625:. Apparently attempting to scare him, Elliot, the first missionary to be speared, pulled out his pistol and began firing. One of these shots mildly injured Dawa, still hidden, and another grazed the missionary's attacker after he was grabbed from behind by one of the women. The other missionary in the river, Fleming, before being speared, desperately reiterated friendly overtures and asked the Waorani why they were killing them. Meanwhile, the other Waorani warriors, led by Gikita, attacked the three missionaries still on the beach, spearing Saint first, then McCully as he rushed to stop them. Youderian made it to the airplane and turned on the radio to report the attack but was speared while waiting for Shell to pick up the call. The Waorani then threw the men's bodies and their belongings in the river, and ripped the fabric from their aircraft. They then returned to their village and, anticipating retribution, burned it to the ground and fled into the jungle.
593:, and the visitors soon relaxed and began conversing freely, apparently not realizing that the men's language skills were weak. Nankiwi, whom the missionaries nicknamed "George", showed interest in their aircraft, so Saint took off with him aboard. They first completed a circuit around the camp, but Nankiwi appeared eager for a second trip, so they flew toward Terminal City. Upon reaching a familiar clearing, Nankiwi recognized his neighbors, and leaning out of the plane, wildly waved and shouted to them. Later that afternoon, the younger woman became restless, and though the missionaries offered their visitors sleeping quarters, Nankiwi and the young woman left the beach with little explanation. The older woman apparently had more interest in conversing with the missionaries, and remained there most of the night.
704:
the latter's deceased youngest sister. Nemo means star in
Waorani, they said she was their light. The first Waorani to settle there were primarily women and children from a Waorani group called the Guiquetairi, but in 1968 an enemy Waorani band known as the Baihuari joined them. Elliot had returned to the United States in the early 1960s, so Saint and Dayuma worked to alleviate the resulting conflict. They succeeded in securing cohabitation of the two groups by overseeing numerous cross-band weddings, leading to an end of inter-clan warfare but obscuring the cultural identity of each group.
651:
finding but did not move his body from its location on the bank of the
Curaray; it was later washed away. Two more bodies were found on January 12. The searchers hoped that one of the unidentified bodies would be McCully, thinking that perhaps one of the men had escaped. However, on January 13, all four of the bodies found were positively identified by watches and wedding rings, and McCully's body was not among them, confirming that all five were dead. In the midst of a
489:
542:
25:
183:
86:
723:, and as a result, SIL ended its support of the settlement in 1976, leading to its disintegration and the dispersion of the Waorani into the surrounding area. SIL had hoped that the Waorani would return to the isolation in which they had lived twenty years prior, but instead they sought out contact with the outside world, forming villages of which many have been recognized by the Ecuadorian government.
793:
developers. Boster goes even further, suggesting that the pacification of the
Waorani was a result of active effort by the Waorani themselves, not the result of missionary imposition. He argues that Christianity served as a way for the Waorani to escape the cycle of violence in their community, since it provided a motivation to abstain from killing.
634:
entire mission had been kept a secret from all those not directly involved at the time, thus making the timing of this announcement more difficult. The next morning, January 9, Johnny Keenan flew to the camp site, and at 9:30 a.m. he reported via radio to the wives that the plane was stripped of its fabric, and that the men were not there. The
605:, a senior member of the group whose experience with outsiders had taught him that they could not be trusted, recommended that they kill the foreigners. The return of the older woman and her account of the friendliness of the missionaries was not enough to dissuade them, and they soon continued toward the beach.
