Clash of Civilizations

1502: 877: 1347: 895:, and between India and Pakistan were cited as evidence of inter-civilizational conflict. He also argues that the widespread Western belief in the universality of the West's values and political systems is naïve and that continued insistence on democratization and such "universal" norms will only further antagonize other civilizations. Huntington sees the West as reluctant to accept this because it built the international system, wrote its laws, and gave it substance in the form of the 3837: 269: 1181:, it has been noted that many of its people would support Westernization, as in the following quote by EU Minister Egemen Bağış: "This is what Europe needs to do: they need to say that when Turkey fulfills all requirements, Turkey will become a member of the EU on date X. Then, we will regain the Turkish public opinion support in one day." If this were to happen, it would, according to Huntington, be the first to redefine its civilizational identity. 1324:. They have a set of mutual cultural, social, economic and political views and norms which radically differ from those in the West and the Far East. In the Intermediate Region, therefore, one cannot speak of a civilizational clash or external conflict, but rather an internal conflict, not for cultural domination, but for political succession. This has been successfully demonstrated by documenting the rise of Christianity from the 3847: 3030: 1067:

non-Western civilizations in international society will make the West begin to develop a better understanding of the cultural fundamentals underlying other civilizations. Therefore, Western civilization will cease to be regarded as "universal" but different civilizations will learn to coexist and join to shape the future world.

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According to Huntington, a torn country must meet three requirements to redefine its civilizational identity. Its political and economic elite must support the move. Second, the public must be willing to accept the redefinition. Third, the elites of the civilization that the torn country is trying to

1066:

Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. They can develop economic/military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions. Huntington believes that the increasing power of

950:

Huntington sees Islamic civilization as a potential ally to China, both having more revisionist goals and sharing common conflicts with other civilizations, especially the West. Specifically, he identifies common Chinese and Islamic interests in the areas of weapons proliferation, human rights, and

1847:

le problème russo-américain, et là nous revenons à l'Algérie, va être dépassé lui-même avant très peu, cela ne sera pas un choc d'empires nous assistons au choc de civilisations et nous voyons dans le monde entier les civilisations colonisées surgir peu à peu et se dresser contre les civilisations

1251:

issued a response to Huntington's thesis in his 2001 article, "The Clash of Ignorance". Said argues that Huntington's categorization of the world's fixed "civilizations" omits the dynamic interdependency and interaction of culture. A longtime critic of the Huntingtonian paradigm, and an outspoken

1031:

The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of its power confronts non-Western countries that

1019:

Differences among civilizations are too basic in that civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition, and, most importantly, religion. These fundamental differences are the product of centuries and the foundations of different civilizations, meaning they

915:

Sinic civilization, as opposed to the individualism and pluralism valued in the West. Regional powers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam will acquiesce to Chinese demands and become more supportive of China rather than attempting to oppose it. Huntington therefore believes that the rise of China

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civilization. Huntington argues that Russia is primarily a non-Western state although he seems to agree that it shares a considerable amount of cultural ancestry with the modern West. According to Huntington, the West is distinguished from Orthodox Christian countries by its experience of the

1093:

These conflicts may result from a number of causes, such as: relative influence or power (military or economic), discrimination against people from a different civilization, intervention to protect kinsmen in a different civilization, or different values and culture, particularly when one

1229:

argues that distinct cultural boundaries do not exist in the present day. He argues there is no "Islamic civilization" nor a "Western civilization", and that the evidence for a civilization clash is not convincing, especially when considering relationships such as that between the

1279:

called the clash of civilizations a misleading thesis. He wrote that Islamic fundamentalism is more of a threat to a global civilization, rather than a confrontation with the West. He also argued that talking about civilizations using analogies from evolutionary biology is wrong.

1002:

and demographic explosion in Islam, coupled with the values of Western universalism—that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values—that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined, Huntington wrote briefly in his

2412:"Kulturelles Selbstverständnis und Koexistenz: Voraussetzungen für einen fundamentalen Dialog" (Cultural Identity and Co-existence: Preconditions for a Fundamental Dialogue). Public lecture delivered at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, 19 October 1972, published in: 1780: 1753: 234:

had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different

1726: 1304:, is neither Western nor Eastern (at least, with respect to the Far East) but is considered distinct. Concerning this region, Huntington departs from Kitsikis contending that a civilizational fault line exists between the two dominant yet differing religions ( 1027:

Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites

318:

of the Soviet Union are included, or are instead their own separate civilizations, will be an important future consideration for those regions, according to Huntington. The traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the

1216:, and particularly in the last century or so. To read in this a historical commitment of the West—over the millennia—to democracy, and then to contrast it with non-Western traditions (treating each as monolithic) would be a great mistake." 1055:

Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation in order to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. However, Huntington argues that the costs of this action are high and only a few states can pursue

1176:

The book claims that to date no torn country has successfully redefined its civilizational identity, this mostly due to the elites of the 'host' civilization refusing to accept the torn country, though if Turkey gained membership in the

906:

In Huntington's view, East Asian Sinic civilization is culturally asserting itself and its values relative to the West due to its rapid economic growth. Specifically, he believes that China's goals are to reassert itself as the regional

1208:(1999) argues that "diversity is a feature of most cultures in the world. Western civilization is no exception. The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the 2895: 1149:, whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief example. Turkey's history, culture, and traditions are derived from Islamic civilization, but Turkey's elite, beginning with 969:

Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations. This conflict dates back as far as the

1244:

objects to the 'extreme cultural determinism... crude to the point of parody' of Huntington's idea that Catholic and Protestant Europe is headed for democracy, but that Orthodox Christian and Islamic Europe must accept dictatorship.

