499:
261:
253:
428:
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49:
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and began using black ink for cancellations instead, which was more effective and difficult to remove. However, people still re-used stamps by combining the uncancelled parts of two stamps to form an unused whole, so in 1864 as a further safeguard the top corner stars on the Penny Red were replaced
380:
sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and a single example is known on cover dated 1 May 1840. All London post offices received official supplies of the new stamps but other offices throughout the United
Kingdom did not, continuing to accept payments for
489:
sent out as advance notice of the new stamps. Four are known on covers; all were cut from their envelopes and then replaced. Most of the cancelled examples are from trials of cancellation types, inks, and experiments with their removal. Those trials led to the change from black to red stamps, and
441:
The Penny Black was printed from 11 plates, but as Plate 1 was completely overhauled after excessive wear, it is generally considered to be two separate plates, 1a and 1b. Plate 11 was originally intended solely for the printing of red stamps, but a small number were printed in black. These are
411:
officials entered on the back of the sheet of stamps. In the 19th century, it was common for officials to remove some stamps from each sheet to present as gifts to dignitaries and other important people. Individual stamps from an
Imprimatur sheet can thus be found for sale on the open market.
328:
of the monarch somewhere on the design. The first stamps did not need to show the issuing country, so no country name was included on them. The UK remains the only country in the world to omit its name on postage stamps; the monarch's image signifies the UK as the country of origin.
484:
produced at the same time, vast supplies of
Mulready letter sheets were given for official use to government departments such as the tax office, and the idea of introducing an official stamp was abandoned. Only a few postally used examples exist, which probably originate from the
449:
sheets, to be carefully cut with scissors for sale and use. As a result, stamps with badly cut margins or no margins are common and worth very little, while examples with four clear margins are rare and valuable and fetch very high prices, especially if in mint condition.
332:
Initially, Hill specified that the stamps should be 3/4 inch square but altered the dimensions to 3/4 inch wide by 7/8 inch tall (approx 19 x 22 mm) to accommodate the writing at the bottom. The word "POSTAGE" at the top of the design distinguishes it from a
479:
In addition to the general issue of the Penny Black, a similar stamp intended for official mail was produced, with the letters "V" and "R" replacing the crosses in the top corners. Because the general public quickly accepted the postage stamps and ridiculed the
221:
proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to
384:
The Penny Black lasted less than a year. A red cancellation was difficult to see on the black design, and the red ink was easy to remove; both made it possible to re-use cancelled stamps. In
February 1841, the treasury switched to the
921:
575:
Prices for good to fine used stamps range between approximately £40 and £400 as of 2019 (poor copies can cost less). Unused Penny Blacks sell for much more, with prices ranging from £1250 to hundreds of thousands of
287:
he announced a competition to design the stamps. Out of some 2,600 entries, none was considered suitable, however, so a rough design endorsed by Hill was chosen instead, featuring an easily recognisable profile of
1036:
The
Plating of The Penny Black Postage Stamp Of Great Britain, 1840: with a description of each individual stamp on the eleven different plates, affording a guide to collectors in the reconstruction of the
761:
Letter from
Rowland Hill, 16 December 1839, to Perkins, Baker and Petch. "The whole stamp is to occupy ¾ths of an inch square, including the lettering and engine-turned work.", in Bacon, Vol. II p. 22.
1333:
348:
with radiant solar discs at their centres; the lower corner letters show the position of the stamp in the printed sheet, from "A A" at top left to "T L" at bottom right. The sheets, printed by
916:
841:
770:
Memo from
Rowland Hill, 31 December 1839. "Or if practicable increase the length One eighth and insert in white letters at the bottom / ½ oz One Penny." in Bacon, Vol. II p. 22.
1455:
461:
in London. The total print run was 286,700 sheets, containing a total of 68,808,000 stamps. Many were saved, and in used condition they remain readily available to
601:
1899:
2045:
546:
1094:
1408:
1085:
283:, a separate sheet folded to form an enclosure for carrying letters. Hill was given a two-year contract to run the new system, and together with
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72:
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in 1837. This portrait of
Victoria remained on British stamps until her death in 1901. All British stamps still bear a portrait or
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210:. It was first issued in the United Kingdom on 1 May 1840 but was not valid for use until 6 May. The stamp features a profile of
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818:
265:
994:
Guide Lines To The Penny Black: a detailed description of each one of the 2880 stamps and the plates from which it was printed
2229:
2173:
1562:
1396:
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971:
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which had long been used in the UK; "ONE PENNY." at the bottom shows the amount pre-paid for postage of the stamped letter.
