Kazakhstan: Difference between revisions

295:'''Kazakhstan''',{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|-|ə|k|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|ə|k|.|s|t|ɑː|n}},<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073617/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073601/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Kazakhstan.ogg|US|ˌ|k|ɑː|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131436/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> In local languages: {{lang-kk|Қазақстан|Qazaqstan}}, {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈstɑn|IPA|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Казахстан|Kazakhstan}}, {{IPA-ru|kəzɐxˈstan|IPA}}}} officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''',{{efn|{{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy|link=no}}; {{lang-rus|Республика Казахстан|Respublika Kazakhstan|link=no}}}}<ref name="CIA" /><ref>], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |date=17 June 2015 }}. Retrieved: 7 June 2016.</ref> is a country located in ]. It is the world's largest ], and the ] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900|km²}}.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz |title=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314092716/http://stat.kz/ |archivedate=14 March 2010}}</ref> Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of ] economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.<ref name="time" /> 4839: 6491: 279:'''Kazakhstan''',{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|-|ə|k|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|ə|k|.|s|t|ɑː|n}},<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073617/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073601/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Kazakhstan.ogg|US|ˌ|k|ɑː|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131436/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> In local languages: {{lang-kk|Қазақстан|Qazaqstan}}, {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈstɑn|IPA|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Казахстан|Kazakhstan}}, {{IPA-ru|kəzɐxˈstan|IPA}}}} officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''',{{efn|{{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy|link=no}}; {{lang-rus|Республика Казахстан|Respublika Kazakhstan|link=no}}}}<ref name="CIA" /><ref>], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |date=17 June 2015 }}. Retrieved: 7 June 2016.</ref> is a 7074: 3557: 3438: 5216: with the slogan "Strong Business, Strong State." This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the 2477: 4752: 4528: 2733: 4143:"The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the right to an attorney, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee’s attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defence attorneys to gather evidence. " "The law does not adequately provide for an independent judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited bribes in exchange for favourable rulings in the majority of criminal cases." 325:|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |archivedate=2 December 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan shares borders with ], ], ], ], and ], and also adjoins a large part of the ]. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, ], ], ], ]s, ], snow-capped ]s, and ]s. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |title=Census2010 |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030115/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref> Its ] is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is ], formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from ], the country's largest city. 317:|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |archivedate=2 December 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan shares borders with ], ], ], ], and ], and also adjoins a large part of the ]. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, ], ], ], ]s, ], snow-capped ]s, and ]s. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |title=Census2010 |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030115/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref> Its ] is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is ], formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from ], the country's largest city. 3834: 4760: 5187: 5175: 15579: 3987: 3957: 6487:

period before a strong Russian influence consists of instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as a lot of Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content.

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differences. Banks in Kazakhstan have experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. Together with a rational approach to banking and finance policy, this has helped push Kazakhstan's banking system to a higher level of development. Banking technology and personnel qualifications alike are stronger in Kazakhstan than in Russia. On the negative side, past stability in Kazakhstan arose from the concentration of virtually all political power in the hands of a single individual – the key factor in any assessment of system or country risk. The potential is there for serious disturbances if and when authority passes into new hands.

6382:. Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century. There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Zhıraw (also known as Dospambet Žyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited 495: 19565: 17344: 4988: 4335: 13823: 5098:

policy is accepted as preventive measures needed to help steer the economy towards sustainable growth in the context of the modern global economic and geopolitical challenges, such as the 25%-reduction in the oil price, reciprocal sanctions between the West and Russia over Ukraine, etc. The policy embraces all aspects of economic growth, including finances, industry and social welfare, but especially emphasises investments into the development of infrastructure and construction works. Given recent decreases in revenues from the export of raw materials, funds will be used from Kazakhstan's National Fund.

17194: 18835: 3431: 4036: 16214: 4137:, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention." The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform." 7668: 19156: 7161: 6200: 4702: 5280: 7708: 6646: 6708: 6333: 2164: 435: 5225: 4256: 6895: 4026: 2341: 14700: 4801:

until its closure in 2018. At its peak it had six routes, but in the end it had four routes in operation. It had a fleet of 50 working tram cars. There is an 86 km (53 mi) tram network, which began service in 1965 with, As of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes. The network has a 60% share of the local public transport market. Its fleet of 115 trams are due to be replaced and in 2012, the city announced plans to purchase 100 new trams. There are two tram lines in this city.

1932: 4327: 1944: 2003: 19508: 421: 5291: 19523: 5935: 6465: 4319: 6023: 4186: 4003:. President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine’s independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine." Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan's relations with the European Union will remain normal. It is believed that Nazarbayev's mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine. 19458: 19190: 19117: 17306: 1818: 1213: 5085:, which is nearly an 11% increase. Between 2012 and 2013, the living area per Kazakh citizen rose from 19.6 to 20.9 square metres (211 to 225 square feet). The urban areas concentrate 62.5 percent of the country's housing stock. The UN's recommended standard for housing stands at 30 square metres (320 square feet) per person. Kazakhstan will be able to reach the UN standards by 2019 or 2020, if in the medium term the housing growth rate remains within 7 percent. 3582: 6087: 17848: 16387: 15884: 6109:(forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years. (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, 5024:(EBRD), cochaired the Kazakhstan Foreign Investors’ Council with President Nursultan Nazarbayev. In May 2014, the EBRD and government of Kazakhstan created the Partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$ 2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy. The partnership will boost investment and drive forward reforms in the country. 19473: 19428: 19413: 19398: 19232: 19000: 18939: 18926: 18887: 18874: 17320: 17278: 17250: 17236: 17208: 14346: 4710: 2745: 1956: 19610: 19130: 19580: 7085: 2329: 2284: 16399: 15896: 19538: 19026: 18963: 19065: 18900: 17264: 5071: 2681: 6753: 19078: 19013: 18987: 18822: 19219: 2671: 1715: 19443: 19258: 19143: 19052: 17292: 2245:, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted Russia's rule. It had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from hunger and starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them. 19552: 19284: 19104: 19091: 19039: 4847: 3592: 2663: 19595: 19271: 19245: 18861: 17222: 18913: 3281: 14336: 18848: 1238: 1190: 1171: 1138: 1119: 19490: 71: 6845: 288:

2005. Main Demographic Indicators |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314092716/http://stat.kz/ |archivedate=14 March 2010}}</ref> Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of ] economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.<ref name="time" />

1068: 4720:(KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French loco manufacturer Alstom in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan. In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing center in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing center in Central Asia and the Caucasus. 6565: 5240:

regional exporter of beef, dairy and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a "green economy" by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant

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medium enterprises (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $ 21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country's GDP, with $ 4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector. During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan's economy contracted by 1.2% in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5% and 5% in 2011 and 2012, respectively.

12103: 5784:. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both. In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English). 12246: 8558:"In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." 4816:. Since then, Kazakhstan has consistently taken measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist and there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee. 12249: 10652: 3578:, founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. The opposition parties which were officially registered and competed in the elections won a single seat. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards. 4838: 4281:. As of late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $ 22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $ 4.2 billion, 14% of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP in 2000, was 21.7%; in 2001, it was 17.5%, and in 2002, it was 15.4%. 4150:'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions). 12095: 7197:. In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence." 4365:) in 2012 up from 51.2 million tonnes (50.4 million long tons; 56.4 million short tons) in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13% higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to 13.9 billion cubic metres (490 6483:. The Foundation Asyl Mura is archivating and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical. The leading conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It currently competes with the national conservatoire in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan's capital. 4315:, from 30% to 20%. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5% for personal income in the form of dividends and 10% for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003. 6486:

When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of Kazakhstan from the

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Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central

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delivered an unexpected state-of-the-nation address in Nur-Sultan at an extended session of the Political Council of the Nur Otan party, introducing a "Nurly Jol" (Bright Path), a new economic policy that implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the next several years. The "Nurly Zhol"

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President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which include a ten-year exemption from corporation tax, an eight-year exemption from property tax, and a ten-year freeze on most other taxes. Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30

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describes tourism in Kazakhstan as, "hugely underdeveloped", despite the attractions of the country's dramatic mountain, lake and desert landscapes. Factors hampering an increase in tourist visits are said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure", "poor service" and the logistical difficulties

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Kazakhstan's Supreme Court has taken recent steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country's legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and

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One of the most ambitious targets of the State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country's level of expenditure on research and development to 1% of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18% of GDP. It will be difficult to reach the

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In 2011 Switzerland confiscated US$ 48 million in Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States. US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights

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stations. In May 2011, the construction of the second phase of the Almaty Metro line 1 began. The general contractor is Almatymetrokurylys. Currently more than 300 m (980 ft) of tunnels on the extension project have been excavated. The extension includes five new stations, and will connect

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report on Kazakhstan said that the country "heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practising religion outside state controls.

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In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $ 30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $ 400,000

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In April 2011, president Obama called president Nazarbayev and discussed many cooperative efforts regarding nuclear security, including securing nuclear material from the BN-350 reactor. They reviewed progress on meeting goals that the two presidents established during their bilateral meeting at the

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The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $ 100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan. The project aims to provide relevant

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sources such as the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects give an estimate of 19,196,465. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 18.459 million as of April 2019. In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year according to the

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in almost all of the report's pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication

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Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis well, by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for small and

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Kazakhstan's fiscal situation is stable. The government has continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support

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Kazakhstan has the largest and strongest performing economy in Central Asia. Supported by rising oil output and prices, Kazakhstan's economy grew at an average of 8% per year until 2013, before suffering a slowdown in 2014 and 2015 Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its

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Kazakhstan actively supports UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, the Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire. In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through a

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Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localities; all others are designated rural. At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Nur-Sultan, which are classified as

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are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tonnes (3.4 billion long tons) of oil and 2.5 billion cubic metres (88 billion cubic feet) of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is 6.1 billion tonnes

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stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans"). Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided in two main categories: the

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Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstan's Constitution. Article 39 states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or

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In October 2014, Kazakhstan introduced its first overseas dollar bonds in 14 years. Kazakhstan issued $ 2.5 billion of 10- and 30-year bonds on 5 October 2014, in what was the nation's first dollar-denominated overseas sale since 2000. Kazakhstan sold $ 1.5 billion of 10-year dollar bonds to yield

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in 2014. According to EY's 2014 Kazakhstan Attractiveness Survey, "Investor confidence in Kazakhstan’s potential is also at an all-time high with 47.3% of respondents expecting Kazakhstan to become increasingly attractive over the next three years." The high level of economic, political and social

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The government of Kazakhstan has set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($ 0.12). The price for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants is 16.71 tenge ($ 0.09), and from biogas

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system is under construction. It's been a long time coming and the project was abandoned at one point in 2013, but an agreement was signed on 7 May 2015 for the project to go ahead. The system was opened between 1959 and 1978, and the tram was a popular form of transport in Oskemen/Ust-Kamenogorsk

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Kazakhstan's economy grew at an average of 8% per year over the past decade on the back of hydrocarbon exports. Despite the lingering uncertainty of the global economy, Kazakhstan's economy has been stable. GDP growth in January–September 2013 was 5.7%, according to preliminary calculations of the

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On 4 December 2005, Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected in an apparent landslide victory. The electoral commission announced that he had won over 90% of the vote. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) concluded the election did not meet international standards despite some

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Another very challenging aspect arises from the young composers generation, and the rock and jazz musicians, as they aim to incorporate their traditional heritage into the music they learned from the western cultures, thus forming a new stage of "ethnic contemporary classics", respectively ethnic

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The current situation could be described as the effort to rediscover the traditional music as it had been practised before the heavy influence of European musical styles. Although the quality of the performances and the striving for authenticity cannot be ignored, it is for methodological reasons

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Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52% of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national research

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listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country. A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption, access to information, and prosecuting corruption. Kazakhstan has

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will enable the country to produce as much as 3 million barrels (480,000 m) per day by 2015, and Kazakhstan would be among the top 10 oil-producing nations in the world. Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $ 7 billion, representing 65% of overall exports and 24% of the

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located in ] with the most western parts of it being located in ]. It is the world's largest ], and the ] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900|km²}}.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz |title=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK).

