Knowledge

5821:"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics - analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying - and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" 123: 944:"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg) For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval) For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)" 2407:"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel) For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)" 5863:"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12" 5842:"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" 5734:"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems" 2669:"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains" 2381:"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Bezelius) For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)" 2945:"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861" 2158:"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago) For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)" 2179:"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions" 5884:"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells" 186:, who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 "n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" and is one of four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980. The person awarded the Copley Medal more than any other is 2606:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation" 146:, who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The Medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by 8202: 1252:"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this start has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers" 5927:"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology" 6552: 154: 7930: 6615: 6503: 3155:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones" 625:"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. - containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects." 7672: 6457: 2966:"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire" 2541:"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements" 3092:"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours" 2776:"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin" 5949:"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science" 2478:"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig) For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)" 7843: 2273:"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, - On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" 141: 194: 2298:"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday) For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)" 1172:"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form" 6035:"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang" 2627:"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825" 1872:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons" 1151:"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public" 5778:"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects" 1561:"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies" 2584:"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen" 709:"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: - which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials" 3387:"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics" 3134:"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: - 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat" 5627:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" 6916:"Digital Collections - Manuscripts - Item 15a - 15z, 15(1) - 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778-1796" 2499:"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet" 6013:"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance" 5439:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" 1540:"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates" 2069:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine) For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)" 965:"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands" 5418:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" 809:"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills" 767:"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer" 234:"For his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge" 163:. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal. The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize. 5563:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" 5055:"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy" 5906:"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology" 1319:"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series" 1665:"For his Papers - on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness" 4590:"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" 3260:"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published" 4779:"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes" 5799:"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" 4674:"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications" 2924:"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse" 3915:"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection" 3831:"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects" 1377:"For his three Papers, - On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787" 4970:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations" 3493:"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years" 1602:"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn); For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)" 1298:"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke); For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)" 5756:"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease" 4569:"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" 371:"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society" 6793: 4906:"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology" 5119:"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology" 1623:"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers" 2204:"For his Paper, entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general" 5713:"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" 155: 4422:"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" 541:"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles" 5584:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" 646:"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones" 5692:"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" 3344:"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry" 5521:"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" 2712:"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works" 5162:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction" 3810:"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" 5033:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles" 5499:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" 899:"For his very ingenious and elegent Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids" 9771: 5670:"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" 5397:"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" 4527:"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" 5542:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" 788:"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society" 7773: 5478:"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" 499:"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum" 435:"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year." 6800: 6728: 4716:"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions" 3789:"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery" 583:"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion" 393:"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea" 9882: 5649:"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" 3683:"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist" 2840:"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, andf for his