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1812:
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1235:
1068:
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1011:
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Muir, Douglas N (1990). Postal Reform and the Penny Black: a New
Appreciation. London: National Postal Museum. p. 42.
609:
1993:
1944:
1692:
1193:
2097:
1939:
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Edward Denny Bacon, "The line-engraved postage stamps of Great
Britain printed by Perkins, Bacon & Co.", 1920
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2000:
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Considered a British cultural icon, the Penny Black design featured in the innovations section of the series B
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1976:
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printed in blue and covering the double-letter rate (up to 1 oz or 28 g) was issued on 8 May 1840.
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31:
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Although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in
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1961:
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sheets are from among the first sheets of stamps printed from a finished printing plate. The actual
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1966:
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May Dates: A survey of Penny Blacks, Twopenny Blues, Mulreadys and caricatures used during May 1840
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1934:
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1971:
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1909:
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284:
465:. The only known complete sheets of the Penny Black are owned by the British Postal Museum.
2207:
2017:
1700:
1601:
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8:
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1633:
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In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir
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419:. This unique item is in fact a plate proof and by definition not an imprimatur sheet.
232:
ounce (14 grams) to be delivered at a flat rate of one penny, regardless of distance.
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An original printing press for the Penny Black, the "D" cylinder press invented by
59:
2239:
1852:
1649:
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458:
313:
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The Jacob Perkins' press, which printed the Penny Black and the 2d Blue, in the
2222:
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1136:
1027:
917:"What is a Penny Black stamp? Google Doodle celebrates landmark British design"
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352:, consisted of 240 stamps in 20 rows of 12 columns. One full sheet cost 240
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252:
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A complete sheet of the Penny Black without check letters is held by the
2260:
2253:
2234:
2080:
1378:
403:
325:
2158:
2092:
1617:
1049:
386:
981:. Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire: Mike Jackson Publications, c1999.
320:, which was used on a medal to commemorate the Queen's visit to the
280:
627:"The Penny Post revolutionary who transformed how we send letters"
1105:
809:
807:
240:
515:
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sign of the Penny Black, formerly a post office, in Oxfordshire
109:
407:('let it be printed') refers to the written permission of the
364:. As the name suggests, the stamp was printed in black ink. A
182:
48:
1081:
The digitised R.M. Phillips Collection of Victorian philately
1056:. Heathfield, East Sussex: International Postal Museum, 2015.
804:
353:
275:
proposed to a government enquiry both the idea of a pre-paid
340:
The background to the portrait consists of finely engraved
207:
725:
1018:
Great Britain: The Penny Black: Its Plate Characteristics
518:
marked the 175th anniversary of the postage stamp with a
503:
935:
Posting It: The Victorian Revolution in Letter Writing
596:
594:
592:
1004:
Postal Reform and the Penny Black: A New Appreciation
308:
and his son Frederick, based on a sketch provided by
390:
by the lower corner check letters in reverse order.
1061:
The Story of the Penny Black and Its Contemporaries
621:
619:
589:
915:
705:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 118.
547:Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain
312:. Corbould's sketch was in turn based on the 1834
2274:
1397:Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
616:
514:issued in 2015. Also in 2015, the search engine
1409:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
1121:
859:"Great Britain: Wednesday, May 6, 1840"
746:
457:and patented in 1819, is on display at the
292:. Hill believed this would be difficult to
1427:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
1385:Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
1128:
1114:
47:
1439:Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
1433:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1229:Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition
1095:These stamps are the legends of the hobby
583:
304:The portrait of Victoria was engraved by
899:"Introducing the new UK passport design"
839:British Library collections – Philatelic
726:O'Donnell, Kevin; Winger, Larry (1997).
698:
497:
426:
259:
251:
239:
1063:. London: National Postal Museum, 1980
1006:. London: National Postal Museum, 1990
819:The British Postal Museum & Archive
779:
248:that was hard to see and easily removed
235:
14:
2275:
1421:Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
1367:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
932:
792:. Geneva: David Feldman. pp. 1–17
702:The Error World: An Affair with Stamps
602:"The Ultimate Penny Black Stamp Guide"
266:British Library Philatelic Collections
1391:Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1109:
676:. Images of the World. Archived from
493:
2298:Postal history of the United Kingdom
2293:Postage stamps of the United Kingdom
920:. The Independent. 7 November 2016.
656:
138:World's first adhesive postage stamp
27:World's first adhesive postage stamp
393:
256:Large mint block of the Penny Black
24:
1403:Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
1135:
952:
671:
490:vice versa for the cancellations.