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The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitised manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920,

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US$ 1.6 billion), or around 1.1% of GDP. Some 11% of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40–70% of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new services and production

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As of May 2014, Kazakhstan attracted $ 190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it leads the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita. One of the factors that attract foreign direct investments is country's political stability. According to the World

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The Khorgos Gateway dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary dry ports for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ that officially commenced operations in

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From January to September 2014 Kazakhstan's GDP grew at 4%. According to the results from the first half of the year, the current account surplus is $ 6.6 billion, a figure two times higher than that of the first half of 2013. According to the Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, Kairat

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During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major

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J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon after. Since then, the industry has shrunk and been restructured, with system-wide loans dropping to 39% of GDP in 2011 from 59% in 2007. Although the Russian and Kazakhstani banking systems share several common features, there are also some fundamental

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Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover in 2018 was $ 93.5 billion, which is 19.7% more compared to 2017. Export in 2018 reached $ 67 billion (+25.7% vs 2017) and import was $ 32.5 billion (+9.9% vs 2017). Exports accounted for 40.1% of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018. Kazakhstan

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met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic

6490: 4058:(the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments, and a large amount of equipment that had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the 6505:

The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, conservatories, where the European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh

5008:

As of 2014, foreign investors had placed a total of $ 211.5 billion in Kazakhstan. According to the US State Department, Kazakhstan is widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region. In 2002 the country became the first sovereign in the former Soviet Union to receive an

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Asia, and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine are now partners, and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European, and Central Asian countries in the tourism market.

3624:

In 2010, president Nazarbayev rejected a call from supporters to hold a referendum to keep him in office until 2020. He insisted on presidential elections for a five-year term. In a vote held on 3 April 2011, president Nazarbayev received 95.54% of the vote with 89.9% of registered voters

3018:, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $ 40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13% of gross domestic product). According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest 4890:

The Kazakh Government, long characterised as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition, has started an initiative named the "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020". This initiative aims to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan:

4598:, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some 479: 10644: 3983:

Nuclear Security Summit in 2010. Since 2014 the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018. On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.

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methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of Kazakhstan's innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2% of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries.

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was needed in the first years of independence. Emphasis was on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind achievements in the economy. By 2006, Kazakhstan generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.

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Kazakhstan ranked 25th in the annual 2019 World Bank Doing Business Report - an increase of 11 positions year over year. Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum

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are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 square kilometres (79,000 sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 square kilometres

6550:, a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of 483: 17733: 476: 5313:

The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3% and 51.7% of the population, respectively.

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roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.

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prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1–3% in 2008 and 2009, and then rising again from 2010. Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of uranium.

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Since 2002, the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the

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Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |title=Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution |accessdate=27 December 2016 |url-status=live

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held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion.

4099:(UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered as the most important part of KNB. Its director is 4006:

Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in south-eastern Ukraine." In 2018, Kazakhstan signed the UN treaty on the

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2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan is $ 3.08 billion or 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranks Kazakhstan 81st in its 2017 report, which is four positions higher compared to the previous period. Kazakhstan received 6.5 million tourists in 2016.

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in the suburbs. Its length will be 8.62 km (5.36 mi). The construction is divided into 3 phases. The first phase (the current phase) will be the addition of two stations: Sairan and Moscow, a length of 2.7 km (1.7 mi). For more details see:

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With support from the US Department of State's Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to bolster free expression and journalistic rights in Kazakhstan.

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not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council recently affirmed these rights by ruling that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.

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target as long as economic growth remains strong. Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6% in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$ 598 million to PPP$ 714 million between 2005 and 2013.

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The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after

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The banking industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan experienced a pronounced boom and bust cycle over 2000s decade. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including

12928: 63: 6480:, a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed 4248:. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources. 9756: 4430:

has introduced deposit insurance in its campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Due to troubling and non-performing bad assets the bank sector yet is at risk to lose stability. Several major foreign banks have branches in Kazakhstan, including

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production of 7.3 billion cubic metres (260 billion cubic feet). Kazakhstan holds about 4 billion tonnes (3.9 billion long tons; 4.4 billion short tons) of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic kilometres (480

9028: 4092:. During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic metres (25,356 cu ft) of water. 14283: 2517:(in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the 8408:: 1. The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazakh language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh language. 5080:

The housing market of Kazakhstan has grown since 2010. In 2013, the total housing area in Kazakhstan amounted to 336.1 million square metres (3,618 million square feet). The housing stock rose over the year to 32.7 million

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In the national cuisine, livestock meat can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments often include black tea and traditional milk-derived drinks such as

1533:, was characterised as an authoritarian, and his government was accused of numerous human rights violations, including suppression of dissent and censorship of the media. Nazarbayev resigned in March 2019 but was made the Kazakh 4409:

reform program in 1998. As of 1 January 2012, the pension assets were about $ 17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was

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designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader

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The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000

17723: 11661: 6413:) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E. 19994: 6170:("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (Ph.D.). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed. 2229:

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the

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Since 2002, Kazakhstan has sought to manage strong inflows of foreign currency without sparking inflation. Inflation has not been under strict control, however, registering 6.6% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003, and 6.4% in 2004.

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councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.

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and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education. The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.

16826: 13673: 12814: 3918:. The official response of the Assembly was that because Kazakhstan is partially located in Europe,it could apply for full membership, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at the Council until its 2575:. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader 18687: 17089: 7073: 4665:

Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.15,333 km (9,527 mi) of

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and hay land. Over 80% of the country's total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).

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in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates the pension funds. The growing demand of the pension funds for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt

16892: 11731: 8906: 4423:, including government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan is studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it. 9750: 4881:

In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked 51st in the world in terms of number of tourist arrivals. In 2000 total 1.47 million international tourists visited Kazakhstan, which was increased to 4.81 million in 2012.

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level of 3.5% of GDP to a deficit of 1.2% of GDP in 2003. Government revenues grew from 19.8% of GDP in 1999 to 22.6% of GDP in 2001, but decreased to 16.2% of GDP in 2003. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new

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investment-grade credit rating from an international credit rating agency. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a more significant role in the national economy than in most other former Soviet republics.

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Reforms have begun to be implemented after the election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in June 2019. Tokayev supports a culture of opposition, public assembly, and loosening rules on forming political parties.

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Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.

12274: 7709: 11701: 6329:. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of the history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs. 12140: 3873:

in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the

13617: 13279: 9036: 3621:, won every seat with 88% of the vote. None of the opposition parties has reached the benchmark 7% level of the seats. Opposition parties made accusations of serious irregularities in the election. 2084:. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes ( 18714: 4164:

In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intends to digitise all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018.

9387: 9252: 16913: 5753:, which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an "official" language, and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication, although Kazakh is slowly replacing it. 1461: 9544: 18704: 10797: 9524: 3817: 3735:). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government. 12516: 15: 18682: 12538: 10057: 470: 4977:

Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. According to the Green Economy Plan, Kazakhstan committed to meet 50% of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050.

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China is one of the main economic and trade partners of Kazakhstan. In 2013, China launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) where Kazakhstan is given an important role as a transit hub.

10720: 9886: 2595: 18697: 18692: 13259: 9755:[Public signing of the Decree "On some issues of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan"] (in Russian). President of Kazakhstan. 19 June 2018. 5466:, a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and 2314:

settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

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The strategy of transport development in Kazakhstan until 2015 is to build 1,600 km (990 mi) of new electrified and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of existing railway stations.

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are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except

6440:), a philosophical treatise and collection of poems where he criticises Russian colonial policies and encourages other Kazakhs to embrace education and literacy. The literary magazines 13717: 12485: 10075: 10014: 9335: 9309: 8473: 6929:

is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the

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According to Chinese written sources of 6th–8th centuries CE, Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods, and were primarily transmitted by

3556: 11982: 6871:, they were an extra-time in the semi-final from reaching the final for the first time. In 2012, they were even closer when they took it to a penalty shootout. The team won the first 3403:, several of which are protected. Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichen. 9984: 4745:

international exhibition. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m2 station is expected to be used by 54 trains a day and has capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.

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in 1978. Bandy is developed in 10 of the country's 17 administrative divisions (8 of the 14 regions and 2 of the 3 cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).

6558:. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavours 12876: 10123: 471: 19964: 14320: 11766: 6825:

was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the

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Kazakhstan established a visa-free regime for citizens of 45 countries, including European Union and OECD member states, the US, the UAE, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.

2935:. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres (490 and 980 feet). The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare 2476: 13150: 4062:. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005. 19984: 17713: 4229:

the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.

3498:. The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the cabinet. 12012: 6494: 18642: 17788: 11927: 11613: 11491: 10286: 10101: 10773: 9786: 9413: 6173:

Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $ 9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Nur-Sultan and Kyzylorda.

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Kelimbetov, the increase was caused by a trade surplus of 17.4 percent, or approximately US$ 22.6 billion. The overall inflation rate for 2014 is forecasted at 7.4 percent.

3437: 12811: 18652: 18637: 18632: 18622: 18612: 18102: 17728: 17385: 16923: 15303: 11311: 3100:(EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues. 10250: 5427:

era. In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about 1 million

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of travel in a geographically enormous, underdeveloped country. Even for locals, going for holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.

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According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness. One year later, the

11723: 11256: 8898: 8518:: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians." 6580:

important to remember that the contemporary musicians performing among traditional folk music are all well trained professionals (Rauchan Orazbaeva, Ramazan Stamgazi).

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A Kazakhstan performer demonstrates the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of the Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.

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peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the US Military.

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The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" have been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improving policy to attract FDI.

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In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tonnes (2.7 billion long tons) of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the

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Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and Chilisai deposit of

17073: 12197: 11374: 2379:(RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was a mainly Russian-populated town of 1368: 11460: 10857: 6797:

in the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his career, he won multiple titles and medals at some of the world's most prestigious basketball competitions, including the

4221:

Kazakhstan's economy grew by 4.6% in 2014. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the

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The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the

19305: 18811: 17646: 12221: 11400: 9499: 13695: 12670: 12270: 11858: 10554: 4114:

In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.

11573: 9192: 9123: 12132: 11697: 11141: 9970: 18326: 16446: 15294: 13613: 13287: 7313: 3874: 1637: 10532: 5968:, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today. 4200: 19999: 16887: 16836: 9383: 9244: 6156:; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the 3889: 3539:

deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the parliament.

10695: 4751: 18677: 10351: 9548: 6450:(published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs. 6011:

Muslims. There are a total of 2,300 mosques, all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme

3058:. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also currently has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas. 1856:(i.e. ponies) in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times Central Asia was inhabited by groups like the possibly Proto-Indo-European 11051: 10794: 10674: 9521: 7891: 2845:(plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry 18584: 18074: 17884: 17164: 17159: 17068: 17053: 13479: 12513: 10836: 9222: 8429: 6428:, sometimes russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is 5062:

1.5 percentage points above midswaps and $ 1 billion of 30-year debt at two percentage points over midswaps. The country drew bids for $ 11 billion.

