755:
6729:
6703:
6684:(5): 817–828.
6668:
6649:(1–2): 55–61.
6633:
6607:
6578:
6543:
6517:
6484:
6458:
6425:
6376:
6350:
6319:
6293:
6267:
6232:
6205:
6198:
6172:
6121:
6088:
6068:
6062:
6036:
6009:
5989:
5985:NobelPrize.org
5966:
5962:NobelPrize.org
5943:
5939:NobelPrize.org
5920:
5916:NobelPrize.org
5897:
5893:NobelPrize.org
5874:
5870:NobelPrize.org
5851:
5847:NobelPrize.org
5828:
5809:
5782:
5739:
5718:
5702:, pp. 79–90.
5680:
5669:
5647:
5640:
5619:Comptes rendus
5598:
5581:Etymonline.com
5568:
5537:
5500:
5486:
5466:
5437:
5430:
5410:
5391:
5354:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5307:
5304:
5287:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5233:Main article:
5230:
5227:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5197:indigo carmine
5173:lead glycoside
5159:
5134:
5131:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5106:sodium acetate
5102:copper acetate
5098:Barfoed's test
5093:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5034:concanavalin A
5030:immunostaining
5014:
5011:
4987:propionic acid
4917:isocitric acid
4860:caramelization
4815:
4812:
4796:Main article:
4793:
4790:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4109:proportion of
4105:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4073:Carbohydrate,
4071:
4039:
4036:
4007:
4004:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3945:peptidoglycans
3909:sugar alcohols
3877:polyol pathway
3861:phosphorylated
3836:
3833:
3816:glycemic index
3774:adipose tissue
3629:glucose is low
3602:carbon dioxide
3541:
3538:
3520:Warburg effect
3509:
3508:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3383:
3006:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2871:glucose effect
2769:
2766:
2722:photosynthesis
2712:Glycogenolysis
2703:
2700:
2624:phosphorylated
2557:gut microbiota
2491:
2488:
2468:kidney failure
2412:esterification
2388:hydroxy groups
2357:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2331:
2310:, glucose and
2299:
2296:
2235:dextrorotatory
2226:
2223:
2185:Mutarotation:
2178:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2142:-glucofuranose
2095:-glucopyranose
2087:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2009:
1990:
1946:cyclic isomers
1916:ball-and-stick
1909:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1812:reducing sugar
1797:aldehyde group
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1623:with a closed
1602:
1599:
1571:aldehyde group
1555:
1551:
1547:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1476:tapioca starch
1362:
1359:
1216:
1213:
1175:(table salt).
1158:glycogenolysis
1089:photosynthesis
1073:monosaccharide
1067:
1061:
1055:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1005:
1004:
1000:standard state
997:
994:
993:
988:
981:
980:
970:
963:
956:
941:
940:
939:
938:
936:
927:
926:
922:
921:
889:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
872:
866:
863:
862:
859:
853:
847:
839:
836:
835:
832:
826:
815:
812:
811:
808:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
779:
776:
775:
772:
766:
763:
762:
759:
754:
751:
750:
739:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
715:
714:
708:
702:
701:
698:
692:
686:
681:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
665:
664:
657:
655:
648:
640:
639:
638:
635:
634:
632:
631:
627:
624:
623:
615:
614:
613:
610:
609:
607:
606:
594:
586:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
550:
548:
540:
537:
536:
529:
523:
522:
520:
519:
511:
509:
503:
502:
500:
499:
491:
489:
484:
481:
480:
477:
472:
469:
468:
466:
465:
461:
459:
451:
450:
448:
447:
439:
437:
431:
430:
428:
427:
419:
417:
411:
410:
408:
407:
399:
397:
391:
390:
387:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:Abbreviations
371:
370:
368:
367:
359:
357:
353:
352:
350:
349:
337:
324:
322:
315:
312:
311:
309:
308:
296:
288:
286:
281:
278:
277:
273:
272:
258:
254:
253:
250:
249:
225:
200:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
181:
180:
178:
177:
170:
165:
159:
158:
96:
95:Pronunciation
92:
91:
87:
86:
76:
67:
66:
64:-glucopyranose
56:
47:
46:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14657:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14600:
14590:
14588:
14578:
14577:
14574:
14561:
14553:
14551:
14543:
14542:
14539:
14530:
14529:
14525:
14524:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14517:Robert Lustig
14515:
14514:
14512:
14508:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14475:
14472:
14471:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14448:
14445:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14434:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14404:
14402:
14398:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14370:
14367:
14366:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14336:
14334:
14330:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14250:
14248:
14246:
14242:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14212:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14195:
14194:
14193:United States
14191:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14181:British Sugar
14179:
14178:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14153:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14091:
14090:
14087:
14086:
14084:
14080:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14037:
14034:
14033:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14008:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13977:Sugar alcohol
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13803:
13802:
13798:
13797:
13796:
13793:
13792:
13790:
13786:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13709:Glucose syrup
13707:
13705:
13702:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13687:Maesil-cheong
13685:
13684:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13659:
13657:
13655:
13651:
13648:
13644:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13583:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13546:
13545:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13519:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13487:
13482:
13480:
13475:
13473:
13468:
13467:
13464:
13452:
13444:
13443:
13440:
13430:
13427:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13387:Hemicellulose
13385:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13365:
13364:
13360:
13356:
13352:
13349:
13348:
13347:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13336:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13291:
13290:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13278:
13272:
13269:
13266:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13245:
13243:
13241:
13235:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13223:
13221:
13217:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13193:
13189:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13134:Disaccharides
13131:
13128:
13124:
13112:
13109:
13108:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13098:
13096:
13092:
13084:
13083:Sedoheptulose
13081:
13079:
13076:
13075:
13074:Ketoheptoses
13073:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13064:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13041:Deoxy sugars
13040:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13016:
13013:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12969:
12966:
12965:
12963:
12961:
12957:
12949:
12946:
12945:
12944:
12941:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12927:Ketopentoses
12926:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12903:
12902:Aldopentoses
12901:
12900:
12898:
12896:
12892:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12878:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12864:Aldotetroses
12863:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12821:
12813:
12810:
12809:
12807:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12789:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12758:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12733:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12722:carbohydrates
12715:
12710:
12708:
12703:
12701:
12696:
12695:
12692:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12658:
12657:
12656:Hyperoxaluria
12654:
12653:
12651:
12647:
12641:
12638:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12617:
12613:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12573:
12570:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12537:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12529:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12516:
12512:
12497:
12496:Danon disease
12494:
12491:
12488:
12487:
12485:
12481:
12477:
12472:
12465:
12462:
12459:
12456:
12453:
12450:
12447:
12444:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12420:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12396:
12393:
12390:
12387:
12386:
12384:
12382:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12351:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12323:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12302:
12297:
12294:
12291:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12278:
12274:
12263:
12260:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12224:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12200:
12197:
12192:
12188:
12183:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12162:
12157:
12155:
12150:
12148:
12143:
12142:
12139:
12125:
12116:
12115:
12102:
12087:
12086:
12077:
12068:
12067:
12042:
12023:
12021:
12017:
12006:
11997:
11996:
11983:
11976:
11975:
11966:
11957:
11956:
11935:
11920:
11919:
11910:
11901:
11900:
11876:
11858:
11857:
11856:dehydrogenase
11846:
11837:
11836:
11823:
11816:
11815:
11804:
11798:
11797:
11786:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11761:
11754:
11753:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11725:
11710:
11709:
11700:
11694:
11693:
11683:
11676:
11675:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11647:
11632:
11631:
11622:
11616:
11615:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11592:
11587:
11585:
11580:
11578:
11573:
11572:
11569:
11557:
11556:Limit dextran
11554:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11542:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11519:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11489:
11485:
11478:
11473:
11471:
11466:
11464:
11459:
11458:
11455:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11401:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11393:
11389:
11379:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11367:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11344:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11303:
11302:
11301:
11297:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11278:
11268:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11238:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11191:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11174:
11172:
11168:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11132:
11125:
11122:
11121:
11119:
11117:
11113:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11094:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11076:
11072:
11065:
11060:
11058:
11053:
11051:
11046:
11045:
11042:
11031:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10988:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10967:
10962:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10938:
10934:
10927:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10898:
10890:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10856:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10827:
10819:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10784:
10782:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10753:
10746:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10723:(1–2): 1–34.