584:
On
January 6, after the missionaries had spent several days of waiting and shouting basic Waorani phrases into the jungle, the first Waorani visitors arrived. A young man and two women emerged on the opposite river bank around 11:15 a.m., and soon joined the missionaries at their encampment. The
528:
After several visits to the Auca village, which the missionaries called "Terminal City", they observed that the
Waorani seemed excited to receive their gifts. Encouraged, they began using a loudspeaker to shout simple Waorani phrases as they circled. After several more drops, in November the Waorani
703:
Saint and Elliot returned to
Ecuador to work among the Waorani (1958–1960), establishing a camp called Tihueno near a former Waorani settlement. Rachel Saint and Dayuma became bonded in Waorani eyes through their shared mourning and Rachel's adoption as a sister of Dayuma, taking the name Nemo from
552:
At this point, Pete
Fleming had still not decided to participate in the operation, and Roger Youderian was still working in the jungle farther south. On December 23, the Flemings, Saints, Elliots and McCullys together made plans to land at Palm Beach and build a camp on January 3, 1956. They agreed
409:
Jim Elliot first heard of the
Waorani in 1950 from a former missionary to Ecuador, and afterwards indicated that God had called him to Ecuador to evangelize the Waorani. He began corresponding with his friend Pete Fleming about his desire to minister in Ecuador, and in 1952 the two men set sail for
780:
Some anthropologists have less favorable views of the missionary work begun by
Operation Auca, viewing the intervention as the cause for the recent and widely recognized decline of Waorani culture. Leading Waorani researcher Laura Rival says that the work of the SIL pacified the Waorani during the
613:
On
January 8 the missionaries waited, expecting a larger group of Waorani to arrive sometime that afternoon, if only to get plane rides. Saint made several trips over Waorani settlements, and on the following morning he noted a group of Waorani men traveling toward Palm Beach. He excitedly relayed
650:
were flying over the jungle, and a ground search party consisting of missionaries and military personnel was organized. The first two of the bodies were found on Wednesday, January 11, and on Thursday, Ed McCully's body was identified by a group of Quechuas. They took his watch as evidence of the
633:
At 4:30 p.m., Marj Saint and Pete Fleming's wife, Olive, were waiting for the call from Saint. Not receiving word at 4:30 p.m. immediately caused his wife Marj to worry, but Marj and Olive did not tell anyone about the lack of communication until that evening. To avoid interference, the
512:
Because of the difficulty and risk of meeting the Waorani on the ground, the missionaries chose to drop gifts to the Waorani by fixed-wing aircraft. Their drop technique, developed by Nate Saint, involved flying around the drop location in tight circles while lowering the gift from the plane on a
400:
or other outsiders who encroached on their land. Furthermore, they were prone to internal violence, often engaging in vengeance killing of other Waorani. Raids were carried out in extreme anger by groups of men who attacked their victims' longhouse by night and then fled. Attempts to build truces
673:
and some taken by the five men before their deaths. A follow-up photo essay by Capa about four of the five widows who stayed in Ecuador to continue with their deceased husbands' missionary work appeared sixteen months later in the May 20, 1957 issue of the same publication. The ensuing worldwide
479:
people, learning their language and transcribing it. After working with them for about a year, Youderian and his family began ministering to a tribe related to the Shuar, the Achuar people. He worked with Nate Saint to provide important medical supplies; but after a period of attempting to build
496:
The first stage of Operation Auca began in September 1955. Saint, McCully, Elliot, and fellow missionary Johnny Keenan decided to initiate contact with the Waorani and began periodically searching for them by air. By the end of the month, they had identified several clearings in the jungle.
792:
Others are somewhat less negative—Brysk, after noting that the work of the missionaries opened the area to outside intervention and led to the deterioration of the culture, says that the SIL also informed the Waorani of their legal rights and taught them how to protect their interests from
338:
Rivers, an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers (7,700 mi). They numbered approximately 600 people, and were split into three groups, all mutually hostile—the Geketaidi, the Baïidi, and the Wepeidi. They lived on the gathering and cultivation of plant foods like
295:
The deaths of the men galvanized the missionary effort in the United States, sparking an outpouring of funding for evangelization efforts around the world. Their work is still frequently remembered in evangelical publications, and in 2006 was the subject of the film production
529:
began tying gifts for the missionaries to the line after removing the gifts the missionaries gave them. The men took this as a gesture of friendliness and developed plans for meeting the Waorani on the ground. Saint soon identified a 200-yard (200 m) sandbar along the
449:. On December 10, 1952, McCully moved to Quito with his family as a Plymouth Brethren missionary, planning to soon join Elliot and Fleming in Shandia. In 1953, however, the station in Shandia was wiped out by a flood, delaying their move until September of that year.
781:
1960s, and argues that missionary intervention caused significant changes in fundamental components of Waorani society. Prohibitions of polygamy, violence, chanting, and dancing were directly contrary to cultural norms, and the relocation of Waorani and subsequent
572:. Saint then flew Elliot and Youderian to the camp, and then made several more flights, carrying equipment. After the last delivery, he flew over a Waorani settlement and, using a loudspeaker, told the Waorani to visit the missionaries' camp. He then returned to
682:(SIL), the organization for which both Elisabeth Elliot and Rachel Saint worked. Because of the martyrdom of her brother, Saint considered herself spiritually bonded to the Waorani, believing that what she saw as his sacrifice for the Waorani was symbolic of
253:
Waorani, the missionaries began making regular flights over Waorani settlements in September 1955, dropping gifts, which were reciprocated. After several months of exchanging gifts, on January 3, 1956, the missionaries established a camp at "Palm Beach", a
711:. By 1973, over 500 people lived in Tihueno, of which more than half had arrived in the previous six years. The settlement relied on aid from SIL, and as a Christian community, followed rules foreign to Waorani culture like prohibitions on killing and
751:
of the tribe, beginning with Nate Saint's own journal entry in 1955 and continuing through today. However, many continue to view as positive both Operation Auca and the subsequent missionary efforts of Rachel Saint, mission organizations such as
480:
relationships with them, he failed to see any positive effect and, growing depressed, considered returning to the United States. However, during this time Saint approached him about joining their team to meet the Waorani, and he assented.