260:, world politics moved into a new phase, in which non-Western civilizations are no longer the exploited recipients of Western civilization but have become additional important actors joining the West to shape and move world history. 1252:

proponent of Arab issues, Said (2004) also argues that the clash of civilizations thesis is an example of "the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293).

902:

Huntington identifies a major shift of economic, military, and political power from the West to the other civilizations of the world, most significantly to what he identifies as the two "challenger civilizations", Sinic and Islam.

1023:

The world is becoming a smaller place. As a result, interactions across the world are increasing, which intensify "civilization consciousness" and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within

251:

In addition, the clash of civilizations, for Huntington, represents a development of history. In the past, world history was mainly about the struggles between monarchs, nations and ideologies, such as that seen within

247:

article, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Huntington writes, "This is not to advocate the desirability of conflicts between civilizations. It is to set forth descriptive hypothesis as to what the future may be like."

1417:, to overcome cultural and social barriers between mainly the Western and predominantly Muslim worlds, and to reduce the tensions and polarization between societies which differ in religious and cultural values. 1168:

Mexico and Russia are also considered to be torn by Huntington. He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia.

916:

poses one of the most significant problems and the most powerful long-term threat to the West, as Chinese cultural assertion clashes with the American desire for the lack of a regional hegemony in East Asia.

1941:

Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (1996), p. 246: " 'La premiere guerre civilisationnelle' the distinguished Moroccan scholar Mahdi Elmandjra called the Gulf War as it was being fought."

1106:

have modernized in many respects while maintaining traditional or authoritarian societies which distinguish them from the West. Some of these countries have clashed with the West and some have not.

954:

Russia, Japan, and India are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side. Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as

1258:

has criticized the concept of the clash of civilizations as just being a new justification for the United States "for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which was required after the

1038:

Economic regionalism is increasing. Successful economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness. Economic regionalism may succeed only when it is rooted in a common civilization.

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The book has been criticized by various academic writers, who have empirically, historically, logically, or ideologically challenged its claims. Political scientist Paul Musgrave writes that

887:

Huntington argues that the trends of global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at these civilizational divisions. Wars such as those following the break up of

1312:), hence a dynamic of external conflict. However, Kitsikis establishes an integrated civilization comprising these two peoples along with those belonging to the less dominant religions of 1051:'s phrase, the conflict between "the West and the Rest". He offers three forms of general and fundamental actions that non-Western civilization can take in response to Western countries. 1234:. In addition, he cites the fact that many Islamic extremists spent a significant amount of time living or studying in the Western world. According to Berman, conflict arises because of 3226: 2416:. (Publications of the Working Group for Science and Politics at the University of Innsbruck, Vol. IV.) Innsbruck: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wissenschaft und Politik, 1973, pp. 75-78. 958:) but—according to Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil. Huntington argues that a " 2140:

Henderson, E. A., & Tucker, R. (2001). Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 45, pp. 317 338.

1985:

Murden S. Cultures in world affairs. In: Baylis J, Smith S, Owens P, editors. The Globalization of World Politics. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 416-426.

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introduced the concept at the global level. At his initiative, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the "United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations".

1090:

are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved.

1084:

are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations.

795:

There are also others which are considered "cleft countries" because they contain very large groups of people identifying with separate civilizations. Examples include

203:

Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that

2131:

Mungiu-Pippidi, A., & Mindruta, D. (2002). Was Huntington Right? Testing Cultural Legacies and the Civilization Border. International Politics, 39(2), pp. 193 213.

1962:

entre l'ancienne Chrétienté et l'Islam prit un nouvel aspect, par invasion (sans échange) de l'échelle de valeurs occidentales dans la mentalité collective musulmane."

859:

was also included as "cleft" between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa; this division became a formal split in July 2011 following an overwhelming vote for independence by

1378:, a response to Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, has become the center of some international attention. The concept was originally coined by Austrian philosopher 3051: 1899:

Elst, K. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel, in Sharma, A. (2001). Hinduism and secularism: After Ayodhya. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

981:

Huntington also believes that some of the factors contributing to this conflict are that both Christianity (upon which Western civilization is based) and Islam are:

959: 587:

are identified as separate from other civilizations, but Huntington believes that they do not constitute a major civilization in the sense of international affairs.

788:

could be considered a unique state with its own civilization, Huntington writes, but one which is extremely similar to the West. Huntington also believes that the

2585: 1386:, Köchler had earlier proposed that the cultural organization of the United Nations should take up the issue of a "dialogue between different civilizations" ( 2882: 943:

article was that "Islam has bloody borders". Huntington believes this to be a real consequence of several factors, including the previously mentioned Muslim

3526: 1880:""Some recollections from my acquaintance with Sita Ram Goel", ch.6 of K. Elst, ed.: India's Only Communalist, In Commemoration of Sita Ram Goel" 2122:

Fox, J. (2005). Paradigm Lost: Huntington's Unfulfilled Clash of Civilizations Prediction into the 21st Century. International Politics, 42, pp. 428–457.

