Favela - Knowledge

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to the periphery of the city (Oliveira 1996). According to Anthony (2013), some of the most brutal favela removals in Rio de Janeiro's history occurred during this period. The military regime of the time provided limited resources to support the transition and favelados struggled to adapt to their new environments that were effectively ostracized communities of poorly built housing, inadequate infrastructure and lacking in public transport connections (Portes 1979). Perlman (2006) points to the state's failure in appropriately managing the favelas as the main reason for the rampant violence, drugs and gang problems that ensued in the communities in the following years. The creation of BOPE (Special Police Operations Battalion) in 1978 was the government's response to this violence (Pino 1997). BOPE, in their all black military ensemble and weaponry, was Rio's attempt to confront violence with an equally opposing entity.

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city while simultaneously empowering favelados to act as key agents in their communities (Navarro-Sertich 2011). Media outlets have been critical of this change in policy and believe its only reflective of the government's concerns of the large media attention Rio attracted during the 2014 FIFA World Cup (McLoughlin 2011) and the 2016 Olympic Games (Griffin 2016). Anthony (2013) was equally as critical of the policy and said that while rhetoric asserted the government's best intention, the reality was more in line with aggressive policies of the past. He points to the announcement in 2010 from Rio's Mayor Eduardo Paes concerning the removal of two inner city favelas, Morro de Prazeres and Laboriaux, and the forced relocation of its residents.

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services, connected favelas to the formal urban community through a series of street connections and public spaces and legalized land tenure (Pamuk and Cavallieri 1998). Aggressive intervention, however, did not entirely disappear from the public agenda. Stray-bullet killings, drug gangs and general violence were escalating in the favelas and from 1995 to mid-1995, the state approved a joint army-police intervention called "Operação Rio" (Human Rights Watch 1996). "Operação Rio" was the state's attempt to regain control of the favelas from the drug factions that were consolidating the social and political vacuum left by previously unsuccessful state policies and interventions (Perlman 2006).

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Providência (Pino 1997). The first wave of formal government intervention was in direct response to the overcrowding and outbreak of disease in Providência and the surrounding slums that had begun to appear through internal migration (Oliveira 1996). The simultaneous immigration of White Europeans to the city in this period generated strong demand for housing near the water and the government responded by "razing" the slums and relocating the slum dwellers to Rio's north and south zones (Oliveira 1996, pp. 74). This was the beginning of almost a century of state-sanctioned interventions marked by aggressive eradication policies.

1019:. Directed by trained guides, tourists are driven up the favela in vans, and then explore the community's hillside by foot. Guides walk their groups down main streets and point out local hot spots. Most tours stop by a community center or school, which are often funded in part by the tour's profits. Tourists are given the opportunity to interact with local members of the community, leaders, and area officials, adding to their impressions of favela life. Depending on the tour, some companies will allow pictures to be taken in predetermined areas, while others prohibit picture-taking completely. Notable features of said tours include: 821:. The government sought to upgrade the favelas and integrate them into the inner city with the newly urbanized upper-middle class. As these "upgraded favelas" became more stable, they began to attract members of the lower-middle class pushing the former favela dwellers onto the streets or outside of the urban center and into the suburbs further away from opportunity and economic advancement. For example: in Rio de Janeiro, the vast majority of the homeless population is black, and part of that can be attributed to favela gentrification and displacement of those in extreme poverty. 398: 660: 633:

2010). The "Parque Proletário" program relocated favelados to nearby temporary housing while land was cleared for the construction of permanent housing units (Skidmore 2010). In spite of the political assertions of Rio's Mayor Henrique Dodsworth, the new public housing estates were never built and the once-temporary housing alternatives began to grow into new and larger favelas (Oliveira 1996). Skidmore (2010) argues that "Parque Proletário" was the basis for the intensified eradication policy of the 1960s and 1970s.

765: 48: 29: 865: 1064: 3286: 1007:. This new touristic phenomena has developed into a major segment of touristic exploration. There are conflicting views on whether or not favela tourism is an ethical practice. These tours draw awareness to the needs of the underprivileged population living in these favelas, while giving tourists access to a side of Rio that often lurks in the shadows. The tours are viewed as a spectacular alternative to mainstream Rio de Janeiro attractions, such as 773: 797: 524: 148: 786: 749: 1432: 1093: 2463: 834:

in some Rio favelas. Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence.

