Groundwater pollution

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and a 42,000 gallon fracking fluid spillage in Arlington, Texas that necessitated an evacuation of over a 100 homes in 2015. While the damage can be obvious, and much more more effort is being done to prevent these accidents from occurring so frequently, the lack of data from fracking oil spills continue to leave researchers in the dark. In many of these events, the data acquired from the leakage or spillage is often very vague, and thus would lead researchers to lacking conclusions.

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are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

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The stratigraphy of the area plays an important role in the transport of pollutants. An area can have layers of sandy soil, fractured bedrock, clay, or hardpan. Areas of karst topography on limestone bedrock are sometimes vulnerable to surface pollution from groundwater. Earthquake faults can also be

353:. This is because only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased 1196:

Wolf, Jennyfer; Prüss-Ustün, Annette; Cumming, Oliver; Bartram, Jamie; Bonjour, Sophie; Cairncross, Sandy; Clasen, Thomas; Colford, John M.; Curtis, Valerie; De France, Jennifer; Fewtrell, Lorna; Freeman, Matthew C.; Gordon, Bruce; Hunter, Paul R.; Jeandron, Aurelie; Johnston, Richard B.; Mäusezahl,

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formations. Examples of such events include: a fracking fluid spillage in Acorn Fork Creek, Kentucky that caused a widespread death among aquatic species in 2007; a 420,000 gallon spillage of hyper-saline produced water that turned a once very-fertile farmland in New Mexico into a dead-zone in 2010;

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Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from ground water by applying various techniques thereby making it safe for use. Ground water treatment (or remediation) techniques span biological, chemical, and physical treatment technologies. Most ground water treatment techniques utilize a combination

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While conclusions regarding groundwater pollution as the result to hydraulic fracturing fluid flow is restricted in both space and time, researchers have hypothesized that the potential for systematic stray gas contamination depends mainly on the integrity of the shale oil/gas well structure, along

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The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a dangerous contaminant of groundwater. They are generally introduced to the environment through careless industrial practices. Many of these compounds were not known to be harmful until the late 1960s and it was some time before regular testing of groundwater

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and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

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from an industrial landfill that the neighborhood had been built over and around, which had then infiltrated into the water supply and evaporated in basements to further contaminate the air. Eight hundred families were reimbursed for their homes and moved, after extensive legal battles and media

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As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination.However, no general

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Portable water purification devices or "point-of-use" (POU) water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques can be used to remove some forms of groundwater pollution prior to drinking, namely any fecal pollution. Many commercial portable water purification systems or chemical

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published the Ground Water Rule in the United States Federal Register. The EPA was worried that the ground water system would be vulnerable to contamination from fecal matter. The point of the rule was to keep microbial pathogens out of public water sources. The 2006 Ground Water Rule was an

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The ways to deal with groundwater pollution that has already occurred can be grouped into the following categories: containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further; removing the pollutants from the aquifer; remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the

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resources. While the EPA has not found significant evidence of a widespread, systematic impact on drinking water by hydraulic fracturing, this may be due to insufficient systematic pre- and post- hydraulic fracturing data on drinking water quality, and the presence of other agents of

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into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.

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Daniel; Mathers, Colin; Neira, Maria; Higgins, Julian P. T. (August 2014). "Systematic review: Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression".

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Liquids leach from the pit and pass the unsaturated soil zone (which is not completely filled with water). Subsequently, these liquids from the pit enter the groundwater where they may lead to groundwater pollution. This is a problem if a nearby

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Though widespread, systematic contamination by hydraulic fracturing has been heavily disputed, one major source of contamination that has the most consensus among researchers of being the most problematic is site-specific accidental spillage of

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purposes. During the passage in the soil, pathogens can die off or be adsorbed significantly, mostly depending on the travel time between the pit and the well. Most, but not all pathogens die within 50 days of travel through the subsurface.

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entry routes for downward contaminant entry. Water table conditions are of great importance for drinking water supplies, agricultural irrigation, waste disposal (including nuclear waste), wildlife habitat, and other ecological issues.

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statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly

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For example, detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in groundwater were in the order of 50 ng/L in several locations in Germany. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, micro-pollutants such as

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may also reach the aquifer if the effluent is infiltrated or discharged to local surface water bodies. Therefore, those substances that are not removed in conventional sewage treatment plants may reach the groundwater as well.

