554:, but others, including missionary anthropologist James Yost, came to believe that his death was a result of the bullet wound. Rachel Saint continued to defend the missionaries and believed that eyewitnesses supported her position, but researcher Laura Rival suggests that it is now commonly believed among Huaorani that Nampa died of the wound. The other missionary in the river, before being speared, desperately reiterated friendly overtures and asked the Huaorani why they were killing them. Meanwhile, the other Huaorani warriors, led by Gikita, attacked the three missionaries still on the beach, killing all three before they had a chance to report the attack over the radio. They then threw the men's bodies and their belongings in the river, and ripped the fabric from their airplane. Afterward, several of the Huaorani reported hearing strange music and seeing moving lights in the sky, an experience that they described as
526:, and the visitors soon relaxed and began conversing freely, apparently not realizing that the men's language skills were weak. Nankiwi, who the missionaries nicknamed "George", showed interest in the missionary's airplane, so Nate took off with him aboard. They first completed a circuit around the camp, but Nankiwi appeared eager for a second trip, so they flew toward Terminal City. Upon reaching a familiar clearing, Nankiwi recognized his neighbors, and leaning out of the plane, wildly waved and shouted to them. Later that afternoon, the younger woman became restless, and though the missionaries offered their visitors sleeping quarters, Nankiwi and the young woman left the beach with little explanation. The older woman apparently had more interest in conversing with the missionaries, and remained there most of the night.
714:. Others are somewhat less negative—Brysk, after noting that the work of the missionaries opened the area to outside intervention and led to the deterioration of the culture, says that the SIL also informed the Huaorani of their legal rights and taught them how to protect their interests from developers. Boster goes even further, suggesting that the "pacification" of the Huaorani was a result of "active effort" by the Huaorani themselves, not the result of missionary imposition. He argues that Christianity served as a way for the Huaorani to escape the cycle of violence in their community, since it provided a motivation to abstain from killing.
533:. On the way, they encountered Nankiwi and the girl, returning unescorted. The girl's brother, Nampa, was furious at this, and to diffuse the situation and divert attention from himself, Nankiwi claimed that the foreigners had attacked them on the beach, and in their haste to flee, they had been separated from their chaperone. Gikita, a senior member of the group whose experience with outsiders had taught him that they could not be trusted, recommended that they kill the foreigners. The return of the older woman and her account of the friendliness of the missionaries was not enough to dissuade them, and they soon continued toward the beach.
416:, receiving flight training as a member of the Army Air Corps. After being discharged in 1946, he too studied at Wheaton College, but quit after a year and joined the Mission Aviation Fellowship in 1948. He and his wife Marj traveled to Ecuador by the end of the year, and they settled at MAF headquarters in Shell Mera. Nate began transporting supplies and equipment shortly after their arrival to missionaries spread throughout the jungle. This work ultimately led to his meeting the other four missionaries who he joined in Operation Auca.
522:, after several days of waiting and shouting basic Huaorani phrases into the jungle, the first Huaorani visitors arrived. A young man and two women emerged on the opposite river bank around 11:15 a.m., and soon joined the missionaries at their encampment. The younger of the two women had come against the wishes of her family, and the man, named Nankiwi and romantically interested in her, followed. The older woman (about thirty years old) acted as a self-appointed chaperone. The men gave them several gifts, including a
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greet them, but were attacked from behind by Nampa. Apparently attempting to scare him, the first missionary to be speared drew his pistol and began firing. One of these shots mildy injured Dawa, still hidden, and another grazed the missionary's attacker after he was grabbed from behind by one of the women. Accounts differ on the effect of that bullet. Dawa, Dayuma, and other
Huaorani relate that Nampa was killed months later while
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669:, and as a result, SIL ended its support of the settlement in 1976, leading to its disintegration and the dispersion of the Huaorani into the surrounding area. SIL had hoped that the Huaorani would return to the isolation in which they had lived twenty years prior, but instead they sought out contact with the outside world, forming villages of which many received the recognition of the Ecuadorian government.
657:. By 1973, over 500 people lived in Tihueno, of which more than half had arrived in the previous six years. The settlement relied on missions aid from SIL, and as a Christian community set up by missionaries, all those living there were obliged to follow specific rules completely foreign to traditional Huaorani culture, most notably the prohibitions of killing and
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Baihuari joined them. Elliot had returned to the United States in the early 1960s, so Saint and Dayuma worked to alleviate the resulting conflict. They succeeded in securing cohabitation of the two groups by overseeing numerous cross-band weddings, leading to an end of inter-clan warfare but obscuring the cultural identity of each group.