714:, in order to arrest or drive out gang leaders. After generally securing an area of heavy weapons and large drug caches, and establishing a presence over several weeks to several months, the BOPE are then replaced by a new Pacifying Police Unit composed of hundreds of newly trained policemen, who work within a given favela as a permanent presence aimed at community policing. 861:

favela population increased by 41 percent. After 1990, the city's growth rate leveled off at 7 percent, but the favela population increased by 24 percent. A report released in 2010 by the United Nations, however, shows that Brazil has reduced its slum population by 16%, now corresponding to about 6% of the overall population of the nation.

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initiated a program to further implement tourism into the structure of favela economies. The Rio Top Tour Project, inaugurated in August 2010, promotes tourism throughout the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Beginning in Santa Marta, a favela of approximately 5,000 Cariocas, federal aid was administered in

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In 1950, only 7 percent of Rio de Janeiro's population lived in favelas; in the present day this number has grown to 19 percent or about one in five people living in a favela. According to national census data, from 1980 to 1990, the overall growth rate of Rio de Janeiro dropped by 8 percent, but the

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trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Rio and much higher rates

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More recent rounds of state policy break with the past, as community policing and participatory planning are now cornerstones of Brazilian public policy. Seeking to build on 'Favela-Bairro', the informally coined 'Favela Chic' program was aimed at bringing favelas into the formal social fabric of the

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since 2000. Following his return, he secured US$ 1.7 billion for the express purpose of security improvement in Rio, particularly in the favelas. In 2008, the state government unveiled a new police force whose rough translation is Pacifying Police Unit (UPP). Recruits receive special training as well

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In the 1980s and early 1990s, public policy shifted from eradication to preservation and upgrading of the favelas. The "Favela-Bairro" program, launched in 1993, sought to improve living standards for the favelados (Pamuk and Cavallieri 1998). The program provided basic sanitation services and social

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Following the initial forced re-relocation, favelas were left largely untouched by the government until the 1940s. During this period politicians, under the auspice of national industrialization and poverty alleviation, pushed for high density public housing as an alternative to the favelas (Skidmore

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Media representations of favelas also serve to spread knowledge of favelas, contributing to the growing interest in favelas as tourist locations. In recent years, favela culture has gained popularity as inspiration for art in other parts of the world. Fascination with favela life can be seen in many

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The favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estate interests. Following the end of slavery and increased urbanization into Brazilian cities, a lot of people from the Brazilian countryside moved to Rio. These new migrants sought work in the city but with

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Suspicion toward the police force is widespread in the favelas, so working from within is a more effective and efficient means of enacting change. Rio's Security Chief, José Mariano Beltrame, has stated that the main purpose of the UPPs is more toward stopping armed men from ruling the streets than

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The mass urban migration to Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s resulted in the proliferation of favelas across the urban terrain. In order to deal with the "favela problem" (Portes 1979, pp. 5), the state implemented a full-scale favela removal program in the 1960s and 1970s that resettled favelados

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Favelas in the early twentieth century were considered breeding grounds for antisocial behavior and spread of disease. The issue of honor pertaining to legal issues was not even considered for residents of the favelas. After a series of comments and events in the neighborhood of Morro da Cyprianna,

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During the 1950s, the favelas grew to such an extent that they were perceived as a problem for the whole society. At the same time the term favela underwent a first institutionalization by becoming a local category for the settlements of the urban poor on hills. However, it was not until 1937 that

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or emerging nations. Visits to the most disadvantaged parts of the city are essential features of this form of tourism. It is mainly composed of guided tours, marketed and operated by professional companies, through these disadvantaged areas. This new form of tourism has often been referred to as

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settlement. The soldiers from the War of Canudos (1896-7) were granted permission by Ministry of War to settle on the Providência hill, located between the seaside and centre of the city (Pino 1997). The arrival of former black slaves expanded this settlement and the hill became known as Morro de

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The Brazilian government has made several attempts in the 20th century to improve the nation's problem of urban poverty. One way was by the eradication of the favelas and favela dwellers that occurred during the 1970s while Brazil was under military governance. These favela eradication programs

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in the country. Brazil is one of the most economically unequal countries in the world, with the top 10 percent of its population earning 50 percent of the national income and about 8.5 percent of all people living below the poverty line. As a result, residents of favelas are often discriminated

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Communities form in favelas over time and often develop an array of social and religious organizations and forming associations to obtain such services as running water and electricity. Sometimes the residents manage to gain title to the land and then are able to improve their homes. Because of