4741:, the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Nur-Sultan on 31 May 2017. The opening of the station coincided with the start of the 2732: 2446: 2178:

In the first half of the 18th century the Russian Empire constructed the Irtysh line, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including

12534: 10049: 9820: 8955: 8017: 2090:). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. 17378: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 9692: 9578: 9149: 8310: 6814: 4527: 1072: 232: 161: 13235: 11880: 11279: 9648: 8847: 4727:

era, rail routes were designed ignoring intersoviet borders and to the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused anomalies such as the route from

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Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with

18751: 17063: 17018: 14685: 14258: 13071: 10724: 10137: 9883: 6066: 5021: 3574:, headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the 3527:; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The senate has 47 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies ( 13256: 12951: 3795:

on the administrative level equal to that of a district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts. At the lowest level are

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Bank's report, Kazakhstan is among the top 40% of countries in the world that are considered the most politically stable and free of violence.

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participating. In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan. As of 2010, Kazakhstan was reported on the

2344: 2113:. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 990: 12325: 12064: 12034: 11780: 8974: 17058: 13721: 12743: 10071: 10006: 9941: 9331: 9301: 9079: 8729: 6830: 4059: 3097: 2544:

test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 and had negative ecological and biological consequences. The

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says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion", and other human rights organisations regularly describe

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to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.

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Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3

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Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.

17851: 17371: 16846: 15934: 14659: 14476: 14268: 12872: 10115: 8381: 6956: 6033:

One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Other Christian groups include

3937:), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China, as well as with the United States and the rest of the 2470: 2418: 2384: 901: 12354: 11754: 8872: 7850:

Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior

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as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle. The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian

494: 18744: 18657: 18572: 17967: 17697: 17011: 16992: 14893: 13154: 13128: 13026: 6794: 5448: 4862: 4020: 3495: 1036: 14368: 11837: 10992: 9098: 6623:. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as 19715: 12004: 10416: 8067: 7116: 7088: 4874: 3833: 1142: 13453: 12607: 11919: 11901: 11603: 11483: 10282: 10097: 9409: 5160:

The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.

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Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997; though it is still socially unaccepted in most parts. Discrimination against

16841: 15287: 14669: 10960: 10765: 10476: 9778: 9721:"On Administrative-Territorial Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 8 December 1993" 8113: 6822: 3915: 3642:

On 26 April 2015, the fifth presidential election was held in Kazakhstan. Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97.7% of votes.

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and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or

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economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.

19670: 17828: 17682: 16851: 16346: 16223: 15588: 14903: 12646: 11949: 9473: 9443: 6727: 5401: 3773:

s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.

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camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". Many moved due to the policy of

1633: 1431: 1371:

in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of

15869:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

14425: 13092: 13047: 11305: 8338: 6389:

Other notable bards include Kaztugan Žyrau, Žiembet Žyrau, Axtamberdy Žyrau, and Buxar Žyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to

5251:

fixes a target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.

4493:

Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation.

2717: – Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the 2038:, the largest in world history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent 20009: 17666: 14795: 13596: 12789: 10246: 6357:

zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the

5956:, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of 5186: 3532: 13351: 11018: 10896: 10600: 8987: 8778: 7864: 4690:) gauge, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) electrified, in 2012. Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from 2034:

connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the

17877: 17656: 16972: 16831: 14141: 13214: 13003: 12765: 12413: 10327: 10224: 8939: 8679: 8553: 8533: 8513: 8483: 8375: 8303:Перепись населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года. Краткие итоги. (Census for the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Short Summary) 7858: 7043: 6697: 6681: 6145: 3291: 2617:

on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself

2272:

oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians

1849: 11248: 10745: 10630: 2610: 20004: 16882: 15239: 14949: 14489: 12727: 12708: 12689: 12589: 12565: 9218: 8685: 8405: 7357: 6872: 5169: 3945:

space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle

3295: 2131:

participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "

173: 118: 93: 72: 13574: 12850: 12288: 10926: 10571: 10300: 9903: 9596: 9278: 18090: 15280: 11635: 11226: 11163: 10373: 8090: 7340: 7120: 6498: 3901: 2545: 2407: 2198:(1752), to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory. In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of 2143:

used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including

1779: 1641: 31: 28: 13747: 9057: 8707: 8598: 8140: 8010: 4869:

has accounted for 0.3% of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government has plans to increase it to 3% by 2020. According to the

4398:

with 8 billion barrels (1.3 billion cubic metres) and 1,350 cubic kilometres (320 cubic miles) of natural gas; and

19751: 19182: 17394: 15772: 15086: 13631: 13553: 9847: 9728: 7804: 7264: 7248: 6685: 6133: 6099: 5112: 4911:

Oblasts. It also seeks investment of $ 4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.

4470: 4270: 3905: 3850: 3082:. These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US 2907: 1751: 1621: 1175: 191: 12437: 12189: 11378: 8819: 8253: 7825: 2125:, the Kazakh won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729. 516: 19689: 19370: 18767: 18516: 17034: 14253: 14190: 14160: 14115: 14096: 14069: 14050: 14021: 14002: 13958: 13939: 13920: 13876: 13857: 13124: 12218: 11452: 10035: 9357: 8885: 7259: 7254: 7040: 6798: 6771: 6767: 6207:

Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy.

5036:

stability and Kazakhstan's competitive corporate tax rate were the primary reasons mentioned for its attractiveness.

4738: 4735:

now passes briefly through Russian territory. It also means that routes might not suit modern-day Kazakhstani needs.

3893: 3858: 3854: 3842: 3650: 3083: 2454: 2434: 1798: 1625: 1612:

has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. Kazakhstan is a member of the

1597: 1445:

The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic

13687: 9495: 4426:

The banking system of Kazakhstan is developing rapidly and the system's capitalisation now exceeds $ 1 billion. The

19944: 17870: 14954: 14664: 13809: 12667: 11854: 10818: 10558: 6318: 5373: 4775:. A second and third metro lines are planned in the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at 4660: 4354: 4206: 3941:. Russia currently leases approximately 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 sq mi) of territory enclosing the 3120:, with warm summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Nursultan is the second coldest capital city in the world after 2426: 2323: 2219: 1507: 916: 12486:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 11569: 11517: 11310:[The tram system in Ust-Kamenogorsk completely ceased operation] (in Russian). Informburo. 12 March 2018. 9805: 9752:Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан" 9188: 9115: 8227: 5157:

in Kazakhstan. Proceedings eventually involved US$ 84 million in the US and another US$ 60 million in Switzerland

3535:(fourteen regions plus the cities of Nur-Sultan and Almaty). The president appoints the remaining seven senators. 1758: 17833: 17818: 17641: 15927: 15837: 14876: 14849: 14469: 13765: 13389: 11133: 9966: 7214: 6876: 6361:(akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs. There were several types of works, such as 5323: 4667: 4089: 3828: 2618: 2359:

in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of

1522: 1468:

etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, the territory was subjugated by the

1306: 975: 662: 11192: 6230: 6072:

According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.

2234:, which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, 1914: 19895: 18496: 16437: 16326: 14972: 14735: 10528: 8656: 8636: 6922: 6856: 6652:

is professional cycling team representing Kazakhstan and sponsored by the state-owned companies from Kazakhstan

6244: 5153:

implemented anticorruption reforms that have been recognized by organizations like Transparency International.

2713:

With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to

2504:'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader 1736: 1534: 1123: 732: 208: 180: 133: 111: 16415: 11341: 8779:"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives" 3995:

specialised UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.

19959: 19776: 17749: 16987: 16877: 14888: 7234: 7189: 6868: 6864: 6834: 5764:

as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include

5108: 4459: 4029: 2954: 2560: 2430: 2018:

entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the

1518: 1328: 16958:

Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference

14303: 13426:

GÖMEC, Saadettin (2009). "The Identity of Oguz Kagan, the Oguz in the History and the Epics of Oguz Kagan".

10884:

Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation

10343: 9865:

Joint Statement on the meeting between president Obama and Kazakhstan president Nazarbayev | The White House

9626: 5198:

Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (

4225:

The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014. Another 22% devaluation occurred in August 2015.

1765: 20019: 17783: 17692: 17636: 16330: 15685: 15008: 14864: 14803: 13985: 13903: 11043: 10688: 10666: 9014: 8538:"Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin" 8052: 7888: 6584:

rock or jazz music that sounds distinctly Kazakh. For the classical sector outstanding: Aqtoty Raimkulova,

5953: 5436: 5190:

Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60

4984:

occur by 2050. The green economy is projected to increase GDP by 3% and create more than 500,000 new jobs.

4134: 3986: 3956: 3618: 3461: 2657: 2614: 2489: 1296: 762: 169: 89: 13475: 10832: 9214: 9076: 8961: 8443:

Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan".

4824:

Kazakhstan has vast deposits of uranium, precious metals, metals, ores, alloys, ferroalloys and minerals.

3609:

On 17 August 2007, elections to the lower house of parliament were held and a coalition led by the ruling

434: 19663: 19348: 17773: 16982: 15863:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

14939: 14934: 14417: 14339: 14242: 14088: 9824: 9466:"World|Asia-Pacific|Q&A: Kazakhstan parliamentary election Kazakh poll fairness questioned" 7960: 6818: 5938: 4780: 4427: 4051: 4000: 3870: 3560: 3298:

in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. Common plants are

3125: 3005: 2766:

It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with

1732: 1697:, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term 19702: 9685: 9570: 9145: 5960:

and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of

4865:

and the largest landlocked country. Today, tourism is not a major component of the economy. As of 2014,

3645:

On 19 March 2019, Nazarbayev announced his resignation from the presidency. Kazakhstan's senate speaker

1494:

in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the

20014: 19854: 19842: 19830: 19793: 19764: 19739: 19727: 17778: 17651: 16872: 15920: 15149: 15101: 14871: 14839: 14699: 14462: 14221: 14035: 13231: 11884: 8844: 8751: 5972: 5912: 5831: 5260: 5241: 4473:

nations. In 2018, $ 24 billion of FDI was directed into Kazakhstan, a significant increase since 2012.

4304: 4154: 4123: 3108: 2703: 2529: 1853: 1747: 1554: 1276: 1054: 1007: 100: 16379:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

14369:

2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor

13068: 12948: 12133:"In Surprise State of the Nation Address, Kazakh President Unveils Massive Infrastructure Investments" 8421: 8133: 6518:

and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by

6251:

Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy:

3929:

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multivector foreign policy" (

1434:

is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is

19883: 19805: 19648: 14944: 14929: 14881: 14613: 13503: 11957: 7193:

were to stop printing for three months. The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as

7176: 7172: 6930: 4538: 4522: 4466: 4237: 4168: 13779: 13519: 13179: 12154: 11484:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news" 10181: 10158: 8763: 8568: 8278: 8193: 4987: 19954: 19871: 19315: 18567: 18461: 15204: 15076: 14898: 14854: 14298: 12026: 9933: 8735: 7335: 7323: 7036: 6860: 6559: 6539: 6481: 5846: 5749:

languages) spoken natively by 64.4% of the population, has the status of "state" language, whereas

4055: 3585: 3487: 3412: 2077: 1617: 812: 593: 12898: 5111:

that was published at the beginning of September 2014. Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the

4469:

inflows into the country at a 7% growth rate making it the most attractive place to invest out of

4157:

of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.