271:) to live among the Huaorani, eventually leading to the conversion of many, including some of the killers of the men. While largely eliminating tribal violence, their efforts exposed the tribe to exploitation and increased influence from the outside. This has caused Huaorani culture to begin to disappear, but
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Because of the difficulty and risk of meeting the
Huaorani on the ground, the missionaries chose to drop gifts to the Huaorani by airplane. Their drop technique, developed by Nate Saint, involved flying around the drop location in tight circles while lowering the gift from the plane on a rope. This
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Saint and Elliot returned to
Ecuador to work among the Huaorani, establishing a camp called Tihueno near a former Huaorani settlement. The first Huaorani to settle there were primarily women and children from a Huaorani group called the Guiquetairi, but in 1968, an enemy Huaorani band known as the
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was an uneventful day of waiting—they expected a larger group of
Huaorani to arrive sometime that afternoon, if only to get airplane rides. Nate and Pete made several trips over Huaorani settlements, and while the natives seemed abnormally fearful at first, their spirits seemed to improve by
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Anthropologists generally have less favorable views of the missionary work begun by
Operation Auca, viewing the intervention as the cause for the recent and widely recognized decline of Huaorani culture. Leading Huaorani researcher Laura Rival says that the work of the SIL "pacified" the Huaorani
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After several visits to the Auca village, which the missionaries called "Terminal City", they observed that the
Huaorani seemed excited to receive their gifts. Encouraged, they began using a loudspeaker to shout simple Huaorani phrases as they circled. After several more drops, in November, the
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Jim Elliot first heard of the
Huaorani in 1950 from a former missionary to Ecuador, and soon concluded that God was calling him to Ecuador to evangelize the Huaorani. He began corresponding with his friend Pete Fleming about his desire to minister in Ecuador, and in 1952, the two men set sail for
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of the tribe, beginning with Nate Saint's own journal entry in 1955 and continuing through today. However, many continue to view as positive both
Operation Auca and the subsequent missionary efforts of Steve Saint and others. Specifically, they note the decline in violence among tribe members,
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The
Huaorani arrived at Palm Beach around 3:00 p.m., and in order to divide the foreigners before attacking them, they sent three women to the other side of the river. One, Dawa, remained hidden in the jungle, but the other two showed themselves. Two of the missionaries waded into the water to
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and successfully landed on the sandy beach along the
Curaray river. Nate then flew Jim and Roger to the camp, and then made several more flights, carrying equipment. After the last flight, he flew over a Huaorani settlement and, using a loudspeaker, told the Huaorani to visit the missionaries'
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employees during the 1940s, in addition to any lowland Quechua or other outsiders who encroached on their land. Furthermore, they were prone to internal violence, often engaging in vengeance-motived killing of other Huaorani. Raids were carried out in extreme anger by groups of men who attacked
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The first stage of Operation Auca began in September 1955. Saint, McCully, Elliot, and fellow missionary Johnny Keenan decided to initiate contact with the Huaorani and began periodically searching for them by air. By the end of the month, they had identified several clearings in the jungle.
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Also on the team was Roger Youderian, a 32-year-old missionary who had been working in Ecuador since 1953. Under the mission board Gospel Missionary Union, he and his wife Barbara and daughter Beth settled in Macuma, a mission station in the southern jungle of Ecuador. There, he and his wife
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people, learning their language and transcribing it. After working with them for about a year, Roger and his family began ministering to a tribe related to the Shuar, the Achuar people. He worked with Nate Saint to provide important medical supplies, but after a period of attempting to build
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Huaorani began tying gifts for the missionaries to the line after removing the gifts the missionaries gave them. The men took this as a gesture of friendliness and developed plans for meeting the Huaorani on the ground. Saint soon identified a 200 yard (180 m) sandbar along the
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during the 1960s, and argues that missionary intervention caused significant changes in fundamental components of Huaorani society. Prohibitions of polygamy, violence, chanting, and dancing were directly contrary to cultural norms, and the relocation of Huaorani and subsequent
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The deaths of the men galvanized the missionary effort in the United States, sparking an outpouring of funding for evangelization efforts around the world. Their work is still frequently remembered in evangelical publications, and in 2006, was the subject of the film production
686:. Anniversaries of their deaths have been accompanied by stories in major Christian publications, and the story of their deaths and the subsequent acceptance of Christianity among the Huaorani has been turned into several motion pictures, including the 2006 production
590:, and on Thursday, Ed McCully's body was identified by a group of Quechua indians. They took his watch as evidence of the finding but did not move his body from its location on the bank of the Curaray. It later washed away, and two more bodies were found on
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the last fly-over. The following morning, Nate made another pass, and noted a group of Huaorani men traveling toward Palm Beach. He excitedly relayed this information to his wife over the radio at 12:30 p.m., promising to make contact again at 4:30 p.m.