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schools are open, and viewing stations have been constructed so tourists can take advantage of Rio de Janeiro's vista. Federal and state officials are carrying out marketing strategies and constructing information booths for visitors. Residents have also been trained to serve as tour guides,

857:, the poor population grew at a rapid pace as well as the modern favelas that house them in the end of last century. This is a phenomenon called "favelização" ("favela growth" or "favelisation"). In 1969, there were approximately 300 favelas in Rio de Janeiro; today there are twice as many. 304:

Urbanization in the 1950s provoked mass migration from the countryside to the cities throughout Brazil by those hoping to take advantage of the economic opportunities urban life provided. Those who moved to Rio de Janeiro chose an inopportune time. The change of Brazil's capital from Rio to

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Santos, Kátia Andressa; Filho, Octávio Pessoa Aragão; Aguiar, Caroline Mariana; Milinsk, Maria Cristina; Sampaio, Sílvio César; Palú, Fernando; da Silva, Edson Antônio (March 2017). "Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and thermal analysis of oil extracted from favela (Cnidoscolus

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Journalists within Rio studying ballot results from the 2012 municipal elections observed that those living within favelas administered by UPPs distributed their votes among a wider spectrum of candidates compared to areas controlled by drug lords or other organized crime groups such as

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WILLIAMS, CLAIRE. "Ghettourism And Voyeurism, Or Challenging Stereotypes And Raising Consciousness? Literary And Non-Literary Forays into The Favelas of Rio De Janeiro." Bulletin of Latin American Research 27.4 (2008): 483–500. Business Source Complete. Web. 8 December

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in 1960 marked a slow but steady decline for the former, as industry and employment options began to dry up. Unable to find work, and therefore unable to afford housing within the city limits, these new migrants remained in the favelas. Despite their proximity to urban

1238:) is a semi-fictional account of the BOPE (Portuguese: Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais), the Special Police Operations Battalion of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police, with main action taking place in Rio's favelas. The film was followed by a sequel, 1615: 629:

during which a local woman Elvira Rodrigues Marques was slandered, the Marques family took it to court. This is a significant change in what the public considered the norm for favela residents, who the upper classes considered devoid of honor all together.

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following the lead of pre-existing favela tour programs. Recently, favelas have been featured in multiple forms of media including movies and video games. The media representation of favelas has increased peoples' interest in favelas as tourist locations.

841:, or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$ 150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media. 371:, known as UPPs. While drug dealing, sporadic gun fights, and residual control from drug lords remain in certain areas, Rio's political leaders point out that the UPP is a new paradigm after decades without a government presence in these areas. 1975: 2218:

The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution, and Identity in Rio de Janeiro's Favelas. By: Arias, Enrique Desmond; Rodrigues, Corinne Davis. Latin American Politics & Society, Winter2006, Vol. 48 Issue 4, p 53–81,

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the favela actually became central to public attention, when the Building Code (Código de Obras) first recognized their very existence in an official document and thus marked the beginning of explicit favela policies.

325:("City of God"), later popularized in a widely popular feature film of the same name. Poor public planning and insufficient investment by the government led to the disintegration of these projects into new favelas. 1607: 314:, the city did not extend sanitation, electricity, or other services to the favelas. They soon became associated with extreme poverty and were considered a headache to many citizens and politicians within Rio. 644:

Since 2009, Rio de Janeiro has had walls separating the rich neighborhoods from the favelas, officially to protect the natural environment, but critics charge that the barriers are for economic segregation.

2116: 1015:. They offer a brief portrayal of Rio's hillside communities that are far more than the habitats often misrepresented by drug lords and criminals. For instance, there are tours of the large favela of 1701: 1987: 741:

report shows that the city of Rio de Janeiro has 1,413 favelas, all under the control of a parallel armed power (drug trafficking or armed militia). Due to the large scale and complexities of these

722:(OMCT) did note the drop in the homicide rate within Rio de Janeiro's favelas. The report also pointed to the importance of initiatives that combine public security with intra-favela initiatives. 301:'s industrialization drive pulled hundreds of thousands of migrants into the former Federal District, to the 1970s, when shantytowns expanded beyond urban Rio and into the metropolitan periphery. 1330:, some of the scenes take place in the favela. It features the main characters (Blu and Jewel) being kidnapped for illegal wildlife trade and kept deep in one of the many houses in Rio's favelas. 817:

forcibly removed over 100,000 residents and placed them in public housing projects or back to the rural areas that many emigrated from. Another attempt to deal with urban poverty came by way of

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against for living in these communities and often experience inequality and exploitation. This stigma that is associated with people living in favelas can lead to difficulty in finding jobs.