10722:
10718:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10662:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10627:
10625:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10589:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10554:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10519:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10483:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10415:
10413:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10371:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10304:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10265:(in German).
10264:
10260:
10253:
10246:
10245:
10240:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10225:
10218:
10217:
10212:
10206:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10147:
10139:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10106:(9): 101536.
10105:
10101:
10097:
10090:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10063:, p. 82.
10062:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10041:
10040:
10039:Seattle Times
10035:
10034:
10027:
10011:
10007:
10001:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9967:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9946:
9939:
9938:0-19-211579-0
9935:
9931:
9925:
9910:
9904:
9900:
9899:
9891:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9864:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9837:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9810:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9764:Biotechnology
9759:
9757:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9688:
9680:
9676:
9672:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9647:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9612:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9568:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9529:
9521:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9490:Exp. Mol. Med
9487:
9480:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9454:
9445:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9391:
9389:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9365:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9249:
9248:3-437-23182-0
9245:
9241:
9235:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9158:
9141:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9097:
9095:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8982:(3): 255–60,
8981:
8977:
8976:Psychol. Sci.
8970:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8858:
8851:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8809:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8786:
8778:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8737:
8726:
8720:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8663:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8636:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8521:(4): 466–70.
8520:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8487:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8449:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8377:(7): 915–25.
8376:
8372:
8365:
8358:
8356:
8347:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8267:
8262:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8136:(6): e00416.
8135:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8077:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8047:, p. 46.
8046:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7945:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7795:(4): 237–52.
7794:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7712:(2): 221–32.
7711:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7650:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7496:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7451:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7426:(1): E11–21.
7425:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7394:Biochemistry.
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7314:
7313:0-87901-009-6
7310:
7306:
7300:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7260:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7241:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7121:
7113:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6963:
6962:9780123849533
6959:
6955:
6949:
6942:
6941:9780412630200
6938:
6934:
6928:
6926:
6917:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6890:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6072:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5901:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:From page 90:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5627:From page 109
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5470:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5373:(5): 403–09,
5372:
5368:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:refractometer
5204:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:mercury oxide
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5153:sulfuric acid
5150:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5118:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5066:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
5007:tartaric acid
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4927:itaconic acid
4924:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4907:gluconic acid
4904:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4844:confectionery
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:United States
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4078:dietary fiber
4072:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4057:Ilex asprella
4054:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3937:glycoproteins
3934:
3933:glycosylation
3930:
3929:nucleic acids
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:glycosylation
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3829:glycemic load
3826:
3825:insulin index
3821:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:glucose tests
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:hypoglycaemia
3724:
3723:hyperglycemia
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:capillary bed
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:reward system
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:psychological
3622:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:, glucose is
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:disaccharides
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3540:Energy source
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3387:
2925:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:cell membrane
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2790:disaccharides
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:tubular cells
2755:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:triglycerides
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:sphingolipids
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2484:glycosylation
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:renal medulla
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:Isomerisation
2295:
2286:since pure α-
2285:
2280:
2270:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2005:
2000:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1515: ·
1499:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1422:
1421:stereoisomers
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:in water and
1368:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Arthur Harden
1336:
1332:
1329:received the
1328:
1327:Otto Meyerhof
1323:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1191:
1181:
1180:Ancient Greek
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:carbohydrates
1074:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1001:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
975:
968:
961:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
890:
887:
883:
882:
879:Pharmacology
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
860:
852:
844:
838:
837:
833:
825:
820:
814:
813:
809:
804:
799:
798:Heat capacity
795:
794:
789:
785:
782:
781:Dipole moment
778:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:
760:
757:
753:
752:
740:
738:
737:Melting point
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
724:
721:White powder
720:
717:
716:
709:
707:
704:
703:
682:
679:
675:
674:
669:
656:
647:
646:
643:
636:
622:
621:
618:
611:
599:
595:
592:
588:
587:
585:
583:
580:
579:
572:
571:
569:
567:
564:
563:
556:
552:
551:
549:
543:
539:
538:
534:
530:
528:
525:
524:
517:
513:
512:
510:
508:
505:
504:
497:
493:
492:
490:
487:
483:
482:
478:
475:
471:
470:
463:
462:
460:
458:
453:
452:
445:
441:
440:
438:
436:
433:
432:
425:
424:ChEMBL1222250
421:
420:
418:
416:
413:
412:
405:
401:
400:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
365:
361:
360:
358:
355:
354:
347:
338:
335:
326:
325:
323:
319:
314:
313:
301:
297:
294:
290:
289:
287:
284:
280:
279:
274:
255:
247:
246:(cyclic form)
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
222:(linear form)
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
186:
182:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
160:
155:
126:
97:
94:
93:
88:
79:
73:
68:
59:
53:
48:
39:
33:
28:
19:
14526:
14376:Sugar people
14364:Sugar packet
14288:Molasses Act
14263:Blackbirding
14156:Illovo Sugar
14151:South Africa
14104:Wilmar Sugar
13899:Butterscotch
13894:Barley sugar
13799:
13714:Golden syrup
13692:Mogwa-cheong
13544:Disaccharide
13531:
13369:
13368:
13357:
13339:
13271:Maltodextrin
13152:Isomaltulose
12987:
12943:Deoxy sugars
12879:Ketotetrose
12782:Mutarotation
12676:deficiency,
12545:GSD type VII
12514:
12440:GSD type III
12381:Glycogenesis
12367:
12331:galactosemia
12280:
12203:Disaccharide
12168:Inborn error
12109:
12083:
12061:
12012:
11990:
11972:
11950:
11916:
11894:
11852:
11830:
11810:
11794:
11784:
11768:
11748:
11732:
11706:
11690:
11670:
11654:
11628:
11613:
11612:
11498:
11484:Glycogenesis
11392:Tuberculosis
11317:
11306:Corticorelin
11298:
11255:Pancreozymin
11231:Pentagastrin
11126:concentrates
11100:
11001:
10997:
10987:
10971:
10961:
10936:
10932:
10926:
10901:
10895:
10889:
10877:. Retrieved
10868:
10855:
10830:
10824:
10818:
10793:
10789:
10755:
10751:
10745:
10720:
10716:
10710:
10675:
10671:
10661:
10636:
10632:
10598:
10594:
10588:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10528:
10524:
10518:
10492:
10488:
10482:
10468:(2): 71–74.
10465:
10461:
10455:
10420:
10384:
10380:
10370:
10354:
10327:(in German).