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If treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater is deemed to be too difficult or expensive then abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water is the only other option.

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system with a downgradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.

714:; however, many researchers argue that the permeability of rocks overlying shale formations are too low to allow this to ever happen sufficiently. To ultimately prove this theory, there would have to be traces of of toxic 872:

On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

483:, normally strongly bound to iron oxides, into the water. As a consequence, arsenic-rich groundwater is often iron-rich, although secondary processes often obscure the association of dissolved arsenic and dissolved iron. 1149:

The peri-urban areas of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, have ground conditions which are strongly karstified and for this reason – together with the increasing population density in these peri-urban areas – pollution of

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Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface

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partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to

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Techniques include boiling, filtration, activated charcoal absorption, chemical disinfection, ultraviolet purification, ozone water disinfection, solar water disinfection, solar distillation, homemade water filters.

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Despite the EPA's lack of profound widespread evidence, other researchers have made significant observations of rising groundwater contamination in close proximity to major shale oil/gas drilling sites located in

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are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or

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A traditional housing compound near Herat, Afghanistan, where a shallow water supply well (foreground) is in close proximity to the pit latrine (behind the white greenhouse) leading to contamination of the

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M. Nasir Khan and F. Mohammad "Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions" in A. A. Ansari, S. S. Gill (eds.), Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

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contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ); treating the groundwater at its point of use; or abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water.

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The nutrients, especially nitrates, in fertilizers can cause problems for natural habitats and for human health if they are washed off soil into watercourses or leached through soil into groundwater.

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Guideline values for horizontal separation distances between on-site sanitation systems and water sources vary widely (e.g. 15 to 100 m horizontal distance between pit latrine and groundwater wells)

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If the local hydrogeological conditions (which can vary within a space of a few square kilometres) are ignored, pit latrines can cause significant public health risks via contaminated groundwater.

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content. This contamination is speculated to be the result of leaky, failing, or improperly installed gas well casings. Furthermore, it is theorized that contamination could also result from the

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Drollette, Brian D.; Hoelzer, Kathrin; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Darrah, Thomas H.; Karatum, Osman; O’Connor, Megan P.; Nelson, Robert K.; Fernandez, Loretta A.; Reddy, Christopher M. (2015-10-27).

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or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

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within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with

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and other noble gas concentration along with the rise of hydrocarbon levels supports the distinction between hydraulic fracturing fugitive gas and naturally occurring "background"

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contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

342:" in children, notably in rural countries such as Romania and Bulgaria. Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause "blue baby syndrome" (acquired 312:

or helminth eggs), the first three can be commonly found in polluted groundwater, whereas the relatively large helminth eggs are usually filtered out by the soil matrix.

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and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface

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affects 25% of water wells in the shallower of two regional aquifers. The pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates

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In addition to the issue of pathogens, there is also the issue of nitrate pollution in groundwater from pit latrines, which has led to numerous cases of "

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The passage of water through the subsurface can provide a reliable natural barrier to contamination but it only works under favorable conditions.

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of deep residual hyper-saline water and hydraulic fracturing fluid, slowly flowing through faults and fractures until finally making contact with

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can lead to groundwater pollution when they are given the opportunity to reach the groundwater, making it unsafe for drinking. Of the four

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Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen

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Guidelines for separation distances based on virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater systems and wells, Porirua, New Zealand

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In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the

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is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural

1997: 686:). Within one kilometer of these specific sites, a subset of shallow drinking water consistently showed higher concentration levels of 722:

with its relative geological location to local fracture systems that could potentially provide flow paths for fugitive gas migration.

1054:, carbon absorption, aqueous chemical oxidation, and surfactant enhanced recovery. Some chemical techniques may be implemented using 1676:"Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities" 533:

was one of the most widely known examples of groundwater pollution. In 1978, residents of the Love Canal neighborhood in upstate

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are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, from where it may also reach the groundwater.

881:. The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems: 571:

Groundwater pollution with pathogens and nitrate can also occur from the liquids infiltrating into the ground from on-site

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additives are available which can remove pathogens, chlorine, bad taste, odors, and heavy metals like lead and mercury.

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Graham, J.P., Polizzotto, M.L. (2013). "Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review".