researches on the contrast of coulours" 1231:"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 1909:"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 1007:"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, - and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish" 667:"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society" 9856: 7411: 2648:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto" 9101: 2356:"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834" 414:"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein" 5248:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses" 5227:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types" 5098:"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis" 2432:"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss) For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)" 1590: 1460:"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions" 1419:"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" 456:"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay" 3422: 1728:"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" 9785: 5606:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" 1864: 5376:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" 5141:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction" 4800:"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron" 1835:"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" 106: 94: 10105: 5355:"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin" 9815: 4506:"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" 3514:"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author" 1130:"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, - on Schehallien" 7223: 5184:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids" 5012:"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy" 4252:"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences" 7998: 3218:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia" 175: 110: 90: 5291:"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction" 4464:"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" 1194:"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments" 102: 4632:"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" 9013: 8422: 350:"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour" 8023:"Humboldt - Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander - von - 1769-1859 - Baron - German naturalist, geologist and explorer" 5576: 4927:"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism" 2520:"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" 4083:"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" 3379: 448: 4062:"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" 2882:"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics" 2473: 9988: 9762: 7936: 3050:"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology" 160: 9076: 8734: 6594: 6005: 4758:"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues" 3718: 147: 78: 37: 9478: 9034: 8334: 5334:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" 4737:"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years" 9861: 8098: 7272: 8776: 8442: 9565: 9544: 9502: 9436: 9415: 9352: 9331: 9310: 9247: 9226: 9205: 9163: 9121: 8968: 8947: 8863: 8713: 7909: 6919: 4244: 3408:"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science" 520:"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments" 9634: 9268: 8884: 8271: 8181: 7431: 7177: 7089: 7068: 6772: 6703: 6640: 6411: 6369: 4842:"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics" 9932: 9590: 9373: 9097: 8926: 8463: 8250: 7564: 7047: 6390: 6327: 6255: 2903:"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches" 604:"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time" 562:"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets" 406: 166: 8376: 8313: 8160: 8139: 7956: 7731: 7135: 6306: 6285: 5970:"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division" 5313:"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" 4821:"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes" 1273:"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts" 9877: 9289: 8755: 8671: 8397: 8355: 8292: 7156: 6963: 6889: 6841: 6619: 6528: 6432: 6183: 5431: 5090: 4624: 4603: 4477: 1923: 1021: 427: 321: 284: 187: 126: 67: 26: 9457: 9142: 8581: 8484: 8070: 7977: 7867: 7797: 7630: 7474: 7315: 7293: 7247: 1398:"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions" 10037: 9810: 9614: 8692: 7847: 7710: 6869: 5513: 4548:"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" 3273: 2125: 1699: 1411: 512: 9523: 6682: 3661:"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc" 2395: 9846: 9184: 8602: 7516: 5726: 4885:"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics" 4695:"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases" 4359:"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" 1636: 822: 701: 8989: 8905: 2832: 9740: 9725: 9707: 9679: 7888: 7801: 7453: 7033: 6943: 6939: 6482: 6187: 5347: 5270:"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics" 5206:"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance" 5047: 4771: 4329: 3886: 2199: 1813:"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 999: 491: 247: 226: 179: 143: 7198: 6478: 3978:"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" 2768: 2038: 1518:"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani" 10095: 9851: 8026: 7696: 7589: 7114: 6259: 4983: 4962: 3556:"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory" 3126: 2937: 2445: 1805: 957: 156: 138: 8418: 6984: 6524: 2369: 190:, who won the medal in 1734, 1736 and 1741 respectively. The medal was most recently awarded to 10100: 5133: 4863:"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology" 4666: 3315: 3210: 2861:"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology" 2725: 2010:"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 1678: 1085: 759: 730:"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society" 171: 9394: 8797: 6724: 830:"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year" 10052: 10047: 9795: 9790: 8626: 7752: 7202: 5389: 4991:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology" 4750: 4687: 4160: 3907: 3590: 3336: 3084: 2746: 2402: 1901: 1791:"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 1369: 9586: 7407: 6865: 4485:"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" 4020:"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him" 9755: 9610: 9482: 8818: 8230: 7495: 6749:"AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710-1776)" 4729: 4708: 3970: 3548: 3464: 3281:"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry" 3105: 2874: 2683: 2420: 1762: 1657: 986:"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances" 8022: 6228: 4949:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine" 8: 9841: 4372: 4308: 3928: 3739: 3675: 3485: 3443: 3042: 2810: 2533: 2348: 2265: 74: 53: 33: 7537: 3577:"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology" 2453:"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation" 1455: 9659: 8822: 8560: 8118: 8002: 7385: 5834: 4561: 4456: 4414: 3063: 2661: 9655: 4105:"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy" 1931:"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 9694: 8046: 7687: 7020: 5992:"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " 5452: 5176: 4653:"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" 4287: 4202: 3865: 3252: 3168: 3147: 2598: 1473: 1072:"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations" 928: 680: 21: 8842: 7585: 7005: 3021: 2146: 1050:"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money" 9888: 8993: 7268: 6820: 6661: 6348: 6232: 5368: 5025: 4919: 4877: 3844: 3632: 3611: 2640: 2512: 2082: 1827: 1720: 1597: 1510: 1244: 1064: 469: 183: 8647: 8091: 7609: 2789: 1952:"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies" 10062: 10057: 10042: 10032: 9998: 9903: 9836: 9748: 8223: 8050: 7777: 6794:"Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei" 5984: 5813: 5705: 5555: 5004: 4645: 4393: 4266: 4139: 4118: 3823: 3697: 3472:"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller" 3294: 2576: 2555: 2427: 2376: 2286: 2002: 1770:"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 1390: 1293: 