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Hungtington SP, The Clash of Civilizations? In: Lechner FJ, Boli J, editors. The globalization reader. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. 37–44

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Huntington suggests that in the future the central axis of world politics tends to be the conflict between Western and non-Western civilizations, in

2104: 978:, the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern Europe and Vienna, and the European imperial division of the Islamic nations in the 1800s and 1900s. 188:

in his book "La première guerre civilisationnelle" published in 1992. Even earlier, the phrase appears in a 1926 book regarding the Middle East by

2504: 3531: 804: 602: 3883: 3083: 2378: 1555: 2935: 2511:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 1973: 5794: 3735: 3562: 3516: 911:, and that other countries in the region will 'bandwagon' with China due to the history of hierarchical command structures implicit in the 864: 1035:

Cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones.

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Contemporary Politics and Social Movements in an Isolated World: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities

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Huntington argues that the Islamic civilization has experienced a massive population explosion which is fueling instability both on the

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In Huntington's view, intercivilizational conflict manifests itself in two forms: fault line conflicts and core state conflicts.

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article and in much more detail in his 1996 book, would lead to a bloody clash between the Islamic and Western civilizations.

988:

Universal, "all-or-nothing" religions, in the sense that it is believed by both sides that only their faith is the correct one

951:

democracy that conflict with those of the West, and feels that these are areas in which the two civilizations will cooperate.

129:

argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures. It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the

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Huntington's geopolitical model, especially the structures for North Africa and Eurasia, is largely derived from the "

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The "Clash of Civilizations": Perception and Reality in the Context of Globalization and International Power Politics

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and population growth and Islamic proximity to many civilizations including Sinic, Orthodox, Western, and African.

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religions, that is, that their values and beliefs represent the goals of existence and purpose in human existence.

5789: 5764: 4502: 4353: 3521: 3275: 2040: 1852: 1402: 1271: 1048: 920: 800: 196:(p. 196). This expression derives from "clash of cultures", already used during the colonial period and the 2399:, Athens, Hestia, 1978. Supplemented 2nd edition: Hestia, 1990. 3rd edition: Hestia, 1998, 357 pp.. In Turkish, 2151: 5703: 5556: 4442: 3710: 3664: 3602: 3469: 2922: 2829: 5809: 5743: 5616: 4838: 3869: 3745: 3388: 3069: 1530: 1440: 224: 130: 1145:

Huntington refers to countries that are seeking to affiliate with another civilization as "torn countries".

215:

had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically,

5844: 5641: 5636: 5330: 4368: 4001: 3720: 3612: 2602: 2203:"H-Diplo/ISSF Teaching Roundtable 11-6 on The Clash of Civilizations in the IR Classroom | H-Diplo | H-Net" 1375: 971: 847:(cleft between Hindu and Buddhist), and the Philippines (cleft between Islam, in the case of south western 5834: 5799: 5656: 5651: 5436: 3780: 3659: 3424: 3190: 5814: 4321: 3981: 3725: 3557: 3499: 3139: 1587: 519: 4638: 4685: 4628: 4213: 3592: 3541: 3434: 3107: 2743: 1597: 1560: 1398: 466: 118: 3015: 2984: 2896:

Rethinking Civilizational Identity from the Bottom Up: A Case Study of Russia and a Research Agenda.

2171: 5804: 5526: 3812: 3536: 876: 1197:, but few specialists in international relations rely on it or even cite it approvingly. Bluntly, 1150: 243:, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. At the end of his 1993 5506: 5426: 4843: 4432: 4343: 3740: 3123: 2324: 1346: 1305: 932: 474: 386: 5240: 2993: 1410: 1153:

who took power as first President in 1923, imposed Western institutions and dress, embraced the

1032:

increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways.

5824: 4833: 4813: 4663: 3961: 3840: 3775: 3242: 3183: 2939: 2876: 2166: 1413:. The initiative is intended to galvanize collective action across diverse societies to combat 1119: 924: 789: 699: 4700: 2015: 1238:

beliefs various groups share (or do not share), regardless of cultural or religious identity.

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Bağış: Fransa'nın tutumunda değişimin başladığını görüyoruz | AB ve Türkiye | EurActiv.com.tr

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Perhaps the ultimate example of non-Western modernization is Russia, the core state of the

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The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory

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Tusicisny, Andrej, "Civilizational Conflicts: More Frequent, Longer, and Bloodier?", in

2425: 1670: 5698: 5693: 5676: 5671: 5140: 4648: 4585: 3817: 3793: 3750: 3368: 3363: 3289: 3003: 2972: 2927: 2835: 2733: 2372: 2278: 2244: 2184: 1994: 1958:, t. I, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2009, p. 629: "Après la venue de Bonaparte au Caire, le 1649: 1575: 1520: 1354: 1241: 998:

More recent factors contributing to a Western–Islamic clash, Huntington wrote, are the

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located in southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad), East Africa (excluding

630: 549: 539: 279:

Huntington divided the world into the "major civilizations" in his thesis as such:

216: 144: 5270: 2787:

Potter, Robert (2011), 'Recalcitrant Interdependence', Thesis, Flinders University

1725:

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Garsten, Christina; Randeria, Shalini (October 1, 2014).