10308:
10303:
10291:. Retrieved
10266:
10262:
10252:
10242:
10230:
10228:B. Tollens:
10224:
10214:
10210:
10209:H. Fehling:
10205:
10160:
10156:
10146:
10103:
10099:
10089:
10073:
10068:
10052:
10047:
10037:
10032:
10030:Kevin Pang:
10026:
10014:. Retrieved
10000:
9988:. Retrieved
9984:the original
9975:
9966:
9950:
9945:
9929:
9924:
9912:. Retrieved
9897:
9890:
9870:
9863:
9846:
9842:
9836:
9819:
9815:
9809:
9793:
9767:
9763:
9739:
9705:. Retrieved
9696:
9687:
9652:
9646:
9621:
9617:
9611:
9578:
9574:
9567:
9555:. Retrieved
9546:
9537:
9528:
9493:
9489:
9479:
9460:
9425:
9421:
9411:
9396:Biochemistry
9395:
9372:Biochemistry
9371:
9351:. Retrieved
9342:
9333:
9293:(2): 83–93.
9290:
9286:
9280:
9264:
9259:
9239:
9234:
9209:
9205:
9199:
9163:
9157:
9145:. Retrieved
9140:the original
9110:
9106:
9056:
9052:
9021:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8927:
8923:
8917:
8867:
8863:
8850:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8800:the original
8795:
8785:
8750:
8746:
8736:
8724:
8719:
8699:
8694:
8671:
8662:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8603:(6): 650–4.
8600:
8596:
8586:
8564:(2): 164–9.
8561:
8557:
8551:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8484:
8478:
8454:
8448:
8436:. Retrieved
8422:
8410:. Retrieved
8374:
8370:
8311:
8307:
8297:
8270:
8264:
8254:
8227:
8224:Diabetologia
8223:
8213:
8197:
8173:
8168:
8133:
8129:
8119:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8057:
8052:
8036:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7961:(5): 463–9.
7958:
7954:
7944:
7909:
7906:Diabetologia
7905:
7895:
7873:(6): 553–7.
7870:
7866:
7860:
7825:
7819:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7759:
7739:. Retrieved
7709:
7706:Diabetologia
7705:
7692:
7673:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7589:
7584:
7568:
7548:. Retrieved
7534:
7502:
7495:
7484:, retrieved
7480:the original
7467:
7458:
7423:
7419:
7409:
7393:
7363:
7341:. Retrieved
7332:
7304:
7299:
7281:Biochemistry
7280:
7249:Biochemistry
7248:
7223:
7218:
7185:
7181:
7152:
7126:
7120:
7101:
7092:
7075:
7072:CrystEngComm
7071:
7061:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6978:
6969:
6953:
6948:
6932:
6897:
6876:. Retrieved
6862:
6850:. Retrieved
6836:
6824:. Retrieved
6810:
6798:. Retrieved
6784:
6772:. Retrieved
6758:
6746:. Retrieved
6732:
6720:. Retrieved
6706:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6624:. Retrieved
6610:
6598:. Retrieved
6559:(1): 90–93.
6556:
6552:
6546:
6534:. Retrieved
6520:
6508:. Retrieved
6475:. Retrieved
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6393:
6389:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6353:
6341:. Retrieved
6310:. Retrieved
6296:
6284:. Retrieved
6270:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6181:
6175:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6071:
6045:
6039:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5997:
5992:
5984:
5969:
5961:
5946:
5938:
5923:
5915:
5900:
5892:
5877:
5869:
5854:
5846:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5801:, retrieved
5792:Emil Fischer
5791:
5785:
5773:. Retrieved
5756:
5752:
5742:
5726:
5721:
5713:
5699:
5683:
5659:
5642:
5622:
5618:
5601:
5589:. Retrieved
5580:
5571:
5562:10665/325771
5552:
5528:. Retrieved
5519:
5491:. Retrieved
5476:
5469:
5457:. Retrieved
5420:
5413:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5370:
5366:
5349:
5334:
5309:
5289:
5281:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5238:
5215:
5177:copper oxide
5169:lead acetate
5146:
5124:
5095:
5092:Barfoed test
5075:Tollens test
5072:
5069:Tollens test
5054:Fehling test
5051:
5048:Fehling test
5043:
5025:analysis or
5016:
5000:
4997:pyruvic acid
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4897:fumaric acid
4890:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4825:
4801:
4786:invert sugar
4747:
4743:Maltodextrin
4735:sweet potato
4719:
4716:pullulanases
4709:
4703:
4686:
4671:
4523:Sweet potato
4263:Navel orange
4056:
4052:
4049:
4032:sugar packet
4020:
3996:
3971:
3957:glycosidases
3885:amino sugars
3881:uronic acids
3865:
3838:
3813:
3794:
3751:
3711:somatotropin
3671:blood plasma
3668:
3652:hypothalamus
3645:
3633:self-control
3618:
3570:kilocalories
3566:fermentation
3551:
3535:
3524:
3513:
3496:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2848:
2846:
2820:
2809:
2762:
2738:biomolecules
2734:
2715:
2702:Biosynthesis
2672:heart muscle
2664:muscle cells
2645:
2561:
2537:Glucosidases
2529:brush border
2507:by means of
2493:
2457:
2452:erythrocytes
2428:
2360:
2324:
2301:
2281:
2259:
2251:levorotatory
2228:
2215:mutarotation
2200:
2192:
2177:Mutarotation
2170:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:cyclopentane
2115:
2100:
2022:
2016:
2001:
1977:heterocyclic
1974:
1935:
1822:Cyclic forms
1816:Fehling test
1786:
1618:
1607:Mutarotation
1568:
1565:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1524:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1403:
1386:
1382:
1364:
1324:
1300:Emil Fischer
1289:
1265:
1261:
1218:
1206:
1177:
1167:, is on the
1163:Glucose, as
1162:
1140:stereoisomer
1105:
1040:
1039:
931:
850:
823:
802:
566:RTECS number
276:Identifiers
259:Blood sugars
257:Other names
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
173:
18:
14522:John Yudkin
14432:Fruit syrup
14349:Sugar shack
14339:Added sugar
14278:Holing cane
14136:Philippines
14036:Casa-grande
13950:Other forms
13926:Sugar glass
13889:Sugar candy
13829:Gula melaka
13809:Candi sugar
13788:Solid forms
13779:Yacón syrup
13769:Table syrup
13744:Maple syrup
13697:Yuja-cheong
13667:Agave syrup
13602:Agave syrup
13571:Added sugar
13429:Xanthan gum
13417:Amylopectin
13289:Beta-glucan
13200:Maltotriose
13015:Ketohexoses
12968:Aldohexoses
12948:Deoxyribose
12883:Erythrulose
12841:Ketotriose
12831:Aldotriose
12458:GSD type IX
12446:GSD type VI
12412:GSD type XV
12395:GSD type IV
12193:, transport
11378:Gonadorelin
11360:Thyrotropin
11335:Somatorelin
11325:Pralmorelin
11250:Bentiromide
11106:Tolbutamide
10796:: 149–160.
10016:18 December
9914:25 November
9473:(in German)
9353:20 February
9252:(in German)
8729:(in German)
8712:(in German)
8266:J Biol Chem
8070:(in German)
7772:(in German)
7686:(in German)
7602:(in German)
7333:www.rsc.org
6790:"D-Glucose"
6019:Tetrahedron
5803:2 September
5759:: 114–121.
5591:25 November
5516:"L-glucose"
5133:Other tests
4967:lactic acid
4915:to produce
4877:acetic acid
4875:to produce
4782:corn starch
4402:Vegetables
4107:Sucrose as
3941:glycolipids
3925:cholesterol
3921:fatty acids
3905:metabolites
3805:prediabetes
3801:blood tests
3762:brain cells
3754:lactic acid
3731:homeostasis
3648:blood sugar
3578:food energy
2844:regulated.