596:
After seeing Nankiwi in the plane, a small group of Waorani decided to make the trip to Palm Beach, and left the following morning, January 7. On the way, they encountered Nankiwi and the girl, returning unescorted. The girl's brother,
744:. Anniversaries of their deaths have been accompanied by stories in major Christian publications, and their story, as well as the subsequent acceptance of Christianity among the Waorani, has been turned into several motion pictures.
601:, was furious at this, and to defuse the situation and divert attention from himself, Nankiwi claimed that the foreigners had attacked them on the beach, and in their haste to flee, they had been separated from their chaperone.
468:. Shortly after his arrival, Saint began transporting supplies and equipment to missionaries spread throughout the jungle. This work ultimately led to his meeting the other four missionaries, whom he joined in Operation Auca.
434:
deep in the Ecuadorian jungle. There they worked under the supervision of a Christian Missions in Many Lands missionary, Wilfred Tidmarsh, and began exposing themselves to the culture and studying the
568:
to prepare to leave the following day. After minor mechanical trouble with the plane, Saint and McCully took off at 8:02 a.m. on January 3 and successfully landed on the sandy beach along the
707:
Saint and Dayuma, in conjunction with SIL, negotiated the creation of an official Waorani reservation in 1969, consolidating the Waorani and consequently opening up the area to commerce and
245:'), were an isolated tribe known for their violence, against both their own people and outsiders who entered their territory. With the intention of being the first Christians to
617:
The Waorani arrived at Palm Beach around 3:00 p.m., and in order to divide the foreigners before attacking them, they sent three women to the other side of the river. One,
1856:
589:, who was romantically interested in her, followed. The older woman (about thirty years old) acted as a self-appointed chaperone. The men gave them several gifts, including a
351:. Family units consisted of a man and his wife or wives, their unmarried sons, their married daughters and sons-in-law, and their grandchildren. All of them would reside in a
1451:
Boster, James S.; Yost, James; Peeke, Catherine (2003). "Rage, Revenge, and Religion: Honest Signaling of Aggression and Nonaggression in Waorani Coalitional Violence".
513:
rope. This kept the bundle in roughly the same position as it approached the ground. On October 6, 1955, Saint made the first drop, releasing a small kettle containing
186:
Nate Saint's aircraft was discovered in 1994, buried in the sand along the Curaray River. The frame was reconstructed and is now on display at the headquarters of the
621:, remained hidden in the jungle, but the other two showed themselves. Two of the missionaries waded into the water to greet them, but were attacked from behind by
1429:
475:, he and his wife Barbara and daughter Beth settled in Macuma, a mission station in the southern jungle of Ecuador. There, he and his wife ministered to the
686:'s death for the salvation of humanity. In 1957, Saint and her Waorani companion Dayuma toured across the United States and appeared on the television show
772:), and others. Specifically, they note the decline in violence among tribe members, numerous conversions to Christianity, and growth of the local church.
1573:
Liefeld, Olive Fleming (1990). Unfolding Destinies: The Untold Story of Peter Fleming and the Auca Mission. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House.
1849:
107:
100:
445:. Following graduation, he married Marilou Hobolth and enrolled in a one-year basic medical treatment program at the School of Missionary Medicine in
401:
through gifts and exchange of spouses became more frequent as their numbers decreased and the tribes fragmented, but the cycle of violence continued.
906:
1842:
1601:
646:
released a news bulletin saying that five men were missing in Waorani territory. Soon, aircraft from the United States Air Rescue Service in
553:
to take weapons, but decided that they would only be used to fire into the air to scare the Waorani if they attacked. They built a sort of
700:, contributing to Saint's increasing popularity among evangelical Christians and generating significant monetary donations for SIL.