1122: 939: 533: 7651: 10022: 10014: 9968: 9937: 5876: 5855: 5662: 5619: 5598: 5470: 5305: 5219: 4855: 4792: 4435: 3949: 3653: 3569: 3231: 3029:"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis" 3000: 2979: 2327: 2293: 1944: 1286: 1265: 1186: 935: 617: 9055: 7110: 2090:"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale" 122: 10089: 9993: 9831: 9805: 9721: 7821: 6915: 6027: 5770: 5684: 5491: 5326: 5283: 5198: 4941: 4898: 4582: 4181: 4033: 4012: 3781: 3760: 3527: 3506: 3358: 3189: 2958: 2916: 2895: 2853: 2619: 2466: 2192: 2064: 2057: 1553: 1532: 1448: 1311: 1042: 596: 575: 385: 342: 191: 8843:"Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith" 3366:"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics" 2987:"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" 1749:"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions" 9978: 9958: 9800: 7541: 6479:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - James Bradley" 6207: 6157: 6136: 6102: 6087: 6072: 6057: 5941: 5748: 5240: 5154: 5111: 4813: 4611:"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" 4498: 3802: 2733:"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years" 2704: 2153: 1783: 1741: 1707:"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 1615: 1223: 978: 801: 780: 659: 554: 363: 98: 6573: 4443:"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" 4380:"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" 4274:"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory" 292:"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society" 9983: 9973: 9942: 6748: 5919: 5791: 5641: 5262: 5068: 4223: 4075: 4054: 3991: 3873:"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology" 3419: 3400: 2171: 1981: 1332: 891: 722: 638: 167: 9416:"Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)" 9185:"Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S" 4147:"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics" 3705:"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies" 3323:"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics" 2754:"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth" 10027: 9963: 6286:"Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)" 5962: 5898: 5534: 5410: 4834: 4540: 4519: 4351: 4126:"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics" 4097: 1164: 1143: 688:"On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity" 4401:"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" 7386:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)" 4168:"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c" 2491: 2103: 9770: 3071:"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism" 1481:"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat" 129:, who has won the medal three times, more than any other individual. 6821:"Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726-1795)" 151: 8714:"Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)" 7111:"Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)" 3535:"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy" 1686:"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 9164:"Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)" 6370:"Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)" 5076:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology." 3619:"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry" 3113:"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat" 9122:"Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)" 4241: 1029:"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna" 8864:"Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)" 3451:"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics" 2037: 9479:"Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth - Alumni & Friends" 6412:"Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)" 5428: 4474: 424: 318: 281: 7006:"John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' - HemOnc Today" 6752: 5510: 4210:"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure" 3270: 3239:"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology" 3008:"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry" 7178:"Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)" 6574:"Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)" 6349:"Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)" 7048:"Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)" 6704:"Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)" 5344: 5044: 4768: 4326: 3936:"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy" 3883: 1587: 9437:"Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)" 9206:"Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)" 9098:"The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information" 7069:"Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)" 4980: 4959: 3123: 2392: 1861: 56: 9566:"Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)" 9311:"Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)" 7090:"Oxford DNB article:Rennell, James (subscription needed)" 6662:"Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)" 6328:"Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)" 6307:"Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)" 5130: 4663: 4295:"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry" 3726:"In recognition of his contributions to physical science" 3312: 3207: 2829: 2722: 1675: 9227:"Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)" 7822:"Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)" 6256:"Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)" 5386: 4747: 4684: 4157: 3904: 3852:"For his contributions to chemical and physical science" 3598:"For his researches and discoveries in physical science" 3587: 3333: 3081: 2765: 2743: 2335:"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune" 1898: 445: 9545:"Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)" 6641:"Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)" 6391:"Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)" 4726: 4705: 4030: 3967: 3545: 3461: 3102: 2818:"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology" 2680: 2417: 2366: 1759: 1654: 9587:"Press Release - James Watson to receive Othmer Medal" 4369: 4305: 4041:"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" 3925: 3736: 3672: 3482: 3440: 3039: 2807: 2530: 2345: 2262: 58: 9248:"Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)" 6616:"Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution" 5831: 4558: 4453: 4411: 3060: 2658: 2133:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society" 2111:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society" 8419:"Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863-1883" 7612:. The British Society for the History of Mathematics 7610:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics" 6725:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics" 5449: 5173: 4284: 4199: 3862: 3249: 3197:"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine" 3165: 3144: 2797:"For his various researches in experimental physics" 2595: 1470: 925: 756: 677: 9656:"John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920–April 19, 2004" 5365: 5022: 4916: 4874: 3841: 3629: 3608: 2637: 2509: 2079: 1824: 1717: 1696: 1507: 1241: 1061: 1018: 466: 403: 5981: 5810: 5702: 5552: 5001: 4642: 4621: 4390: 4263: 4136: 4115: 3820: 3694: 3376: 3291: 2573: 2563:"For his various researches in animal electricity" 2552: 2283: 1999: 1387: 1119: 819: 530: 8203:"Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science" 7316:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals" 7294:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals" 5873: 5852: 5659: 5616: 5595: 5467: 5302: 5216: 5087: 4852: 4789: 4432: 3946: 3650: 3566: 3228: 3018: 2997: 2976: 2324: 2143: 1941: 1408: 1340:"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath" 1283: 1262: 1183: 996: 614: 509: 10087: 9772:Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society 7199:"British Society for the History of Mathematics" 6024: 5767: 5723: 5681: 5488: 5323: 5280: 5195: 4938: 4895: 4579: 4178: 4009: 3999:"On the ground of his researches in mathematics" 3778: 3757: 3747:"For his brilliant services to chemical science" 3715: 3524: 3503: 3355: 3186: 2955: 2934: 2913: 2892: 2871: 