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achieved through removing redundant and irrelevant questions, which can add frustration to the participant, but not value to the research. Finally, placing questions in a logical sequence also gives the participant a better mental map as he/she is filling out the questionnaire. Moving randomly between subjects and having answers in a non-intuitive sequence can confuse the participant.
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The respondent is required to click on the arrow on the far right side of the box . Once clicked, a display with a list of answers will appear. A scroll bar may appear on the right hand side if a large number of answers are displayed. The respondent can click on the highlighted section of the list
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With the increasing use of the
Internet, online questionnaires have become a popular way of collecting information. The design of an online questionnaire often has an affect how the quality of data gathered. There are many factors in designing an online questionnaire guidelines, available question
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Confidentiality must be imposed on certain questionnaires. Identification may be required on questionnaires that need follow up. Although, in this case the administrator may choose to use identifying numbers rather than names. In this case, the participant of the questionnaire should completely
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Questionnaire quality can be measured through the value of the data obtained and participant satisfaction. To maintain a high quality questionnaire length, conciseness and question sequence should be considered. First, questionnaires should only be as long as they need to be. Conciseness can be
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Unit nonresponders are those individuals who do not participate in the survey. There are two possible variations to the unit nonresponder. Such an individual could be technically-hindered from participation, or he or she may purposefully withdraw after the welcome screen is displayed, but prior to
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Location of administration for the online questionnaire may be a factor in the administration if a specific environment is required . A quiet environment may be needed for questions, which require a certain amount of concentration . The questionnaire may need to be administered in a secluded
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Open-ended questions are those that allow respondents to answer in their own words. In an online survey, textboxes are provided with the question prompt in order for respondents to type in their answer. Open-ended questions seek a free response and aim to determine what is at the tip of the
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environment to protect sensitive information provided by the participant . Security measures in the software may also need to be added in these cases . In contrast, online questionnaires may also be very informal, relaxed and can be conducted in the comfort of someone’s home .
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In creating the layout of the online questionnaire, “smart branching” should be utilized to lessen complexity. For example, if a subject selects “yes” to a question, the questionnaire would automatically jump to the next relevant question and vice versa
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Once the questionnaire is designed, it must be administered to the appropriate sample population for data collection . Attracting the appropriate target audience often requires advertisement. There are various methods used to attract participants
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In some cases, the questionnaire should be reviewed by an ethics committee or outside party. This is particularly important if the questionnaire involves giving sensitive information or the topic is one which may make some participants
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Item non-responding drop-outs represent a mixture of 3 and 6. Individuals displaying this response behavior view some of the questions, answer some but not all of the questions viewed, and also quit prior to the end of the
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Presser, Stanley, Rothgeb, Jennifer M., Couper, Mick P., Lessler, Judith T., Martin, Elizabeth, Martin, Jean, Singer, Eleanor, Methods for
Testing and Evaluating Questionnaire Questionnaires. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Limit the number of items in ranking or rating scale questions to fewer than ten. These questions can become difficult to read after ten options. Longer rating or ranking questions can also cause display issues in some
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The respondent must select one value from a scale of possible options. For example, poor, fair, good, or excellent. Rating scales allow the person conducting the survey to measure and compare sets of variables.
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In designing a questionnaire, the evaluation method should be kept in mind when choosing the response format. In this section, there are various response formats that can be used on online questionnaires .
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Bradburn, Norman M., Sudman, Seymour, Wansink, Brian, Asking
Questions: The Definitive Guide to Questionnaire Design – For Market Research, Political Polls, and Social and Health Questionnaires. Jossey-Bass.
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The respondent is required to click on the box next to the answer that corresponds to the desired choice. A checkmark will appear in the box once an answer is chosen. More than one answer can be selected .
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Questions should have the option of “I don’t know” or an option that denotes neutrality so the participant feels he/she has the opportunity to plead ignorance or neutrality so that inaccurate data is not
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A sample of the questionnaire should be distributed to at least 5 people, prior to publication on the web. Upon their completion of the questionnaire, feedback from the participants should be obtained .
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Couper, Mick P., Baker, Reginald P., Clark, Cynthia Z. F., Martin, Jean, Nicholls, William L., O'Reilly, James M., Computer
Assisted Questionnaire Information Collection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998
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There are several reasons why someone would utilize online questionnaires as their preferred testing method. A few of the advantages and disadvantages of this method have been summarized below:
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Ethical issues should be considered when gathering data from a target audience. Below are common things one should keep in mind when considering the rights and interests of the participant.