2052:
471:
Also on the team was Roger Youderian, a 33-year-old missionary who had been working in Ecuador since 1953. Under the mission board
2316:
715:. By the early 1970s, SIL began to question whether their impact on the Waorani was positive, so they sent James Yost, a staff
688:
327:
1654:
150:
533:
about 4.5 miles (7 km) from Terminal City that could serve as a runway and camp site, and dubbed it "Palm Beach".
1882:
122:
1725:
355:, which was separated by several kilometers from another longhouse in which close relatives lived. Marriage was always
129:
1762:
1699:
1676:
1613:
1533:
1507:
1481:
1153:
169:
67:
2321:
1978:
1472:
Brysk, Alison (2004). "From Civil Society to Collective Action". In Cleary, Edward L; Steigenga, Timothy J (eds.).
807:
featured interviews with some of the Waorani and surviving family members of the missionaries. The 2006 drama film
674:
publicity gave several missionary organizations significantly more visibility, especially in the United States and
614:
this information to his wife over the radio at 12:30 p.m., promising to make contact again at 5:30 p.m.
464:
in 1948. He and his wife Marj traveled to Ecuador by the end of the year, and they settled at MAF headquarters in
1988:
34:
136:
1963:
2217:
635:
262:, a few kilometers from Waorani settlements. Their efforts came to an end on January 8, 1956, when all five—
2227:
2045:
2003:
1664:
803:
509:
and attempting to communicate with them in their language, they would be able to win them over as friends.
457:
118:
505:, a missionary and the sister of Nate Saint. The missionaries hoped that by regularly giving gifts to the
460:. After being discharged in 1946, he too studied at Wheaton College, but quit after a year and joined the
2272:
1993:
753:
461:
187:
655:, they were buried in a common grave at Palm Beach on January 14 by members of the ground search party.
1968:
275:
2192:
442:
1779:
2311:
2306:
1942:
747:
Even so, Christians have noted with concern the disintegration of traditional Waorani culture and
564:
By January 2, Youderian had arrived and Fleming had confirmed his involvement, so the five met in
2296:
2199:
2144:
2038:
1824:
622:
618:
586:
446:
96:
740:
and missionary heroes. Books have been written about them by numerous biographers, most notably
441:
Another team member was Ed McCully, a man Jim Elliot had met and befriended while both attended
1973:
1907:
1902:
1425:
1233:
38:
1932:
1892:
1256:
1216:
720:
286:
by a group of Waorani warriors. The news of their deaths was broadcast around the world, and
143:
1998:
1912:
1627:
1430:"With its examination of evangelists, Five Wives puts Joan Thomas in Alice Munro’s league"
49:
8:
1917:
1405:
250:
1834:
1632:
1434:
585:
younger of the two women had come against the wishes of her family, and the man, named
521:. The gift-giving continued during the following weeks, with the missionaries dropping
344:
224:
2301:
2257:
1813:
1758:
1721:
1695:
1688:
1672:
1650:
1609:
1545:
1529:
1503:
1496:
1477:
1149:
786:
679:
514:
431:
415:
393:
385:
364:
311:
1790:
1755:
Resistance In An Amazonian Community: Huaorani Organizing Against The Global Economy
310:, returned to Ecuador as missionaries with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now
2237:
2119:
1897:
1717:
1592:
1517:
1460:
809:
765:
741:
652:
598:
472:
435:
423:
303:
298:
242:
238:
1587:
801:
There have been several screen depictions of Operation Auca. The 2004 documentary
2106:
1643:
1143:
719:, to assess the situation. He found extensive economic dependence and increasing
708:
665:
506:
323:
288:
279:
2160:
1937:
1877:
748:
590:
465:
220:
206:
1464:
497:
Meanwhile, Elliot learned several phrases in the language of the Waorani from
2290:
2175:
1922:
1744:
697:
675:
569:
546:
530:
326:
around the time of Operation Auca were a small tribe occupying the jungle of
259:
216:
2262:
2124:
2092:
1927:
1491:
757:
716:
693:
670:
502:
476:
453:
307:
209:
191:
2129:
2114:
1887:
1709:
1623:
822:
501:, a young Waorani woman who had left her society and become friends with
1801:
2099:
2085:
2078:
1031:
858:
817:
554:
360:
331:
271:
267:
263:
246:
212:
376:) in 1958, the Waorani fiercely defended their territory. Viewing all
45:
2267:
1958:
558:
488:
411:
352:
302:. Several years after the death of the men, the widow of Jim Elliot,
541:
85:
1525:
983:
736:
Among evangelical Christians, the five men are commonly considered
712:
663:
The deaths of the men was covered in the January 30, 1956 issue of
397:
356:
231:. The Waorani, also known pejoratively as Aucas (a modification of
182:
1145:
Extravagant Graces: 23 Inspiring Stories of Facing Impossible Odds
2170:
2165:
2139:
2030:
1386:
1162:
782:
573:
565:
522:
427:
348:
335:
255:
228:
1019:
834:
452:
The team's pilot, Nate Saint, had served in the military during
2134:
1714:
Unmarked Memories: Five friends buried in the jungle of Ecuador
1266:
959:
737:
683:
647:
602:
518:
498:
389:
340:
923:
639:
638:, Lieutenant General William K. Harrison, was contacted, and
419:
283:
195:
1983:
1606:
Trekking through history: the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador
761:
643:
576:, and the next day, he and Fleming flew out to Palm Beach.