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civilization attempts to impose its values on people of a different civilization.

927:

movements are becoming increasingly popular. Manifestations of what he terms the "

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Said, E. W. (2004). From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map. New York: Pantheon, 2004.

2111: 2002: 1926: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1457: 999: 928: 374: 354: 324: 253: 185: 171: 135: 2739: 2729: 2707: 2180: 1827:"WashingtonPost.com: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order" 1379: 1097: 197: 5713: 5621: 5611: 5340: 5215: 5200: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5110: 5085: 5040: 5020: 4882: 4853: 4828: 4783: 4763: 4725: 4680: 4560: 4550: 4407: 4238: 4051: 3378: 3315: 3305: 3164: 2790: 1545: 1467: 1340: 1178: 1154: 1135: 1080: 896: 299: 295: 268: 220: 2888:

The clash of civilizations according to Samuel Huntington – Orthodox criticism

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has not proven to be a useful or accurate guide to understanding the world."

808: 742: 504: 492: 458: 446: 370: 350: 338: 334: 328: 287: 283: 189: 175: 1193:"enjoys great cachet among the sort of policymaker who enjoys name-dropping 5626: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5155: 5150: 5090: 5065: 5035: 5030: 4937: 4932: 4778: 4658: 4392: 4328: 4198: 4188: 4183: 4102: 4092: 4036: 3926: 3685: 3373: 2770: 2690: 2459: 1328: 1297: 1263: 1255: 1060: 991: 770: 647: 430: 236: 204: 180: 167: 163: 2240: 2152:"Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence" 1974:"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal..." 792:, former British colonies in the Caribbean, constitutes a distinct entity. 5325: 5320: 5255: 5250: 5100: 4972: 4927: 4917: 4710: 4705: 4643: 4580: 4363: 4338: 4263: 4223: 4193: 4168: 4148: 4127: 4107: 4087: 4077: 4046: 3911: 3632: 3383: 3320: 2904: 2807: 2016:"Summary of "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order"" 1570: 1525: 1445: 1426: 1309: 1301: 1248: 1226: 1205: 1130:

rather than contiguous expansion and colonialism; and by the infusion of

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Philosophie und Politik. Dokumentation eines interdisziplinären Seminars

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Countries with a non-Orthodox majority are usually excluded e.g. Muslim

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The 'Clash of Civilizations' 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal

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Berman, Paul (2003). Terror and Liberalism. W W Norton & Company.

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rule from the Islamic caliphates and the Christianized Roman Empire.

1332: 1015:

Huntington offers six explanations for why civilizations will clash:

912: 844: 738: 711: 634: 580: 527: 442: 307: 2475: 2084:(The Free Press ed.). London: Simon $ Schuster. p. 207f. 1879: 966:, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position. 5681: 5260: 4997: 4590: 4555: 4529: 4509: 4462: 4273: 4228: 4112: 4016: 4006: 3971: 3941: 3760: 3700: 3577: 3409: 3325: 3300: 3232: 1259: 955: 936: 892: 848: 840: 828: 777: 750: 730: 719: 715: 691: 663: 638: 618: 584: 572: 564: 556: 496: 450: 438: 390: 346: 257: 231: 122: 2795:

The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations

939:. Perhaps the most controversial statement Huntington made in the 5718: 5631: 4519: 4487: 4477: 4248: 4208: 4041: 3966: 3951: 3931: 3464: 1430: 1321: 1317: 1194: 908: 824: 796: 766: 734: 707: 687: 655: 610: 576: 535: 500: 462: 454: 434: 426: 406: 369:

may be considered a part of Western civilization. Many people in

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and published in 1978. The Intermediate Region, which spans the

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The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?

2573:

The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?

2528:, '[L'Anti-Choc des Civilisations: Méditations Méditerranéennes 2476:"Dialogue Among Civilizations | United Nations University" 1383: 1146: 836: 785: 703: 671: 659: 560: 531: 402: 394: 378: 358: 342: 291: 2393:

A Comparative History of Greece and Turkey in the 20th century

1429:, a Russian geopolitical concept based on the civilization of 962:" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with 871: 263: 4497: 3986: 3921: 3132:

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

2734:

After September 11, 2001: Clash of Civilizations or Dialogue?

2628:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 79–80. 856: 820: 812: 781: 773:. Considered as a possible eighth civilization by Huntington. 758: 746: 675: 598: 594: 590: 545: 523: 512: 508: 3807:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

2080:(2002) . "Chapter 9: The Global Politics of Civilizations". 1063:", non-Western countries can join and accept Western values. 4492: 3916: 3295: 3285: 2403:, İstanbul, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, II-8, 1980. 1358: 1158: 963: 832: 816: 568: 362: 272:

The clash of civilizations according to Huntington (1996)

33:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

2814:, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2003 2661:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

2082:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

1204:

In an article explicitly referring to Huntington, scholar

776:

Instead of belonging to one of the "major" civilizations,

381:

regard themselves as full members of Western civilization.

274:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

194:

Young Islam on Trek: A Study in the Clash of Civilizations

156:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

4061: 3956: 3148:

Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity

1728:

Anthropology Now and Next: Essays in Honor of Ulf Hannerz

2041:""western christianity" "western world" - Google Search" 1382:

in an essay on cultural identity (1972). In a letter to

548:, considered a hybrid of Chinese civilization and older 2758:

Senza radici: Europa, Relativismo, Cristianesimo, Islam

2590:

Civilization and Its Enemies: The Next Stage of History

2397:Συγκριτική Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καί Τουρκίας στόν 20ό αἰῶνα 1724: 1071: 153:. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book 2852:

Venn, Couze "Clash of Civilisations", in Prem Poddar

2777:, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books, 1999 2695:

Bad Moon Rising: a chronicle of the Middle East today

1138:

rather than through the continuous trajectory of the

613:, located in Muslim-Majority countries which icludes 2714:, Vienna, International Progress Organization, 1999 2428:, addressed to the Division of Philosophy of UNESCO. 1497: 2877:

Huntington's Clash of Civilization: Twenty Years On

2575:, Washington, D.C., Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2005 2509:

Global communication without universal civilization

1098:

Modernization, Westernization, and "torn countries"

481:is also included, despite its dominant faith being 121:

will be the primary source of conflict in the post–

27:

Theory of cultural conflict by Samuel P. Huntington

985:Missionary religions, seeking conversion of others 835:(all cleft between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa), 1782:A Quarter Century of the "Clash of Civilizations" 5756: 2611:Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress 2344: 2227:Sen A (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". 1361:(in office 1997–2005), introduced the theory of 2149: 1409:and co-sponsored by the Turkish Prime Minister 1010: 843:(cleft between Hindu and Sub-Saharan African), 2842:, New York & London, The Free Press, 1991 2775:Fighting for the Future: Will America Triumph? 2653:", vol. 72, no. 3, Summer 1993, pp. 22–49 2401:Yırmı Asırda Karşılaştırmalı Türk-Yunan Tarihi 2150:Russett, B. M.; Oneal, J. R.; Cox, M. (2000). 2072: 2070: 1420: 3877: 3191: 3077: 811:(cleft between Latin America, and the West), 465:is included, despite its dominant faith, the 178:in an article in the September 1990 issue of 4383: 2320:Noam Chomsky on The "Clash of Civilizations" 1388:dialogue entre les différentes civilisations 433:, as well as majority Muslim regions in the 4319: 3766:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 2736:University of the Philippines, Manila, 2002 2067: 1804: 1802: 1042: 872:Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash 855:; and the Westernized Christian Majority). 542:, especially in relation to Southeast Asia. 264:Major civilizations according to Huntington 3884: 3870: 3198: 3184: 3084: 3070: 2828:, vol. 41, no. 4, 2004, pp. 485–498 ( 2377:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2076: 2033: 1971: 1619: 1556:Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world 1401:(AOC) initiative was proposed at the 59th 601:, and culturally adhered to by the global 230:Huntington believed that while the age of 38: 2879:E-International Relations, Bristol, 2013. 2316: 2170: 1924: 1752:Krieger, Douglas W. (November 22, 2014). 1292:" geopolitical model first formulated by 184:titled "The Roots of Muslim Rage" and by 3891: 3563:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 3091: 1799: 1345: 875: 267: 125:world. The American political scientist 5467:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3271:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 2678:The Clash of Civilizations?: The Debate 2663:, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 1751: 1405:in 2005 by the Spanish Prime Minister, 722:and parts of south-western Philippines. 219:argued that the world had reached the ' 14: 5757: 2920: 2894:Hale, H., & Laruelle, M. (2020). " 2891:, 2008. (postgraduate thesis in Greek) 2623: 2503: 2327:from the original on November 17, 2021 2013: 1778: 1403:General Assembly of the United Nations 1283: 162:The phrase itself was earlier used by 3865: 3800:Targeted Killing in International Law 3681:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 3179: 3116:Political Order in Changing Societies 3065: 2558:; Paperback: Ballantine Books, 1996, 2226: 1995:THE WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS: POST-1990 1697: 1365:as a response to Huntington's theory. 143:", in response to his former student 133:, which was then developed in a 1993 3846: 2712:Civilizations: Conflict or Dialogue? 1665: 1663: 1615: 1613: 1369: 441:and central Russian regions such as 5795:Books about international relations 5577:The End of History and the Last Man 5487:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 2991: 1072:Core state and fault line conflicts 972:initial thrust of Islam into Europe 803:-dominated western section and its 150:The End of History and the Last Man 24: 2860: 2680:, New York, Foreign Affairs, 1996 1698:Emily, Stacey (October 29, 2021). 25: 5861: 3731:Enhanced interrogation techniques 3527:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 3415:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 3205: 3023: 2921:Meaney, Thomas (March 11, 2022). 2592:, New York, The Free Press, 2004 2014:Walter, Natalie (June 15, 2016). 1928:Première guerre civilisationnelle 1660: 1610: 784:are labeled as "Lone" countries. 593:civilization, located chiefly in 5547:The Open Society and Its Enemies 3845: 3836: 3835: 3706:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 3655:President's Surveillance Program 3650:Military Commissions Act of 2009 3645:Military Commissions Act of 2006 3598:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3573:Moro conflict in the Philippines 3568:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 3028: 2948: 1877: 1779:Haynes, Jeffrey (May 11, 2021). 1500: 974:, its eventual expulsion in the 314:. Whether Latin America and the 256:. However, after the end of the 4354:Family as a model for the state 3522:Georgia Train and Equip Program 2497: 2468: 2453: 2431: 2419: 2406: 2385: 2347:21 lessons for the 21st century 2338: 2310: 2301: 2288: 2272: 2255: 2220: 2195: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2098: 2058: 2007: 1988: 1979: 1972:mehbaliyev (October 30, 2010). 1965: 1944: 1935: 1918: 1902: 1893: 1871: 1374:In recent years, the theory of 1272:21 Lessons for the 21st Century 1266:was no longer a viable threat. 538:. This group also includes the 5820:International relations theory 5780:Books about cultural geography 5704:Separation of church and state 5602:Collectivism and individualism 5557:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3711:Criticism of the war on terror 3665:Terrorist Surveillance Program 3470:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 3223:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 2613:, New York, Basic Books, 2001 2426:Letter dated 26 September 1972 1839: 1819: 1808:Official copy (free preview): 1772: 1745: 1718: 1691: 1620:Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). 1451: 1390:). In 2001, Iranian president 1232:United States and Saudi Arabia 1173:join must accept the country. 13: 1: 5850:Works by Samuel P. Huntington 5744:Category:Political philosophy 5617:Critique of political economy 3746:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 3389:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq 3042:"The Clash of Civilizations?" 1889:– via www.academia.edu. 1622:"The Clash of Civilizations?" 1603: 1531:Criticism of multiculturalism 1441:Islamo-Christian Civilization 239:, as the highest category of 131:American Enterprise Institute 5642:Institutional discrimination 5637:History of political thought 4369:Negative and positive rights 3721:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri 3613:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 2530:, Editions de l'Aube, 2006, 2349:(First ed.). New York. 1407:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 1376:Dialogue Among Civilizations 1363:Dialogue Among Civilizations 1184: 1059:According to the theory of " 1011:Why civilizations will clash 409:, great parts of the former 110:" is a thesis that people's 7: 5652:Justification for the state 5437:Two Treatises of Government 3789:State Sponsors of Terrorism 3660:Protect America Act of 2007 2697:, London, Saqi Books, 2003 2647:The Clash of Civilizations? 2317:TrystanCJ (March 2, 2007), 2181:10.1177/0022343300037005003 1810:The Clash of Civilizations? 1493: 1421:Other civilizational models 923:and in its interior, where 141:The Clash of Civilizations? 