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An online questionaire needs to be carefully thought through before it is launched. There are several important paradigms that should be considered when creating an online questionnaire .
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The respondent is required to click inside of the text box to get the cursor inside the box. Once the cursor is blinking inside of the box, the answer of the question can be typed in.
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The respondent is required to click on the circle, which corresponds to the desired answer. A dot in the middle will appear once an answer is chosen. Only one answer can be chosen .
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eCustomerSurvey is a simple to use free online survey creation software. You can use this simple tool for satisfaction surveys, market research, customer feedback or simillar needs.
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If using rating scales, be consistent throughout the survey. Use the same number of points on the scale and make sure meanings of high and low stay consistent throughout the survey.
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Use an odd number in your rating scale to make data analysis easier. Switching your rating scales around will confuse survey takers, which will lead to untrustworthy responses.
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Lurking Drop-Outs represent a combination of 3 and 4. Such a participant views some of the questions without answering, but also quits the survey prior to reaching the end.
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Groves, Robert M., Fowler, Floyd J., Couper, Mick P., Lepkowski, James M., Singer, Eleanor, Tourangeau, Roger, Questionnaire
Methodology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004
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This method is also cheaper to administer, as there are no costs associated with purchasing paper or other materials for printing. Postage costs are also mitigated .
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Questions should not trick the participant. They should be worded clearly; the participant should feel comfortable and know exactly what he/she is responding to.
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The required information should be ranked in order of significance in an unbiased manner. Topics should not lead a person into making false conclusions .
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If “none of the above” is required, provide it with a radio button to prevent an erroneous check on this choice in case another answer has been chosen .
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No default answer should be provided. If a default answer is provided, it may be mistaken as an answer if the respondent chooses to skip the question.
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It is easier to correct errors on an online questionnaire, since the administrator does not have to reprint all the questionnaires for distribution .
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respondent's mind. These are good to use when asking for attitude or feelings, likes and dislikes, memory recall, opinions, or additional comments.
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Bosnjak, M. and Tuten, T. L. (2001) Classifying response behaviors in web-based surveys, Journal of
Computer Mediated Communication, 6, 3.
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In designing drop-down boxes, do not make the first option visible to the respondent. This may be misleading where no answer may be chosen.
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This usually helps in attracting willing participant which ultimately provide better quality data as opposed to relunctant participants.
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Answering Drop-Outs consist of individuals who provide answers to those questions displayed, but quit prior to completing the survey.
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Response rates are frequently quite low and there is a danger that they will continue to drop due to over-surveying of web-users.
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Studies indicate that the demographic that responds to online questionnaire invitations are generally biased to younger people .
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to select an answer . This answer will then appear in the box. Only one answer can be selected for this type of question .
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The questionnaire should begin with a short introduction that informs the subject why the questionnaire is being conducted .
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Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., Preece, J., Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer
Interaction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002
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Participant in most cases should know why the questionnaire is taking place and what the information will be used for.
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Information relating to whether they understood the main point of the questionnaire should be gathered .
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The administrator has greater flexibility in displaying questions. Questions can be displayed with:
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QuestionPro, "Preparing an Online
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Item nonresponders view the entire questionnaire, but only answer some of the questions.
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Lurkers view all of the questions in the survey, but do not answer any of the questions.
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Quirk's Market Research Review, "Comparing Seven Forms of On-Line Questionnaireing" .
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Should be avoided for items where typing is faster. For example, year of birth.
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A brief “thank you” note should be included at the end of the questionnaire.
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An online forum allows responses to be received more quickly from subjects .
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Preparing an Online Questionnaire - How to Conduct an Online Questionnaire
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Not everyone has access to the Internet, so the response rate is limited .
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A Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP-based Free Online Survey Creator Example
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One short answer question is equivalent to 3 multiple choice questions.
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Online questionnaires should be seen as a sub-set of a wider-range of
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formats, administration, quality and ethic issues should be reviewed.
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National Research Council of Canada, "Online Questionnaire Design" .
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As a rule of thumb, the questionnaire should not exceed 5 minutes.
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Many people are not receptive to completing questionnaires online .
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Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books. 2002
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Online Questionnaire Design Guide, "Web Based Questionnaires" .
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Good option for long lists such as state/country of residence.
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understand what the number is used for and why it is there.
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If there are many options, a simple matrix is recommended.
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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
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http://s3.amazonaws.com/SurveyMonkeyFiles/SmartSurvey.pdf
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Questionnaires should have the option to be anonymous .
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