2850: 2786: 2616: 2463: 2189: 2122: 2054: 1802: 1633: 1550: 1529: 1445: 1308: 1039: 698: 593: 572: 382: 339: 8561:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal" 5938: 5745: 5237: 5151: 5108: 4810: 4600: 4495: 3894:"On the ground of his investigations in optics" 3799: 3768:"For his contributions to mathematical physics" 2701: 2442: 1780: 1738: 1612: 1220: 975: 798: 777: 656: 551: 360: 255:"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732" 244: 223: 7673:"[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]" 6801:The British Society for the History of Science 6729:British Society for the History of Mathematics 5916: 5788: 5638: 5573: 5259: 5065: 4337:"For his contributions to engineering science" 4220: 4072: 4051: 3988: 3397: 3176:"For his researches in physics and physiology" 2168: 1978: 1920: 1366: 1329: 888: 719: 635: 488: 9756: 7999:"Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences" 6002: 5959: 5895: 5531: 5407: 4831: 4537: 4516: 4348: 4094: 3957:"On the ground of his researches in heredity" 1161: 1140: 1082: 954: 9883:Royal Society University Research Fellowship 7844:"Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper" 7586:"William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae" 4231:"For his researches in mathematical physics" 4189:"For his researches in mathematical physics" 3640:"For his investigations in pure mathematics" 2488: 2100: 1644:"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury" 7412:United States National Agricultural Library 9763: 9749: 9102:United States National Library of Medicine 6550: 6501: 6455: 2691:"For his researches in physical astronomy" 329:"For his experiments made during the year" 66:Revision as of 06:24, 22 February 2009 by 9353:"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet - Biography" 7454:"Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)" 4316:"For his distinguished work on neurology" 3430:"For his researches in organic chemistry" 3302:"For his well-known researches upon heat" 8648:"Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown" 8627:"Notes and Records of the Royal Society" 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 121: 47: 8845:. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 8608:. National Marine Biological Laboratory 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 7932:Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography 7559: 7557: 7248:"Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768-1841)" 6546: 6544: 6451: 6449: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6250: 6248: 6208:"Copley recent winners: 1900 - present" 6103:"Copley recent winners: 1900 - present" 65: 14: 10088: 9816:Royal Society Prizes for Science Books 9702:Italic or bold markup not allowed in: 8819:"George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements" 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7028:Italic or bold markup not allowed in: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6860: 6858: 6683:"Engineering Timelines - John Smeaton" 6178: 6176: 6174: 6131: 6129: 6127: 3423:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 2044:"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries" 9786:Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize 9744: 8735:"Sir Charles Sherrington - Biography" 7841: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7332: 1989:"For his Experiments on the Pendulum" 198: 176:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 44: 25: 9897:Royal Society Research Professorship 8498: 7554: 7517:"Henry Kater (1777-1835), Scientist" 7451: 7313: 7291: 6541: 6495: 6446: 6273: 6245: 6158:"Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731" 6088:"Copley archive winners 1989 - 1900" 6073:"Copley archive winners 1899 - 1800" 6058:"Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731" 477:"For his Experiments on the Polypus" 17: 8990:"Medal Awards of the Royal Society" 8906:"Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract" 8423:Science and Society Picture Library 6903: 6866:"Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal" 6855: 6171: 6124: 119: 88: 9927:highest award of the Royal Society 9611:"MRS Website: Award Presentations" 9058:. Archives of Disease in Childhood 9056:"Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge" 7654:. Lake County Astronomical Society 7652:"Lake County Astronomical Society" 7456:. British Society for Rheumatology 7405: 7329: 6773:"Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter" 6229:"All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry" 120: 10117: 9035:"Sir Robert Robinson - Biography" 7221: 52:. The present address (URL) is a 9714: 9672: 9648: 9627: 9603: 9579: 9558: 9537: 9516: 9495: 9471: 9450: 9429: 9408: 9387: 9366: 9345: 9324: 9303: 9282: 9261: 9240: 9219: 9198: 9177: 9156: 9135: 9114: 9090: 9069: 9048: 9027: 9006: 8982: 8961: 8940: 8919: 8898: 8877: 8856: 8835: 8811: 8790: 8769: 8748: 8727: 8706: 8685: 8664: 8640: 8619: 8595: 8574: 8477: 8456: 8435: 8121:. American Philosophical Society 7496:"Sir David Brewster (1781-1868)" 9568:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9547:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9439:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9418:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9313:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9250:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9229:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9208:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9166:. Oxford University Press. 2004 9124:. Oxford University Press. 2004 8866:. Oxford University Press. 2004 8716:. Oxford University Press. 2004 8603:"Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester" 8563:. Oxford University Press. 2004 8411: 8390: 8369: 8348: 8327: 8306: 8285: 8264: 8243: 8216: 8205:. Journal of Industrial Science 8195: 8174: 8153: 8132: 8111: 8084: 8063: 8039: 8015: 7991: 7970: 7949: 7923: 7902: 7881: 7860: 7835: 7824:. Oxford University Press. 2004 7814: 7790: 7766: 7745: 7724: 7703: 7665: 7644: 7623: 7602: 7578: 7530: 7509: 7488: 7467: 7445: 7424: 7399: 7388:. Oxford University Press. 2004 7307: 7285: 7261: 7240: 7215: 7191: 7180:. Oxford University Press. 2004 7170: 7149: 7128: 7103: 7092:. Oxford University Press. 2004 7082: 7061: 7040: 6998: 6977: 6956: 6932: 6882: 6834: 6813: 6786: 6775:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6765: 6741: 6717: 6706:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6696: 6675: 6664:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6654: 6643:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6633: 6608: 6587: 6576:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6566: 6525:"RCP Heritage - George Edwards" 6517: 6471: 6425: 6414:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6404: 6393:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6383: 6372:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6362: 6351:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6341: 6330:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6309:. Oxford University Press. 2004 6288:. Oxford University Press. 2004 10106:Science and engineering awards 9862:Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 8969:"Thomas H. Morgan - Biography" 8099:American Philosophical Society 7273:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 6320: 6299: 6221: 6200: 6150: 2474:Jacques Charles François Sturm 1093:"For his Paper on the Torpedo" 13: 1: 8092:"Darwin and the Copley Medal" 7538:"SpringerLink - Book Chapter" 6920:National Library of Australia 6595:"Franklin_Benjamin biography" 6044: 4245:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 10067:UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 9591:Chemical Heritage Foundation 8927:"Sir Henry Dale - Biography" 8224:"Jean Baptiste Boussingault" 6940:"Friedrich William Herschel" 6823:. Nash Ford Publishing. 2004 6551:Jungnickel, Christa (1996). 6502:Jungnickel, Christa (1996). 6456:Jungnickel, Christa (1996). 