10: 5866: 5840:Simon & Schuster books 5830:Political science theories 4322:Bellum omnium contra omnes 3726:Killing of Osama bin Laden 3603:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 3558:Operation Active Endeavour 3140:The Clash of Civilizations 2797:, London, Continuum, 2002 2760:, Milano, Mondadori, 2004 2550:, Hardcover: Crown, 1995, 2443:February 16, 2003, at the 2285:, Penguin, 2000, p 388-389 1588:Protracted social conflict 1337:Christianized Roman Empire 457:, Protestant and Catholic 18:The Clash of Civilizations 5785:Books about globalization 5775:Books about civilizations 5770:Academic journal articles 5739: 5589: 5358: 5006: 4739: 4619: 4538: 4450: 4441: 4307: 4141: 4070: 3899: 3831: 3673: 3625: 3593:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 3550: 3542:Drone strikes in Pakistan 3498: 3491: 3435:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 3402: 3341: 3334: 3258: 3251: 3213: 3158: 3108:The Soldier and the State 3099: 2943:E-International Relations 2840:The Transformation of War 2826:Journal of Peace Research 2746:, Tbilisi (Georgia), 2004 2345:Harari, Yuval N. (2018). 2159:Journal of Peace Research 1925:Elmandjra, Mahdi (1992). 1598:East-West Cultural Debate 1561:Opposition to immigration 1399:Alliance of Civilizations 467:Armenian Apostolic Church 389:civilization, comprising 331:) countries and culture. 92: 84: 74: 64: 56: 46: 37: 5527:The Revolt of the Masses 3813:Unitary executive theory 2923:"The Return of The West" 2298:The Nation, October 2001 2110:January 9, 2016, at the 1952:La psychologie musulmane 1910:The Roots of Muslim Rage 1853:"Page non trouvée | INA" 1043:The West versus the Rest 851:; Sinic, in the case of 337:civilization, including 5507:The Communist Manifesto 4433:Tyranny of the majority 4344:Consent of the governed 3741:Extraordinary rendition 3736:Extrajudicial prisoners 3124:The Crisis of Democracy 2001:March 12, 2007, at the 1163:join the European Union 960:Sino-Islamic connection 933:1979 Iranian revolution 880:Huntington at the 2004 865:January 2011 referendum 475:Eastern Orthodox Church 170:in his analysis of the 5790:Books about ideologies 5765:1996 non-fiction books 4384: 4334:Clash of civilizations 4320: 3776:Operation Eagle Assist 3696:Clash of Civilizations 3243:Symbolism of terrorism 3044:– Original essay from 3035:Clash of civilizations 2952:The Clash of Ignorance 2752:and Joseph Ratzinger ( 2624:Harvey, David (2000). 2296:The Clash of Ignorance 2283:History of the Present 1850: 1366: 1020:will not be gone soon. 884: 700:Bosnia and Herzegovina 276: 108:Clash of Civilizations 4349:Divine right of kings 3771:Operation Noble Eagle 3608:2007 Lebanon conflict 3037:at Wikimedia Commons 2914:The National Interest 2674:Huntington, Samuel P. 2657:Huntington, Samuel P. 2643:Huntington, Samuel P. 2603:Harrison, Lawrence E. 2450:Retrieved on 05-24-07 2241:10.1353/jod.1999.0055 2078:Huntington, Samuel P. 2020:Beyond Intractability 1931:(in French). Toubkal. 1859:on September 24, 2015 1845: 1583:Potential superpowers 1349: 1222:Terror and Liberalism 1214:Industrial Revolution 1191:Clash of Civilization 1151:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1102:Japan, China and the 879: 801:Eastern Rite Catholic 799:("cleft" between its 271: 211:, and the capitalist 5810:Geopolitical rivalry 5497:Democracy in America 4876:political philosophy 4859:political philosophy 4674:political philosophy 4503:political philosophy 4413:Separation of powers 4374:Night-watchman state 4359:Monopoly on violence 3893:Political philosophy 3588:Operation Linda Nchi 3532:OEF – Horn of Africa 3445:Islamic Courts Union 3394:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 3218:September 11 attacks 3093:Samuel P. Huntington 2900:Nationalities Papers 2875:J. Paul Barker, ed. 2607:Samuel P. Huntington 2229:Journal of Democracy 1913:The Atlantic Monthly 1508:Civilizations portal 1411:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1161:, and has sought to 1088:Core state conflicts 1081:Fault line conflicts 882:World Economic Forum 790:Anglophone Caribbean 725:The civilization of 316:former member states 284:Western civilization 254:Western civilization 181:The Atlantic Monthly 127:Samuel P. Huntington 69:Simon & Schuster 51:Samuel P. Huntington 5845:Theories of history 5687:Right-wing politics 5567:A Theory of Justice 5537:The Road to Serfdom 5457:The Social Contract 4164:Christian democracy 2959:on October 30, 2009 2883:Nikolaos A. Denaxas 2836:Van Creveld, Martin 2542:Barber, Benjamin R. 1832:The Washington Post 1758:. Lulu Press, Inc. 1593:Religious pluralism 1536:Cultural relativism 1436:Intermediate Region 1290:Intermediate Region 1284:Intermediate Region 652:Greater Middle East 213:free market economy 34: 5835:Political theories 5800:Cultural geography 5699:Political violence 5694:Political theology 5677:Left-wing politics 5672:Political spectrum 3818:Unlawful combatant 3751:Iranian Revolution 3537:OEF – Trans Sahara 3512:War in Afghanistan 3369:Jalaluddin Haqqani 3364:Sirajuddin Haqqani 3290:Iraqi Armed Forces 2928:The New York Times 2808:Toft, Monica Duffy 2465:Retrieved 05-24-07 2463:Dialoguecentre.org 2391:Dimitri Kitsikis, 2279:Timothy Garton Ash 2207:networks.h-net.org 1731:. Berghahn Books. 1576:Oriental Despotism 1521:Civilizing mission 1367: 1333:Islamic caliphates 1331:, the rise of the 1242:Timothy Garton Ash 1000:Islamic Resurgence 976:Iberian reconquest 929:Islamic Resurgence 885: 807:-dominated east), 727:Sub-Saharan Africa 520:Sinic civilization 495:is the mix of the 471:Oriental Orthodoxy 469:, being a part of 367:Dominican Republic 277: 32: 5815:Identity politics 5752: 5751: 5662:Philosophy of law 5607:Conflict theories 5447:The Spirit of Law 5354: 5353: 4403:Original position 3859: 3858: 3756:Islamic terrorism 3621: 3620: 3517:OEF – Philippines 3487: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3440:Hizbul Mujahideen 3281:Northern Alliance 3173: 3172: 3033:Media related to 2754:Pope Benedict XVI 2635:978-0-7486-1269-7 2547:Jihad vs. McWorld 2536:978-2-7526-0208-4 2518:978-2-88155-004-1 2356:978-0-525-51217-2 2091:978-0-7432-3149-7 1960:clash of cultures 1956:Ecrits mémorables 1954:(1931), in Idem, 1950:Louis Massignon, 1792:978-1-000-38383-6 1765:978-1-312-67075-4 1755:The Two Witnesses 1738:978-1-78238-450-2 1711:978-1-7998-7616-8 1370:Opposing concepts 1306:Eastern Orthodoxy 1277:Yuval Noah Harari 1219:In his 2003 book 1104:Four Asian Tigers 641: 486: 449:, Roman Catholic 321:Western Christian 286:, comprising the 241:cultural identity 209:liberal democracy 104: 103: 99:978-0-684-84441-1 85:Publication place 16:(Redirected from 5857: 5667:Political ethics 5657:Machiavellianism 5597:Authoritarianism 5582: 5572: 5562: 5552: 5542: 5532: 5522: 5512: 5502: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5412: 5402: 5392: 5382: 5372: 4448: 4447: 4389: 4325: 4315:Balance of power 4289:Social democracy 4284:Social Darwinism 4259:Multiculturalism 4204:Environmentalism 4179:Communitarianism 3886: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3794:Targeted killing 3583:Iraqi insurgency 3503:Enduring Freedom 3496: 3495: 3455:Jemaah Islamiyah 3450:Jaish-e-Mohammed 3339: 3338: 3256: 3255: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3032: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2995:Your New Enemies 2988: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2955:. 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3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3379:Khalil Haqqani 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316:European Union 3313: 3308: 3306:United Kingdom 3303: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3230: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3165:Foreign Policy 3162: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3025: 3024:External links 3022: 3021: 3020: 3012:|website= 2989: 2981:|website= 2949:Said, Edward. 