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or fluoride. Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoning or the spread of disease.

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Schematic showing that there is a lower risk of groundwater pollution with greater depth of the water well

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Groundwater pollution can also occur from leaking sewers which has been observed for example in Germany.

667: 216: 1660: 3144: 3028: 2972: 2064: 1973: 1116: 562: 138: 75: 26: 1531:. PhD thesis, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany, p. 45, ISBN 978-3-930400-41-6 2559: 1351:"NOFA Interstate Council: The Natural Farmer. Ecologically Sound Nitrogen Management. Mark Schonbeck" 1291: 1098: 671: 1503:"2012. Combined Sewer Overflows: An Environmental Source of Hormones and Wastewater Micropollutants" 1409: 734:. So far, a significant majority of groundwater contamination events are derived from surface-level 2544: 1780: 1755: 1128: 1101:(PG&E) and a multimillion-dollar settlement in 1996. The legal case was dramatized in the film 354: 1529:

Pharmaceutical residues in urine and potential risks related to usage as fertiliser in agriculture

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Europe's sanitation problem – 20 million Europeans need access to safe and affordable sanitation

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may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.

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Sign near Mannheim, Germany indicating a zone as a dedicated "groundwater protection zone"

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Nick, A., Foppen, J. W., Kulabako, R., Lo, D., Samwel, M., Wagner, F., Wolf, L. (2012).

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Nick, A., Foppen, J. W., Kulabako, R., Lo, D., Samwel, M., Wagner, F., Wolf, L. (2012).

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Lynda Knobeloch, Barbara Salna, Adam Hogan, Jeffrey Postle, and Henry Anderson (2000).

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Moore, C., Nokes, C., Loe, B., Close, M., Pang, L., Smith, V., Osbaldiston, S. (2010)

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can be spread via a groundwater well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from

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Guidelines on drinking water protection areas – Part 1: Groundwater protection areas

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Philips, P.J.; Chalmers, A.T.; Gray, J.L.; Kolpin, D.W.; Foreman, W.T.; Wall, G.R.

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conditions in the aquifer. These conditions result in the microbial dissolution of

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Nitrate can also enter the groundwater via excessive use of fertilizers, including

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John H. Tellam, Michael O. Rivett, Rauf G. Israfilov, Liam G. Herringshaw (2006).

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Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection – Factsheet of Working Group 11

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Horizontal distance between the drinking water source and the sanitation system

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Howarth, Robert (14 September 2011). "Natural gas: Should fracking stop?".

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How to keep your groundwater drinkable: Safer siting of sanitation systems

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Different mechanisms have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g.

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Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation

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hydrocarbons, various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and

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Ellsworth, William (July 12, 2013). "Injection-Induced Earthquakes".

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bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent

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of technologies. Some of the biological treatment techniques include

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Further causes of groundwater pollution are excessive application of

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Vertical distance between drinking water well and sanitation system

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Groundwater that is contaminated with pathogens can lead to fatal

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Superposition, i.e. the need to consider a larger planning area

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Organic pollutants can also be found in groundwater, such as

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IGRAC, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre

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UPGro – Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor

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United States Geological Survey (USGS), Denver, CO (1998).

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contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic

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Groundwater pollution example in Lusaka, Zambia where the

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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

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from pit latrines is a major public health threat there.

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and their metabolites. Inorganic pollutans might include

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Roots, Nitrogen Transformations, and Ecosystem Services

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routes rather than the subsurface flow from underlying

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identified these substances in drinking water sources.

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In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of

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Ground Water Rule (GWR) | Ground Water Rule | US EPA

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starting in 1952, resulting in a legal case against

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concentrations than normal. An evaluation of higher