7: 9894:Newton Advanced Fellowships 9891:Senior Research Fellowships 9878:Fellow of the Royal Society 9857:Rutherford Memorial Lecture 8800:. The Astrophysical Journal 8777:"William Bragg - Biography" 7519:. National Portrait Gallery 6620:Manchester University Press 6529:Royal College of Physicians 5432:Derek Harold Richard Barton 4478:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 428:John Theophilus Desaguliers 322:John Theophilus Desaguliers 285:John Theophilus Desaguliers 202: 188:John Theophilus Desaguliers 127:John Theophilus Desaguliers 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 10122: 9811:Royal Society Africa Prize 9637:. University of St Andrews 9615:Materials Research Society 9526:. University of St Andrews 9505:. University of St Andrews 9460:. University of St Andrews 9376:. University of St Andrews 9334:. University of St Andrews 9292:. University of St Andrews 9271:. University of St Andrews 9145:. University of St Andrews 9079:. University of St Andrews 8950:. University of St Andrews 8885:"C.T.R.Wilson - Biography" 8758:. University of St Andrews 8695:. University of St Andrews 8674:. University of St Andrews 8629:. Royal Society Publishing 8584:. University of St Andrews 8487:. University of St Andrews 8466:. University of St Andrews 8445:. University of St Andrews 8400:. University of St Andrews 8379:. University of St Andrews 8358:. University of St Andrews 8337:. University of St Andrews 8316:. University of St Andrews 8295:. University of St Andrews 8274:. University of St Andrews 8253:. University of St Andrews 8184:. University of St Andrews 8163:. University of St Andrews 8142:. University of St Andrews 8119:"Adam Sedgwick Collection" 8073:. University of St Andrews 7980:. University of St Andrews 7959:. University of St Andrews 7912:. University of St Andrews 7891:. University of St Andrews 7870:. University of St Andrews 7848:Cambridge University Press 7842:Brock, William H. (2002). 7774:"Chambers Search Chambers" 7755:. University of St Andrews 7734:. University of St Andrews 7713:. University of St Andrews 7675:. The Gentleman's Magazine 7633:. University of St Andrews 7567:. University of St Andrews 7498:. University of St Andrews 7477:. University of St Andrews 7434:. University of St Andrews 7408:"Early Breeding in Europe" 7159:. University of St Andrews 7138:. University of St Andrews 6966:. University of St Andrews 6892:. University of St Andrews 6870:Trinity College, Cambridge 6844:. University of St Andrews 6597:. University of St Andrews 6435:. University of St Andrews 5514:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 3274:Jean Baptiste Boussingault 10070:Blackett Memorial Lecture 10007: 9951: 9913: 9870: 9824: 9778: 9680:"Obituary: John A. Pople" 9503:"Chandrasekhar biography" 7071:. Oxford University Press 7050:. Oxford University Press 6137:"The Copley Medal (1731)" 211: 208: 137:is an award given by the 9726:Florida State University 9077:"Taylor_Geoffrey summay" 7802:University of St Andrews 7318:. Platinum Metals Review 7296:. Platinum Metals Review 7229:. University of Arkansas 6944:Florida State University 6483:Florida State University 6188:University of St Andrews 5348:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 5048:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 4772:George Charles De Hevesy 4330:Charles Algernon Parsons 3887:Albert Abraham Michelson 1591:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn 180:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 9852:Rosalind Franklin Award 8335:"Neumann_Franz summary" 8047:"BjS: Academic Lineage" 8027:University of Edinburgh 7695:URL–wikilink conflict ( 7590:University of Minnesota 7224:"Edward Charles Howard" 7115:Oxford University Press 6685:. Engineering Timelines 6260:Oxford University Press 4984:Frank Macfarlane Burnet 4963:John Edensor Littlewood 3127:Julius Robert von Mayer 2396:Antoine César Becquerel 1865:Benjamin Collins Brodie 214: 205: 139:Royal Society of London 45:06:24, 22 February 2009 10076:Claude Bernard Lecture 9395:"Sir Hans Adolf Krebs" 7957:"Le Verrier biography" 5134:William Lawrence Bragg 4667:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 3316:James Joseph Sylvester 3211:August Wilhelm Hofmann 2833:Michel Eugène Chevreul 2726:Alexander von Humboldt 1679:William Hyde Wollaston 178:and 14 winners of the 172:Nobel Prize in Physics 150:, something which the 130: 10053:Tercentenary Lectures 10048:Pilgrim Trust Lecture 9796:Michael Faraday Prize 9791:GlaxoSmithKline Prize 8798:"Sir Arthur Schuster" 8653:. Biochemical Journal 8443:"Weierstrass summary" 7203:University of Warwick 6842:"Maskelyne biography" 5390:Robert Burns Woodward 4751:Archibald Vivian Hill 4688:Oswald Theodore Avery 4161:Horace Tabberer Brown 3908:Alfred Russel Wallace 3591:George Gabriel Stokes 3337:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 3085:Henri Victor Regnault 2769:Johannes Peter Müller 2747:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 2403:John Frederic Daniell 2039:Hans Christian Ørsted 1902:William Thomas Brande 449:Christopher Middleton 125: 10073:Humphry Davy Lecture 9900:Industry Fellowships 9483:University of Sydney 9332:"Littlewood summary" 9016:. Cardiology Journal 8948:"Bohr_Niels summary" 8231:Journal of Nutrition 7910:"MacCullagh summary" 4730:Godfrey Harold Hardy 4709:Edgar Douglas Adrian 4034:Joseph John Thompson 3971:George Howard Darwin 3549:Stanislao Cannizzaro 3465:Joseph Dalton Hooker 3106:James Prescott Joule 2684:Peter Andreas Hansen 2421:Carl Friedrich Gauss 2370:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 1763:Thomas Andrew Knight 1658:Astley Paston Cooper 174:, 21 winners of the 170:; 17 winners of the 9842:Leeuwenhoek Lecture 9635:"Lighthill summary" 9397:. nobel-winners.com 9269:"Whittaker summary" 8272:"Sylvester summary" 8182:"Helmholtz summary" 7432:"Troughton Summary" 6987:. Electric Scotland 6210:. The Royal Society 6160:. The Royal Society 6139:. The Royal Society 6105:. The Royal Society 6090:. The Royal Society 6075:. The Royal Society 6060:. The Royal Society 4373:William Henry Bragg 4309:Charles Sherrington 3929:George William Hill 3740:Marcellin Berthelot 3676:Albert von Kolliker 3486:Thomas Henry Huxley 3444:Franz Ernst Neumann 3043:Karl Ernst von Baer 2811:Henri Milne-Edwards 2534:Jean Baptiste Dumas 2349:William Snow Harris 2266:George Biddell Airy 95:← Previous revision 9524:"Atiyah biography" 9374:"Jeffreys summary" 8971:. Nobel Foundation 8929:. Nobel Foundation 8887:. Nobel Foundation 8823:Franklin Institute 8779:. Nobel Foundation 8737:. Nobel Foundation 8464:"Rayleigh summary" 8314:"Thompson summary" 8251:"Clausius summary" 8003:Wiley InterScience 7565:"Herschel summary" 6555:. DIANE publishing 6506:. DIANE publishing 6460:. DIANE publishing 6433:"Robins biography" 5835:John Maynard Smith 4562:Thomas Hunt Morgan 4457:John Scott Haldane 4415:George Ellery Hale 3064:Charles Wheatstone 2662:Roderick Murchison 199:List of recipients 148:Sir Godgery Copley 131: 10083: 10082: 10019:Esso Energy Award 8672:"Larmour summary" 8377:"Newcomb summary" 8161:"Plucker summary" 8140:"Chasles summary" 7753:"Plana biography" 7732:"Poisson summary" 7157:"Attwood summary" 7136:"Ramsden summary" 6042: 6041: 5453:Peter D. Mitchell 5177:Tadeus Reichstein 4288:Frederick Hopkins 4203:Ernest Rutherford 3866:Elias Metchnikoff 3253:James Dwight Dana 3169:Hermann Helmholtz 3148:Friedrich Woehler 2599:Urbain Le Verrier 1474:Benjamin Thompson 929:William Brownrigg 760:Charles Cavendish 681:Benjamin Franklin 10113: 9989:Leverhulme Medal 9889:Leverhulme Trust 9847:Paterson Lecture 9765: 9758: 9751: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9722:"FSU highlights" 9718: 9712: 9711: 9705: 9704:|publisher= 9700: 9698: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9355:. nobelprize.org 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9290:"Fisher summary" 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037:. nobelprize.org 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8756:"Planck summary" 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8607: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8557: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8398:"Stokes summary" 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8356:"Salmon summary" 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8293:"Cayley summary" 8289: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8096: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7693: 