2821:Krebs cycle
2754:amino acids
2752:or certain
2736:almost all
2718:prokaryotes
2628:glucokinase
2620:portal vein
2600:liver cells
2592:basolateral
2551:, and poly(
2380:cyclic form
2284:polarimeter
2118:cyclohexane
1650:amylopectin
1621:monohydrate
1472:corn starch
1371:acetic acid
1355:Luis Leloir
1132:blood sugar
1124:amylopectin
718:Appearance
671:Properties
270:Grape sugar
14640:Glycolysis
14609:Categories
14560:Production
14437:Date honey
14422:Cane knife
14359:Sugar nips
14048:Sugar bush
14031:Plantation
14019:Production
13914:Rock candy
13879:Preserving
13759:Pine honey
13704:Corn syrup
13592:Sugar beet
13205:Melezitose
13147:Isomaltose
13142:Cellobiose
12808:Aldodiose
12668:Pentosuria
12601:GSD type I
12528:Glycolysis
12452:GSD type V
12389:GSD type 0
12292:catabolism
12205:catabolism
12180:Including
11630:Hexokinase
11598:Glycolysis
11435:and other
11400:Tuberculin
11355:Protirelin
11330:Sermorelin
11311:Metyrapone
11146:Ceruletide
11071:Diagnostic
10939:: 642–51.
9557:30 January
8314:(1): 609.
7625:(1): 5–9.
7343:5 February
7111:0534079687
7098:McMurry JE
5326:References
5137:See also:
4977:malic acid
4957:kojic acid
4804:isoglucose
4798:isoglucose
4727:Corn syrup
4692:hydrolysis
4606:Sugar beet
4579:Sugar cane
4465:Red pepper
4028:hard candy
3949:glycosides
3758:astrocytes
3699:adrenaline
3586:glycolysis
3574:kilojoules
2882:hexokinase
2842:hormonally
2834:acetyl-CoA
2830:Cori cycle
2823:) and the
2802:Glycolysis
2641:hexokinase
2612:astrocytes
2572:epithelium
2553:ADP-ribose
2440:arthropods
2404:equatorial
2366:groups of
2302:In dilute
2207:isomerizes
2113:-glucose.
1970:−C(OH)H−O−
1966:hemiacetal
1808:aldohexose
1789:open-chain
1605:See also:
1595:hemiacetal
1579:open-chain
1575:aldohexose
1529:corn syrup
1470:, such as
1448:hydrolysis
1418:aldohexose
1351:Gerty Cori
1154:aldohexose
1097:cell walls
991:ICSC 08655
706:Molar mass
598:5J5I9EB41E
591:5SL0G7R0OK
486:IUPHAR/BPS
435:ChemSpider
404:CHEBI:4167
316:3D model (
283:CAS Number
263:Corn sugar
163:IUPAC name
14645:Furanoses
14635:Pyranoses
14625:Nutrition
14587:Chemistry
14496:Sweetness
14491:Sweetener
14381:Sugar tit
14369:Sucrology
14344:Crop Over
14303:Sugar Act
14146:Sri Lanka
14131:Mauritius
14116:Caribbean
14089:Australia
13931:Sugarloaf
13849:Muscovado
13801:Peen tong
13739:Kuromitsu
13597:Sugarcane
13564:Trehalose
13527:Galactose
13510:Chemistry
13359:Galactose
13314:Cellulose
13304:Sizofiran
13228:Stachyose
13210:Raffinose
13177:Trehalose
13162:Lactulose
12983:Galactose
12906:Arabinose
12868:Erythrose
12720:Types of
12476:Lysosomal
12327:Galactose
12229:transport
12016:hydratase
11814:isomerase
11674:isomerase
11418:Alsactide
11290:Pituitary
11240:Exocrine
11179:Galactose
11156:Sincalide
11135:Bile duct
11124:Vitamin A
10387:: 24–27.
10269:: 27–32.
10179:1662-453X
9750:, p. 197.
9581:: 91–95.
9295:CiteSeerX
9113:: 17–26.
8932:CiteSeerX
8872:CiteSeerX
8543:205782021
8428:"Glucose"
8399:219249555
8174:Biochemie
8006:: 73–98.
7476:0095-8301
7404:. p. 674.
6943:. p. 316.
6221:: 15–23.
5998:Catalysts
5407:: 1182–83
4999:and with
4836:mouthfeel
4828:humectant
4770:corn husk
4689:enzymatic
4347:Pineapple
4102:fructose/
4100:Ratio of
4089:fructose
4016:infusions
3963:Pathology
3893:trehalose
3869:vitamin C
3841:cellulose
3835:Precursor
3786:fat cells
3735:ruminants
3703:thyroxine
3637:Confusion
3614:anabolism
3572:(16
2898:activates
2890:phosphate
2819:(synonym
2730:mushrooms
2690:. In the
2684:testicles
2676:fat cells
2616:tanycytes
2541:trehalase
2464:blindness
2372:glycation
2255:tautomers
2243:chirality
2048:catalysis
1997:−(CHOH)−H
1993:OH)HOH)−H
1968:linkage,
1658:cellulose
1638:raffinose
1489:The term
1460:cellulose
1439:-isomer,
1399:pKa value
1391:decompose
1333:in 1922.
1277:-notation
1112:organisms
1093:cellulose
1083:and most
1047:with the
843:formation
817:Std molar
601: (α-
573:LZ6600000
464:200-075-1
456:EC Number
303: (α-
169:ᴅ-Glucose
25:-Glucose
14599:Medicine
14550:Category
14510:Research
14354:Sugaring
14168:Tanzania
14043:Refinery
14011:Industry
13936:Wasanbon
13874:Powdered
13814:Chancaca
13754:Molasses
13646:Products
13622:Honeydew
13522:Fructose
13451:Category
13380:Glycogen
13363:Galactan
13341:Fructose
13326:Chitosan
13299:Lentinan
13248:Acarbose
13182:Turanose
13126:Multiple
13067:Heptoses
13055:Rhamnose
13050:Fuculose
13035:Tagatose
13020:Fructose
12936:Xylulose
12931:Ribulose
12895:Pentoses
12857:Tetroses
12760:Geometry
12751:Pyranose
12746:Furanose
12372:glycogen
12301:Fructose
12114:Pyruvate
11888:NADH + H
11868:NADH + H
11752:aldolase
11551:Glycogen
11300:cortisol
11292:function
11267:Secretin
11207:Caffeine
11202:Betazole
11161:Sorbitol
11093:Diabetes
11073:agents (
11030:24991541
11004:: 1–16.
10976:Archived
10953:24054643
10918:17177492
10873:Archived
10847:15628134
10810:26041177
10772:10826645
10737:96768832
10702:22027299
10653:18229952
10580:98567636
10545:18656655
10509:18154363
10447:30905457
10403:58131350
10321:Archived
10317:Abstract
10287:Archived
10283:95749674
10235:Archived
10197:33013305
10138:33083765
10100:iScience
10010:Archived
9742:, 2016,
9707:18 March
9701:Archived
9679:19768616
9653:Biofuels
9638:24827686
9603:30481664
9551:Archived
9520:26964835
9347:Archived
9325:34263228
9317:22872934
9226:25589267
9190:25410233
9135:38764657
9127:28939430
9085:29311793
9004:38596025
8996:18315798
8962:14380313
8954:18453466
8906:archived
8894:17279852
8843:44500072
8835:15041139
8790:Dash P.
