Postcard - Knowledge

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guarantee that the card would be considered "proper" in the destination country, or in the intermediate countries that the card would have to pass through. Some countries might refuse to handle postcards containing sexual references (in seaside postcards) or images of full or partial nudity (for instance, in images of classical statuary or paintings). For example, the United States Postal Service would only allow the delivery of postcards showing a back view of naked men from Britain if their posteriors were covered with a black bar. Early postcards often showcased photography of nude women. Illegal to produce in the United States, these were commonly known as

1179: 820:, civilians were also subjected to censorship. French censorship was modest and more targeted compared to the sweeping efforts made by the British and Americans. In Great Britain, all mail was sent to censorship offices in London or Liverpool. The United States sent mail to several centralized post offices as directed by the Central Censorship Board. American censors would only open mail related to Spain, Latin America or Asia—as their British allies were handling other countries. In one week alone, the San Antonio post office processed more than 75,000 letters, of which they controlled 77 percent (and held 20 percent for the following week). 843: 366:. This was the cheapest form of post provided to the Indian people to date and proved a huge success. The establishment of a large postal system spanning India resulted in unprecedented postal access: a message on a postcard could be sent from one part of the country to another part (often to a physical address without a nearby post office) without additional postage affixed. This was followed in April 1880 by postcards meant specifically for government use and by reply postcards in 1890. The postcard facility continues to this date in independent 1445: 452:, allowing one to receive a reply without burdening the addressee with postage fees. Return postcards consist of a single double-size sheet, and cost double the price of a usual postcard – one addresses and writes one half as a usual postcard, writes one's own address on the return card, leaving the other side blank for the reply, then folds and sends. Return postcards are most frequently encountered by non-Japanese in the context of making reservations at certain locations that only accept reservations by return postcard, notably at 1433: 824:

writing home had a few options including free, government-issued field postcards, cheap, picture postcards, and embroidered cards meant as keepsakes. Unfortunately, censors often disapproved of picture postcards. In one case, French censors reviewed 23,000 letters and destroyed only 156 (although 149 of those were illustrated postcards). Censors in all warring countries also filtered out propaganda that disparaged the enemy or approved of atrocities. For example, German censors prevented postcards with hostile slogans such as "

475: 266:. The first advertising card appeared in 1872 in Great Britain and the first German card appeared in 1874. Private advertising cards started appearing in the United States around 1873, and qualified for a special postage rate of one cent. Private cards inspired Lipman's card were also produced concurrently with the U.S. government postal in 1873. The backs of these private cards contained the words "Correspondence Card", "Mail Card" or "Souvenir Card" and required two-cent postage if they were written upon. 189: 42: 1380: 1021: 300: 1417: 594: 1136: 839:

and family, and required little writing. Anytime there was a major event, a postcard photographer was there to document it (including celebrations, disasters, political movements, and even wars). Commemorating popular humor, entertainment, fashion, and many other aspects of daily life, they also shed light on transportation, sports, work, religion, and advertising. Cards were sent to convey news of death and birth, store purchases, and employment.

3029: 1298: 141: 312:. The effects of tariffs really started to make a large impact, and escalating hostilities in Europe made it difficult to import cards and ink into the United States. The fad may have also simply run its natural course. The war disrupted production efforts in Europe, although postcard production did not entirely stop. Cards were still useful for propaganda, and for boosting troop morale. 379: 337:. Finally, the modern era of Photochrom (often shortened simply to "chrome") postcards began in 1939, and gained momentum around 1950. These glossy, colorful postcards are what we most commonly encounter today. Postcard sales dropped to around 25% of 1990s levels, with the growing popularity of social media around 2007, resulting in closure of long-established printers such as 333:

scenic views, humor, and fashion. "White border" cards, which existed prior to the war, were produced in greater numbers from roughly 1915 to 1930 in the United States. They required less ink and had lower production standards than fine German cards. These were later replaced by "linen" postcards in the 1930s and 1940s, which used a printing process popularized by

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lynching photographs or postcards, it banned the explicit racist texts and poems inscribed on certain prints. According to some, these texts were deemed "more incriminating" and caused their removal from the mail instead of the photograph itself because the text made "too explicit what was always implicit in lynchings". Some towns imposed "

204:, first proposed an "open post-sheet" made of stiff paper in 1865. He proposed that one side would be reserved for a recipient address, and the other for a brief message. His proposal was denied on grounds of being too radical and officials did not believe anyone would willingly give up their privacy. In October 1869, the post office of 220:

introduce their own postals. Algeria, Chile, France and Russia did so in 1872, and were followed by France, Japan, Romania, Serbia, Spain and the United States between 1873 and 1874. Many of these postals included small images on the same side as the postage. Postcards began to be sent internationally after the first Congress of the