7691: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7382: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7228: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7031: 7030:|publisher= 7026: 7024: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6964:"Waring summary" 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6912: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6890:"Hutton summary" 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6282: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6233:Nobel Foundation 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6180: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6133: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5369:Frederick Sanger 5352: 5351: 5350: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5026:Hans Adolf Krebs 5009: 5008: 5007: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4920:Patrick Blackett 4903: 4902: 4901: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4878:Edmund Whittaker 4860: 4859: 4858: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4017: 4016: 4015: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3845:Dmitri Mendeleev 3828: 3827: 3826: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3633:Karl Weierstrass 3616: 3615: 3614: 3612:Edward Frankland 3595: 3594: 3593: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2641:John Couch Adams 2624: 2623: 2622: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2513:James MacCullagh 2496: 2495: 2494: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2083:William Buckland 2062: 2061: 2060: 2041: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1828:Edward Troughton 1810: 1809: 1808: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1721:Smithson Tennant 1704: 1703: 1702: 1700:Richard Chenevix 1683: 1682: 1681: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1598:Charles Hatchett 1595: 1594: 1593: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1511:Alessandro Volta 1478: 1477: 1476: 1456:Jean-André Deluc 1453: 1452: 1451: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245:William Herschel 1228: 1227: 1226: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1065:Joseph Priestley 1047: 1046: 1045: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1022:William Hamilton 1004: 1003: 1002: 983: 982: 981: 962: 961: 960: 933: 932: 931: 896: 895: 894: 827: 826: 825: 806: 805: 804: 785: 784: 783: 764: 763: 762: 727: 726: 725: 706: 705: 704: 685: 684: 683: 664: 663: 662: 643: 642: 641: 622: 621: 620: 601: 600: 599: 580: 579: 578: 559: 558: 557: 538: 537: 536: 517: 516: 515: 496: 495: 494: 474: 473: 472: 470:Abraham Trembley 453: 452: 451: 432: 431: 430: 411: 410: 409: 407:Alexander Stuart 390: 389: 388: 368: 367: 366: 347: 346: 345: 326: 325: 324: 289: 288: 287: 252: 251: 250: 231: 230: 229: 203: 184:Frederick Sanger 182:. These include 107:Newer revision → 85: 82: 61: 59:current revision 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10086: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10063:Microsoft Award 10058:Wilkins Lecture 10043:Philips Lecture 10033:Medawar Lecture 10008:Previous awards 10003: 9999:Sylvester Medal 9947: 9915: 9909: 9904:Dorothy Hodgkin 9866: 9837:Ferrier Lecture 9820: 9774: 9769: 9739: 9730: 9728: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9703: 9701: 9692: 9691: 9685: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9664: 9662: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9640: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9619: 9617: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9595: 9593: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9571: 9569: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9550: 9548: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9529: 9527: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9508: 9506: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9487: 9485: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9463: 9461: 9458:"Hodge summary" 9456: 9455: 9451: 9442: 9440: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9421: 9419: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9400: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9379: 9377: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9358: 9356: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9337: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9316: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9295: 9293: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9274: 9272: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9253: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9232: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9211: 9209: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9190: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9169: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9148: 9146: 9143:"Hardy summary" 9141: 9140: 9136: 9127: 9125: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9106: 9104: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9082: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9061: 9059: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9040: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9019: 9017: 9012: 9011: 9007: 8998: 8996: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8974: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8953: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8932: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8911: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8890: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8848: 8846: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8827: 8825: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8803: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8782: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8761: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8740: 8738: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8717: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8677: 8675: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8632: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8587: 8585: 8582:"Klein summary" 8580: 8579: 8575: 8566: 8564: 8559: 8558: 8499: 8490: 8488: 8485:"Gibbs summary" 8483: 8482: 8478: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8427: 8425: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8403: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8382: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8361: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8340: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8319: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8298: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8256: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8235: 8233: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8208: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8187: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8166: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8103: 8101: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8076: 8074: 8071:"Weber summary" 8069: 8068: 8064: 8055: 8053: 8051:Yale University 8045: 8044: 8040: 8031: 8029: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8007: 8005: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7983: 7981: 7978:"Adams summary" 7976: 7975: 7971: 7962: 7960: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7939: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7915: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7894: 7892: 7889:"Ohm biography" 7887: 7886: 7882: 7873: 7871: 7868:"Sturm summary" 7866: 7865: 7861: 7852: 7850: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7806: 7804: 7798:"Gauss summary" 7796: 7795: 7791: 7782: 7780: 7778:Chambers Harrap 7772: 7771: 7767: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7716: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7636: 7634: 7631:"Arago summary" 7629: 7628: 7624: 7615: 7613: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7594: 7592: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7570: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7555: 7546: 7544: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7480: 7478: 7475:"Ivory summary" 7473: 7472: 7468: 7459: 7457: 7452:Buchanan, W.W. 7450: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7416: 