25:
2319:
1074:
924:from the original on 25 May 2022.
1994:The Coronation of Queen Victoria
1039:. London: Stanley Gibbons, 1998
964:Royal Philatelic Society, London
885:"Penny Black stamps price guide"
699:Garfield, Simon (January 2009).
960:The World's First Postage Stamp
937:. University Press of Florida.
908:
891:
877:
851:
832:
773:
764:
755:
661:. London: Warne. pp. 75–7.
552:Stamp Centenary Exhibition 1940
202:was the world's first adhesive
2174:Mauritius "Post Office" stamps
2001:The Marriage of Queen Victoria
1415:Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
719:
692:
665:
650:
641:
569:
537:List of notable postage stamps
532:List of British postage stamps
468:
381:postage in cash for a period.
360:; one row of 12 stamps cost a
164:
153:
13:
1:
2018:"The Widow at Windsor" (1892)
1445:Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen
933:Golden, Catherine J. (2009).
431:A mint block of six, plate 11
344:. The two upper corners hold
170:
863:First Issues Collectors Club
786:The First Cover: May 1, 1840
659:The Fight for the Penny Post
32:Penny Black (disambiguation)
7:
2164:India Inverted Head 4 annas
1737:Victoria and Merrie England
1146:Queen of the United Kingdom
525:
445:The stamps were printed in
437:Penny Black printing plates
422:
10:
2324:
2308:1840 in the United Kingdom
1900:Victoria, British Columbia
904:. Gov.uk. 7 November 2016.
472:
434:
244:A Penny Black, with a red
29:
2248:
2203:Queen Victoria's journals
2190:
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2056:
2031:
2010:
1985:
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1710:Royal Upstairs Downstairs
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732:. CRC Press. p. 19.
299:
271:On 13 February 1837, Sir
188:
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101:
78:
68:
55:
46:
41:
2303:Queen Victoria on stamps
1373:Victoria, German Empress
996:. London: R. Lowe, 1979.
674:"Wyon City Medal – 1837"
562:
371:
1543:Victoria Day (Scotland)
1344:Death and state funeral
848:Accessed 30 April 2013.
815:"Queen Victoria Stamps"
729:Internet for Scientists
542:Mauritius "Post Office"
2169:Malta Halfpenny Yellow
1271:Cunningham Clock Tower
1090:National Postal Museum
584:References and sources
507:
432:
268:
257:
249:
2154:Canada 2c Large Queen
2123:Lilac and Green Issue
1694:Victoria & Albert
1276:Devonshire House Ball
1219:Clock Tower, Brighton
1214:Clock Tower, Weymouth
992:Litchfield, Percy C.
606:Warwick & Warwick
501:
487:Post Office circulars
430:
417:British Postal Museum
263:
255:
243:
2023:"Recessional" (1897)
1702:Looking for Victoria
1635:Victoria & Abdul
1603:Sixty Glorious Years
1334:Visits to Manchester
1086:The 1840 Penny Black
1059:Rigo de Righi, A.G.
783:(17 February 1999).
657:Hill, H. W. (1940).
522:of the Penny Black.
236:Treasury competition
90:– February 1841
82:1 May 1840
30:For other uses, see
2108:Three Halfpence Red
1579:Sixty Years a Queen
1492:Lady Flora Hastings
1175:Hackpen White Horse
844:23 May 2013 at the
482:Mulready stationery
2288:1840 introductions
2113:Penny Venetian Red
2103:Halfpenny Rose Red
1686:The Young Victoria
1670:Happy and Glorious
1627:The Young Victoria
1595:Victoria the Great
1533:Royal Family Order
1329:Victorian morality
1266:Recessional (poem)
1054:Penny Black Plates
557:Uniform Penny Post
508:
494:In popular culture
433:
269:
258:
250:
2270:
2269:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
1611:Victoria in Dover
1587:Victoria in Dover
1472:Kensington System
1456:Royal descendants
1319:John William Bean
1294:Bedchamber crisis
1101:Refresher Courses
1022:F. Hugh Vallancey
1016:Nissen, Charles.
972:978-0-900631-73-3
944:978-0-8130-3379-2
865:. 3 November 2003
712:978-0-15-101396-8
206:used in a public
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
2315:
2159:Ceylon Dull Rose
2149:Canada 12d black
2061:
2060:
1643:The Black Prince
1568:
1567:
1553:Victoria (plant)
1314:Empress of India
1261:Cherries jubilee
1150:Empress of India
1130:
1123:
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1107:
1106:
1088:at the American
958:Holyoake, Alan.