813:. These gave broad powers to the government to censor the press through the use of fines, and later any criticism of the government, army, or sale of war bonds. The Espionage Act laid the groundwork for the establishment of a Central Censorship Board which oversaw censorship of communications including cable and mail. 180:, whose postcards, complete with a decorated border, were marketed as "Lipman's Postal Card". These cards had no images. While the United States government allowed privately printed cards as early as February 1861, they saw little use until 1870, when experiments were done on their commercial viability. 777:

was passed in the United States, which banned the publication of "obscene matter as well as its circulation in the mails". In 1908, §3893 was added to the Comstock Act, stating that the ban included material "tending to incite arson, murder, or assassination". Although this act did not explicitly ban

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to manufacture and distribute picture postcards, which could be sent through the post. It was originally thought that the first UK postcards were produced by printing firm Stewarts of Edinburgh but later research, published in Picture Postcard Monthly in 1991, has shown that the first UK picture card

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in 1893 excited many attendees with its line of "Official Souvenir" postals, which popularized the idea of picture postcards. The stage was now set for private postcard industry to boom, which it did once the United States government changed the postage rate for private cards from two cents to one in

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Usually found on "undivided back" cards, consisting of a design that does not occupy the whole of the picture side. Vignettes may be anything from a small sketch in one corner of the card, to a design cover three quarters of the card. The purpose is to leave some space for the message to be written,

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Today, postcard collecting is still a popular and widespread hobby. The value of a postcard is mainly determined by the image illustrated on it. Other important factors for collectors can be countries, issuers, and authors. Online catalogs can be found on collector websites and clubs. These catalogs

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Soldiers on the front developed strategies to circumvent censors. Some would go on "home leave" and take messages with them to post from a remote location. Those writing postcards in the field knew they were being censored, and deliberately held back controversial content and personal matters. Those

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It is likely that postcard collecting first began as soon as postcards were mailed. One could argue that actual collecting began with the acquisition of souvenir postcards from the world's fairs, which were produced specifically with the collector (souvenir hunter) in mind. Later, during the golden

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Postcards document the natural landscape as well as the built environment—buildings, gardens, parks, cemeteries, and tourist sites. They provide snapshots of societies at a time when few newspapers carried images. Postcards provided a way for the general public to keep in touch with their friends

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Spanning from approximately 1905 to 1915 in the United States, the golden age of postcards stemmed from a combination of social, economic, and governmental factors. Demand for postcards increased, government restrictions on production loosened, and technological advances (in photography, printing,

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The initial appearance of picture postcards (and the enthusiasm with which the new medium was embraced) raised some legal issues. Picture postcards allowed and encouraged many individuals to send images across national borders, and the legal availability of a postcard image in one country did not

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After the war, the production of postcards continued, albeit in different styles than before. Demand for postcards decreased, especially as telephone usage grew. There was still a need for postcards, which would be dubbed the "poor man's telephone". As tastes changed, publishers began focusing on

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Libraries, archives, and museums have extensive collections of picture postcards; many of the postcards in these collections are digitized Efforts are continuously being made by professionals in these fields to digitize these materials to make them more widely accessible to the public. For those

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allowed mail to be delivered to more American households than ever before. Billions of postcards were mailed during the golden age, including nearly a billion per year in United States from 1905 to 1915, and 7 billion worldwide in 1905. Many postcards from this era were in fact never posted but

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As a primary source, postcards are incredibly important to the types of historical research conducted by historians, historic preservationists, and genealogists alike. They give insight into both the physical world, and the social world of the time. During their heyday postcards revolutionized

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The period from 1870 to 1874 saw a great number of countries begin the issuance of postals. In 1870, the North German Confederation was joined by Baden, Bavaria, Great Britain, Luxembourg and Switzerland. The year 1871 saw Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden

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Despite years of incredible success, economic and government forces would ultimately spell the end of the golden age. The peak came sometime between 1907 and 1910 for the United States. In 1909, American publishers successfully lobbied to place tariffs on high quality German imports with the

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Any postcard that deviates from the norm. These include cards which do something (such as mechanical postcards) or which have articles attached to them. They could also be printed in an unusual size or shape, or made of strange materials (including leather, wood, metal, silk, or

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provide detailed information about each postcard alongside their picture. In addition, these websites include collection management tools, trading platforms, and forums to assist with discussions between collectors. The oldest continuously run club in the United States is the

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Censorship played an important role in the First World War. Each country involved utilized some form of censorship. This was a way to sustain an atmosphere of ignorance and give propaganda a chance to succeed. In response to the war, the United States Congress passed the

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In Japan, official postcards have one side dedicated exclusively to the address, and the other side for the content, though commemorative picture postcards and private picture postcards also exist. In Japan today, two particular idiosyncratic postcard customs exist:

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In the United States, the custom of sending through the mail, at letter rate, a picture or blank card stock that held a message, began with a card postmarked in December 1848 containing printed advertising. The first commercially produced card was created in 1861 by

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and the inscription "War of 1870. Camp Conlie. Souvenir of the National Defence. Army of Brittany" (in French). While these are certainly the first known picture postcards, there was no space for stamps and no evidence that they were ever posted without envelopes.