7414: 7404: 7400: 7391: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7330: 7321: 7319: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7297: 7290: 7286: 7277: 7275: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7205: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7183: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7120: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7095: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7053: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7029: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6924: 6922: 6914: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6874: 6872: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6847: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6757: 6755: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6625: 6623: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6600: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6509: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6125: 6121: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6047: 6026: 6025: 6004: 6003: 5985:Stephen Hawking 5983: 5982: 5961: 5960: 5940: 5939: 5918: 5917: 5897: 5896: 5875: 5874: 5854: 5853: 5833: 5832: 5814:James Lighthill 5812: 5811: 5790: 5789: 5769: 5768: 5747: 5746: 5725: 5724: 5706:James D. Watson 5704: 5703: 5683: 5682: 5661: 5660: 5640: 5639: 5618: 5617: 5597: 5596: 5575: 5574: 5556:Rudolph Peierls 5554: 5553: 5533: 5532: 5512: 5511: 5490: 5489: 5469: 5468: 5451: 5450: 5430: 5429: 5409: 5408: 5388: 5387: 5367: 5366: 5346: 5345: 5325: 5324: 5304: 5303: 5282: 5281: 5261: 5260: 5239: 5238: 5218: 5217: 5197: 5196: 5175: 5174: 5153: 5152: 5132: 5131: 5110: 5109: 5089: 5088: 5067: 5066: 5046: 5045: 5024: 5023: 5005:Harold Jeffreys 5003: 5002: 4982: 4981: 4961: 4960: 4940: 4939: 4918: 4917: 4897: 4896: 4876: 4875: 4854: 4853: 4833: 4832: 4812: 4811: 4791: 4790: 4770: 4769: 4749: 4748: 4728: 4727: 4707: 4706: 4686: 4685: 4665: 4664: 4646:Joseph Barcroft 4644: 4643: 4625:Robert Robinson 4623: 4622: 4602: 4601: 4581: 4580: 4560: 4559: 4539: 4538: 4518: 4517: 4497: 4496: 4476: 4475: 4455: 4454: 4434: 4433: 4413: 4412: 4394:Arthur Schuster 4392: 4391: 4371: 4370: 4350: 4349: 4328: 4327: 4307: 4306: 4286: 4285: 4267:Albert Einstein 4265: 4264: 4243: 4242: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4200: 4180: 4179: 4159: 4158: 4140:William Bayliss 4138: 4137: 4119:Hendrik Lorentz 4117: 4116: 4096: 4095: 4074: 4073: 4053: 4052: 4032: 4031: 4011: 4010: 3990: 3989: 3969: 3968: 3948: 3947: 3927: 3926: 3906: 3905: 3885: 3884: 3864: 3863: 3843: 3842: 3824:William Crookes 3822: 3821: 3801: 3800: 3780: 3779: 3759: 3758: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3716: 3698:William Huggins 3696: 3695: 3674: 3673: 3652: 3651: 3631: 3630: 3610: 3609: 3589: 3588: 3568: 3567: 3547: 3546: 3526: 3525: 3505: 3504: 3484: 3483: 3463: 3462: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3420: 3399: 3398: 3380:William Thomson 3378: 3377: 3357: 3356: 3335: 3334: 3314: 3313: 3295:Rudolf Clausius 3293: 3292: 3272: 3271: 3251: 3250: 3230: 3229: 3209: 3208: 3188: 3187: 3167: 3166: 3146: 3145: 3125: 3124: 3104: 3103: 3083: 3082: 3062: 3061: 3041: 3040: 3020: 3019: 2999: 2998: 2978: 2977: 2957: 2956: 2936: 2935: 2915: 2914: 2894: 2893: 2873: 2872: 2852: 2851: 2831: 2830: 2809: 2808: 2788: 2787: 2767: 2766: 2745: 2744: 2724: 2723: 2703: 2702: 2682: 2681: 2660: 2659: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2617: 2597: 2596: 2577:Theodor Schwann 2575: 2574: 2556:Carlo Matteucci 2554: 2553: 2532: 2531: 2511: 2510: 2490: 2489: 2465: 2464: 2444: 2443: 2428:Michael Faraday 2419: 2418: 2394: 2393: 2377:Francis Kiernan 2368: 2367: 2347: 2346: 2326: 2325: 2287:Michael Faraday 2285: 2284: 2264: 2263: 2191: 2190: 2170: 2169: 2145: 2144: 2124: 2123: 2102: 2101: 2081: 2080: 2056: 2055: 2003:Robert Seppings 2001: 2000: 1980: 1979: 1943: 1942: 1922: 1921: 1900: 1899: 1863: 1862: 1826: 1825: 1804: 1803: 1782: 1781: 1761: 1760: 1740: 1739: 1719: 1718: 1698: 1697: 1677: 1676: 1656: 1655: 1635: 1634: 1614: 1613: 1589: 1588: 1552: 1551: 1531: 1530: 1509: 1508: 1472: 1471: 1447: 1446: 1410: 1409: 1391:Charles Blagden 1389: 1388: 1368: 1367: 1331: 1330: 1310: 1309: 1294:Thomas Hutchins 1285: 1284: 1264: 1263: 1243: 1242: 1222: 1221: 1185: 1184: 1163: 1162: 1142: 1141: 1123:Nevil Maskelyne 1121: 1120: 1084: 1083: 1063: 1062: 1041: 1040: 1020: 1019: 998: 997: 977: 976: 956: 955: 940:Henry Cavendish 927: 926: 890: 889: 823:Benjamin Wilson 821: 820: 800: 799: 779: 778: 758: 757: 721: 720: 700: 699: 679: 678: 658: 657: 637: 636: 616: 615: 595: 594: 574: 573: 553: 552: 534:Benjamin Robins 532: 531: 511: 510: 490: 489: 468: 467: 447: 446: 426: 425: 405: 404: 384: 383: 362: 361: 341: 340: 320: 319: 283: 282: 246: 245: 225: 224: 201: 118: 117: 116: 115: 114: 99:Latest revision 87: 86: 83: 72: 70: 57: 48: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 10119: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10096:British awards 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10023:Florey Lecture 10020: 10017: 10015:Bernal Lecture 10011: 10009: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9969:Buchanan Medal 9966: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9938:Croonian Medal 9935: 9933:Bakerian Medal 9930: 9919: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9901: 9898: 9895: 9892: 9887:Royal Society 9885: 9880: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9825:Prize lectures 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9768: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9738: 9737: 9713: 9682:. The Observer 9671: 9647: 9626: 9602: 9578: 9557: 9536: 9515: 9494: 9470: 9449: 9428: 9407: 9386: 9365: 9344: 9323: 9302: 9281: 9260: 9239: 9218: 9197: 9176: 9155: 9134: 9113: 9089: 9068: 9047: 9026: 9014:"Thomas Lewis" 9005: 8981: 8960: 8939: 8918: 8897: 8876: 8855: 8834: 8810: 8789: 8768: 8747: 8726: 8705: 8693:"Lamb summary" 8684: 8663: 8639: 8618: 8594: 8573: 8497: 8476: 8455: 8434: 8410: 8389: 8368: 8347: 8326: 8305: 8284: 8263: 8242: 8215: 8194: 8173: 8152: 8131: 8110: 8083: 8062: 8038: 8014: 7990: 7969: 7948: 7922: 7901: 7880: 7859: 7834: 7813: 7789: 7765: 7744: 7723: 7711:"Airy summary" 7702: 7664: 7643: 7622: 7601: 7577: 7553: 7529: 7508: 7487: 7466: 7444: 7423: 7398: 7328: 7314:Griffith, WP. 7306: 7292:Griffith, WP. 7284: 7260: 7239: 7222:Sears, Derek. 7214: 7190: 7169: 7148: 7127: 7102: 7081: 7060: 7039: 7008:. HemOnc Today 6997: 6976: 6955: 6931: 6902: 6881: 6854: 6833: 6812: 6785: 6764: 6740: 6716: 6695: 6674: 6653: 6632: 6607: 6586: 6565: 6540: 6516: 6494: 6470: 6445: 6424: 6403: 6382: 6361: 6340: 6319: 6298: 6272: 6244: 6220: 6199: 6184:"Copley Medal" 6170: 6149: 6122: 6115: 6114: 6099: 6084: 6069: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5877:Jacques Miller 5871: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5856:Alan Battersby 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5663:Sydney Brenner 5657: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5620:Cesar Milstein 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5599:Michael Atiyah 5593: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5471:John Cornforth 5465: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5306:W. V. D. Hodge 5300: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5220:Alexander Todd 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5091:Sydney Chapman 5085: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5010: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4856:Albert Kluyver 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4793:James Chadwick 4787: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4436:Theobald Smith 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4007: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3950:Francis Galton 3944: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3654:Karl Gegenbaur 3648: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3570:Rudolf Virchow 3564: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3232:Claude Bernard 3226: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3022:Julius Plücker 3016: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3001:Michel Chasles 2995: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2980:Charles