628:(SIL), the organization for which both Elisabeth Elliot and Rachel Saint worked. Because of the martyrdom of her brother, Saint considered herself spiritually bonded to the Huaorani, believing that his sacrifice for the Huaorani was symbolic of
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relationships with them, he failed to see any positive effect and, growing depressed, considered returning to the United States. However, during this time Nate Saint approached him about joining their team to meet the Huaorani, and he assented.
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and some taken by the five men before their deaths. The ensuing worldwide publicity gave several missionary organizations significant political power, especially in the United States and Latin America. Most notable among these was the
316:, as well as fishing and hunting with spear and blowgun. Family units consisted of a man and his wife or wives, their unmarried sons, their married daughters and sons-in-law, and their grandchildren. All of these would reside in a
446:, a missionary and the sister of Nate Saint. The missionaries hoped that by regularly giving gifts to the Huaorani and attempting to communicate with them in their language that they would be able to win them over as friends.
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their victims' longhouse by night and then fled. Attempts to build truces through gifts and exchange of spouses became more frequent as their numbers decreased and the tribes fragmented, but the cycle of violence continued.
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with his family as a Plymouth Breathren missionary, planning to soon join Jim and Pete in Shandia. In 1953, however, the station in Shandia was wiped out by a flood, delaying their move until September of that year.
505:, Roger had arrived and Pete had confirmed his involvement, so the five met in Arajuno to prepare to leave the following day. After minor mechanical trouble with the plane, Nate and Ed took off at 8:02 a.m. on
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Saint and Dayuma, in conjunction with SIL, negotiated the creation of an official Huaorani reservation in 1969, consolidating the Huaorani and consequently opening up the area to commerce and
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Not receiving word from Nate at 4:30 p.m. immediately caused Marj Saint to worry, but she did not tell anyone about the lack of communication until that evening. The next morning,
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word for "savage"), were an isolated tribe known for their violence, both against their own people and outsiders who entered their territory. With the intention of being the first
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to evangelize the Huaorani, the missionaries began making regular flights over Huaorani settlements in September 1955, dropping gifts. After several months of exchanging gifts, on
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This book gives details about the collusion of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in general and Rachel Saint in particular with US oil companies and the Ecuadorian military.
458:, Saint made the first drop, releasing a small kettle containing buttons and rock salt. The gift giving continued during the following weeks, with the missionaries dropping
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Among evangelical Christians, the five men are commonly considered martyrs and missionary heroes. Books have been written about them by numerous biographers, most notably
570:, Johnny Keenan flew to the camp site, and at 9:30 a.m. reported via radio to the wives that the plane was stripped of its fabric and that the men were not there. The
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with the goal of learning Spanish. They then moved to Shandia, a Quechua mission station deep in the Ecuadorian jungle. There they worked under the supervision of a
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were flying over the jungle, and a ground search party consisting of missionaries and military personnel was organized. The first two of the bodies were found on
632:'s death for the salvation of humanity. In 1957, Saint and her Huaorani companion Dayuma toured across the United States, and appeared on the television show
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Meanwhile, Elliot learned several phrases in the language of the Huaorani from Dayuma, a young Huaorani woman who had left her society and became friends with
490:. They agreed to take weapons, but decided that they would only be used to fire into the air to scare the Huaorani if they attacked. They built a sort of
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At this point, Pete Fleming had still not decided to participate in the operation, and Roger Youderian was still working in the jungle farther south. On
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392:. Following graduation, he married Marilou Hobolth and enrolled in a one year basic medical treatment program at the School of Missionary Medicine in
598:, all four of the bodies found were positively identified and Ed's body was not among them, confirming that all five were dead. In the midst of a
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released a news bulletin saying that five men were missing in Hauorani territory. Soon, aircraft from the United States Air Rescue Service in
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Boster, James S. (2003). "Rage, Revenge, and Religion: Honest Signaling of Aggression and Nonaggression in Waorani Coalitional Violence".
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692:, which grossed over $ 11 million. Even so, Christians have noted with concern the disintegration of traditional Huaorani culture and
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After seeing Nankiwi in the plane, a small group of Huaorani decided to make the trip to Palm Beach, and left the following morning,
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about 4.5 miles (7 km) from Terminal City that could serve as a runway and camp site, and dubbed it "Palm Beach".
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Brysk, Alison (2004). "From Civil Society to Collective Action". In Edward L. Cleary and Timothy J. Steigenga (ed.).