1543: 817: 2032:IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists 1920:Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection 1732:"Fracking Fluids Spill Caused Kentucky Fish Kill" 1239:"Blue Babies and Nitrate-Contaminated Well Water" 625:residues and other micro-pollutants contained in 192:. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on 3157: 1956: 1954: 1853:Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability 1680:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1374:Annual Review of Plant Biology Vol. 59: 341–363 1290:C. J. Rosen and B. P. Horgan (9 January 2009). 947:amendment of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act. 1540:Hydraulic Fracturing Drinking Water Assessment 1223:Buitenkamp, M., Richert Stintzing, A. (2008). 1141:that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution. 1127:became contaminated with the highly dangerous 795:may also result in groundwater pollution with 479:in the sediment and, thus, the release of the 2072: 1951: 1507:National Center for Biotechnology Information 557: 372: 150:in the foreground with pathogens and nitrate. 1876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1486:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1199:Tropical Medicine & International Health 2037:Argoss Project of British Geological Survey 1901: 1899: 1552: 1089:The town of Hinkley, California (USA), had 2079: 2065: 1998:"Walkerton E. coli outbreak declared over" 1439:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) 978: 603: 1963:. Water.epa.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-09. 1707: 1583: 1553:DiGiulio, Dominic C.; Jackson, Robert B. 959: 95: 52: 1896: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1123:. The water supply which was drawn from 928: 858: 561: 270: 137: 47: 1634: 1603: 1182:Wolf, L., Nick, A., Cronin, A. (2015). 636: 73: 14: 3158: 1978:Water Encyclopedia, Science and Issues 1829:"Potential Threats to Our Groundwater" 1610:Environmental Science & Technology 1559:Environmental Science & Technology 1509:. Environmental Science and Technology 1074: 1002:. Groundwater that moves through open 439: 204:, and the nature of the contaminants. 2086: 2060: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1447: 1445: 1163: 44: 25: 2042:Groundwater pollution and sanitation 1267: 1110: 877:sources from pollution from on-site 515: 451:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 176:The pollutant creates a contaminant 74:Revision as of 23:39, 9 May 2016 by 17: 1892:http://www.groundwatersampling.org/ 868:Locating on-site sanitation systems 527:can lead to groundwater pollution. 412:products, drug pollution involving 146:in the background is polluting the 135: 104: 1623: 1592: 1442: 1384:World Health Organization (2004). 838:. By its very nature, groundwater 591:is used to supply groundwater for 253: 196:characteristics and site geology, 136: 3207: 2010: 1189: 1144: 787:since groundwater is part of the 495:in groundwater which is used for 296:types that are present in feces ( 207:Pollution can occur from on-site 60:. The present address (URL) is a 3140: 3139: 1318:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 937: 662:/gas extraction and its impact. 545:. This was eventually traced to 379:VOC contamination of groundwater 2046:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance 1991: 1966: 1938: 1925: 1912: 1884: 1843: 1821: 1797: 1773: 1748: 1724: 1667: 1604:Vengosh, Avner (7 March 2014). 1577: 1534: 1521: 1494: 1429: 1416: 1377: 1084: 944:Environmental Protection Agency 818:Interactions with surface water 658:that preclude the link between 647:Environmental Protection Agency 1365: 1343: 1306: 1283: 1230: 1217: 1065: 993:. Non-porous aquifers such as 924: 404:and other chemical compounds, 13: 1: 2044:(documents in library of the 1157: 1062:, and dual phase extraction. 954: 854: 805: 791:. Over application of animal 507:can be prevalent and severe. 2105:Pollution / quality 1831:. The Groundwater Foundation 1386:"Fluoride in drinking-water" 1353:. Nofa.org. 25 February 2004 1330:10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4 1091:its groundwater contaminated 908:Volume of leaking wastewater 266: 186:hydrological transport model 7: 1279:10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_5 1079: 966:Portable water purification 486: 217:wastewater treatment plants 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 3212: 2017:USGS Office of Groundwater 1974:"Pollution of groundwater" 1099:Pacific Gas & Electric 982: 963: 905:Slope and surface drainage 899:Groundwater flow direction 728:hydraulic fracturing fluid 608:The treated effluent from 558:On-site sanitation systems 541:and an alarming number of 448: 444: 376: 373:Volatile organic compounds 333: 93: 50: 3191:Water and the environment 3135: 3076: 2941: 2934: 2815: 2676:Types / location 2675: 2666: 2476: 2271: 2184: 2154: 2103: 2094: 672:Northeastern Pennsylvania 510: 387: 159:groundwater contamination 3186:Geotechnical engineering 1809:StateImpact Pennsylvania 785:atmospheric contaminants 746: 1692:10.1073/pnas.1511474112 