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Moreno, Carolina. "Brazilian Funk Music: Rio De Janeiro's 'Music From The Favelas' Gains Acceptance (VIDEOS)." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 18 December 2012. Web. 8 Dec. 2013.

932:, a type of music popularized in the favelas has also become popular in other parts of the world. This type of music often features samples from other songs. Popular funk artists include 2229: 126:, when many people left rural areas of Brazil and moved to cities. Unable to find places to live, many people found themselves in favelas. Census data released in December 2011 by the 1026:

Information regarding modern infrastructural equipment (such as wireless LAN, health services) and up-to-date shopping and services infrastructure (e.g. fashion stores, banks, cafés)

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Explanations regarding the mechanisms of socio-geographic differentiation and spatial disparities within a favela (especially rent, the property market, and unemployment)

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Drug use is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own

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In the 1970s, Brazil's military dictatorship pioneered a favela eradication policy, which forced the displacement of hundreds of thousands of residents. During

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as a US$ 300 monthly bonus. By October 2012, UPPs have been established in 28 favelas, with the stated goal of Rio's government to install 40 UPPs by 2014.

130:(IBGE) showed that in 2010, about 6 percent of the Brazilian population lived in favelas and other slums. Favelas are located in 323 of the 5,565 Brazilian 687:

and social services program aimed at reclaiming territories controlled by drug traffickers. The program was spearheaded by State Public Security Secretary

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and eradication were beginning to give way to violence associated with the burgeoning drug trade. Changing routes of production and consumption meant that

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Mafra, Clara (March 2008). "Dwelling on the hill: Impressions of residents of two favelas in Rio de Janeiro regarding religion and public space".

1783: 1755: 127: 2237: 1293:. It appears in the missions "Takedown" and "The Hornet's Nest" as well as a multiplayer map; the map reappears in the 2014 "Invasion" DLC for 374:

Most of the current favelas greatly expanded in the 1970s, as a construction boom in the more affluent districts of Rio de Janeiro initiated a

904:. While there has been an increase in the number of converts to Evangelicalism, there are also an increasing number of people who claim to be 119:

moved in. Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs.

960:

paintings, photography, and reproductions of favela dwellings. There have also been instances of European nightclubs inspired by favelas.

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Manfred, R. Poverty tourism: theoretical reflections and empirical findings regarding an extraordinary form of tourism. September 2009.

1862: 1182: 2934: 2302: 1953: 2183:

Perlman, Janice E. Favela : Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio De Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009

2949: 2419: 2064: 2653: 1668: 2974: 2495: 951:

is a free music school set up in Pereirão in Rio, which aims to give children opportunities through musical performance.

3080: 2040: 1591: 719: 2924: 2449: 2435: 2010: 1821: 1381: 1136: 943:

are forms of dance parties that play this type of funk music and were popularized in favelas. Popular hip hop artist

684: 607: 588: 231: 212: 1118: 2533: 2467: 1356: 560: 184: 1610:[2010 Census: 11.4 million Brazilians (6.0%) live in subnormal agglomerations] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3320: 2588: 322: 1199:, some of the locations take place in favela style housing, particularly Rokkaku-dai Heights and Kibogaoka Hill. 710:

The establishment of a UPP within a favela is initially spearheaded by Rio de Janeiro's elite police battalion,

2914: 2864: 2813: 2593: 1289: 1213: 1103: 545: 169: 567: 274:) indigenous to Bahia. When they settled on the Providência hill in Rio de Janeiro, they nicknamed the place 191: 2904: 2889: 2192:

Perlman, Janice E,.2006.The Metamorphosis of Marginality: Four Generations in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro.

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are the most prominent religions within favelas, but over the past few decades there has been a shift toward

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in 2007 in order to observe public security improvements enacted in the country under Colombian President

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and left with no place to live. When they served in Bahia, those soldiers had been familiar with Canudos'

43:). Although favelas are found in urban areas throughout Brazil, many of the more famous ones exist in Rio. 1471: 1372: 1177: 1008: 757: 2364: 1385:, the Operation Skull Rain DLC comes with two Brazilian operators and a map which is a Brazilian favela. 808:("inhabitants of favela"). Favelas are associated with poverty. Brazil's favelas are the result of the 574: 198: 3335: 3325: 3315: 1270: 620:

In the late 19th century, the state gave regulatory impetus for the creation of Rio de Janeiro's first

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Oliveira, Ney dos Santos.1996.Favelas and Ghettos: Race and Class in Rio de Janeiro and New York City.