557:
that could be assembled upon arrival, and collected gifts,
935:
870:
1125:
1123:
1121:
889:
887:
885:
1864:
1826:
More Than Meets the Eye History and The End of the Spear
1302:
1106:
1094:
1055:
1043:
995:
1350:
1290:
1278:
971:
396:
employees during the 1940s, in addition to any lowland
1374:
1118:
1084:
1082:
882:
825:, centred on the surviving wives of the missionaries.
669:
magazine with a photo essay, including photographs by
1338:
1067:
846:
1784:, Intervarsity Christian Fellowship, 11 January 2006
1362:
370:
Before their first peaceful contact with outsiders (
1079:
1687:
1642:
1565:"5 U.S. Missionaries Lost; Jungle Murder Feared".
1544:
1495:
1326:
1007:
1742:"'Go Ye and Preach the Gospel' Five Do and Die".
1314:
1257:"The Martyrs' Widows Return to Teach in Jungle,"
1217:"'Go ye and preach the Gospel' Five Do and Die,"
947:
525:, ribbons, clothing, pots, and various trinkets.
2288:
1547:Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint
1198:
1186:
392:tappers around the turn of the 20th century and
347:, as well as fishing and hunting with spear and
1450:
1392:
1174:
864:
840:
456:, receiving flight training as a member of the
292:magazine covered the event with a photo essay.
1476:. London: Rutgers University. pp. 25–42.
731:
2046:
1850:
1752:
378:
371:
232:
1490:
1272:
492:Map denoting key locations in Operation Auca
636:Commander in Chief of the Caribbean Command
2053:
2039:
1857:
1843:
1556:"5 U.S. Missionaries Are Believed Slain".
48:. Please do not remove this message until
1694:. Los Angeles: University of California.
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
540:
487:
181:
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1792:Five Missionary Martyrs (Moments Media)
1141:
775:
16:1955 Christian proselytizing in Ecuador
2289:
1585:
1516:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1168:
1112:
1100:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
941:
929:
907:"The Age - Google News Archive Search"
876:
106:Please improve this article by adding
2034:
1838:
1708:
1685:
1669:Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?
1663:
1640:
1622:
1600:
1471:
1380:
1368:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1129:
1088:
893:
852:
1865:Protestant missions to Latin America
1690:Is Latin America Turning Protestant?
1576:
1564:
1542:
1234:"Life Magazine - the Martyrs' story"
1204:
1192:
965:
953:
785:of previously hostile groups eroded
367:by the parents of the young people.
79:
18:
1781:Remembering Five Missionary Martyrs
1555:
1180:
796:
678:. Most notable among these was the
13:
2060:
1735:
483:
14:
2333:
1772:
1474:Resurgent Voices in Latin America
1040:, pp. 146–48, 156, 161, 163.
1818:, First Run / Icarus Films, 1996
1753:Ziegler-Otero, Lawrence (2004).
1577:"Four Bodies Found in Ecuador".
1142:Chaffee, Jeanette (2014-09-11).
306:, and the sister of Nate Saint,
84:
23:
1989:Regions Beyond Missionary Union
1757:. New York / Oxford: Berghahn.
1419:
1398:
1250:
1226:
1210:
1135:
680:Summer Institute of Linguistics
561:equipment, and language notes.
418:. For six months they lived in
404:
2317:Evangelical Christian missions
1964:South American Mission Society
1686:——— (1990).
1641:——— (2007).
1581:. January 13, 1956. p. 5.
1569:. January 11, 1956. p. 4.
1560:. January 12, 1956. p. 3.
899:
579:
1:
1608:. Columbia University Press.
1494:; Dennett, Charlotte (1995).
1444:
1393:Boster, Yost & Peeke 2003
1221:(magazine), January 30, 1956.
992:, pp. 81, 92–94, 151–54.