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in 1870, and were printed with a stamp as part of the design, which was included in the price of purchase. These cards came in two sizes. The larger size was found to be slightly too large for ease of handling, and was soon withdrawn in favour of cards 13mm

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communication, similar to social media of today. For those studying communication, they highlight the adoption of media, its adaptation, and its ultimate discarding. Postcards have been used to study topics as diverse as theatre, racial attitudes, and war.

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Specialist marketing companies in many countries produce and distribute advertising postcards which are available for free. These are normally offered on wire rack displays in plazas, coffee shops and other commercial locations, usually not intended to be

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Novelty postcards include Hold-to-lights, Die-cuts, leather, silk or metal applied, printed on silk, burnt wood, mechanical and on and on. They are just about anything but the flat printed or real photo postcards. One category is postcards made of

582:. Two postmarked examples of the September 1894 ETW Dennis card have survived but no cards of Stewarts dated 1894 have been found. Early postcards were pictures of landmarks, scenic views, photographs or drawings of celebrities and so on. With 1333:

published a series of decrees that permitted postcards to bear messages on the left half of the card's back. This allowed printers to eschew the vignette in favor of extending the picture to the edges, ensuing the divided-back "Golden Age of

1269:"Real photo postcards", as collectors have dubbed them, are often abbreviated as "RP" or "RPPC". Most of these were produced in small batches from an original negative by an individual or a local store. They are not printed. 390:

Official postcards were introduced in December 1873, shortly after stamps were introduced to Japan. Return postcards were introduced in 1885, sealed postcards in 1900, and private postcards were allowed from 1900.

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Production of postcards blossomed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As an easy and quick way for individuals to communicate, they became extremely popular. The study and collecting of postcards is termed

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age of postcards, collecting became a mainstream craze. The frenzy of purchasing, mailing, and collecting postcards was often referred to as "postcarditis", with up to half purchased by collectors. Clubs such as

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Most of the terms on this list were devised by modern collectors to describe cards in their possession. For the most part, these terms were not used contemporaneously by publishers or others in the industry.

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sprang up to facilitate postcard exchanges, each having thousands of members. Postcard albums were commonly seen in Victorian parlors, and had a place of prominence in many middle and upper class households.

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In the early 1930s, cartoon-style saucy postcards became widespread, and at the peak of their popularity the sale of saucy postcards reached 16 million a year. They were often bawdy in nature, making use of

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in 1900. Affected postcards that were successfully sent through the Ottoman Empire before this date (and are postmarked accordingly) have a high rarity value and are considered valuable by collectors.

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in 1889 and 1890 gave impetus to the postcard, leading to the so-called "golden age" of the picture postcard. This golden age began slightly earlier in Europe than the United States, likely due to a

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accepted a similar proposal, also without images, and 3 million cards were mailed within the first three months. With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870, the government of the

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is regarded as the inventor of the illustrated postcard. On July 16, 1870, he mailed a post correspondence card with an image of a man with a cannon, signaling the looming Franco-Prussian war.

1395: 164:(part of London). He probably did so as a practical joke on the postal service, since the image is a caricature of workers in the post office. In 2002 the postcard sold for a record £31,750. 2611: 786:. Despite the amendment, the distribution of lynching photographs and postcards continued. Though they were not sold openly, the censorship was bypassed when people sent the material in 2619: 2388: 649:

Original postcards are now highly sought after, and rare examples can command high prices at auction. The best-known saucy seaside postcards were produced by the publishing company

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government were concerned at the apparent deterioration of morals in the UK and decided on a crackdown on these postcards. The main target of their campaign was the postcard artist

103:(which have the postage pre-printed on them). While a postcard is usually printed and sold by a private company, individual or organization, a postal card is issued by the relevant 668:

and street vendors, as well as by specialist souvenir shops, modern seaside postcards often feature multiple depictions of the resort in unusually favourable weather conditions.

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inches (108 mm) high × 6 inches (152.4 mm) long × 0.016 inches (0.406 mm) thick. However, some postcards have deviated from this (for example, shaped postcards).

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Despite the decline in popularity of postcards that are overtly "saucy", postcards continue to be a significant economic and cultural aspect of British seaside tourism. Sold by

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Gendreau, Bianca: Putting Pen to Paper, Special Delivery: Canada's Postal Heritage, ed. Francine Brousseau, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Fredericton 2000, pp. 27–29

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Postcards that are folded, so that they have at least 4 pages. Most folded cards need to be mailed inside an envelope, but there are some that can be mailed directly.