8777:10493919
8686:archived
8627:22913968
8578:23266512
8535:20473153
8500:archived
8470:archived
8438:18 March
8432:Archived
8403:Archived
8371:Diabetes
8346:29330542
8289:12981024
8246:27048250
8160:27707936
8111:17539513
8020:15862090
7985:26125647
7936:30132032
7887:12504846
7867:Genomics
7852:25344989
7811:17403369
7741:18 March
7732:Archived
7728:25421524
7649:28510148
7550:18 March
7544:Archived
7526:Archived
7522:20301239
7450:18840763
7337:Archived
7210:12192669
7100:(1988),
6989:17 April
6983:Archived
6878:18 March
6872:Archived
6852:18 March
6846:Archived
6826:18 March
6820:Archived
6800:18 March
6794:Archived
6774:18 March
6768:Archived
6748:18 March
6742:Archived
6722:18 March
6716:Archived
6698:29300107
6663:21232587
6626:18 March
6620:Archived
6600:18 March
6594:Archived
6536:18 March
6530:Archived
6510:18 March
6504:Archived
6477:18 March
6471:Archived
6451:18 March
6445:Archived
6369:18 March
6363:Archived
6343:18 March
6337:Archived
6312:18 March
6306:Archived
6286:18 March
6280:Archived
6262:16863724
6167:29507651
6141:: 1–12.
6080:Archived
5977:Archived
5954:Archived
5931:Archived
5908:Archived
5885:Archived
5862:Archived
5839:Archived
5797:archived
5769:Archived
5707:Archived
5692:Archived
5675:Archived
5631:Archived
5611:Archived
5585:Archived
5551:(2019).
5524:Archived
5459:18 March
5453:Archived
5342:Archived
5143:Lye roll
5013:Analysis
4846:such as
4810:(HFCS).
4752:, rice,
4741:starch.
4104:glucose
4097:Sucrose
4094:glucose
3986:pancreas
3973:Diabetes
3968:Diabetes
3917:sorbitol
3913:mannitol
3911:such as
3883:and the
3845:polymers
3695:glucagon
3691:incretin
3675:arterial
3598:oxidized
2884:to form
2786:glycogen
2778:isomeric
2726:glycogen
2666:(of the
2460:diabetes
2368:proteins
2312:fructose
1954:furanose
1950:pyranose
1806:, or an
1654:glycogen
1644:such as
1636:such as
1630:pyranose
1587:aldehyde
1491:dextrose
1468:starches
1464:glycogen
1444:-glucose
1375:methanol
1292:chemical
1150:aldehyde
1146:-glucose
1128:glycogen
932:NFPA 704
925:Hazards
886:ATC code
786:10.5674
770:(χ)
389:1281604
300:492-62-6
268:-Glucose
261:Dextrose
84:-glucose
44:-glucose
14615:Glucose
14573:Portals
14501:Vinasse
14412:Bagasse
14400:Related
14332:Culture
14245:History
14058:Engenho
14026:Boilery
13992:Tuzemák
13957:Caramel
13884:Sucanat
13834:Jaggery
13824:Gelling
13774:Treacle
13749:Mizuame
13612:Coconut
13585:Sources
13559:Sucrose
13554:Maltose
13549:Lactose
13532:Glucose
13422:Amylose
13370:Glucose
13345:Fructan
13335:Dextran
13331:Dextrin
13309:Zymosan
13172:Sucrose
13167:Maltose
13157:Lactose
13106:Nonoses
13101:Octoses
13094:Above 7
13030:Sorbose
13025:Psicose
13003:Mannose
12988:Glucose
12978:Altrose
12960:Hexoses
12873:Threose
12824:Trioses
12729:General
12515:Glucose
12368:Glucose
12281:glucose
12191:Sucrose
12020:enolase
11614:Glucose
11522:Uridine
11499:Glucose
11138:patency
11101:Glucose
11021:4058687
10933:Talanta
10693:3208862
10615:8092486
10525:Talanta
10188:7497796
10163:: 920.
10129:7509213
10108:Bibcode
9990:28 June
9972:"Sugar"
9583:Bibcode
9511:4892884
9444:9356547
9076:5742113
9059:: 716.
8902:7496171
8768:1220531
8618:6392426
8412:5 March
8391:8666143
8337:5766520
8316:Bibcode
8151:5293555
8091:Bibcode
7976:5364028
7927:6133168
7640:5425736
7441:2636990
7315:p. 228.
7190:Bibcode
7182:Science
7014:Bibcode
6561:Bibcode
6411:1687736
6158:5817209
5825:(39): 8
5737:. p. 7.
5643:glucose
5639:Glucose
5375:Bibcode
5223:Oechsle
5189:bismuth
5073:In the
4989:, with
4979:, with
4969:, with
4959:, with
4949:, with
4939:, with
4929:, with
4919:, with
4909:, with
4899:, with
4889:, with
4879:, with
4856:fondant
4848:candies
4758:cassava
4731:Mizuame
4640:, sweet
4632:Grains
4618:0.1–0.5
4615:0.1–0.5
4591:0.2–1.0
4588:0.2–1.0
4573:Traces
4496:, sweet
4467:, sweet
4208:, dried
4150:Apricot
4116:Fruits
4084:sugars
4038:Sources
3897:dextran
3895:or the
3823:is the
3782:insulin
3687:insulin
3658:in the
3554:biology
2917:[[File:
2863:E. coli
2750:lactate
2692:kidneys
2652:β-cells
2608:neurons
2584:symport
2568:jejunum
2531:of the
2527:on the
2525:sucrase
2521:lactase
2517:maltase
2509:amylase
2505:chewing
2462:(e.g.,
2444:Neurons
2424:glucans
2320:enediol
2308:mannose
2164:)−B(OH)
2059:anomers
1940:-" or "
1920:anomers
1800:H(C=O)−
1640:and of
1583:alcohol
1456:maltose
1452:lactose
1379:ethanol
1367:soluble
1312:isomers
1233:sucrose
1221:raisins
1215:History
1190:gleûkos
1184:γλεῦκος
1120:amylose
1116:polymer
1087:during
1041:Glucose
1022:what is
1020: (
914: (
912:V06DC01
904: (
902:V04CA02
900:)
894: (
892:B05CX01
819:entropy
727:Density
711:180.156
542:PubChem
533:Glucose
293:50-99-7
176:-Hexose
14531:(1972)
14459:Nectar
14447:Jallab
14231:Hawaii
14173:Uganda
14141:Rwanda
13919:Toffee
13864:Panela
13682:Cheong
13654:Syrups
13537:Xylose
13412:Starch
13407:Pectin
13402:Mannan
13397:Lignin
13374:Glucan
13351:Inulin
13319:Chitin
13045:Fucose
13008:Talose
12993:Gulose
12973:Allose
12921:Xylose
12916:Ribose
12911:Lyxose
12801:Dioses
12777:Epimer
12767:Anomer
12741:Ketose
12736:Aldose
12678:PRKAG2
12536:MODY 2
12403:(APBD)
12277:Hexose
12048:
12027:
11882:NAD+ P
11862:NAD+ P