1571:10.1021/acs.est.5b04970 1454:Environ Health Perspect 985:Groundwater remediation 979:Groundwater remediation 822:Although interrelated, 797:pharmaceutical residues 783:from airports and even 610:sewage treatment plants 604:Sewage treatment plants 317:fecal-oral transmission 1890:Groundwater Sampling; 1404:Cite journal requires 1044:chemical precipitation 960:Point-of-use treatment 942:In November 2006, the 934: 864: 568: 537:noticed high rates of 282: 151: 96:→‎Hydraulic Fracturing 53:→‎Hydraulic Fracturing 3181:Hydraulic engineering 2000:. Tracy McLaughlin , 1014:as dumps in areas of 932: 862: 830:Interactions between 765:illegal waste dumping 712:groundwater resources 641:The recent growth of 565: 274: 155:Groundwater pollution 141: 3051:remnant natural area 2688:storage and recovery 2354:habitat conservation 2172:Deforestation (REDD) 2022:UK Groundwater Forum 1107:, released in 2000. 767:, infiltration from 643:Hydraulic Fracturing 637:Hydraulic Fracturing 414:pharmaceutical drugs 3005:Earth Overshoot Day 2579:Marine conservation 2560:non-timber products 1686:(43): 13184–13189. 1527:Winker, M. (2009). 1466:10.1289/ehp.1206028 1294:. Extension.umn.edu 1095:hexavalent chromium 1075:Society and culture 1048:membrane separation 708:capillary migration 440:Naturally occurring 276:Waterborne diseases 111:← Previous revision 2990:Ecosystem services 2113:Ambient standards 2002:The Globe and Mail 1653:|access-date= 935: 902:Impermeable layers 865: 781:de-icing chemicals 569: 505:skeletal fluorosis 340:blue baby syndrome 319:of diseases (e.g. 283: 152: 3153: 3152: 3131: 3130: 2930: 2929: 2609:genetic resources 2545:genetic resources 2180: 2179: 2088:Natural resources 1863:978-1-4020-5175-3 1211:10.1111/tmi.12331 1111:Walkerton, Canada 1000:soil contaminants 676:Horn River Basins 516:Landfill leachate 344:methemoglobinemia 190:groundwater model 182:groundwater wells 45:23:39, 9 May 2016 3203: 3143: 3142: 3094: 3041:Natural heritage 3000:overexploitation 2939: 2938: 2673: 2672: 2619:herbal medicines 2599:FAO Plant Treaty 2139: 2116: 2101: 2100: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2005: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1867: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1785:RT International 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1711: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1632: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1601: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1565:(8): 4524–4536. 1550: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1449: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1287: 1281: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1234: 1228: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1193: 1187: 1180: 1040:phytoremediation 1016:karst topography 789:hydrologic cycle 680:British Columbia 575:systems such as 547:organic solvents 215:, effluent from 123:Newer revision → 101: 99: 98: 90: 69: 67:current revision 59: 58: 56: 55: 46: 42: 41: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3127: 3092: 3072: 3058:Systems ecology 3024:Natural capital 2926: 2811: 2800:reclaimed water 2662: 2624:UPOV Convention 2472: 2267: 2176: 2150: 2146:Ozone depletion 2137: 2114: 2090: 2085: 2013: 2008: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1931:ARGOSS (2001). 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1672: 1668: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1602: 1593: 1582: 1578: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1499: 1495: 1479: 1478: 1450: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1405: 1403: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1288: 1284: 1272: 1268: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1241:. Ehponline.org 1235: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1194: 1190: 1181: 1164: 1160: 1147: 1113: 1104:Erin Brockovich 1087: 1082: 1077: 1068: 1024:bioaugmentation 987: 981: 968: 962: 957: 940: 927: 870: 857: 836:water pollution 820: 808: 749: 716:trihalomethanes 639: 606: 560: 518: 513: 489: 453: 447: 442: 390: 381: 375: 336: 269: 261:water pollution 256: 254:Pollutant types 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 115:Latest revision 103: 102: 94: 91: 80: 78: 65: 51: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 3209: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3093:(perpetuation) 3088: 3082: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3046:Nature reserve 3043: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 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water 488: 485: 461:northern India 449:Main article: 446: 443: 441: 438: 389: 386: 377:Main article: 374: 371: 335: 332: 268: 265: 255: 252: 76: 62:permanent link 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3208: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3124: 3123:Non-renewable 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3063:Urban ecology 3061: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2895:Privatization 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 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