3086:

Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m) of oil per day in 2009.

3010:

Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of

2226:

effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

17893: 17798: 16977: 16288: 15144: 15113: 15081: 15071: 14967: 14859: 14844: 14808: 14708: 10438: 8394: 8041: 7923: 7772: 7724: 7329: 6743: 6403:

are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century. The

6317:". Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of 6194: 6177:

training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and current employees in need of training.

6081: 5736: 4904: 4656: 4381:) of gas. According to industry analysts, expansion of oil production and the development of new 3960: 3878: 3704: 3666: 3567: 3450: 2653: 2533: 2238:, in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations. 2199: 1948: 1725: 1629: 1530: 1227: 1100: 1023: 747: 13822: 11801: 7981: 7127:

is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.

6118: 5927:, while 0.5% chose not to answer. According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan is a secular state. 4334: 2410:). During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh cultured society were executed — as part of the 2268:

was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in

2135:" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakh suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga 598: 420: 19710: 19656: 18456: 16918: 16495: 15358: 15189: 15061: 15038: 15003: 14827: 14373: 10506: 7687: 7276: 7008: 6477: 6053:

is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan. Other religious groups include Judaism, the

5793: 5333: 4908: 4900: 4717: 4451:

have both recently entered the Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and

4432: 4350: 3416: 3275: 1150: 1094: 708: 626: 187: 14232: 8365: 8158:"Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators" 4419:

market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government

19817: 19693: 19363: 16320: 15841: 15704: 15675: 15232: 15209: 15159: 14986: 14917: 14813: 14497: 14377: 13257:

More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news

12350: 8869: 8820:"Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934" 8157: 7352: 6938: 6786: 6756: 6186: 6034: 6026: 5428: 5416: 4833: 4180: 4147: 4054:. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the 3963: 3908: 3672: 3662: 3646: 3479: 3445: 2818:. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the 2509: 2072:

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh

1812: 1542: 1538: 849: 753: 66: 18059: 13114: 13023: 10978: 9727:. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center of Legal Information. 5305:

International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019), while

4128:

Kazakhstan's human rights situation is described as poor by independent observers. The 2015

2065:

tribes, a process which was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the

1701:

is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs.

19320: 19161: 18578: 18531: 18408: 17363: 16188: 15194: 15164: 15118: 15018: 14639: 14359: 13831: 13044:"KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage" 11833: 11759:

International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015)

10983: 8445: 7068: 7028: 6984: 6914: 6880: 6802: 6763: 6731: 6701: 6677: 6547: 6515: 6153: 6054: 5420: 5207: 5149: 5094: 4870: 4278: 3636: 3516: 3475: 2628:, became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner, which 2625: 2481: 2450: 2303: 2095: 1526: 827: 777: 738: 440: 18736: 17003: 13850:

Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997

12271:"Kazakhstan should build on its efforts to fight corruption and push forward with reforms" 10408: 9095: 8064: 7381:

Kazakhstani includes all citizens, in contrast to Kazakh, which is the demonym for ethnic

6749:

Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing.

6352:: professional storytellers and musical performers. Traces of this tradition are shown on 6152:

that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the

3093:

located in north western Kazakhstan, with a resource of 500–800 million tonnes of 9% ore.

2698:, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two 2609:

on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted

2421:(whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the 454: 8: 19939: 19849: 18106: 16577: 16265: 15797: 15630: 15428: 15248: 15199: 15184: 15128: 15066: 15056: 15051: 14730: 14593: 14262: 13445: 12615: 11905: 10206:, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015. 9884:"Readout of the President's Call to President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan" | The White House 8075: 7155: 6992: 6656:

Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in

6640: 6459: 6405: 6353: 6095: 5908: 5816: 5228: 4809: 4366: 4291:

and financial sector reforms, has dramatically improved government finance from the 1999

4047: 3942: 3751: 3649:

became acting president after Nursultan Nazarbayev's resignation. Later, Tokayev won the

3364: 3352: 3117: 2807: 2803: 2564: 2287: 2114: 1885: 1881: 1657: 1537:

chairman-for-life, and had the capital's name changed to his first name. Senate Chairman

716: 337: 215:), is IT sourced. Europe/Asia border is in 2 places: Istanbul Bosporus, and Russian Urals 15776: 10956: 10468: 8110: 3430: 1772: 19989: 18333: 16430: 16244: 15696: 15272: 15169: 15033: 14237: 13968: 13886: 12230: 11014: 10612: 10177: 10154: 10116:"Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June" 10050:"Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements" 8671:

Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser Of the German-Russian Volga Colonies

8274: 6996: 6942: 6157: 6114: 5769: 5283: 4416: 4395: 4129: 3946: 3491: 2815: 2811: 2699: 2497: 2352: 2257: 2148: 2027: 1889: 1857: 1550: 1499: 1364: 1288: 783: 426: 212: 137: 107: 12638: 12351:"Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan" 9465: 9435: 8870:

Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands'

8341:. Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010. Archived from 6102:

is 99.5%. On average, these statistics are equal to both women and men in Kazakhstan.

2080:

to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control

1506:, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the 19722: 17615: 17439: 17429: 17411: 17405: 16547: 16398: 16023: 15912: 15895: 15403: 14959: 14649: 14573: 14186: 14156: 14137: 14111: 14092: 14081: 14065: 14046: 14017: 13998: 13954: 13935: 13916: 13872: 13853: 13210: 13088: 13043: 12999: 12761: 12409: 10879: 10323: 10072:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 8935: 8881: 8675: 8652: 8632: 8479: 8371: 8342: 7854: 7822:"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2016 года" 7164: 7160: 7124: 7051: 6976: 6968: 6292: 6268: 6126: 6106: 5965: 5424: 5279: 4245: 3791:

on the administrative level equal to that of a region. At the intermediate level are

3358: 2576: 2556: 2505: 2493: 2360: 2248:

From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began

1877: 1861: 1503: 1450: 1260: 962: 798: 14179: 13593: 12781: 10007:"Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan's Economic Resilience" 6645: 6631:. They also drink their national beverage, which consists of fermented mare's milk. 5148:. In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries and the 19356: 19335: 19330: 19325: 17823: 16856: 16283: 15833: 14998: 14603: 14583: 14548: 13343: 10216: 8793: 8454: 7848: 7739: 7715: 7517: 7511: 7404: 7298: 7047: 7004: 6898: 6888: 6707: 6535: 6417: 6341: 6332: 6252: 6227:

further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.

6199: 6149: 6122: 5750: 5746: 5397: 5302: 5032: 5017: 4728: 4452: 4222: 4035: 3722: 3690: 3471: 2674: 2644:, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union. 2399: 2356: 2277: 2163: 1675: 1609: 1469: 1465: 1202: 572: 395: 16: 12855:

Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics

11604:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists" 19570: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18466: 17349: 17174: 17169: 16647: 16239: 15955: 15888: 15801: 15609: 15488: 15315: 15123: 15046: 15013: 14755: 14725: 14588: 14315: 13600: 13581: 13507: 13263: 13075: 13030: 12955: 12837: 12818: 12731: 12712: 12693: 12674: 12593: 12520: 12253: 12225: 10801: 10753: 10626: 10607: 10575: 10188: 10165: 9890: 9871: 9528: 9102: 9083: 9064: 8994: 8876: 8851: 8669: 8401: 8285: 8144: 8121: 8117: 8094: 8071: 8048: 7895: 7808: 7702: 7678: 7398: 7294: 7107: 6934: 6790: 6723: 6649: 6555: 6433: 6421: 6306: 6302: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6236: 6190: 6038: 5949: 5777: 5773: 5742: 5274: 5224: 4855: 4701: 4619: 4308: 4284: 4255: 4100: 3930: 3708: 3676: 3626: 3396: 3330: 3128:

varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.

2830: 2770:, 1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres (653 mi) with 2753: 2514: 2280:

was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

2122: 2066: 1667: 1601: 585: 564: 370: 16893:

United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

14350: 12724: 12705: 12686: 12586: 12561: 8458: 6534:. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear 4914:

Kazakhstan offers a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of

2551:

In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the

19556: 19513: 19200: 18536: 17808: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 16732: 16522: 16445: 15866: 15563: 15378: 15023: 14720: 14654: 14634: 12873:"Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan" 12858: 11902:"EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment" 10974: 9649:"CEC announces preliminary results of 2019 Presidential Election in Kazakhstan" 9592: 9274: 8098: 7308: 7302: 7286: 6964: 6950: 6894: 6859:

is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the

6605: 6585: 6507: 6383: 6326: 6322: 6276: 6256: 6046: 5781: 5765: 5757: 5306: 5270: 4420: 4399: 4339: 4292: 4241: 4025: 3967: 3897: 3885: 3838: 3346: 3336: 2996:, 8 km (5 mi) in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old. 2726: 2714: 2568: 2364: 2340: 2299: 2291: 2269: 2231: 2207: 2140: 2110: 2062: 2039: 2019: 1909: 1613: 1605: 1495: 993: 875: 862: 225: 154: 14325: 13743: 12319:"Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies" 11481: 11218: 11167: 9361: 8087: 7099:

studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award-winning movies such as

5975:

form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are

3132:

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan

2521:

had become a minority in the country, making up 30% of the population. Ethnic

1959:

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.

19933: 19528: 18521: 18216: 16737: 16602: 16423: 16391: 16249: 15900: 15648: 15614: 15448: 15154: 15091: 14765: 14760: 14745: 14618: 14598: 14563: 14553: 14440: 14427: 14354: 14310: 14299:"Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011 10588: 9571:"Kazakhstan strongman leader re-elected with 97.7% amid record voter turnout" 8699: 8651:". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. 8137: 7847:

Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013).

6972: 6963:

and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers (

6689: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6310: 6166: 6110: 6042: 5861: 5463: 5440: 5432: 5389: 5353: 5082: 4768: 4623:. It has no common name in English, but is known in its native Kazakhstan as 4595: 4559: 4411: 4274: 3938: 3750:

has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the

3631: 3400: 3392: 2993: 2969: 2956: 2948: 2922: 2909: 2893: 2866: 2858: 2842: 2749: 2688: 2684: 2501: 2442: 2242: 2203: 2167: 2136: 2091: 2035: 1931: 1491: 1454: 1321: 713: 531: 518: 15259: 13545: 12969:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation" 12830: 11514:"Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States" 9851: 9720: 8249: 7801: 6416:

The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to

6049:), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox 6022: 4326: 4185: 3746:

have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of

2002: 1943: 1924: 47: 19907: 19463: 19195: 19122: 18393: 18353: 18343: 18166: 17813: 17578: 17488: 17311: 16722: 16304: 16183: 16148: 15653: 15619: 15568: 14608: 14558: 14543: 14249: 13827: 12429: 12382:. New York and Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2012. 11920:"Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors" 11608: 9358:"Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan" 9033:

U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis

8831: 7821: 7032: 7016: 7012: 6946: 6926: 6711: 6661: 6527: 6511: 6376: 6337: 6314: 6224: 6161: 5357: 5294: 4883: 4851: 4797: 4790: 4724: 4632: 4391: 4387: 4065:

The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41

4040: 3975: 3923: 3581: 3067: 2874: 2838: 2775: 2718: 2572: 2211: 2022:

and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities

2015: 1845: 1593: 1511: 1473: 1395: 1372: 1360: 949: 608: 220: 149: 141: 19378: 17862: 17755:

GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)

13614:"Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast" 10031: 8786:

Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies

6975:

in 2012) were recognised as the best boxers for their techniques with the

6506:

traditional music into these academic structures. Controlled first by the

6464: 5934: 4318: 2480:

The International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the

1341: 19890: 19310: 18526: 18241: 18131: 17803: 17661: 17569: 17509: 17417: 17199: 16800: 16760: 16707: 16642: 16403: 16133: 16073: 16068: 15963: 15731: 15548: 15483: 15179: 15027: 14750: 14740: 14293: 11698:"Kazakhstan abolishes visa requirements for travellers from 45 countries" 10814: 9332:"Nazarbayev ally wins big in Kazakhstan election after hundreds arrested" 7180: 6848: 6693: 6519: 6240: 6148:, higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic 6016: 5976: 5452: 5405: 5377: 5349: 5290: 4951: 4599: 4478: 4373: 4263: 3570:

in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government

3520: 3512: 3456: 3121: 3062: 3015: 2878: 2862: 2826: 2606: 2218:" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the 2147:, the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. Also, the 1837: 1829: 1546: 1419: 1399: 836: 821: 768: 17609:

Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)

13801: 11636:"Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz" 9848:"Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact" 6086: 4311:

fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, from 21% to 20%, and the personal

2252:

the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of

1541:

succeeded Nazarbayev as president. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its

19912: 19902: 19861: 19771: 19478: 19433: 19403: 19237: 19005: 18944: 18931: 18892: 18403: 18373: 18301: 18291: 18261: 18206: 18156: 18146: 18043: 18038: 17990: 17985: 17957: 17924: 17558: 17553: 17538: 17523: 17498: 17483: 17468: 17453: 17325: 17283: 17255: 17213: 16742: 16712: 16677: 16637: 16612: 16592: 16480: 16193: 16168: 16083: 16013: 15983: 15973: 15518: 15478: 15458: 15343: 14780: 14294:

Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011

13761: 11513: 9801: 8309:(in Russian). Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical Agency. Archived from 8223: 7989: 7280: 7222: 7096: 7000: 6910: 6810: 6806: 6735: 6628: 6531: 6410: 6390: 6298: 5924: 5650: 5381: 5341: 5125: 4963: 4955: 4943: 4927: 4892: 4813: 4793:.There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015. 4709: 4640: 4636: 4631:: "rich with apple". This tree is still found wild in the mountains of 4378: 4369: 4312: 4288: 4190: 3866: 3743: 3614: 3599: 3575: 3380: 3300: 3284: 3211: 2882: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2744: 2707: 2695: 2273: 2253: 2249: 2215: 2128: 1980: 1969: 1920: 1869: 1739: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1573: 1435: 1391: 1387: 1283: 1279: 685: 638: 510: 19678: 14454: 14363: 13377: 9934:"Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council" 8899:"Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future" 7290: 7084: 6045:. There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9 2433:

of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the

2328: 2283: 1600:, but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed. The 19615: 19585: 19135: 18226: 18033: 16770: 16607: 16357: 16158: 16153: 16033: 15860:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

15681: 15453: 14775: 14770: 14578: 14395: 12812:

Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian

11196: 10988: 9302:"Kazakhstan's Leader Nazarbayev Resigns After Three Decades in Power" 8363: 7184: 7055: 6752: 6216: 6141: 6050: 6008: 5369: 5232: 5070: 4992: 4939: 4742: 4695: 4546: 4532: 4448: 4382: 4362: 4214: 4140:

According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:

3990:

Meeting of CIS Council of Heads of State. 16 September 2016. Bishkek.

3919: 3502: 3324: 3192: 3035: 3011: 2901: 2897: 2886: 2870: 2850: 2787: 2737: 2680: 2552: 2388: 2368: 2195: 2050: 2031: 1991: 1955: 1897: 1893: 1873: 1841: 1817: 1446: 13575:

CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013

12324:. International Centre for Asset Recovery. p. 5. Archived from 11104:"Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan" 8629:

Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness

6538:. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style 6215:

in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of

4197:

debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.

2904:("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at 2670: 1714: 19543: 19070: 19031: 18968: 18905: 18476: 18368: 18321: 18281: 18276: 18191: 18176: 17975: 17269: 16805: 16692: 16687: 16662: 16632: 16562: 16500: 16376:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

16234: 16173: 16128: 16108: 16103: 16098: 15998: 15873: 15823: 15793: 15714: 15709: 15599: 15533: 15528: 15503: 15363: 14225: 14032:

Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR

13520:"Team picture after the bronze medal had been captured in WCS 2015" 11362: 11333: 10098:"Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios" 9172:

Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly

8649:

Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview

7101: 6884: 6568: 6523: 6514:, Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with 6399: 6386:), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı. 6362: 6223:

helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The

6220: 6062: 6058: 6004: 6000: 5957: 5916: 5876: 5761: 5576: 5471: 5459: 5393: 5145: 5049: 4931: 4785: 4644: 4610: 4487: 4436: 4358: 4297: 3755: 3747: 3610: 3595: 3571: 3230: 3173: 3079: 3075: 3023: 2990: 2983: 2936: 2854: 2791: 2722: 2581: 2522: 2380: 2307: 2265: 2261: 2241:

Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment by the

2191: 2187: 2152: 2118: 2098:. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival. 1825: 1671: 1565: 1487: 1423: 1316: 1264: 842: 792: 719: 17588:

1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)

15768: 13639: 13280:"World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan" 12316: 11074:"Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan" 9799: 9619:"Kazakhstan's senate speaker Tokayev to serve as acting president" 9384:"Kazakhstan to Liberalize Rules on Protests and Political Parties" 5443:

minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of

4846: 4303:

On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced

3591: 2662: 1430:. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018. Its 19837: 19825: 19788: 19759: 19734: 19224: 19083: 19018: 18992: 18827: 18383: 18358: 18348: 18311: 18296: 18266: 18186: 18151: 18141: 18136: 18048: 18023: 17952: 17914: 17909: 17599: 17594: 17543: 17528: 17518: 17473: 17458: 17448: 16810: 16795: 16765: 16727: 16667: 16622: 16572: 16567: 16552: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16511: 16490: 16485: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16198: 16113: 16093: 15978: 15968: 15818: 15558: 15508: 15468: 15423: 15418: 15408: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15368: 15353: 15348: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15174: 14568: 12459: 11666: 10880:

China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia

10721:"Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries" 9618: 7382: 7272: 7244:

Kazakhstan's membership of international organisations includes:

7218: 6369: 6137: 5992: 5984: 5920: 5687: 5539: 5467: 5458:

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's

5444: 5439:, most of them emigrated to Germany. Most members of the smaller 5385: 5365: 5361: 5329: 5266: 5133: 4935: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4866: 4563: 4551: 4444: 4406: 3862: 3507: 3376: 3055: 3019: 2987: 2944: 2834: 2799: 2518: 2311: 2171: 2081: 2058: 1936: 1821: 1694: 1585: 1577: 1561: 1477: 698: 679: 656: 644: 620: 12608:"Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag" 10766:"Kazakhstan targets to invite USD 34 bln of investments by 2025" 10572:

Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe

10204:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan" 9904:"Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation" 9545:"Nearly 10 mn voters to head to polls to elect Kazakh president" 9496:"Daniel Witt: Kazakhstan's Presidential Election Shows Progress" 9006: 5987:, who constitute about 60% of the population, as well as ethnic 3809:) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts. 3280: 2900:

plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern

19878: 19800: 19448: 19263: 19148: 19057: 18918: 18471: 18398: 18388: 18256: 18246: 18221: 18211: 18171: 18028: 17929: 17548: 17478: 17297: 16790: 16780: 16717: 16702: 16682: 16672: 16657: 16652: 16627: 16597: 16557: 16542: 16517: 16505: 16254: 16178: 16143: 16078: 16058: 16048: 16008: 15993: 15988: 15726: 15604: 15578: 15553: 15543: 15523: 15513: 15498: 15493: 15473: 15443: 15413: 15398: 15373: 15307: 14785: 14517: 14329: 13995:

Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime

7319: 7210: 7143: 7078: 7024: 6988: 6980: 6779: 6739: 6719: 6657: 6616: 6593: 6572: 6468: 6442: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5961: 5613: 5345: 5337: 5129: 5074: 5031:

Kazakhstan also received high ratings in a survey conducted by

4959: 4947: 4896: 4776: 4772: 4732: 4691: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4346: 4108: 4070: 4066: 3739: 3388: 3312: 3249: 3154: 3071: 3039: 2846: 2795: 2783: 2641: 2637: 2500:

in support of the war effort. At the time of the USSR's leader

2457:. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest 2403: 2392: 2333: 2144: 2106: 2102: 2054: 1581: 1569: 1457: 1453:

expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country.

1439: 1427: 1411: 1403: 1379: 650: 632: 551: 14644: 12875:. Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations. 19 March 2019. 11769:

from the original on 12 October 2017 – via ResearchGate.

11367: 10409:"IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan" 9436:"World|Asia-Pacific|Kazakh poll fairness questioned" 6844: 6770:

is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the

6393:, and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Žüsip Köpeev. 4269:

In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the

2398:

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced

2086: 1482: 19866: 19289: 19177: 19109: 19096: 19044: 18853: 18840: 18429: 18413: 18363: 18338: 18306: 18271: 18201: 18196: 18161: 18089: 18013: 18008: 17980: 16785: 16775: 16697: 16617: 16582: 16362: 16203: 16163: 16138: 16118: 16053: 16028: 16018: 16003: 15828: 15538: 15463: 15433: 14522: 14288: 12921:"Kazakhstan – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project" 12514:

Kazakhstan’s population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year

10804:. Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014. 8268: 7619: 7604: 7547: 7532: 7526: 7497: 7476: 7434: 7020: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6589: 6212: 6208: 6012: 5945: 5409: 5404:

in the 1930s and 1940s by Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet

5141: 5137: 4812:

blacklisted all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of

4606: 4575: 4542: 4402:

with 7 to 9 billion barrels (1.4 billion cubic metres).

4259: 4078: 4074: 3523:). Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the 3384: 3341: 3318: 3306: 2819: 2555:

riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the

2541: 2537: 2462: 2458: 2387:

and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of

2290:, a Kazakh statesman who served as the Prime Minister of the 2183: 2046: 2023: 1681: 1589: 1407: 1383: 18103:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

17393: 13310:

Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora

11431:"Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist" 11401:"Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life" 10897:"Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover rises by 19.7% in 2018" 10034:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center. 9893:. Whitehouse.gov (30 April 2011). Retrieved 14 January 2013. 9874:. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013. 9245:"Yes, Kazakhstan should change its name. This map shows why" 8498:

According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),

7239: 5479:

Population of Kazakhstan according to ethnic group 1926–2009

5415:

Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the

4349:

is the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and

3066:(6.0 billion long tons). However, there are only three 2853:

and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include the

1880:

in the southern territory of the modern country. In 329 BC,

1438:, formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from 19680: 19600: 19276: 19250: 18866: 18766: 18378: 18316: 18286: 18236: 18231: 18181: 18018: 17947: 17754: 17227: 17033: 16447:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

16213: 16123: 16088: 16043: 16038: 15947: 15719: 14527: 14512: 14400: 14062:

Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan

13411:

Meeker, Michael E. (August 1992). "The Dede Korkut Ethic".