11433:Inulin
11028:
11018:
10951:
10916:
10879:4 June
10845:
10808:
10770:
10735:
10700:
10690:
10651:
10613:
10578:
10543:
10507:
10445:
10435:
10401:
10361:
10293:1 July
10281:
10213:. In:
10195:
10185:
10177:
10136:
10126:
10080:
10059:
9957:
9936:
9905:
9878:
9800:
9774:
9766:, in:
9746:
9677:
9667:
9636:
9601:
9518:
9508:
9467:
9442:
9402:
9378:
9323:
9315:
9297:
9271:
9246:
9224:
9188:
9178:
9147:7 June
9133:
9125:
9083:
9073:
9028:
9002:
8994:
8960:
8952:
8934:
8900:
8892:
8874:
8841:
8833:
8775:
8765:
8706:
8678:
8625:
8615:
8576:
8541:
8533:
8492:
8462:
8397:
8389:
8344:
8334:
8287:
8244:
8204:
8180:
8158:
8148:
8109:
8064:
8043:
8018:
7983:
7973:
7934:
7924:
7885:
7850:
7840:
7809:
7766:
7726:
7680:
7647:
7637:
7596:
7575:
7520:
7510:
7486:20 May
7474:
7448:
7438:
7400:
7370:
7311:
7287:
7255:
7230:
7208:
7159:
7133:
7108:
6960:
6939:
6912:
6696:
6661:
6420:938892
6418:
6408:
6260:
6196:
6165:
6155:
6060:
5775:1 July
5733:
5667:
5493:13 May
5484:
5428:
5241:phenol
5086:silver
5027:lectin
4852:toffee
4832:volume
4766:barley
4762:potato
4694:using
4567:Traces
4564:Traces
4561:Traces
4437:Carrot
4235:Grapes
4178:Banana
4082:Total
3984:. The
3853:lipids
3849:chitin
3778:muscle
3739:cattle
3679:venous
2865:, the
2815:, the
2782:starch
2680:GLUT14
2674:) and
2614:, and
2578:via a
2523:, and
2513:saliva
2490:Uptake
2480:enzyme
2476:lipids
2470:, and
2432:chitin
2416:acetal
1989:−(C(CH
1804:aldose
1793:cyclic
1660:. The
1656:, and
1646:starch
1591:ketone
1429:isomer
1423:. The
1406:hexose
1395:carbon
1273:- and
1249:dexter
1202:glykýs
1196:γλυκύς
1081:plants
1017:verify
1014:
987:(SDS)
642:SMILES
516:C00031
479:83256
415:ChEMBL
364:B01203
356:3DMet
90:Names
14442:Grape
14126:India
14121:Kenya
14068:Zafra
14063:Batey
13941:White
13904:Candy
13839:Misri
13795:Brown
13729:Honey
13627:Maple
13607:Birch
13493:Sugar
13267:(IMO)
13261:(GOS)
13255:(FOS)
13237:Other
12998:Idose
12649:Other
12634:SDDHD
12184:(GSD)
11544:Other
10733:S2CID
10576:S2CID
10399:S2CID
10279:S2CID
10241:. In
9321:S2CID
9131:S2CID
9000:S2CID
8958:S2CID
8909:(PDF)
8898:S2CID
8860:(PDF)
8839:S2CID
8539:S2CID
8406:(PDF)
8395:S2CID
8367:(PDF)
7735:(PDF)
7702:(PDF)
6108:(2).
6102:Efood
5530:6 May
5243:with
4754:wheat
4750:Maize
4718:from
4700:acids
4661:15.0
4627:high
4621:16–17
4612:17–18
4600:high
4594:11–16
4585:13–18
4545:60.3
4517:14.3
4494:Onion
4431:96.2
4410:, red
4397:16.2
4369:60.8
4313:56.7
4291:Peach
4285:50.4
4229:0.15
4200:20.0
4172:63.5
4144:19.9
4122:Apple
4092:Free
4087:Free
4070:item
4068:Food
4030:, or
3770:liver
3743:sheep
3621:brain
3610:NADPH
3576:) of
3527:yeast
3515:Tumor
2696:SGLT2
2662:from
2660:GLUT4
2656:GLUT3
2648:GLUT1
2596:GLUT2
2436:fungi
2364:amine
2017:trans
1985:furan
1981:pyran
1625:pyran
1484:honey
1283:- or
1245:Latin
1085:algae
1045:sugar
1043:is a
870:(HHV)
617:InChI
395:ChEBI
318:JSmol
174:gluco
60:of α-
14226:Fiji
14111:Cuba
13909:Hard
13637:Malt
13632:Palm
13617:Date
12540:HHF3
12111:2 ×
12063:2 ×
11992:2 ×
11952:2 ×
11896:2 ×
11832:2 ×
11486:and
11209:and
11026:PMID
11002:2014
10949:PMID
10914:PMID
10881:2018
10843:PMID
10831:1059
10806:PMID
10768:PMID
10698:PMID
10649:PMID
10611:PMID
10541:PMID
10505:PMID
10443:PMID
10433:ISBN
10359:ISBN
10295:2019
10193:PMID
10175:ISSN
10134:PMID
10078:ISBN
10057:ISBN
10036:In:
10018:2017
9992:2018
9955:ISBN
9934:ISBN
9916:2016
9903:ISBN
9876:ISBN
9798:ISBN
9772:ISBN
9744:ISBN
9709:2024
9675:PMID
9665:ISBN
9634:PMID
9599:PMID
9559:2017
9516:PMID
9465:ISBN
9440:PMID
9400:ISBN
9376:ISBN
9355:2018
9313:PMID
9269:ISBN
9244:ISBN
9222:PMID
9186:PMID
9176:ISBN
9149:2020
9123:PMID
9081:PMID
9026:ISBN
8992:PMID
8950:PMID
8890:PMID
8831:PMID
8773:PMID
8704:ISBN
8676:ISBN
8623:PMID
8574:PMID
8562:1835
8531:PMID
8490:ISBN
8460:ISBN
8440:2024
8414:2017
8387:PMID
8342:PMID
8285:PMID
8242:PMID
8202:ISBN
8178:ISBN
8156:PMID
8107:PMID
8062:ISBN
8041:ISBN
8016:PMID
7981:PMID
7932:PMID
7883:PMID
7848:PMID
7838:ISBN
7807:PMID
7764:ISBN
7743:2024
7724:PMID
7678:ISBN
7645:PMID
7594:ISBN
7573:ISBN
7552:2024
7518:PMID
7508:ISBN
7488:2010
7472:ISSN
7446:PMID
7398:ISBN
7368:ISBN
7345:2018
7309:ISBN
7285:ISBN
7253:ISBN
7228:ISBN
7206:PMID
7157:ISBN
7131:ISBN
7106:ISBN
6991:2023
6958:ISBN
6937:ISBN
6910:ISBN
6880:2024
6854:2024
6828:2024
6802:2024
6776:2024
6750:2024
6724:2024
6694:PMID
6659:PMID
6628:2024
6602:2024
6538:2024
6512:2024
6479:2024
6453:2024
6416:PMID
6371:2024
6345:2024
6314:2024
6288:2024
6258:PMID
6194:ISBN
6163:PMID
6139:2018
6058:ISBN
5805:2009
5777:2019
5731:ISBN
5665:ISBN
5593:2016
5532:2022
5495:2021
5482:ISBN
5461:2024
5426:ISBN
5294:and
5199:and
5141:and
5117:O).
5079:AgNO
5065:O).
5052:The
4854:and
4774:sago
4772:and
4739:rice
4658:0.61
4643:19.0
4638:Corn
4555:27.9
4527:20.1
4488:0.0
4408:Beet
4394:0.66
4379:11.4
4375:Plum
4351:13.1
4341:8.0
4323:15.5
4319:Pear
4273:2.25
4267:12.5
4242:15.5
4239:18.1
4226:0.93
4220:24.8
4217:22.9
4214:47.9
4211:63.9
4185:12.2
4182:22.8
4154:11.1
4129:10.4
4126:13.8
3927:and
3915:and
3814:The
3776:and
3713:and
3693:and
3641:coma
3592:and
3486:edit
3473:edit
2804:and
2792:and
2710:and
2670:and
2586:via
2559:do.