Darwin 2974: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2328:Giovanni Plana 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294:Simeon Poisson 2281: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2147:François Arago 2141: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2008: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1945:David Brewster 1939: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1412:William Morgan 1406: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1287:John Goodricke 1281: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1266:Richard Kirwan 1260: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1187:Charles Hutton 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1000:William Hewson 994: 990: 989: 987: 984: 973: 969: 968: 966: 963: 952: 948: 947: 945: 942: 936:Edward Delaval 923: 919: 918: 915: 912: 907: 903: 902: 900: 897: 886: 882: 881: 878: 875: 870: 866: 865: 862: 859: 854: 850: 849: 846: 843: 838: 834: 833: 831: 828: 817: 813: 812: 810: 807: 796: 792: 791: 789: 786: 775: 771: 770: 768: 765: 754: 750: 749: 746: 743: 738: 734: 733: 731: 728: 717: 713: 712: 710: 707: 696: 692: 691: 689: 686: 675: 671: 670: 668: 665: 654: 650: 649: 647: 644: 633: 629: 628: 626: 623: 618:George Edwards 612: 608: 607: 605: 602: 591: 587: 586: 584: 581: 570: 566: 565: 563: 560: 549: 545: 544: 542: 539: 528: 524: 523: 521: 518: 513:William Watson 507: 503: 502: 500: 497: 486: 482: 481: 478: 475: 464: 460: 459: 457: 454: 443: 439: 438: 436: 433: 422: 418: 417: 415: 412: 401: 397: 396: 394: 391: 380: 376: 375: 372: 369: 358: 354: 353: 351: 348: 337: 333: 332: 330: 327: 316: 312: 311: 308: 305: 300: 296: 295: 293: 290: 279: 275: 274: 271: 268: 263: 259: 258: 256: 253: 242: 238: 237: 235: 232: 221: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 200: 197: 68: 54:permanent link 27: 16: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10118: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10101:Royal Society 10099: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10075: 10072: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9994:Rumford Medal 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9912: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832:Crick Lecture 9830: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Mullard Award 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9761: 9759: 9754: 9752: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9709: 9696: 9681: 9675: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9636: 9630: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9567: 9561: 9546: 9540: 9525: 9519: 9504: 9498: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9459: 9453: 9438: 9432: 9417: 9411: 9396: 9390: 9375: 9369: 9354: 9348: 9333: 9327: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9285: 9270: 9264: 9249: 9243: 9228: 9222: 9207: 9201: 9186: 9180: 9165: 9159: 9144: 9138: 9123: 9117: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9078: 9072: 9057: 9051: 9036: 9030: 9015: 9009: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8970: 8964: 8949: 8943: 8928: 8922: 8907: 8901: 8886: 8880: 8865: 8859: 8844: 8838: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8799: 8793: 8778: 8772: 8757: 8751: 8736: 8730: 8715: 8709: 8694: 8688: 8673: 8667: 8649: 8643: 8628: 8622: 8604: 8598: 8583: 8577: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8486: 8480: 8465: 8459: 8444: 8438: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8399: 8393: 8378: 8372: 8357: 8351: 8336: 8330: 8315: 8309: 8294: 8288: 8273: 8267: 8252: 8246: 8232: 8225: 8219: 8204: 8198: 8183: 8177: 8162: 8156: 8141: 8135: 8120: 8114: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8072: 8066: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7979: 7973: 7958: 7952: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7926: 7911: 7905: 7890: 7884: 7869: 7863: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7823: 7817: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7754: 7748: 7733: 7727: 7712: 7706: 7698: 7689: 7674: 7668: 7653: 7647: 7632: 7626: 7611: 7605: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7566: 7560: 7558: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7518: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7476: 7470: 7455: 7448: 7433: 7427: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7317: 7310: 7295: 7288: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7249: 7243: 7225: 7218: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7179: 7173: 7158: 7152: 7137: 7131: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7091: 7085: 7070: 7064: 7049: 7043: 7035: 7022: 7007: 7001: 6986: 6985:"William Roy" 6980: 6965: 6959: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6891: 6885: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6843: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6802: 6795: 6789: 6774: 6768: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6684: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6642: 6636: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6596: 6590: 6575: 6569: 6554: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6505: 6498: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6434: 6428: 6413: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6371: 6365: 6350: 6344: 6329: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6209: 6203: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6104: 6100: 6089: 6085: 6074: 6070: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6037: 6034: 6029: 6028:Roger Penrose 6023: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5771:Alan Cottrell 5766: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5727:Charles Frank 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5685:George Porter 5680: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5492:Rodney Porter 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5327:Francis Crick 5322: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5284:Andrew Huxley 5279: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5199:Peter Medawar 5194: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4942:Howard Florey 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4900: 4899:Ronald Fisher 4894: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4584: 4583:Paul Langevin 4578: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4182:Joseph Larmor 4177: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4013:Ray Lankester 4008: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3782:Joseph Lister 3777: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3761:Willard Gibbs 3756: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3719:Lord Rayleigh 3714: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3528:Simon Newcomb 3523: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3507:George Salmon 3502: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3359:Arthur Cayley 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3190:Louis Pasteur 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2959:Adam Sedgwick 2954: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2938:Thomas Graham 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2917:Louis Agassiz 2912: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2896:Robert Bunsen 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2875:Wilhelm Weber 2870: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2854:Charles Lyell 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2790:Léon Foucault 2785: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2620:John Herschel 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2468: 2467:Justus Liebig 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 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1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1806:William Henry 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1637:Edward Howard 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1554:George Atwood 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1533:Jesse Ramsden 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1450: 1449:James Rennell 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 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