13120:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

12840:. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015. 12257: 11671: 9410:"Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev Wins Re-election With 91% of Vote" 7631: 7595: 7482: 7443: 7268: 7209:

Kazakhstan has three cultural and natural heritages on the

6960: 6551: 6358: 6349: 4587: 4571: 4567: 4440: 4085: 3914:

In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the

3483: 3372: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3031: 3027: 2235: 2223: 2202:, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and 2179: 2073: 2007: 1865: 1415: 13500: 12831:

Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK

12190:"Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment" 12065:"Kazakhstan Sells First Overseas Dollar Bonds in 14 Years" 11781:"Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources" 11307:В Усть-Каменогорске полностью остановили движение трамваев 7846: 7095:

Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned

6867:

when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice. In the

6833:

in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official

6564: 5400:, and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been 4980:

The government has set the goals that a transition to the

4490:

in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".

3877:

for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the

2896:

is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, cutting through a red

2597:

File:Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.jpg

14391:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

14279:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

10858:"Kazakhstan's GDP expected to grow five per cent in 2014" 9007:"Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP – KazWorld.info" 7655: 7640: 7583: 7568: 7562: 7461: 7419: 7413: 6676:

is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the

5128:

listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with

3950: 3765:(regional governor) appointed by the president. District 1336: 19970:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

15302: 13762:"Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee" 13024:

Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008

12958:

Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

12493:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

12464:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

12289:"Kazakhstan removed from list of most corrupt countries" 11570:"International tourism, number of arrivals – Kazakhstan" 11187: 11185: 10927:"Kazakhstan increased exports nearly 25 percent in 2018" 10374:"Life in the Closet: The LGBT Community in Central Asia" 10301:"Kazakh criminal justice system to be digitised by 2018" 9802:"Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document" 8364:

Marcus Goncalves; Erika Cornelius Smith (27 June 2016).

5088: 4627:. The region where it is thought to originate is called 4394:

with 7 billion barrels (1.1 billion cubic metres);

4357:

amounted to 79.2 million tonnes (77.9 million

4081:. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea. 1690:

can be literally translated as "land of the wanderers".

1486:(ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The 336:

For the Kazakh television station of the same name, see

19965:

Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States

14108:

Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?

10026: 10024: 8339:"The results of the national population census in 2009" 6945:

since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include

6575:, then called Alma-Ata, hence called "Alma-Ata Studio". 6446:(published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and 6211:

was introduced into the region with the arrival of the

5907:

According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population is

4723:

As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the

4605:

Kazakhstan is thought to be one of the places that the

3478:

led the country from 1991 to 2019. He was succeeded by

19975:

Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

15942: 13867:

Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael; Mayhew, Bradley (2004).

13584:. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014. 12096:"Обзор ввода жилья по регионам РК. Январь-август 2014" 9522:

OP Ed: "Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy"

7142:) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival 6664:

nation and increased world awareness of its athletes.

5435:

deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the

4330:

A proportional representation of Kazakhstan's exports.

3328:; endangered plant species include native wild apple ( 2849:

region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of

2601:

The Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.

1824:

in Eurasia circa 1200. The Kazakhs are descendants of

54: 17568:

Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the

14390: 14126:

The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?

13688:"Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech" 13033:

U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

12535:"Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan" 12406:

Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030

11182: 10795:

Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks

10138:"Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time" 10042: 9800:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (5 October 2006).

9779:"Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council" 8161: 7915: 7777: 7729: 7658: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7550: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7500: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7217:, Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of 7171:

Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the

4046:

Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the

2256:. The number of settlers rose still further once the 2174:(the Russians originally called the Kazakhs “Kirgiz”) 1592:

is the religion of about 70% of the population, with

402: 13594:

Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013

12155:"WorldBank Doing Business Report Ranking Kazakhstan" 11755:"Towards Achieving Energy Efficicency in Kazakhstan" 11482:

Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East.

10021: 7759: 7692: 7652: 7616: 7580: 7544: 7494: 7458: 7431: 7314:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

6588:; for jazz: "Magic of Nomads"; for rock: Roksonaki, 6094:

Education is universal and mandatory through to the

5013:

percent once a production facility is in operation.

4602:

is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.

4462:

ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.

3875:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

3606:

improvements in the administration of the election.

3470:

Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional

2030:

had long served as important way-stations along the

458: 377: 16888:

List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE

16837:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

11997: 9547:. latino.foxnews.com. 25 April 2015. Archived from 7646: 7610: 7574: 7538: 7470: 7452: 7425: 5948:is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by 4541:accounts for approximately 5% of Kazakhstan's GDP. 3890:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

2825:Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the 2721:, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's 1035:

2,724,900 km (1,052,100 sq mi) (

938:• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan 14178: 14134:In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared 14080: 13209:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 24. 12998:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 23. 12760:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 22. 11044:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 10322:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 40. 9821:"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil" 8817: 8367:Eastern European Economies: A Region in Transition 8357: 6979:, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In 6875:. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the 6841:, the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007. 6672:are among the most notable Kazakhstani athletics. 5756:The government announced in January 2015 that the 2548:became a major political force in the late 1980s. 2406:and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: 19561: 18585:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 14278: 14217:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 13866: 13501:Bandy World Championships 2012 Official home page 12027:"S&P Maintains Kazakhstan BICRA at Group "8"" 12005:"OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan 2017" 11724:"Kazakhstan: Green economy reforms gain momentum" 10074:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 9985:"Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine" 9105:. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014. 6815:Master of Sports of the USSR, International Class 6229: 4199: 2947:there and is now also grown in some other areas. 2594: 2447:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2383:. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the 1913: 19931: 13174: 13172: 12491:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 11802:"2015 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan" 11773: 11219:"Subways and Trams In Kazakstan: Almaty's Metro" 10957:"Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database" 10723:. Kazakh-tv.kz. 6 September 2013. Archived from 10667:"Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan" 10403: 10401: 10399: 10199: 10197: 9035:. Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 11 May 2010. Archived from 8988:Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133 8667: 8552:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDandamayev1994 ( 6809:(the European Basketball Championship), and the 6243:, principal advocate and the first president of 4133:Government critics, including opposition leader 3845:Council of Heads of State meeting in Nur-Sultan. 3112:Kazakhstan map of Köppen climate classification. 1900:along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan. 1661: 1480:emerged as a distinct group, divided into three 1402:. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, 19519: 14284:World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan 13948: 13659: 13657: 12562:"Kazakhstan's `forgotten Poles' long to return" 12559: 12263: 11950:"Country Data Report for Kazakhstan, 1996–2013" 11326: 11038: 11036: 7953:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019" 6785:Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was 6067:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 5022:European Bank of Reconstruction and Development 2666:Satellite image of Kazakhstan in November 2004. 2121:of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of 1596:practised by 26%. Kazakhstan officially allows 19454: 14418:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan 14171:The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union 13663: 13603:. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014. 13546:"News - XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом" 11544:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 11280:"Astana light rail framework agreement signed" 11156: 10503:The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz 8532:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeckwith2009 ( 8512:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeckwith2009 ( 8333: 8331: 8016:. United Nations Development Programme. 2018. 7204: 6409:and Oguz Name (a story of ancient Turkic king 6015:. Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed. 5741:Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country. 5231:is the world's oldest and largest operational 4465:In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $ 14 billion of 4386:GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable 2449:in September–October 1941, and then later the 19664: 19364: 18752: 18075: 17878: 17379: 17019: 16431: 15928: 15288: 15264: 14470: 13371: 13369: 13229: 13204: 13169: 13107: 13089:"KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent"" 12993: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12899:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050" 12755: 11475: 11334:"Усть-Каменогорский трамвай :: Введение" 10882:", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) 10689:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011" 10555:"Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity" 10396: 10317: 10194: 9977: 9058:Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update 8296: 8294: 7853:. Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. 7765: 6766:is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The 6297:Kazakh literature is defined as "the body of 5093:On 11 November 2014, President of Kazakhstan 4767:There is a small 8.56 km (5.32 mi) 4060:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 3804: 3730: 3698: 3098:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 2636:In 1997, the government moved the capital to 2528:In 1947, the USSR government, as part of its 1860:, later early Indo-Iranians cultures such as 1679: 385: 19638:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World 19633:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World 19469: 19424: 19409: 19394: 19380:International Organization of Turkic Culture 18605: 17794:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union 15654:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 14153:Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges 13826: This article incorporates text from a 13654: 13413:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13375: 12668:Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans 12478: 12403: 11896: 11894: 11826: 11033: 10878:Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) " 10619: 9324: 7802:"Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" 5724:Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: 5003: 4482:quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer 3974:On 11 April 2010, presidents Nazarbayev and 3758:became a "city of republican significance". 3716: 3684: 2605:On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its 2423:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2414:pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow. 2377:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2373:Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 2101:During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought 1832:and other Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes. 360: 19606: 19576: 18560: 17892: 17683:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002) 16988:Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan 13833:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 13378:"La tradition historique orale des Kazakhs" 13337: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13019: 13017: 13015: 12062: 11849: 11847: 11796: 11794: 11690: 11015:"The official site of Almaty city: History" 10344:"Kazakhstan: LGBT Community Living in Fear" 9593:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades" 9275:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades" 8471: 8328: 8191: 7488: 5101: 4698:(the northernmost city) in about 18 hours. 4545:, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, melons and 3656: 2725:autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's 2640:(renamed Nur-Sultan on 23 March 2019) from 2471:involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union 2419:Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1896:along the Jaxartes River, now known as the 1852:. Archaeologists believe that humans first 20000:States and territories established in 1991 19995:Russian-speaking countries and territories 19671: 19657: 19534: 19371: 19357: 18759: 18745: 18573:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 18082: 18068: 17885: 17871: 17698:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS 17440:1991 agreements parties and "participants" 17386: 17372: 17026: 17012: 16438: 16424: 15935: 15921: 15295: 15281: 14477: 14463: 14396:E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan 14040: 13949:Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar (2003). 13847: 13720:. American Bar Association. Archived from 13366: 13341: 12935: 12824: 12343: 12339:– via Basel Institute on Governance. 12317:Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel; Kodjo Attisso. 12147: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12052: 11969: 11967: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11591: 10825: 10645:"Kazakhstan unveils $ 21bn rescue package" 9999: 8776: 8547: 8501: 8406:Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 8291: 6891:, however, is the only professional club. 6873:bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games 4819: 4161:accountability of Kazakhstan's judiciary. 4021:Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3904:(OIC). It is an active participant in the 3777:Template:Provinces of Kazakhstan Image Map 493: 13736: 13388:(8). Translated by Alié Akimova: 93–100. 12725:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года" 12706:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года" 12687:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года" 12312: 12310: 12242: 12240: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12078: 11891: 11881:"Kazakhstan is reaching out to the world" 11752: 11356: 10547: 10529:"Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan" 10431: 10293: 9715: 9713: 9116:"The Coldest Capital Cities In The World" 8968: 7910: 7908: 7271:, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, 7240:Membership of international organisations 7117:International Astana Action Film Festival 7089:International Astana Action Film Festival 6919:2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships 6660:. This has brought some attention to the 6105:Education consists of three main phases: 5954:religious suppression by the Soviet Union 5163: 4875:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 4300:in an effort to consolidate these gains. 4202:File:Astana, capital of Kazakhstan 08.jpg 4084:Kazakhstan sent 49 military engineers to 3617:, the Civil Party of Kazakhstan, and the 2053:-based economy continued to dominate the 1799:Learn how and when to remove this message 1212: 19439: 17395:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 15876:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 14374:Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan 14319:) is being considered for deletion. See 13910: 13836:, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. 13794: 13324: 13274: 13272: 13012: 12949:Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan 12744:Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan 12636: 11912: 11873: 11844: 11791: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10807: 10257: 9537: 9376: 9189:"Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016" 8986:International Crisis Group. (May 2007). 8527: 8507: 8475:Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia 8370:. Business Expert Press. pp. 210–. 7159: 7146:from the German Federal Foreign Office. 7083: 7072: 7031:Heavyweight Champion after knocking out 6893: 6843: 6751: 6706: 6644: 6563: 6489: 6463: 6331: 6321:, Kazakh recognised territory under the 6198: 6085: 6021: 5933: 5289: 5278: 5223: 5185: 5173: 5069: 4986: 4845: 4837: 4758: 4750: 4708: 4700: 4526: 4372:), up 22.7% compared to 2002, including 4333: 4325: 4317: 4254: 4184: 4034: 4024: 3985: 3955: 3916:Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly 3881:for the first time on 12 November 2012. 3832: 3590: 3580: 3555: 3486:legislation that has been passed by the 3279: 3107: 2774:, and 379 kilometres (235 mi) with 2743: 2731: 2679: 2669: 2661: 2475: 2339: 2327: 2306:, occurred in 1916. The Kazakh attacked 2282: 2162: 2001: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1836:Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the 1816: 1449:have inhabited the land and the Persian 500:Location of Kazakhstan (green) 19504: 18768:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 17829:Collective Security Treaty Organization 17406:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS 16852:Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues 14484: 14176: 14131: 14059: 13997:. Lanham: University Press of America. 13754: 13676:from the original on 28 September 2013. 13478:. International Ice Hockey Federation. 13223: 12452: 12374: 12372: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12049: 11975:"Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2014" 11964: 11855:"Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks" 11588: 11453:"CIAWorldFactbook - Kazakhstan Economy" 11445: 11134:"Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated" 10637: 10633:from the original on 11 September 2014. 10531:. world-nuclear.org. 17 February 2011. 10209: 10108: 9967:"Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara" 9793: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9520:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). 9498:. Huffingtonpost.com. 4 November 2011. 9299: 9096:Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant' 9077:THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997 8927: 8845:Children of the gulag live with amnesia 8416: 8414: 8192:Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006). 8187: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8179: 6795:Soviet Union's national basketball team 5332:are 67.5% of the population and ethnic 4513:exports 800 products to 120 countries. 3703:). The regions are subdivided into 177 3042:reserves; and ranks in the top ten for 2694:As it extends across both sides of the 2467:population transfer in the Soviet Union 1693:Though traditionally referring only to 1666:, "to wander", reflecting the Kazakhs' 1626:Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 1398:, and also adjoins a large part of the 19932: 19591: 17412:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS 16847:Representative on Freedom of the Media 14150: 14078: 14011: 13992: 13932:The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan 13772: 13768:from the original on 18 February 2016. 13410: 13180:"Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities" 12931:from the original on 13 November 2016. 12649:from the original on 11 September 2013 12639:"Russians left behind in Central Asia" 12606:Clarey, Christopher (1 January 2007). 12605: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12307: 12237: 12075: 12015:from the original on 17 November 2017. 11601: 11259:from the original on 26 September 2017 11193:"Алматыметро :: Главная страница" 10973: 10963:from the original on 10 February 2015. 10839:from the original on 5 September 2014. 10275: 10239: 9961: 9959: 9850:. Business News Europe. Archived from 9808:from the original on 29 November 2006. 9710: 8472:Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 January 1978). 8442: 8384:from the original on 16 December 2017. 7905: 7867:from the original on 27 February 2018. 7322:, where Kazakhstan is a member of its 4497:Ministry Economy and Budget Planning. 3781: 2833:and north to south from the plains of 2206:settlements. In the 19th century, the 1864:, and later Indo-Iranians such as the 948:• Declared Independence from the 19652: 19352: 18740: 18063: 17866: 17367: 17007: 16993:Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine 16832:Court of Conciliation and Arbitration 16419: 15916: 15276: 15263: 14458: 13929: 13425: 13269: 13266:. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013. 12975:from the original on 26 December 2016 12637:Greenall, Robert (23 November 2005). 12568:from the original on 15 February 2007 12295:from the original on 25 December 2019 12277:from the original on 26 October 2017. 12200:from the original on 19 February 2016 12165:from the original on 25 December 2019 12143:from the original on 8 December 2015. 12063:Porzecanski, Katia (6 October 2014). 11930:from the original on 19 February 2016 11840:from the original on 4 December 2014. 11834:"Kazakhstan National Bank Statistics" 11734:from the original on 27 November 2019 11704:from the original on 11 November 2018 11642:from the original on 19 November 2015 11520:from the original on 17 November 2015 11441:from the original on 7 November 2017. 11375:"temirtau.kz – главный сайт Темиртау" 10868:from the original on 4 November 2014. 10843: 10821:from the original on 26 October 2017. 10746:Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013 10677:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10655:from the original on 16 October 2015. 10307:from the original on 1 December 2017. 10126:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10104:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10060:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10038:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10017:from the original on 8 December 2015. 9973:from the original on 8 November 2014. 9944:from the original on 25 November 2016 9914:from the original on 19 February 2016 9845: 9818: 9581:from the original on 8 December 2015. 9502:from the original on 13 November 2012 9446:from the original on 18 December 2008 9390:from the original on 24 December 2019 9225:from the original on 29 December 2016 9029:"Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply" 9017:from the original on 26 October 2016. 8931:Xinjiang – China's Northwest Frontier 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7814: 7738: 7701: 6823:Kazakhstan's national basketball team 6698:2011 World Championships in Athletics 6019:is recognised as a national holiday. 5999:. Less than 1% are part of the Sunni 4938:and for up to 30 days to citizens of 3861:. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, 3818:Template:Largest cities of Kazakhstan 2402:in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought 2347:at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR 1560:Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include 332:Revision as of 10:04, 8 February 2020 170:Revision as of 10:04, 8 February 2020 90:Revision as of 01:36, 8 February 2020 16883:List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE 14105: 14030:Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. 