2500:T1R3
2498:and
2496:T1R2
2450:and
2438:and
2260:The
2156:C−(C
2147:para
2132:1,2-
1914:and
1585:and
1389:),
1387:beta
1377:and
1349:and
1347:Carl
1264:and
1208:-ose
1122:and
582:UNII
555:5793
527:MeSH
507:KEGG
496:4536
444:5589
377:Glc
14099:CSR
13972:Rum
13854:Nib
12519:CAC
12480:LSD
12170:of
12094:ATP
12091:ADP
11944:ATP
11941:ADP
11927:ATP
11924:ADP
11717:ADP
11714:ATP
11639:ADP
11636:ATP
11075:V04
11016:PMC
11006:doi
10941:doi
10937:115
10906:doi
10835:doi
10798:doi
10794:188
10760:doi
10725:doi
10721:162
10688:PMC
10680:doi
10641:doi
10637:108
10603:doi
10568:doi
10564:168
10533:doi
10497:doi
10493:108
10470:doi
10425:doi
10389:doi
10271:doi
10183:PMC
10165:doi
10124:PMC
10116:doi
9851:doi
9824:doi
9657:doi
9626:doi
9591:doi
9579:158
9506:PMC
9498:doi
9430:doi
9305:doi
9214:doi
9168:doi
9115:doi
9111:182
9071:PMC
9061:doi
8984:doi
8942:doi
8882:doi
8823:doi
8763:PMC
8755:doi
8751:343
8650:doi
8613:PMC
8605:doi
8566:doi
8523:doi
8379:doi
8332:PMC
8324:doi
8275:doi
8271:196
8232:doi
8146:PMC
8138:doi
8099:doi
8008:doi
7971:PMC
7963:doi
7922:PMC
7914:doi
7875:doi
7830:doi
7797:doi
7714:doi
7635:PMC
7627:doi
7436:PMC
7428:doi
7424:296
7198:doi
7186:213
7080:doi
7049:doi
7022:doi
7010:B35
6902:doi
6686:doi
6651:doi
6647:406
6569:doi
6406:PMC
6398:doi
6250:doi
6246:106
6223:doi
6186:doi
6153:PMC
6143:doi
6110:doi
6050:doi
6027:doi
6002:doi
5761:doi
5557:hdl
5383:doi
5314:or
5113:(Cu
5096:In
4737:or
4708:or
4655:0.9
4652:3.4
4649:1.9
4646:6.2
4624:1.0
4597:1.0
4558:0.5
4551:Yam
4542:0.9
4539:2.5
4536:1.0
4533:0.7
4530:4.2
4514:0.9
4511:0.7
4508:2.3
4505:2.0
4502:5.0
4499:7.6
4485:1.2
4482:0.0
4479:1.9
4476:2.3
4473:4.2
4470:6.0
4459:77
4456:1.0
4453:3.6
4450:0.6
4447:0.6
4444:4.7
4441:9.6
4428:1.0
4425:6.5
4422:0.1
4419:0.1
4416:6.8
4413:9.6
4391:1.6
4388:5.1
4385:3.1
4382:9.9
4366:1.1
4363:6.0
4360:1.7
4357:2.1
4354:9.9
4338:2.1
4335:0.8
4332:2.8
4329:6.2
4326:9.8
4310:0.9
4307:4.8
4304:2.0
4301:1.5
4298:8.4
4295:9.5
4282:1.1
4279:4.3
4276:2.0
4270:8.5
4254:1.1
4251:0.2
4248:7.2
4245:8.1
4223:0.9
4206:Fig
4197:1.0
4194:2.4
4191:5.0
4188:4.9
4169:0.7
4166:5.9
4163:2.4
4160:0.9
4157:9.2
4141:2.0
4138:2.1
4135:2.4
4132:5.9
3807:or
3790:fat
3756:by
3525:In
2873:).
2626:by
2414:or
2195:−OH
2023:cis
2008:−CH
1995:or
1922:of
1589:or
1531:or
1106:In
917:WHO
910:),
907:WHO
897:WHO
854:298
827:298
545:CID
80:of
40:of
14611::
13372:/
13361:/
13343:/
13333:/
12517:⇄
12482:):
12370:⇄
12329:/
12279:→
12174::
11319:GH
11024:.
11014:.
11000:.
10996:.
10968::
10947:.
10935:.
10912:.
10902:54
10900:.
10871:.
10867:.
10841:.
10829:.
10804:.
10792:.
10780:^
10766:.
10756:15
10754:.
10731:.
10719:.
10696:.
10686:.
10674:.
10670:.
10647:.
10635:.
10623:^
10609:.
10599:66
10597:.
10574:.
10562:.
10539:.
10529:76
10527:.
10503:.
10491:.
10466:35
10464:.
10441:.
10431:.
10411:^
10397:.
10383:.
10379:.
10332:^
10319:.
10311:,
10285:.
10277:.
10267:12
10261:.
10191:.
10181:.
10173:.
10161:14
10159:.
10155:.
10132:.
10122:.
10114:.
10104:23
10102:.
10098:.
9978:.
9847:34
9845:.
9820:25
9818:.
9783:^
9755:^
9717:^
9699:.
9695:.
9673:.
9663:.
9632:.
9622:11
9620:.
9597:.
9589:.
9577:.
9545:.
9514:.
9504:.
9494:48
9492:.
9488:.
9452:^
9438:.
9426:66
9424:.
9420:.
9387:^
9363:^
9345:.
9341:.
9319:.
9311:.
9303:.
9291:69
9289:.
9220:.
9208:.
9184:.
9174:.
9129:.
9121:.
9109:.
9105:.
9093:^
9079:.
9069:.
9057:11
9055:.
9051:.
9037:^
9011:^
8998:,
8990:,
8980:19
8978:,
8956:,
8948:,
8940:,
8928:11
8926:,
8904:,
8896:,
8888:,
8880:,
8868:92
8866:,
8862:,
8837:,
8829:,
8819:66
8817:,
8794:.
8771:.
8761:.
8749:.
8745:.
8684:,
8670:,
8646:32
8644:.
8621:.
8611:.
8601:24
8599:.
8595:.
8572:.
8560:.
8537:.
8529:.
8519:13
8517:.
8498:,
8468:,
8430:.
8401:.
8393:.
8385:.
8375:45
8373:.
8369:.
8354:^
8340:.
8330:.
8322:.
8310:.
8306:.
8283:.
8269:.
8263:.
8240:.
8228:59
8226:.
8222:.
8189:^
8154:.
8144:.
8134:36
8132:.
8128:.
8105:.
8097:.
8087:41
8085:.
8028:^
8014:.
8004:56
8002:.
7979:.
7969:.
7959:24
7957:.
7953:.
7930:.
7920:.
7910:61
7908:.
7904:.
7881:.
7871:80
7869:.
7846:.
7836:.
7805:.
7791:.
7787:.
7751:^
7730:.
7722:.
7710:58
7708:.
7704:.
7657:^
7643:.
7633:.
7621:.
7617:.
7560:^
7542:.
7524:.
7516:.
7466:,
7444:.
7434:.
7422:.
7418:.
7379:^
7353:^
7335:.
7331:.
7320:^
7267:^
7239:^
7204:.
7196:.
7184:.
7168:^
7144:^
7074:.
7043:.
7020:.
7008:.
6977:.
6924:^
6908:.
6900:.
6888:^
6844:.