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are high. In addition, favelas situated on hillsides are often at risk from flooding and landslides.

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features the characters living in Rio's favelas after escaping custody by American forces. Most of

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Since the mid-1990s, a new form of tourism has emerged in globalizing cities of several so-called

688: 3330: 3201: 3143: 2658: 2578: 2553: 2488: 2407: 1516: 1204: 1114: 541: 534: 382:

in Brazil. Since then, favelas have been created under different terms but with similar results.

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In Brazil, this new growing market of tourism has evolved in a few particular favelas mostly in

991:, Rio de Janeiro. Used by favela commuters to the closer urban train station and tourists alike. 92: 3115: 2828: 2763: 2543: 2538: 391: 76: 1321:

takes place in a favela as the main character must make his escape from pursuing enemy forces.

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The Brazilian federal government views favela tourism with high regard. The administration of

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neighborhood features favelas (right) contrasted with more affluent houses (left). The statue

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Meetings with voluntary workers on social or cultural projects and/or visits to such projects

738: 683:, began to be implemented within various favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The UPP is a 668: 654: 368: 347:

While there are Rio favelas which are still essentially ruled by organized crime groups like

1398:

features a Brazilian dystopian thriller web television set in a fictional favela, filmed in

1055:. English signs indicating the location of attractions are posted throughout the community, 1047:

order to invigorate the tourism industry. The federal government has dedicated 230 thousand

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destined for Europe. Although drugs brought in money, they also accompanied the rise of the

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in the suburbs, when favelas replaced tenements as the main type of residence for destitute

3226: 3094: 3087: 2996: 2929: 2823: 2818: 2803: 2793: 2728: 2703: 2688: 2683: 2668: 2648: 2598: 2583: 2523: 2518: 2350:

Anonymous. Favela tourism guides new hope. Washington Report on the Hemisphere. April 2011.

1978:[Favelas account for 6% of the Brazilian population, with 11 million inhabitants]. 1583: 1339:, the game takes place in an unspecified Brazilian favela which the player has to navigate. 1295: 1257: 1195: 1072: 969: 876: 364: 360: 244:

The term favela dates back to the late 1800s. At the time, soldiers were brought from the

8: 3129: 3059: 2959: 2807: 2798: 2783: 2738: 2708: 2678: 2618: 2563: 2558: 2528: 809: 742: 672: 71: 1839:

Frisch, T. Glimpses of another world: The favela as a tourist attraction. February 2012.

3289: 3191: 3181: 3136: 3122: 2954: 2899: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2693: 2663: 2623: 2608: 2573: 2481: 1935: 1633: 1052: 1032:

Visits to schools, kindergartens or other institutions serving children and adolescents

3236: 1501: 3231: 3164: 2884: 2718: 2643: 2638: 2603: 2445: 2431: 2415: 2259: 2006: 1939: 1817: 1748: 1693: 1587: 116: 1983: 1221: 737:

There have been significant shifts in favela policy in the last century. In 2020, a

581: 298: 205: 3310: 3157: 3066: 3010: 2964: 2939: 1931: 1927: 1725: 1170: 488: 454: 402: 379: 348: 341: 2026: 1729: 659: 397: 297:(residents of Rio). The explosive era of favela growth dates from the 1940s, when 3256: 3108: 2894: 2833: 2386: 1787: 1326: 1187: 764: 492: 1608:"Censo 2010: 11,4 milhões de brasileiros (6,0%) vivem em aglomerados subnormais" 1110: 703: 3031: 3024: 2979: 2442:

Housing Shaped by Labour: The Architecture of Scarcity in Informal Settlements.