2946: 2933: 2918: 2909:The Real Clash 2902: 2892: 2880: 2873: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2833: 2822: 2805: 2788: 2785: 2768: 2750:Pera, Marcello 2747: 2737: 2727: 2705: 2688: 2671: 2654: 2640: 2634: 2626:Spaces of Hope 2621: 2600: 2583: 2569:Blankley, Tony 2566: 2539: 2523: 2517: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2467: 2452: 2430: 2418: 2405: 2384: 2355: 2337: 2309: 2300: 2287: 2271: 2254: 2219: 2194: 2165:(5): 583–608. 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2097: 2090: 2066: 2057: 2032: 2006: 1997:scanned image 1987: 1978: 1964: 1943: 1934: 1917: 1901: 1892: 1870: 1838: 1818: 1798: 1791: 1771: 1764: 1744: 1737: 1717: 1710: 1704:. IGI Global. 1690: 1659: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546:Fault line war 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468:Niall Ferguson 1465: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1422: 1419: 1371: 1368: 1285: 1282: 1186: 1183: 1179:European Union 1155:Latin alphabet 1136:ancient Greece 1126:; by overseas 1099: 1096: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028:civilizations. 1025: 1024:civilizations. 1021: 1012: 1009: 996: 995: 989: 986: 935:and the first 931:" include the 925:fundamentalist 897:United Nations 873: 870: 869: 868: 793: 774: 723: 644: 643: 642: 606: 588: 553: 543: 522:of China, the 489: 488: 487: 384: 383: 382: 335:Latin American 302:, most of the 300:Central Europe 265: 262: 221:end of history 102: 101: 96: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5862: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825:Civilizations 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647:Jurisprudence 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477:Rights of Man 5474: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387:De re publica 5384: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007:20th and 21st 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740:18th and 19th 4738: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Nizam al-Mulk 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279:Republicanism 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3852: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3691:Bush Doctrine 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639:Torture Memos 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3476: 3475:Islamic State 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311:United States 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235:(2003–2011) ( 3234: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207:War on terror 3201: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3031: 3017: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2867:Tony Blankley 2865: 2864: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2848:0-02-933155-2 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2820:0-691-11354-8 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803:0-8264-6397-5 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2783:0-8117-0651-6 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771:Peters, Ralph 2769: 2767: 2766:88-04-54474-0 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740:Köchler, Hans 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730:Köchler, Hans 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720:3-900704-18-X 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:Köchler, Hans 2706: 2704: 2703:0-86356-303-1 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Kepel, Gilles 2689: 2687: 2686:0-87609-164-8 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669:0-684-84441-9 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2619:0-465-03176-5 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2598:0-7432-5749-9 2595: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2581:0-89526-015-8 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2564:0-345-38304-4 2561: 2557: 2556:0-8129-2350-2 2553: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438:Dialogue 2001 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2294:Edward Said: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2267:0-393-05775-5 2264: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2061: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1896: 1881: 1874: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1816:, Summer 1993 1815: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1788: 1785:. Routledge. 1784: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1679: 1672: 1671:"gbse.com.my" 1666: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566:Occidentalism 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541:Eastern Party 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516:Balkanization 1514: 1513: 1509: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1364: 1360: 1357:president of 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1236:philosophical 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210:Enlightenment 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Enlightenment 1121: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1065: 1062: 1061:band-wagoning 1058: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1001: 993: 990: 987: 984: 983: 982: 979: 977: 973: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 914: 910: 904: 900: 898: 894: 890: 883: 878: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:French Guiana 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Swahili coast 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 636: 633:countries of 632: 628: 624: 620: 617:countries of 616: 612: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 551: 547: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493:Eastern world 490: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:Baltic states 456: 452: 448: 447:Bashkortostan 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385: 380: 376: 372: 371:South America 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:French Guiana 348: 344: 340: 339:South America 336: 333: 332: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288:United States 285: 282: 281: 280: 275: 270: 261: 259: 255: 249: 246: 242: 238: 237:civilizations 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 190:Basil Mathews 187: 183: 182: 177: 176:Bernard Lewis 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 157: 152: 151: 147:'s 1992 book 146: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 100: 97: 95: 91: 88:United States 87: 83: 79: 73: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 52: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5728: 5627:Elite theory 5575: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5465: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5415: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5375: 5365: 4664:Guicciardini 4620:Early modern 4443:Philosophers 4393:Open society 4333: 4329:Body politic 4199:Distributism 4189:Conservatism 4184:Confucianism 4103:Gerontocracy 4093:Dictatorship 4047:Sovereignty‎ 4037:Ruling class 3927:Emancipation 3912:Citizenship‎ 3805: 3798: 3781: 3695: 3686:Axis of evil 3502: 3374:Anas Haqqani 3252:Participants 3168:(co-founder) 3163: 3146: 3138: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3055: 3045: 3027: 2994: 2961:. 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