6818:.
6792:.
6766:.
6740:.
6714:.
6692:.
6682:44
6680:.
6657:.
6645:.
6618:.
6592:.
6581:^
6567:.
6557:46
6555:.
6528:.
6487:^
6469:.
6443:.
6428:^
6414:.
6404:.
6392:.
6388:.
6361:.
6322:^
6278:.
6256:.
6244:.
6217:.
6192:.
6161:.
6151:.
6137:.
6133:.
6104:.
6100:.
6056:,
6023:60
6021:.
5983:.
5960:.
5937:.
5914:.
5891:.
5868:.
5845:.
5823:77
5821:,
5767:.
5757:28
5755:.
5751:.
5698:,
5673:.
5650:^
5629:.
5621:,
5609:.
5583:.
5579:.
5540:^
5518:.
5503:^
5451:.
5440:^
5405:34
5403:,
5381:,
5371:23
5369:,
5357:^
5348:.
5158:CO
5129:.
5104:,
5088:.
5021:,
4866:.
4850:,
4780:,
4764:,
4760:,
4756:,
4257:1
3959:.
3947:,
3943:,
3939:,
3923:,
3919:,
3811:.
3772:,
3749:.
3709:,
3705:,
3701:,
3689:,
3560:,
3533:.
3475:]]
2788:,
2784:,
2678:.
2654:.
2610:,
2606:,
2547:,
2519:,
2466:,
2426:.
2322::
2257:.
2124:.
2050:.
2012:OH
1972:.
1818:.
1751:α-
1742:β-
1730:α-
1716:β-
1704:α-
1652:,
1648:,
1628:β-
1563:.
1552:12
1535:.
1508:12
1486:.
1480:pH
1462:,
1458:,
1431:,
1412:.
1160:.
1062:12
920:)
846:(Δ
741:α-
693:12
658:β-
649:α-
339:β-
327:α-
239:,6
235:,5
231:,4
227:(3
215:,5
211:,4
207:,3
203:(2
172:ᴅ-
148:oʊ
142:uː
129:,
119:oʊ
113:uː
14575::
13485:e
13478:t
13471:v
12713:e
12706:t
12699:v
12680:)
12538:/
12478:(
12348:/
12333::
12303::
12247:)
12243:(
12160:e
12153:t
12146:v
12055:O
12053:2
12051:H
12034:O
12032:2
12030:H
12022:)
12018:(
11884:i
11864:i
11789:+
11785:+
11590:e
11583:t
11576:v
11476:e
11469:t
11462:v
11077:)
11063:e
11056:t
11049:v
11032:.
11008::
10955:.
10943::
10920:.
10908::
10883:.
10849:.
10837::
10812:.
10800::
10774:.
10762::
10739:.
10727::
10704:.
10682::
10676:5
10655:.
10643::
10617:.
10605::
10582:.
10570::
10547:.
10535::
10513:.
10511:.
10499::
10476:.
10472::
10449:.
10427::
10405:.
10391::
10385:6
10297:.
10273::
10199:.
10167::
10140:.
10118::
10110::
10020:.
9994:.
9940:.
9918:.
9884:.
9857:.
9853::
9830:.
9826::
9711:.
9681:.
9659::
9640:.
9628::
9605:.
9593::
9585::
9522:.
9500::
9446:.
9432::
9357:.
9327:.
9307::
9254:.
9228:.
9216::
9210:5
9194:.
9192:.
9170::
9151:.
9117::
9087:.
9063::
8986::
8944::
8884::
8825::
8779:.
8757::
8731:.
8714:.
8656:.
8652::
8629:.
8607::
8580:.
8568::
8545:.
8525::
8442:.
8416:.
8381::
8348:.
8326::
8318::
8312:8
8291:.
8277::
8248:.
8234::
8162:.
8140::
8113:.
8101::
8093::
8022:.
8010::
7987:.
7965::
7938:.
7916::
7889:.
7877::
7854:.
7832::
7813:.
7799::
7793:5
7745:.
7716::
7651:.
7629::
7623:8
7554:.
7452:.
7430::
7347:.
7293:.
7261:.
7212:.
7200::
7192::
7115:.
7086:.
7082::
7076:8
7068:′
7055:.
7051::
7045:2
7028:.
7024::
7016::
6993:.
6918:.
6904::
6882:.
6856:.
6830:.
6804:.
6778:.
6752:.
6726:.
6700:.
6688::
6665:.
6653::
6630:.
6604:.
6575:.
6571::
6563::
6540:.
6514:.
6481:.
6455:.
6422:.
6400::
6394:2
6373:.
6347:.
6316:.
6290:.
6264:.
6252::
6229:.
6225::
6219:3
6202:.
6188::
6169:.
6145::
6118:.
6112::
6106:4
6086:.
6052::
6033:.
6029::
6004::
5779:.
5763::
5623:7
5595:.
5559::
5534:.
5497:.
5463:.
5434:.
5385::
5377::
5352:.
5160:2
5115:2
5081:3
5063:2
4570:—
4034:.
3505:.
3379:]
3374:]
3369:]
3364:]
3359:]
3354:]
3349:]
3344:]
3339:]
3334:]
3329:]
3324:]
3319:]
3314:]
3309:]
3304:]
3299:]
3294:]
3289:]
3284:]
3279:]
3274:]
3269:]
3264:]
3259:]
3254:]
3249:]
3244:]
3239:]
3234:]
3229:]
3224:]
3219:]
3214:]
3209:]
3204:]
3199:]
3194:]
3189:]
3184:]
3179:]
3174:]
3169:]
3164:]
3159:]
3154:]
3149:]
3144:]
3139:]
3134:]
3129:]
3124:]
3119:]
3114:]
3109:]
3104:]
3099:]
3094:]
3089:]
3084:]
3079:]
3074:]
3069:]
3064:]
3059:]
3054:]
3049:]
3044:]
3039:]
3034:]
3029:]
3024:]
3019:]
3014:]
3009:]
2828:(
2742:d
2420:d
2408:d
2400:d
2392:d
2292:d
2288:d
2277:d
2273:d
2267:d
2262:d
2247:l
2231:d
2187:d
2171:p
2166:2
2162:4
2160:H
2158:6
2154:3
2152:H
2139:D
2134:O
2111:D
2107:L
2103:L
2093:D
2044:D
2040:D
2036:D
2032:D
2028:D
2010:2
1991:2
1958:D
1942:L
1938:D
1928:D
1924:D
1753:d
1744:d
1732:d
1718:d
1706:d
1673:d
1556:6
1554:O
1550:H
1548:6
1546:C
1521:O
1519:2
1517:H
1512:6
1510:O
1506:H
1504:6
1502:C
1442:l
1437:l
1433:d
1427:-
1425:d
1414:d
1383:α
1320:l
1318:/
1316:d
1285:l
1281:d
1275:l
1271:d
1266:l
1262:d
1258:l
1254:d
1199:(
1187:(
1144:l
1136:d
1068:6
1065:O
1059:H
1056:6
1053:C
1012:Y
973:0
966:1
959:0
856:)
851:H
848:f
829:)
824:S
822:(
805:)
803:C
801:(
747:d
743:d
699:6
696:O
690:H
687:6
684:C
660:d
651:d
603:d
341:d
329:d
320:)
305:d
266:d
241:R
237:S
233:S
229:R
217:R
213:R
209:S
205:R
154:/
151:s
145:k
139:l
136:ɡ
133:/
125:/
122:z
116:k
110:l
107:ɡ
104:ˈ
101:/
82:d
62:d
42:d
23:d
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)