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A set of picture postcards, printed on light-weight paper, which fold out accordion-style from an outer envelope (folder). These typically contain more than 5 cards.

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Postcards with a back divided into two sections, one for the message, the other for the address. British cards were first divided in 1902 and American cards in 1907.

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Post Card is a standard rectangular form of a paper for public postings. According to the same state standards, cards are classified according to the type and kind.

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In the State Standard of the Russian Federation "GOST 51507-99. Postal cards. Technical requirements. Methods of Control" (2000) gives the following definition:

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Artistic style of the turn of the century, characterized by flowing lines and flowery symbols, yet often depicting impressionist more than representational art.

1646: 243:. The cards had a lithographed design printed on them containing emblematic images of piles of armaments on either side of a scroll topped by the arms of the 2865: 2219: 2243: 1432: 56: 1689: 672:

used saturated colour and meticulously planned his photographs, which made his postcards of the later twentieth century become collected and admired as

2410: 1929:"Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949 Compiled under the direction of Charles I. Bevans LL.B." 816:

Postal control was eventually introduced in all of the armies, to find the disclosure of military secrets and test the morale of soldiers. In

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The official size for British postcards between 1894 and 1899, measuring 115 mm × 89 mm (4.5 in × 3.5 in).

2998:. Approximately 30,000 digitized postcards, maintained by the Walter Havighurst Special Collections in the Miami University Libraries. 1870: 1192:

A postcard that has the name of a place shown as a series of very large letters, inside of each of which is a picture of that locale

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Postcards with a postage stamp placed on the picture side of the card and tied by the cancellation, usually the first day of issue.

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interested, there are already several large collections viewable online. Some large digital collections of postcards include:

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A number of individual cards, that when placed together in a group, form a larger picture. Also called "installment" cards.

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The link between Court Cards and Standard Size, measuring 130 mm × 80 mm (5.1 in × 3.1 in).

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Cards with messages have been sporadically created and posted by individuals since the beginning of postal services. The

320: 2576: 646:. In the more liberal 1960s, the saucy postcard was revived and later came to be considered, by some, as an art form. 2748: 1566: 1379: 3055: 2766: 2612:"War Letters: Communication between Front and Home Front | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 1635: 1351:

A card with the opening line of a sentence, which the sender would then complete. Often found on early comic cards.

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Introduced in Britain in November 1899, measuring 140 mm × 89 mm (5.5 in × 3.5 in).

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Kim, Linda (2012). "A Law of Unintended Consequences: United States Postal Censorship of Lynching Photographs".

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inches (88.9 mm) high × 5 inches (127 mm) long × 0.007 inches (0.178 mm) thick and no more than

224:, which met in Bern, Switzerland in October 1874. The Treaty of Bern was ratified in the United States in 1875. 192:"Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte" (lit. field post correspondence card) used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 2931: 1693: 1325:

Postcards with a plain back where all of this space was used for the address. This is usually in reference to

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A postcard that shows the name of a place in very big letters that do not have pictures inside each letter

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Depending on whether or not the image on the card printing postage stamp cards are divided into two types:

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Arifa Akbar, "Oldest picture postcard in the world snapped up for £31,750", The Independent, 9 March 2002.

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Postcards that are made of a material other than cardboard or contains something made not of cardboard.

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Also referred to as 'HTL', postcards often of a night time scene with cut out areas to show the light.

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The first known printed picture postcard, with an image on one side, was created in France in 1870 at

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Farfan, P. (2012). ""The Picture Postcard is a sign of the times": Theatre Postcards and Modernism".

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These collections include the Detroit Publishing Company, holiday postcards, WWI postcards, and more.

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Ernest G. Best postcard collection of merchant vessels, naval vessels and sailing vessels, 1900–1940

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Postcards with artwork that has the artist's signature, and the art is often unique for postcards.

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Postcards with artwork that appears in 3D. This can be done with different techniques, such as

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The style of writing used on postcards; short sentences, jumping from one subject to another.

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Baldwin, Brooke (1988). "On the Verso: Postcard Messages as a Key to Popular Prejudices".

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Novelty cards of the size 90 mm × 70 mm (3.54 in × 2.76 in).

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Postcards with a rotating wheel that reveals a myriad of colours and patterns when turned.

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In the following year the first known picture postcard in which the image functioned as a

8: 1901: 1561: 1264: 986: 558:, popular with collectors, especially when they have the appropriate stamp affixed and a 292: 240: 1016:

Artistic style of the 1920s, recognizable by its symmetrical designs and straight lines.