865:Boster, Yost & Peeke 2003
841:Boster, Yost & Peeke 2003
692:. The two also appeared in a
536:
314:) to live among the Waorani.
219:to bring Christianity to the
108:secondary or tertiary sources
2228:Beyond the Gates of Splendor
2004:United Andean Indian Mission
1636:(September 16, 1996): 20–27.
821:, an award-winning novel by
804:Beyond the Gates of Splendor
658:
7:
2273:Mission Aviation Fellowship
1994:Mission Aviation Fellowship
1502:. New York: HarperCollins.
1238:Mission Aviation Fellowship
1171:, pp. 195–200, 233–39.
968:, pp. 94, 136–45, 265.
813:grossed over $ 12 million.
754:Mission Aviation Fellowship
732:Evangelical Christian views
462:Mission Aviation Fellowship
188:Mission Aviation Fellowship
50:conditions to do so are met
10:
2338:
2263:Wycliffe Bible Translators
1969:Wycliffe Bible Translators
1829:, Christianity Today, 2006
1748:: 10–19. January 30, 1956.
1596:(January 28, 2006): 20–27.
1028:, pp. 134–43, 149–50.
758:Wycliffe Bible Translators
422:with the goal of learning
317:
223:or Huaorani people of the
2250:
2218:Through Gates of Splendor
2209:
2193:Through Gates of Splendor
2184:
2153:
2070:
2012:
1951:
1870:
1802:"End of the Spear (2006)"
1522:Through Gates of Splendor
1465:10.1525/eth.2003.31.4.471
1406:"End of the Spear (2006)"
1261:(magazine), May 20, 1957.
867:, pp. 473, 475, 480.
726:
628:
608:
414:as missionaries with the
1943:William Cameron Townsend
1273:Colby & Dennett 1995
932:, pp. 25–26, 28–32.
828:
2322:Massacres of Christians
1628:"Did They Have to Die?"
770:Gospel Missionary Union
473:Gospel Missionary Union
388:predators, they killed
379:
372:
205:was an attempt by five
1974:American Bible Society
1908:Henry Grattan Guinness
1903:Allen Francis Gardiner
1586:Rainey, Clint (2006).
1543:Hitt, Russell (1959).
1263:Retrieved May 6, 2023.
1223:Retrieved May 6, 2023.
549:
493:
233:
199:
95:relies excessively on
1933:Ashbel Green Simonton
1893:James Cooley Fletcher
944:, pp. 48, 53–54.
879:, pp. 19–21, 24.
721:cultural assimilation
642:-based radio station
544:
491:
426:. They then moved to
185:
1999:Mission to the World
1913:Daniel Parish Kidder
1438:, September 5, 2019.
776:Anthropologist views
1918:Justus Henry Nelson
1795:, Plymouth Brethren
1551:. New York: Harper.
1311:, pp. 296–305.
1275:, pp. 287–90..
282:—were attacked and
37:of this article is
1815:Trinkets and Beads
1633:Christianity Today
1579:The New York Times
1567:The New York Times
1558:The New York Times
1435:The Globe and Mail
1395:, pp. 480–82.
1299:, pp. 158–61.
1287:, pp. 157–59.
1115:, pp. 193–94.
1103:, pp. 190–92.
1064:, pp. 177–83.
1052:, pp. 173–74.
1004:, pp. 128–33.
896:, pp. 282–83.
843:, pp. 473–75.
550:
494:
200:
2281:
2280:
2258:SIL International
2243:
2233:
2223:
2028:
2027:
1656:978-0-8423-8488-9
1588:"Five-Man Legacy"
1518:Elliot, Elisabeth
1408:. Box office mojo
1383:, pp. 37–38.
1359:, pp. 18–21.
1148:. WestBow Press.
1132:, pp. 26–27.
980:, pp. 73–79.
855:, pp. 37–38.
787:cultural identity
689:This Is Your Life
416:Plymouth Brethren
394:Shell Oil Company
312:SIL International
180:
179:
172:
154:
78:
77:
70:
2329:
2241:
2238:End of the Spear
2231:
2221:
2200:End of the Spear
2120:Elisabeth Elliot
2064:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
1898:Louis Francescon
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1796:
1785:
1768:
1749:
1731:
1718:Avant Ministries
1705:
1693:
1682:
1660:
1648:
1645:End of the Spear
1637:
1619:
1597:
1582:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1513:
1501:
1498:Thy Will Be Done
1487:
1468:
1439:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
903:
897:
891:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
810:End of the Spear
797:Media depictions
766:Avant Ministries
742:Elisabeth Elliot
436:Quechua language
382:
375:
299:End of the Spear
236:
175:
168:
164:
161:
155:
153:
119:"Operation Auca"
112:
88:
80:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2312:1956 in Ecuador
2307:1955 in Ecuador
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2246:
2205:
2180:
2149:
2107:Roger Youderian
2066:
2062:
2059:
2029:
2024:
2008:
1947:
1866:
1863:
1823:
1812:
1800:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1765:
1741:
1738:
1736:Further reading
1728:
1702:
1679:
1671:. London: Zed.