2134:[Brazil has 16.27 million people in extreme poverty, says government]. 2075: 1872: 1660: 1466: 1165: 996: 984: 933: 901: 897: 850: 818: 387: 333: 318: 311: 253: 245: 108: 96: 36: 1076: 99:

in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had lived under the

3304: 3271: 3073: 1697: 1684:"The story of cities #15: the rise and ruin of Rio de Janeiro's first favela" 1571: 1521: 1437: 1360: 1262: 1152: 921: 265: 47: 40: 2105:[RJ has 1,400 favelas dominated by criminals, according to report]. 1744: 1536: 3266: 3241: 3221: 3186: 3017: 3003: 2919: 2136: 2107: 2068:[Political freedom is reinforced with the implementation of UPPs]. 1688: 1335: 1283: 974: 948: 929: 868: 864: 375: 289:

The housing crisis of the 1940s forced the urban poor to erect hundreds of

123: 28: 1416: 1399: 1349: 1063: 1000: 893: 854: 790: 413:

beaches. The cone spire to the far right is part of the Morro Dois Irmãos.

3246: 2909: 2254:[IBGE: 6% of the Brazilian population lived in favelas in 2010]. 2145: 2112: 1956:[IBGE: 6% of the Brazilian population lived in favelas in 2010]. 1898: 1506: 1344: 1230: 937: 290: 2141: 1976:"Favelas concentram 6% da população brasileira, com 11 mi de habitantes" 306: 1456: 1035:

Impressions of private residences, communication with their inhabitants

905: 548: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 502: 428: 172: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1476: 772: 321:'s administration, many were moved to public housing projects such as 3261: 3211: 3196: 2504: 2132:"Brasil tem 16,27 milhões de pessoas em extrema pobreza, diz governo" 1481: 1461: 1304: 888:

A number of religious traditions exist in the favelas. Historically,

621: 39:(as well as in Brazil and the second largest slum and shanty town in 1121:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 523: 147: 2307: 2103:"RJ tem 1,4 mil favelas dominadas por criminosos, aponta relatório" 2031: 1814:

Favela : ninety Decades of death on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro

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was filmed in Puerto Rico and only a few scenes were filmed in Rio.

849:

Despite attempts to remove favelas from Brazil's major cities like

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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favela of Rio de Janeiro from the late 1960s to the early 1980s.

2462: 1491: 1486: 1451: 872: 410: 88: 80: 1867: 1364: 1252: 1075:. The high-rise buildings near the coast are condominiums in 1056: 1048: 925: 249: 104: 2473: 2427:

Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro

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Rio de Janeiro's state governor, Sérgio Cabral, traveled to

679:, also translated as Police Pacification Unit), abbreviated 390:

and pollution, disease is rampant in the poorer favelas and

3251: 3216: 2390: 2258:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 December 2011. Archived from 2252:"IBGE: 6% da população brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010" 1954:"IBGE: 6% da população brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010" 1611: 1511: 977:

which can also be seen in areas of South Africa and India.

917: 84: 2001:

Caulfield, Sueann; Chambers, Sarah; Putnam, Laura (2005).

1865:[Beltrame: 'We must fight to maintain the UPPs']. 1219:

Living in and escaping favela life is a theme of the film

780: 2065:"Liberdade política é reforçada com implantação das UPPs" 2036: 1830: 1800:

Favelas and Ghettos:race and Class in Rio de Janeiro City

1394: 1352:, with large portions of the game taking place in Brazil. 282:

little to no money, they could not afford urban housing.

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A favela is featured as a bomb scenario map in the game

800:

Favela in São Paulo, 1994, advertising a shack for sale.

718:

to put an end to drug trafficking. A 2010 report by the

2303:"Doncaster man sets up music school in Rio shanty town" 2000: 2005:. Durham NC: Duke University Press. pp. 189–192. 2870:

Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now

115:(African neighborhoods). Over the years, many former 1427: 844: 954: 752:The Cantagalo favela is located on a hill in Rio's 79:for several types of impoverished neighborhoods in 2332: 2330: 2230:"Brazilian Army Caves in to Favela's Drug Dealers" 2063: 2062:Bruno, Cassio; Onofre, Renato (10 November 2012). 1348:, some of the levels take place in the favelas of 745:, academic interest into this field remains high. 2346: 2344: 2342: 2101:Leitão, Leslie; Lannoy, Carlos de (6 July 2020). 1003:, with the largest and most visited favela being 122:Most modern favelas appeared in the 1970s due to 3302: 663:Brazilian troops during an operation in Rocinha. 513: 59:, shrouded in clouds, is in the left background. 2327: 128:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 2339: 2003:Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America 2489: 2361:"Puerto Rico Represents Brazil for Fast Five" 1960:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 December 2011. 1051:(US$ 145 thousand) to the project efforts in 2100: 1863:"Beltrame: 'Cabe lutar para manter as UPPs'" 1850:Sources on the history of favelas in Brazil. 804:The people who live in favelas are known as 2295: 2061: 1190:featured a favela prominently in the video. 111:. Some of the last settlements were called 2496: 2482: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2129: 947:is from Cidade de Deus in Rio de Janeiro. 916:Popular types of music in favelas include 1792: 1183:HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I 1137:Learn how and when to remove this message 648: 608:Learn how and when to remove this message 232:Learn how and when to remove this message 1913: 1911: 1315:The second level in the 2011 video game 1071:favela. Visible in the distance is the 1062: 979: 863: 795: 784: 771: 763: 747: 658: 396: 46: 27: 2935:Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca 2164: 1860: 1811: 1681: 1570: 824: 781:Formation of favela society and culture 472:Favela residents of Brazil's population 3303: 2288: 2286: 1355:In the music video for the 2012 song " 1265:, including Brazil, featuring favelas. 1176:In his 1995 music video for the song " 405:favela in Rio de Janeiro as seen from 344:and of gangs competing for dominance. 260:("Favela Hill") – a name referring to 107:and had nowhere to live following the 2477: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2082:from the original on 11 November 2012 1917: 1908: 1879:from the original on 21 November 2013 1812:Perlman, Janice (10 September 2010). 1082: 70: 2430:(New York: Oxford University Press) 2212: 2152:from the original on 1 February 2012 1658: 1547: 1367:, a boy wakes up in a favela in Rio. 1086: 546:adding citations to reliable sources 517: 351:or by organized crime groups called 336:found itself as a transit point for 170:adding citations to reliable sources 141: 2975:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign 2440:Ana Rosa Chagas Cavalcanti (2018). 2283: 2130:Passarinho, Nathalia (3 May 2011). 1964:from the original on 24 March 2014. 1861:Balocco, André (18 November 2013). 13: 2950:Squatters' Action for Secure Homes 2401: 2315:from the original on 1 August 2016 2266: 2027:"World's barriers: Rio de Janeiro" 1986:. 21 December 2011. Archived from 1751:: Vocabulário e Notas Lexiológicas 1704:from the original on 5 April 2016. 1671:from the original on 29 June 2006. 1618:from the original on 30 June 2020. 720:World Organization Against Torture 14: 3352: 2925:Ontario Coalition Against Poverty 2455: 2387:"3% (TV Series 2016–2020) – IMDb" 2119:from the original on 7 July 2020. 2043:from the original on 17 July 2024 1582:] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 845:Growth and removal of the favelas 691:with the backing of Rio Governor 386:crowding, unsanitary conditions, 3285: 3284: 2461: 1816:. USA: Oxford University Press. 1430: 1156:is set in an unnamed Rio favela. 1091: 955:Popularization of favela culture 522: 420:Service in Favela (Census 2010) 264:, a skin-irritating tree in the 146: 2379: 2353: 2244: 2236:. 14 March 2006. Archived from 2222: 2199: 2186: 2123: 2094: 2055: 2019: 1994: 1968: 1946: 1891: 1854: 1842: 1805: 1682:Douglas, Bruce (5 April 2016). 677:Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora 533:needs additional citations for 359:), all of the favelas in Rio's 248:, in the northeastern state of 157:needs additional citations for 2915:National Union of the Homeless 2865:Advisory Service for Squatters 1932:10.1016/j.religion.2008.01.001 1774: 1736: 1708: 1675: 1652: 1622: 1600: 1564: 1382:Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege 1290:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 810:unequal distribution of wealth 768:Favela not far from Copacabana 35:is the largest hill favela in 1: 2503: 1730:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.045 1718:Industrial Crops and Products 1557: 1415:is mainly set in a favela in 1241:Elite Squad: The Enemy Within 1038:Visits to restaurants or café 514:Public policy towards favelas 16:Shanty town or slum in Brazil 2945:Revolutionary Housing League 2363:. Ramascreen. Archived from 1901:'s bibliography on Suburbs ( 1281:A favela is featured in the 1244:(original Portuguese title: 1234:(original Portuguese title: 1208:(original Portuguese title: 328:By the 1980s, worries about 7: 3081:No Land! No House! No Vote! 2207:Latin American Perspectives 2140:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2111:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2074:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1982:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1871:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1423: 1287:franchise in the 2009 game 1117:the claims made and adding 883: 10: 3357: 2905:Landless Workers' Movement 2890:Homeless Workers' Movement 1173:) takes place in a favela. 963: 652: 137: 18: 3280: 3174: 3151:The Strategy of the Snail 2988: 2852: 2511: 1903:Free University of Berlin 1798:Ney dos Santos Oliveira, 1532:List of favelas in Brazil 1274:features footage shot in 1044:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 357:Brazilian police militias 3102:Squatting the real story 1178:They Don't Care About Us 1067:Panoramic view of Rio's 911: 271:Cnidoscolus quercifolius 91:, was first used in the 83:. The term, which means 3144:The Silverado Squatters 2468:Favelas—Slums in Brazil 2444:(Berlin: Jovis Press). 1517:Township (South Africa) 1379:In the 2015 video game 1342:In the 2012 video game 1333:In the 2012 video game 1193:In the 2002 video game 480:Demographics in Favela 378:of workers from poorer 363:and key favelas in the 21:Favela (disambiguation) 3321:Slums in South America 3116:The Cambridge Squatter 2424:Janice Perlman (2010) 1716:quercifolius) seeds". 1079: 992: 880: 801: 793: 777: 769: 761: 676: 669:Pacifying Police Units 664: 649:Pacifying police units 414: 392:infant mortality rates 369:Pacifying Police Units 60: 44: 2880:Eurodusnie Collective 2860:Abahlali baseMjondolo 1447:Abahlali baseMjondolo 1258:Michiko & Hatchin 1212:) takes place in the 1066: 983: 867: 799: 789:Bedroom on Favela of 788: 775: 767: 751: 689:José Mariano Beltrame 662: 655:Pacifying Police Unit 400: 50: 31: 3227:Occupation (protest) 3039:In Krakende Welstand 2930:Picture the Homeless 2470:at Wikimedia Commons 2262:on 31 December 2012. 1786:8 April 2010 at the 1753:, Rio: Francisco Al 1614:. 21 December 2011. 1584:Companhia das Letras 1580:The Brazilian People 1296:Call of Duty: Ghosts 1261:is variously set in 1196:Jet Set Radio Future 1073:South Atlantic Ocean 970:developing countries 877:World Youth Day 2013 825:Drugs in the favelas 743:informal settlements 542:improve this article 166:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 3341:Squatting in Brazil 3130:The Harvest Gypsies 2960:The City is For All 2534:Antigua and Barbuda 2414:(New York: Verso). 2039:. 5 November 2009. 1848:Pino, Julio Cesar. 1659:Espinoza, Rodolfo. 1640:on 15 February 2001 1271:The Incredible Hulk 1013:Christ the Redeemer 871:visits a favela in 776:Favela da Maré, Rio 667:Beginning in 2008, 367:are now managed by 93:Slum of Providência 57:Christ the Redeemer 3182:Adverse possession 3137:The Legacy of Luna 3123:The Good Terrorist 2955:Take Back the Land 2900:Justice Not Crisis 1634:Macalester College 1102:possibly contains 1083:In popular culture 1080: 1009:Sugarloaf Mountain 993: 989:Complexo do Alemão 881: 802: 794: 778: 770: 762: 665: 455:Garbage collection 415: 61: 45: 3336:Welfare in Brazil 3326:Housing in Brazil 3316:Poverty in Brazil 3298: 3297: 3232:Pavement dwellers 3165:We, the Invisible 3095:Squatter's Rights 2997:A Squatter's Tale 2885:Exodus Collective 2594:England and Wales 2466:Media related to 2420:978-1-84467-160-1 2240:on 24 March 2014. 2196:.606 Annals 154:2 1990:on 24 March 2014. 1749:Euclides da Cunha 1576:O Povo Brasileiro 1554: 1553: 1324:In the 2011 film 1180:" from his album 1147: 1146: 1139: 1104:original research 618: 617: 610: 592: 511: 510: 464:People in Favela 242: 241: 234: 216: 117:enslaved Africans 113:bairros africanos 95:in the center of 72:[fɐˈvɛlɐ] 3348: 3288: 3287: 3158:Two Up, Two Down 3067:Miracle in Milan 2965:The Land is Ours 2940:Reclaim The City 2498: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2465: 2395: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2367:on 9 August 2012 2357: 2351: 2348: 2337: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2311:. 28 July 2016. 2299: 2293: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2264: 2263: 2256:Jornal da Cidade 2248: 2242: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1958:Tribuna do Norte 1950: 1944: 1943: 1915: 1906: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1758:. 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