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characters such as vicars, large ladies, and put-upon husbands, in the same vein as the

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Postcard depicting people boarding a train at the Shawnee Depot in Colorado, late 1800s

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Depending on whether or not the card illustrations, cards are divided into two types:

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Cards showing images increased in number during the 1880s. Images of the newly built

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A postcard that has some form of cloth, metal or other embellishment attached to it.

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Postcards that confirms a successful reception of a radio signal on amateur radio.

880: 782:" on lynching photographs, but section 3893 was the first step towards a national 3428: 1454: 779: 745: 635:. He started drawing postcards as early as 1913, continuing well into the 1950s. 607: 383: 205: 914: 3443: 3124: 2220:"Postcards are becoming extinct and 5 other industries millennials are killing" 1503: 1370: 1329:

cards, although undivided were still in common use up until 1907. In 1907, the

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became a popular tourist destination, and generated its own souvenir-industry.

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inch) shorter. 75 million of these cards were sent within Britain during 1870.

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by Léon Besnardeau (1829–1914). Conlie was a training camp for soldiers in the

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A Postcard View of Hell: One Doughboy's Souvenir Album of the First World War

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cards for shipment outside of the Russian Federation (international postage).

441: 279: 153: 96: 41: 3011:. University of St. Michael's College, John M. Kelly Library. Archived from 2907:"Undivided Backs (Pre-1907) - Postcards - Dating - Landscape Change Program" 1988:

Dagmar Breitenbach: Instagram, 19th-century style: The first German postcard

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A New Thing in Postage (report on the first cheap postcard used in Austria)

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and mass production) made the boom possible. In addition, the expansion of

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and issued postals for soldiers to inexpensively send home from the field.

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Black-and-white images were tinted by hand using watercolors and stencils.

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Postcards with a heavily raised surface, giving a papier-mâché appearance.

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A notable artist of seaside postcards, often saucy, was the illustrator

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Postcard depicting Dalhousie Street, Amherstburg, Ontario in from the

113: 77: 2543:"Censorship | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 1408:, c. late 1923. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad Streets. 1119:

Postcards featuring impossibly large animals and crops, created using

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as the entire reverse of the card could only be used for the address.

1305:, featuring a vignette, therefore likely an undivided back (pre-1907) 654: 555: 118: 80:, typically rectangular, intended for writing and mailing without an 31: 2726: 2703: 1453:-type postcard, published by the Munich-based German printing house 3402: 3382: 3366: 3351: 3299: 3284: 3253: 3210: 3144: 3001: 1556: 1518: 1405: 1254: 787: 756: 603: 562: 259: 81: 3028: 1438:

German postcard with inscription "This beer belongs to my master!"

227: 3066: 2048:"Postcard Collection – Essay, Appendix C: New York State Library" 1302: 752:

banned the sale or importation of some materials relating to the

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cards for shipment within the Russian Federation (internal post);

197: 3039: 2784: 2244:"Postcards on the edge as Britain's oldest publishers signs off" 504:

Cards, depending on the location of illustrations divided into:

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Comité des Étudiants Américains de l'École des Beaux-Arts Paris

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In 1973 the British Post Office introduced a new type of card,

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postcard that could be posted from one place to another within

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In some places, one can send a postcard for a lower fee than a

1297: 3097: 1781:. Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City. Archived from 847: 367: 176:, who patented a private postal card, and sold the rights to 140: 73: 1633: 1277:

Cards that were given away to school children for good work.

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Palmer, Richard. "Postcard Craze Engulfs the Great Lakes".

2981:—Represents professionals within the UK postcard industry. 2978: 873: 676:. Such cards are also respected as important documents of 378: 3114: 932:. State Library of New South Wales, PXE 722/Items 1–4961. 573:

In 1894, British publishers were given permission by the

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Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob

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In: Deutsche Welle, July 16, 2020, Retrieved 2021-02-07.

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In Britain, postcards without images were issued by the

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was a hand-painted design on card created by the writer

84:. Non-rectangular shapes may also be used but are rare. 627:, most known for his portrayal of William Brown in the 2991:

Japanese Postcard Collecting Research きのう屋日本の絵葉書コレクション

2984: 1707: 1690:"Postcard History | Smithsonian Institution Archives" 515:

Depending on the walking area cards subdivided into:

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First postals and private postcards (c. 1865 to 1880)

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Institute of American Deltiology Postcard collection

2987:—Represents professional postcard dealers worldwide. 2773:. Vol. 60. Redman & Kerry. 1906. p. 8. 2577:"Circumventing the censorship and "self-censorship"" 3052:

National Trust Library Historic Postcard collection

1313:Postcards showing street scenes and general views. 2378: 2079:"The Peak and Decline of the Golden Age 1907–1913" 45:Example of a court card, postmarked 1899, showing 2616:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 2547:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 2002:In: The Postcard Album #21, Retrieved 2021-02-07. 1902:"Chicago Postcard Museum – How to Age a Postcard" 448:, while return postcards function similarly to a 3456: 3042:. 30,000+ digitized and postally used postcards. 2985:The International Federation of Postcard Dealers 1233:for postcards reproduced from original painting. 900:Historische Bildpostkarten Universität Osnabrück 251:In Germany, the bookdealer August Schwartz from 2411:"USPS – Mail Characteristics – Sizes for Cards" 1964:"Histoire de la Carte Postale, Cartopole, Baud" 1871:"Tweeting by mail: The postcard's stormy birth" 1634:United States Postal Service (September 2014). 893:Curt Teich Postcard Archives Digital Collection 431: 407: 95:distinguish between postcards (which require a 2338:. London England: Bracken Books. p. 160. 2168:"MetroPostcard History of Postcards 1914–1945" 1828:"MetroPostcard History of Postcards 1873–1897" 954:The Society for the Promulgation of Post Cards 508:Vector card at the location on the front side; 425: 401: 3082: 3004:, a website dedicated to John Hinde Postcards 2809:"Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City" 702:defines a postcard as: rectangular, at least 2376: 825: 738: 2000:Helmfried Luers: The First Picture Postcard 967:Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City 680:, and have been influential on the work of 296:directly acquired by collectors themselves. 123:, small writing tablet, and the also Greek 3089: 3075: 2727:"Heraldry on American Patriotic Postcards" 2674: 2358:Sept and Dec 1991 Picture Postcard Monthly 2333: 2317:"ГОСТ Р 51507-99 – НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАНДАРТЫ" 1317:produced many British topographical views. 972: 830:" ("Every hit a Frenchman") among others. 586:providing fast and affordable travel, the 231:The claimed first printed picture postcard 3048:– digital collection of 26,000+ postcards 2929: 2437:"Naked film postcards returned to sender" 2370: 2217: 1966:(in French). Cartolis.org. Archived from 915:Northwest Historical Postcards Collection 694:History of postcards in the United States 456:(moss temple). For overseas purposes, an 270:Golden age of postcards (c. 1890 to 1915) 2749:"Old Postcards: Messages about the Past" 2704:"Heraldry on German Patriotic Postcards" 2677:"Writing History with Picture Postcards" 1296: 1177: 1134: 1019: 902:(Osnabrueck University Library, Germany) 841: 592: 473: 377: 319: 298: 226: 187: 139: 55: 40: 3063:at the University of Maryland libraries 2536: 2534: 2532: 2098: 2045: 1779:"Pre History of the Postcard 1848–1872" 923:Kansas City, Kansas Postcard Collection 212:decided to take the advice of Austrian 3457: 3046:Newberry Postcards at Internet Archive 2860: 2858: 2724: 2701: 2639: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2281: 2279: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2124: 2122: 2094: 2092: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2041: 2013:The Picture Postcard & Its Origins 1229:A trade name used by London publisher 862: 638:In the early 1950s, the newly elected 156:. Hook posted the card, which bears a 3070: 2609: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2199:. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press, 2019. 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1923: 1921: 1821: 1819: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 3009:"Plowman Family Postcard Collection" 2831: 2380:"Bawdy seaside postcards on display" 2165: 2131:"MetroPostcard History of Postcards" 2128: 2076: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1825: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 926:(Kansas City, Kansas Public Library) 568: 440:. New Year's Day postcards serve as 344: 2880: 2870:Barr's Postcard News & Ephemera 2855: 2598: 2564: 2509: 2276: 2218:Settembre, Jeanette (30 Sep 2017). 2152: 2119: 2089: 2065: 1745:"Oldest postcard sells for £31,750" 833: 13: 3096: 2886: 2825: 2737:(1): 1–3 – via academia.edu. 2714:(2): 1–5 – via academia.edu. 2454: 2195:Frank Jacob and Mark D. Van Ells, 2113:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1988.2203_15.x 2018: 1918: 1732: 316:Post-World War I (1918 to present) 107:(often with pre-printed postage). 14: 3501: 2996:Bowden Postcard Collection Online 2972: 2287:"PostcardGuide Japan/Konnichiwa!" 1887: 1849: 1796: 1663: 1590: 526: 3056:University of Maryland libraries 3027: 2979:The Postcard Traders association 2936:Smithsonian Institution Archives 2813:www.metropolitanpostcardclub.com 2681:The Journal of San Diego History 2540: 1443: 1431: 1415: 1394: 1378: 1362: 1109:Postcards with a raised surface. 733: 687: 500:simple, that is non-illustrated. 