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608:. Archived from
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512:British passport
463:stamp collectors
394:Imprimatur sheet
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143:Nature of rarity
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69:Country of issue
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2240:Victoria sponge
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2098:Embossed stamps
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2006:
1981:
1853:Balmoral cairns
1773:List of statues
1765:
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1745:Victoria Regina
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1678:Victoria Regina
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1497:Charlotte Percy
1482:Victoire Conroy
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1299:Prime ministers
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1251:Jubilee Diamond
1236:Diamond Jubilee
1153:
1139:
1134:
1077:
1050:Proud, Edward B
1032:Bertram McGowan
1028:Nissen, Charles
1000:Muir, Douglas N
977:Jackson, Mike.
955:
953:Further reading
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346:Maltese crosses
342:engine turnings
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1194:Golden Jubilee
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36:
2213:Abdul Karim
2144:Chalon head
2118:Penny Lilac
2076:VR official
2071:Penny Black
1863:Isle of Man
1764:Statues and
1720:(2016–2019)
1477:John Conroy
1451:Descendants
1152:(1876–1901)
824:25 February
475:VR official
469:VR official
447:imperforate
200:Penny Black
117:Perforation
42:Penny Black
18:Penny black
2277:Categories
2235:Victoriana
2208:John Brown
2081:Penny Blue
1843:Birkenhead
1838:Birmingham
1662:Television
1563:Depictions
1528:Empire Day
1507:Legitimacy
1465:Early life
1423:(daughter)
1405:(daughter)
1399:(daughter)
1387:(daughter)
1379:Edward VII
1375:(daughter)
1165:Coronation
1020:. Kent, :
962:. London:
796:7 December
404:imprimatur
399:Imprimatur
326:silhouette
285:Henry Cole
192:£40–£1000s
178:Face value
159:68,808,000
135:Notability
86:1840-05-01
60:Definitive
2093:Penny Red
1986:Portraits
1972:Melbourne
1925:Ahmedabad
1920:Hong Kong
1915:Bangalore
1867:Valletta
1833:Liverpool
1808:Lancaster
1803:St Helens
1766:memorials
1619:Mrs Brown
1369:(husband)
1349:Mausoleum
1098:Linns.com
633:14 August
442:scarce.
387:Penny Red
173:1,300,000
2137:Colonial
2040:Victoria
1967:Brisbane
1962:Adelaide
1950:Building
1888:Montreal
1883:Winnipeg
1858:Guernsey
1818:Weymouth
1781:Memorial
1718:Victoria
1651:Dolittle
1435:(mother)
1429:(father)
922:Archived
869:30 April
842:Archived
684:30 April
526:See also
423:Printing
362:shilling
281:envelope
2191:Related
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1930:Kolkata
1905:Toronto
1828:Reading
1823:Chester
1813:Bristol
1777:London
1516:Honours
1241:Honours
1199:Honours
1182:Wedding
1170:Honours
1024:, 1948.
974:, 159p.
966:, 2013
576:pounds.
356:or one
227:⁄
156:printed
125:Depicts
102:Printer
94:1841-02
92: (
84: (
2057:Stamps
2011:Poetry
1955:Square
1945:Sydney
1940:Penang
1910:Regina
1893:Square
1871:Statue
1848:Dundee
1791:Square
1786:Statue
1755:(1972)
1747:(1934)
1739:(1897)
1712:(2011)
1704:(2003)
1696:(2001)
1688:(1963)
1680:(1961)
1672:(1952)
1653:(2020)
1645:(2017)
1637:(2017)
1629:(2009)
1621:(1997)
1613:(1954)
1605:(1938)
1597:(1937)
1589:(1936)
1581:(1913)
1523:Places
1360:Family
1158:Events
1067:
1043:
1037:sheets
1010:
985:
970:
941:
736:
709:
516:Google
300:Design
110:London
2032:Songs
1798:Leeds
1729:Stage
1417:(son)
1411:(son)
1393:(son)
1381:(son)
1287:Reign
1246:Medal
1204:Medal
902:(PDF)
790:(PDF)
629:. BBC
563:Notes
372:Issue
358:pound
354:pence
314:cameo
294:forge
277:stamp
183:penny
2223:Dash
2218:Pets
1876:Gate
1571:Film
1224:Bust
1065:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1030:and
1008:ISBN
983:ISBN
968:ISBN
939:ISBN
871:2013
826:2015
798:2017
734:ISBN
707:ISBN
686:2013
635:2019
502:The
378:Bath
198:The
120:None
112:, UK
56:Type
504:pub
165:No.
154:No.
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