1657:
1616:
1602:Rival, Laura M.
1536:
1510:
1484:
1447:
1442:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
915:
913:
911:news.google.com
905:
904:
900:
892:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
799:
778:
734:
729:
709:oil exploration
661:
631:
611:
582:
539:
486:
484:Initial contact
443:Wheaton College
432:mission station
407:
361:between cousins
328:Eastern Ecuador
320:
280:Roger Youderian
249:the previously
176:
165:
159:
156:
113:
111:
105:
101:primary sources
89:
74:
63:
57:
54:
43:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Operation Auca
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2145:Huaorani Tribe
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:Operation Auca
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2020:Operation Auca
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:Waite Stirling
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Thomas Bridges
1880:
1878:Chet Bitterman
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1798:
1787:
1774:
1773:External links
1771:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:978-1450740760
1726:
1706:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1655:
1638:
1620:
1614:
1598:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1469:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1418:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1371:, p. 157.
1361:
1349:
1347:, p. 157.
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1249:
1225:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1154:
1134:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1078:
1076:, p. 189.
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
898:
881:
869:
857:
845:
832:
830:
827:
798:
795:
777:
774:
749:westernization
733:
730:
728:
725:
717:anthropologist
660:
657:
653:tropical storm
630:
627:
610:
607:
581:
578:
538:
535:
485:
482:
458:Army Air Corps
406:
403:
359:and typically
319:
316:
203:Operation Auca
178:
177:
92:
90:
83:
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:Organizations
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2176:Curaray River
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Joy Ridderhof
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1764:1-57181-448-5
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1745:Life Magazine
1740:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1701:0-520-06499-2
1697:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1678:0-86232-111-5
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:. Saltriver.
1647:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:0-231-11844-9
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1535:0-8423-7151-6
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:0-06-016764-5
1505:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:Colby, Gerard
1489:
1485:
1483:0-8135-3460-7
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(4): 471–94.
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1426:Russell Smith
1422:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1155:9781490835983
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1091:, p. 25.
1090:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
956:, p. 65.
955:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
912:
908:
902:
895:
890:
888:
886:
878:
873:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
833:
826:
824:
820:
819:
814:
812:
811:
806:
805:
794:
790:
788:
784:
783:intermarrying
773:
771:
767:
764:World Radio,
763:
759:
755:
750:
745:
743:
739:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
698:New York City
695:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
676:Latin America
672:
668:
667:
656:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
626:
624:
620:
615:
606:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
577:
575:
571:
570:Curaray River
567:
562:
560:
556:
548:
547:Curaray River
543:
534:
532:
531:Curaray River
526:
524:
520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
500:
490:
481:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:cannibalistic
383:
381:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
293:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
276:Peter Fleming
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Curaray River
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:United States
214:
211:
208:
204:
197:
193:
189:
184:
174:
171:
163:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121: –
120:
116:
115:Find sources:
109:
103:
102:
98:
93:This article
91:
87:
82:
81:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
36:
30:
21:
20:
2283:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2198:
2191:
2125:Rachel Saint
2105:
2098:
2093:Pete Fleming
2091:
2084:
2077:
2061:
2019:
1928:Rachel Saint
1825:
1814:
1805:
1791:
1780:
1754:
1743:
1713:
1710:Drown, Frank
1689:
1668:
1665:Stoll, David
1644:
1631:
1624:Saint, Steve
1605:
1591:
1578:
1566:
1557:
1546:
1521:
1497:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1433:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1144:
1137:
1108:
1096:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
914:. Retrieved
910:
901:
872:
860:
848:
836:
816:
815:
808:
802:
800:
791:
779:
769:
746:
735:
706:
702:
694:Billy Graham
687:
671:Cornell Capa
664:
662:
632:
616:
612:
595:
583:
563:
551:
527:
511:
503:Rachel Saint
495:
470:
454:World War II
451:
440:
430:, a Quechua
408:
405:Missionaries
377:
369:
330:between the
321:
297:
294:
287:
213:missionaries
202:
201:
166:
160:October 2021
157:
147:
140:
133:
126:
114:
94:
64:
58:October 2021
55:
33:
2130:Steve Saint
2115:Frank Drown
1888:Frank Drown
1528:: Tyndale.