478:Standard stamped postcard Russia 49:and his cottage and monument in 2948: 2923: 2899: 2801: 2777: 2759: 2741: 2718: 2695: 2668: 2633: 2622:from the original on 2019-03-26 2587:from the original on 2018-12-21 2553:from the original on 2020-01-20 2494:. New Brunswick, N.J.; London: 2484: 2429: 2403: 2391:from the original on 2022-01-12 2361: 2352: 2327: 2309: 2297: 2268:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 2261: 2236: 2211: 2202: 2189: 2054:from the original on 2018-12-13 2015:, New York: F.A. Praeger, p.51. 2005: 1993: 1981: 1956: 1944: 1652:from the original on 2019-08-26 578:was published by ETW Dennis of 450:self-addressed stamped envelope 328:held at the Archives of Ontario 160:stamp, to himself in 1840 from 150:earliest known picture postcard 135: 2481::10.1080/01973762.2012.678812. 2377:Nick Collins (5 August 2010). 1771: 1762: 793: 1: 3475:Culture of the United Kingdom 1906:www.chicagopostcardmuseum.org 1636:"Stamped Cards and Postcards" 1583: 936: 610:, and traditionally featured 2610:Hanna, Martha (2014-10-08). 2270:. (1908). Vol 3 (Economic), 2046:Bassett, Fred (2018-12-13). 1692:. 2018-11-23. Archived from 1643:United States Postal Service 1509:Illustrated stamped envelope 1301:A Topographical postcard of 1182:"Large Letter" card c. 1940s 910:(Kansas City Public Library) 762: 700:United States Postal Service 531: 119: 7: 2866:"Novelty leather postcards" 2334:Willoughby, Martin (1992). 1869:Cure, Monica (2013-06-22). 1461: 1097:Any card issued before the 432: 408: 303:Austrian postcard from 1901 10: 3506: 2581:The World of the Habsburgs 2101:Journal of Popular Culture 1355: 1101:was introduced (pre-1907). 940: 883:(New York Public Library) 797: 766: 691: 458:international reply coupon 210:North German Confederation 130: 29: 25:Postcards (disambiguation) 18: 3411: 3375: 3339: 3313: 3277: 3219: 3183: 3107: 2675:Vanderwood, Paul (1988). 1715:"Oldest picture postcard" 1331:Universal Postal Congress 877:(New York Public Library) 850:from 1969. Motive: 1950s 739:Legalities and censorship 463: 426: 402: 21:Postcard (disambiguation) 16:Type of postal stationery 2930:KapsalisE (2013-09-19). 2496:Rutgers University Press 2473:. Taylor & Francis. 1371:Great Mosque of Kairouan 397:New Year's Day postcards 373: 349: 310:Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act 30:Not to be confused with 3002:johnhindecollection.com 2725:Eiland, Murray (2019). 2702:Eiland, Murray (2019). 2642:Theatre History Studies 1231:Raphael Tuck & Sons 1061:(see also Large Letter) 973:Glossary of terminology 280:depression in the 1890s 3490:Philatelic terminology 2785:"Postcards on Colnect" 2771:The American Stationer 2413:. USPS. Archived from 2336:A History of Postcards 1719:Guinness World Records 1306: 1183: 1143: 1142:, hand-tinted postcard 1028: 855: 827:Jeder Stoß ein Franzos 826: 598: 479: 387: 329: 326:Alvin D. McCurdy fonds 304: 232: 193: 145: 61: 53: 3229:Continuous stationery 3140:Corrugated fiberboard 2838:www.metropostcard.com 2834:"Post Card undivided" 2753:Primary Source Bazaar 2654:10.1353/ths.2012.0018 2172:www.metropostcard.com 2135:www.metropostcard.com 2083:www.metropostcard.com 1953:, September 21, 1904. 1832:www.metropostcard.com 1300: 1282:Special Property Card 1194:(see also Big Letter) 1181: 1138: 1023: 918:(University of Idaho) 845: 807:Espionage Act of 1917 596: 477: 444:, similar to Western 381: 358:introduced a quarter 323: 302: 230: 191: 143: 59: 44: 1469:Advertising postcard 1389:, postcard from 1917 1373:, postcard from 1900 995:Advertising Postcard 907:The Pendergast Years 811:Sedition Act of 1918 511:on the reverse side. 356:Post Office of India 284:Chicago World's Fair 222:General Postal Union 202:Heinrich von Stephan 144:Lipman's Postal Card 72:is a piece of thick 19:For other uses, see 3465:American inventions 2687:(1). Archived from 2490:Apel, Dora (2004). 2304:PostcardGuide Japan 1932:avalon.law.yale.edu 1562:Real photo postcard 987:lenticular printing 969:, founded in 1946. 881:Digital Collections 863:Digital collections 293:Rural Free Delivery 241:Franco-Prussian War 2932:"Postcard History" 2731:The Armiger's News 2708:The Armiger's News 1951:The New York Times 1307: 1184: 1144: 1123:and other methods. 1029: 896:(Newberry Library) 856: 790:or mail wrappers. 769:Lynching postcards 599: 597:A seaside postcard 560:first day of issue 480: 388: 354:In July 1879, the 330: 305: 233: 194: 146: 62: 54: 3485:Postal stationery 3452: 3451: 3321:Ingrain wallpaper 3130:Coffee cup sleeve 3032:The full text of 2504:978-0-8135-3459-6 1875:Los Angeles Times 1265:Real Photographic 1163:Intermediate Size 1121:trick photography 800:Postal censorship 584:steam locomotives 569:Seaside postcards 460:is used instead. 345:Country specifics 245:Duchy of Brittany 200:postal official, 127:, the study of). 3497: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2840:. Archived from 2832:Petrulis, Alan. 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2767:"18 August 1906" 2763: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2607: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2573: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2541:Demm, Eberhard. 