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Another team member was Ed McCully, a man Jim Elliot had met and befriended while both attended
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by a group of Huaorani warriors. The news of their deaths was broadcast around the world, and
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missionary, Wilfred Tidmarsh, and began exposing themselves to the culture and studying the
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camp. He then returned to Arajuno, and the next day, he and Pete flew out to Palm Beach.
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Resistance In An Amazonian Community: Huaorani Organizing Against The Global Economy
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argue over the ultimate effect—some negatively view the missionary work as
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Movie based on these and subsequent events, titled "Trinkets and Beads" (1996)
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kept the bundle in roughly the same position as it approached the ground. On
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around the time of Operation Auca were a small tribe occupying the jungle of
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IMDb page for movie based on these events, titled "End of the Spear" (2006)
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covered the deaths of the men with a photo essay, including photographs by
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numerous conversions to Christianity, and growth of the local church.
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867:"5 U.S. Missionaries Lost; Jungle Murder Feared". New York Times.
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The team's pilot, Nate Saint, had served in the military during
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766:. London: Rutgers University. pp. 25–42. ISBN 0813534607.
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Trekking through history: the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador
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that could be assembled upon arrival, and collected gifts,
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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
1015:. Los Angeles: University of California. ISBN 0520064992.
203:, the missionaries established a camp at "Palm Beach", a
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Before their first peaceful contact with outsiders (
1410:. New York / Oxford: Berghahn. ISBN 1-57181-448-5.
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462:, ribbons, clothing, pots, and various trinkets.
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901:"Four Bodies Found in Ecuador". New York Times.
822:Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint
351:tappers around the turn of the 20th century and
150:'s plane, on display at the headquarters of the
815:. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale. ISBN 0842371516.
187:. The Huaorani, also known as the Aucas (the
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965:. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231118449.
437:Map denoting key locations in Operation Auca.
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778:. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060167645.
572:Commander in Chief of the Caribbean Command
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829:"5 U.S. Missionaries Are Believed Slain".
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1013:Is Latin America Turning Protestant?
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764:Resurgent Voices in Latin America
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813:Through Gates of Splendor
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1429:Five Missionary Martyrs
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975:"Did They Have to Die?"
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161:was an attempt by five
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1146:Elliot, 134-43, 149-50
935:Rainey, Clint (2006).
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820:Hitt, Russell (1959).
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1110:Hitt, 94, 136-45, 265
1051:Boster, 473, 475, 480
667:cultural assimilation
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1302:See Saint and Rainey
1083:Elliot, 25-26, 28-32
1074:Stoll (1982), 282-83
701:Anthropologist views
277:cultural imperialism
1316:. Retrieved March 3
1313:"Boxofficemojo.com"
824:. New York: Harper.
115:← Previous revision
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642:crusade in
514:First visit
480:December 23
398:December 10
394:Los Angeles
193:Protestants
163:Evangelical
20:This is an
1462:Categories
947:January 28
903:January 13
869:January 11
835:January 12
718:References
604:January 14
596:January 13
592:January 12
588:January 11
537:The attack
492:tree house
474:Palm Beach
322:endogamous
283:Background
229:Ed McCully
225:Nate Saint
221:Jim Elliot
207:along the
181:rainforest
148:Nate Saint
79:Spangineer
28:Spangineer
1347:ignored (
1194:Saint, 25
991:): 20–27.
953:): 20–27.
915:cite news
881:cite news
847:cite news
795:ignored (
784:cite book
749:ignored (
610:Aftermath
568:January 9
543:January 7
531:January 7
520:January 6
507:January 3
503:January 2
496:first aid
484:January 3
452:October 6
367:Guayaquil
318:longhouse
314:plantains
261:Elisabeth
213:January 8
197:January 2
171:from the
166:Christian
1324:cite web
1254:articles
1101:Hitt, 65
1011:(1990).
999:(1982).
973:(1996).
961:(2002).
811:(2005).
774:(1995).
659:polygamy
460:machetes
294:Huaorani
177:Huaorani
89:contribs
38:contribs
552:hunting
330:decided
241:speared
205:sandbar
189:Quechua
185:Ecuador
673:Legacy
630:Christ
584:Panama
396:. On
349:rubber
341:cowodi
337:cowodi
328:, and
310:manioc
265:Rachel
235:, and
102:period
57:period
1021:Notes
726:Ethos
576:Quito
422:Shuar
406:Quito
375:Quito
1353:help
1337:help
989:1996
951:2006
928:help
907:1956
894:help
873:1956
860:help
839:1956
801:help
755:help
580:HCJB
488:1956
456:1955
402:1952
312:and
304:and
302:Napo
292:The
217:1956
201:1956
131:diff
125:) |
123:diff
111:diff
85:talk
34:talk
518:On
501:By
343:as
183:of
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