1524:. Wheaton,
1357:Rainey 2006
1345:Elliot 2005
1333:Rainey 2006
1169:Elliot 2005
1113:Elliot 2005
1101:Elliot 2005
1074:Elliot 2005
1062:Elliot 2005
1050:Elliot 2005
1038:Elliot 2005
1026:Elliot 2005
1014:Elliot 2005
1002:Elliot 2005
990:Elliot 2005
978:Elliot 2005
942:Elliot 2005
930:Elliot 2005
877:Elliot 2005
823:Joan Thomas
696:crusade in
591:model plane
580:First visit
447:Los Angeles
251:uncontacted
225:rain forest
207:Evangelical
2291:Categories
2100:Ed McCully
2086:Jim Elliot
2079:Nate Saint
1445:References
1412:2007-01-08
1381:Brysk 2004
1369:Rival 2002
1321:Saint 1996
1309:Stoll 1982
1297:Rival 2002
1285:Rival 2002
1243:2020-09-08
1130:Saint 2007
1089:Saint 2007
916:2016-05-28
894:Stoll 1982
853:Rival 2002
818:Five Wives
768:(formerly
555:tree house
537:Palm Beach
357:endogamous
272:Ed McCully
268:Nate Saint
264:Jim Elliot
258:along the
247:evangelize
241:word for '
130:newspapers
97:references
35:neutrality
1959:Ethnos360
1205:NYT 1956c
1193:NYT 1956b
966:Hitt 1959
954:Hitt 1959
659:Aftermath
559:first aid
519:rock salt
412:Guayaquil
353:longhouse
345:plantains
304:Elisabeth
215:from the
210:Christian
46:talk page
2302:Huaorani
2013:Missions
1952:Agencies
1712:(2010).
1667:(1982).
1626:(1996).
1604:(2002).
1520:(2005).
1181:NYT 1956
713:polygamy
523:machetes
365:arranged
39:disputed
2171:Arajuno
2166:Shandia
2140:Mincaye
738:martyrs
587:Nankiwi
574:Arajuno
566:Arajuno
515:buttons
507:Waorani
428:Shandia
424:Spanish
398:Quechua
349:blowgun
336:Curaray
324:Waorani
318:Waorani
284:speared
256:sandbar
243:savages
239:Quechua
229:Ecuador
221:Waorani
144:scholar
2242:(2005)
2232:(2002)
2222:(1967)
2154:Places
2135:Dayuma
2071:People
1871:People
1761:
1724:
1698:
1675:
1653:
1612:
1532:
1506:
1480:
1152:
727:Legacy
684:Christ
648:Panama
629:Search
609:Attack
603:Gikita
499:Dayuma
390:rubber
380:cowodi
373:cowodi
363:, and
341:manioc
308:Rachel
278:, and
237:, the
146:
139:
132:
125:
117:
2268:Shell
2210:Films
2185:Books
2161:Shell
1593:World
1453:Ethos
829:Notes
640:Quito
623:Nampa
599:Nampa
477:Shuar
466:Shell
420:Quito
196:Idaho
192:Nampa
151:JSTOR
137:books
1984:HCJB
1979:TEAM
1806:IMDb
1759:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1259:LIFE
1219:LIFE
1150:ISBN
762:HCJB
666:Life
644:HCJB
619:Dawa
545:The
517:and
343:and
334:and
332:Napo
322:The
289:Life
234:awqa
123:news
32:The
1461:doi
384:as
227:of
190:in
99:to
2293::
1804:,
1720:.
1716:.
1630:.
1590:.
1526:IL
1457:31
1455:.
1432:.
1428:,
1236:.
1120:^
1081:^
909:.
884:^
789:.
760:,
756:,
438:.
274:,
270:,
266:,
194:,
110:.
2054:e
2047:t
2040:v
1858:e
1851:t
1844:v
1831:.
1820:.
1809:.
1797:.
1786:.
1767:.
1730:.
1704:.
1681:.
1659:.
1618:.
1538:.
1512:.
1486:.
1467:.
1463::
1415:.
1335:.
1323:.
1246:.
1207:.
1195:.
1183:.
1158:.
1016:.
919:.
198:.
173:)
167:(
162:)
158:(
148:·
141:·
134:·
127:·
104:.
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
52:.
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