2538: 2507: 2488: 2482: 2470:Visual Resources 2465: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2291:www.photojpn.org 2283: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2174:. Archived from 2166:Petrulis, Alan. 2163: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2137:. Archived from 2129:Petrulis, Alan. 2126: 2117: 2116: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2077:Petrulis, Alan. 2074: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2043: 2016: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1898: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1866: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1834:. Archived from 1826:Petrulis, Alan. 1823: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1741: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1686: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1640: 1631: 1514:Judges Postcards 1479:Ellen Clapsaddle 1474:Frances Brundage 1455:Purger & Co. 1447: 1435: 1426:Postcard c. 1908 1419: 1398: 1382: 1366: 1315:Judges Postcards 1027:costume, c. 1900 950:The Jolly Jokers 834:Historical value 829: 818:Allied countries 746:French postcards 729: 728: 724: 721: 715: 714: 710: 707: 633:Richmal Crompton 608:double entendres 550: 549: 545: 439: 438: 435: 429: 428: 420: 419: 413: 411: 405: 404: 214:Emanuel Herrmann 170:John P. Charlton 122: 105:postal authority 93:Stamp collectors 3505: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3407: 3371: 3335: 3309: 3273: 3215: 3179: 3103: 3095: 3018: 3016: 3007: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2723: 2719: 2700: 2696: 2673: 2669: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2588: 2575: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2539: 2510: 2489: 2485: 2466: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2375: 2371: 2367:PPC Annual 2015 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2332: 2328: 2321:protect.gost.ru 2315: 2314: 2310: 2306:, April 2, 1997 2302: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2164: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2127: 2120: 2097: 2090: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2044: 2019: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1867: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1824: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1638: 1632: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1572:James Valentine 1567:F. G. O. Stuart 1464: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1409: 1399: 1390: 1383: 1374: 1367: 1358: 1238:Postcard Folder 1209:Midget Postcard 975: 958:Post Card Union 945: 939: 865: 836: 802: 796: 780:self-censorship 771: 765: 754:Islamic prophet 741: 736: 726: 722: 719: 717: 712: 708: 705: 703: 696: 690: 631:book series by 571: 547: 543: 542: 534: 529: 466: 446:Christmas cards 436: 423: 418:return postcard 417: 416: 399: 384:Takehisa Yumeji 376: 352: 347: 318: 272: 206:Austria-Hungary 186: 138: 133: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3503: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3470:British humour 3467: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3444:Security paper 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3135:Corrugated box 3132: 3127: 3125:Cigarette pack 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3025: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2974: 2973:External links 2971: 2968: 2967: 2947: 2922: 2898: 2879: 2872:. 2016-11-21. 2854: 2824: 2800: 2776: 2758: 2755:. 24 May 2019. 2740: 2717: 2694: 2691:on 2016-06-29. 2667: 2632: 2597: 2563: 2508: 2483: 2477:(2): 171–193. 2453: 2443:. 30 July 2001 2428: 2402: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2344: 2326: 2308: 2296: 2275: 2260: 2235: 2210: 2201: 2188: 2151: 2118: 2088: 2064: 2017: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1955: 1943: 1917: 1886: 1848: 1795: 1770: 1761: 1731: 1706: 1662: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1504:Esther Howland 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1442: 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689: 686: 678:social history 659:West Yorkshire 570: 567: 533: 530: 528: 527:United Kingdom 525: 524: 523: 520: 513: 512: 509: 502: 501: 498: 491: 490: 487: 465: 462: 442:greeting cards 375: 372: 351: 348: 346: 343: 317: 314: 271: 268: 262:was sent from 185: 182: 137: 134: 132: 129: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3502: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3419:Drink coaster 3417: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3305:Visiting card 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3290:Business card 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3259:Postage stamp 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3249:Manila folder 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:Greeting card 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 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