13718:"Access to Justice and Human Rights" 13710: 13606: 13482:from the original on 7 November 2017 13456:from the original on 18 January 2017 13392:from the original on 8 November 2016 13232:"Vocational Education in Kazakhstan" 12782:"The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan" 12369: 12357:from the original on 30 January 2017 12281: 12177: 12118: 12037:from the original on 8 December 2015 11942: 11753:Uyzbayeva, Aigerim (February 2015). 11249:"No Light Rail Transport for Astana" 11054:from the original on 30 October 2017 11021:from the original on 13 October 2010 10995:from the original on 10 October 2010 10949: 10907:from the original on 29 October 2019 10833:"Kazakhstan's GDP grows 5.7 percent" 10776:from the original on 24 October 2019 10701:from the original on 6 December 2010 9789:from the original on 1 January 2016. 9731:from the original on 7 February 2018 9698:from the original on 6 February 2018 9671: 9476:from the original on 28 October 2009 9416:from the original on 2 December 2010 9219:United Nations Environment Programme 8909:from the original on 2 February 2017 8609:from the original on 8 December 2015 8541: 8521: 8432:from the original on 2 October 2015. 8411: 8256:from the original on 12 October 2013 8230:from the original on 2 December 2016 8204:from the original on 7 December 2015 8176: 7828:from the original on 14 October 2017 7358:Index of Kazakhstan-related articles 7301:, with which it shares cultural and 6817:and a year later he was awarded the 6239:, one of the founders of Soviet era 5170:Science and technology in Kazakhstan 4574:. The country's major crops include 4262:is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the 3822: 3671:Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen 3542: 3531:) of Kazakhstan's sixteen principal 2999: 2155:before the Russians took dominance. 2045:Throughout this period, traditional 1872:. Other groups included the nomadic 1737:adding citations to reliable sources 1708: 80: 46: 20025:Countries involved in the Silk Road 19980:Member states of the United Nations 18091:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 16842:Commissioner on National Minorities 13812:from the original on 28 April 2017. 13698:from the original on 30 August 2014 12792:from the original on 11 August 2017 12408:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 365–387. 12386: 11985:from the original on 1 January 2016 11836:. The National Bank of Kazakhstan. 10130: 9956: 9896: 9659:from the original on 15 August 2019 9629:from the original on 15 August 2019 9563: 9255:from the original on 11 August 2017 9152:from the original on 2 January 2016 9126:from the original on 8 January 2017 8631:". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 8579:from the original on 11 August 2015 8224:"Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution" 7341:Organization of Islamic Cooperation 7293:community. (The national language, 7121:Eurasia International Film Festival 6983:, Kazakhstan performed well in the 6877:Soviet Union national championships 6499:Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 6340:honouring Kazakh essayist and poet 6029:is the biggest mosque in Kazakhstan 4405:Kazakhstan instituted an ambitious 4322:A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013 3902:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 3884:Kazakhstan is also a member of the 3421: 2624:Kazakhstan's communist-era leader, 2546:Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan 2210:began to expand its influence into 2117:, following their "Great Disaster" 2061:identity began to emerge among the 1840:. Pastoralism developed during the 1555:Kazakhstan's human rights situation 1521:to declare independence during the 231: 218: 205: 179: 167: 160: 147: 130: 99: 87: 13: 19752:Individual Partnership Action Plan 19681:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 19183:Commonwealth of Independent States 16955:Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan 14406:Chief of State and Cabinet Members 13840: 13620:from the original on 12 July 2014. 13205:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 12994:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 12879:from the original on 22 March 2019 12857:. 2014. p. 33. Archived from 12756:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 12560:Collins, Cheryl (2 January 2003). 12541:from the original on 22 March 2019 12532: 12071:from the original on 9 March 2017. 11787:from the original on 9 March 2017. 11638:. En.tengrinews.kz. 18 June 2014. 11576:from the original on 4 August 2019 10937:from the original on 6 August 2019 10535:from the original on 26 March 2013 10505:. 30 December 2009. Archived from 10449:from the original on 4 August 2019 10384:from the original on 2 August 2019 10318:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 10289:from the original on 3 March 2016. 10271:from the original on 3 March 2016. 10253:from the original on 3 March 2016. 10227:from the original on 29 April 2015 10078:from the original on 6 August 2019 9926: 9599:from the original on 25 April 2019 9412:. Bloomberg.com. 5 December 2005. 9281:from the original on 25 April 2019 9086:// USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves 8896: 8023:from the original on 19 March 2016 8003: 7982:"GINI index (World Bank estimate)" 7974: 7938: 7871: 7265:Individual Partnership Action Plan 7249:Commonwealth of Independent States 7228: 7123:held annually. Hollywood director 6686:2007 World Athletics Championships 6090:Kazakh National University of Arts 4609:originated, particularly the wild 3979:prosperity, and universal values. 3906:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 3851:Commonwealth of Independent States 2492:(1941–1945) led to an increase in 2094:used this opportunity and annexed 2057:. In the 15th century, a distinct 1848:, the ancestor of the terrestrial 468: 334: 132:Reverted to revision 938776756 by 35: 20036: 19690:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 18517:Economic Cooperation Organization 17035:Economic Cooperation Organization 16914:Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina 14323:to help reach a consensus. › 14254:United States Department of State 14201: 13869:Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia 13852:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 13790:from the original on 1 July 2017. 13750:from the original on 30 May 2016. 13526:from the original on 9 April 2015 13354:from the original on 2 April 2019 13125:United States Department of State 12587:Remembering Stalin's deportations 12460:"World Population Prospects 2022" 12106:from the original on 4 March 2016 11814:from the original on 30 July 2019 11463:from the original on 29 July 2019 11344:from the original on 29 July 2019 11314:from the original on 29 July 2019 11229:from the original on 29 July 2019 10886:. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133. 10419:from the original on 3 March 2016 10354:from the original on 27 July 2019 9759:from the original on 20 June 2018 9338:from the original on 12 July 2019 9312:from the original on 1 April 2019 9300:Auyezov, Olzhas (19 March 2019). 9195:from the original on 5 March 2016 8710:from the original on 17 June 2015 8688:from the original on 26 May 2013. 8478:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 91. 7260:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 7255:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 6768:Football Federation of Kazakhstan 5745:, (part of the Kipchak family of 5206:In December 2012, President 5065: 4784:the downtown area of Almaty with 4739:Astana Nurly Zhol railway station 4705:Map of Kazakhstan railway network 4650: 3949:and the well-known space station 3894:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 3859:Shanghai Cooperation Organization 3855:Economic Cooperation Organization 3837:Nazarbayev and Russian President 3789:cities of republican significance 3084:Energy Information Administration 2435:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic 2302:. The most serious uprising, the 2158: 1903: 1656:The name "Kazakh" comes from the 1460:who trace their ancestry to many 19608: 19593: 19578: 19563: 19550: 19536: 19521: 19506: 19488: 19471: 19456: 19441: 19426: 19411: 19396: 19282: 19269: 19256: 19243: 19230: 19217: 19188: 19154: 19141: 19128: 19115: 19102: 19089: 19076: 19063: 19050: 19037: 19024: 19011: 18998: 18985: 18961: 18937: 18924: 18911: 18898: 18885: 18872: 18859: 18846: 18833: 18820: 17847: 17846: 17342: 17318: 17304: 17290: 17276: 17262: 17248: 17234: 17220: 17206: 17192: 16973:Needs Assessment Team in Armenia 16397: 16386: 16385: 16212: 15894: 15883: 15882: 15577: 14698: 14344: 14334: 14289:Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia 13953:. London: Stacey International. 13821: 13680: 13632:"World Press Freedom Index 2014" 13624: 13587: 13568: 13556:from the original on 4 June 2016 13538: 13512: 13494: 13468: 13438: 13419: 13404: 13315: 13302: 13250: 13238:from the original on 7 June 2014 13198: 13186:from the original on 6 June 2014 13143: 13131:from the original on 22 May 2019 13095:from the original on 6 June 2014 13081: 13062: 13050:from the original on 6 June 2014 13036: 12987: 12961: 12913: 12909:from the original on 6 May 2017. 12891: 12865: 12843: 12804: 12774: 12749: 12737: 12718: 12699: 12680: 12661: 12630: 12599: 12580: 12553: 12526: 12507: 12440:from the original on 30 May 2019 12422: 12212: 12019: 11861:from the original on 1 July 2014 11746: 11716: 11654: 11628: 11562: 11550:from the original on 14 May 2017 11532: 11516:. EurasiaNet.org. 16 June 2014. 11506: 11423: 11411:from the original on 13 May 2018 11393: 11298: 11286:from the original on 2 July 2017 11271: 11241: 11211: 11144:from the original on 13 May 2018 11126: 11114:from the original on 13 May 2018 11096: 11084:from the original on 13 May 2018 11066: 11007: 10967: 10919: 10889: 10872: 10788: 10758: 10739: 10713: 10681: 10659: 10594: 10581: 10565: 10521: 10491: 10479:from the original on 31 May 2011 10461: 10366: 10336: 10311: 9819:Blank, Stephen (27 April 2005). 9146:"Kazakhstan climate information" 7926:from the original on 30 May 2019 7516: 7403: 7215:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui 7054:, representing Russia, but from 7035:on 12 August 2006. The reigning 6696:(women's), taking silver in the 6319:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 6231: 5451:. These people are now known as 5336:are 19.8%. Other groups include 5317: 4972: 4661:Telecommunications in Kazakhstan 4507: 4355:oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan 4207:Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center 4201: 4146:Kazakhstan's global rank in the 4090:US post-invasion mission in Iraq 3812: 3436: 3429: 3391:(the largest species of sheep), 3070:within the country, situated in 2596: 2427:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 2324:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 2220:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 1915: 1713: 1508:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 1237: 1236: 1211: 1189: 1188: 1170: 1169: 1137: 1136: 1118: 1117: 1066: 733:Chairman of the Security Council 433: 419: 18727:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 17834:Collective Rapid Reaction Force 17819:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 17642:Unified Team at the Paralympics 14083:Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise 13913:Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite 13664:Wines, Michael (13 July 2002). 11616:from the original on 3 May 2019 11602:Lillis, Joanna (17 July 2014). 11494:from the original on 3 May 2019 10415:. International Monetary Fund. 10171: 10148: 10090: 10064: 9877: 9858: 9846:Cohen, Ariel (7 October 2008). 9839: 9812: 9771: 9743: 9641: 9611: 9585: 9514: 9488: 9458: 9428: 9402: 9350: 9293: 9267: 9237: 9207: 9181: 9164: 9138: 9108: 9089: 9070: 9051: 9021: 8999: 8980: 8948: 8921: 8890: 8861: 8838: 8811: 8770: 8722: 8692: 8661: 8641: 8621: 8599:"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan" 8591: 8561: 8492: 8465: 8436: 8426:The Online Etymology Dictionary 8388: 8242: 8216: 8150: 8127: 8104: 8081: 8058: 8035: 8011:"2018 Human Development Report" 7745: 7388: 6907:Kazakh national ice hockey team 5919:, 0.1% other religions (mostly 5324:Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan 5297:ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992 5254: 4273:to receive an investment grade 4117: 3829:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan 3797:cities of district significance 3793:cities of regional significance 2757: 2704:has territory in two continents 2613:in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared 2588: 2536:near the north-eastern town of 2412:policies of political reprisals 2408:Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33 2371:′ rule. On 26 August 1920, the 2367:) to eventually succumb to the 2317: 2115:war against the Dzungar Khanate 1724:needs additional citations for 1686:means "land" or "place of", so 1523:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1517:Kazakhstan was the last of the 18497:Moro National Liberation Front 16327:British Indian Ocean Territory 14041:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). 13871:. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. 12247:OECD Investment Policy Reviews 11277: 11017:. Almaty.kz. 12 January 2010. 10473:The World Bank. World Bank.org 8395:The constitution of Kazakhstan 7840: 7795: 7375: 7332:as a participating government. 6923:Kazakhstan Hockey Championship 6857:Kazakhstan national bandy team 6813:. In 1971 he earned the title 6692:is an athlete, specialised in 6497:represented Kazakhstan at the 6245:Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences 5310:Kazakhstan Statistics Agency. 5056: 4516: 4009:Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 4001:Ukraine's southeastern regions 3849:Kazakhstan is a member of the 3801:villages and rural settlements 2736:The mountainous region of the 2353:collapse of central government 1442:, the country's largest city. 1067: 1: 20010:1991 establishments in Europe 17750:Interstate Aviation Committee 17662:CIS national rugby union team 15838:country of the United Kingdom 14340:Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan 14308: 14132:Robbins, Christopher (2007). 14079:Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). 14045:. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. 13450:Oriental Express Central Asia 13230:UNESCO-UNEVOC (August 2012). 13078:. Retrieved 7 September 2009. 12821:". Reuters. 27 February 2018. 12404:Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015). 12380:Innovation Performance Review 10673:. Satrapia. 23 January 2013. 10601:Kazakhstan's currency plunges 10182:World Report 2016: Kazakhstan 10159:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan 8279:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan 7363: 7235:Public holidays in Kazakhstan 6835:Asian Basketball Championship 6305:and written, produced in the 6286: 5983:school. These include ethnic 5468:immigration of ethnic Kazakhs 5119: 5109:Global Competitiveness Report 5000:plants 32.23 tenge ($ 0.18). 4863:ninth-largest country by area 4558:Chief livestock products are 4550:(236,000 sq mi) of 4460:Global Competitiveness Report 4171:in Kazakhstan is widespread. 3769:s are appointed by regional 1674:" is of the same origin. The 330: 291: 275: 17784:Eurasian Patent Organization 17693:Joint CIS Air Defense System 17657:CIS national ice hockey team 17637:Unified Team at the Olympics 16952:Programme Office in Dushanbe 14213:Caspian Pipeline Controversy 14014:Law and Custom in the Steppe 13848:Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). 13321:Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396 12677:, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005 12612:International Herald Tribune 12596:, BBC News, 23 February 2004 10469:"GDP growth (annual %)" 10285:. American Bar Association. 10267:. American Bar Association. 10249:. American Bar Association. 9823:. EurasiaNet. Archived from 9686:"Kazakhstan, Unitary County" 9176:Tethys Biodiversity Research 8928:Warikoo, K. (2 March 2016). 8194:"Kazakhstan Comes on Strong" 8053:Cambridge English Dictionary 7167:, a notable Kazakh director. 7115:. Kazakhstan is host of the 6722:submitted twice bid for the 6075: 5803:Religion in Kazakhstan, 2010 5730: 5437:break-up of the Soviet Union 5431:, mostly descendants of the 4486:as saying that there is an " 3761:Each region is headed by an 3551: 3116:Kazakhstan has an "extreme" 3054:. It is also an exporter of 3038:reserves; the fifth largest 3034:reserves; the third largest 2837:to the oases and deserts of 2802:. It lies between latitudes 2658:List of cities in Kazakhstan 2647: 2469:and others were forced into 1947:Kyzyl Kensh Palace Ruins in 1662: 1651: 1363:. It is the world's largest 1085:7/km (18.1/sq mi) ( 928:• Declared Sovereignty 363:Қазақстан Республикасы 207:Undid revision 939687160 by 18:Browse history interactively 7: 20005:1991 establishments in Asia 17774:Eurasian Economic Community 17734:2023 Free Trade in Services 16983:Kosovo Verification Mission 16949:Programme Office in Bishkek 14349:Geographic data related to 14304:The Region Initiative (TRI) 14243:Central Intelligence Agency 14185:. New York: HarperCollins. 14089:Brookings Institution Press 12033:. Satrapia. 30 March 2012. 12031:The Gazette of Central Asia 10817:. The Heritage Foundation. 10671:The Gazette of Central Asia 10557:. BRIC Plus. Archived from 10247:"Rule of Law in Kazakhstan" 9360:. Akorda.kz. Archived from 8818:Pianciola, Niccolò (2004). 8459:10.1080/0263493032000053208 7961:International Monetary Fund 7778: 7760: 7730: 7693: 7346: 7205:UNESCO World Heritage sites 7183:, with the government as a 6819:Order of the Badge of Honor 5787: 5089:"Nurly Jol" economic policy 4982:Green Economy in Kazakhstan 4694:(the southernmost city) to 4277:from a major international 4097:National Security Committee 4052:Turkestan Military District 4030:Kazakhstan Republican Guard 4014: 3871:Eurasian Economic Community 3805: 3754:. In June 2018 the city of 3731: 3717: 3699: 3685: 3561:Ak Orda Presidential Palace 3505:parliament composed of the 3406: 3371:Common mammals include the 3269: 3006:Energy policy of Kazakhstan 2740:in south-eastern Kazakhstan 1822:Cuman–Kipchak confederation 1680: 1564:(65.5% of the population), 1476:. By the 16th century, the 459: 403: 378: 10: 20041: 19950:Eastern European countries 18001:Free Trade Zone agreements 17779:Eurasian Patent Convention 17688:United Armed Forces (1992) 17652:CIS national football team 17353:(as Turkish Cypriot State) 16946:Programme Office in Astana 16331:British Overseas Territory 15944:Countries and dependencies 15686:British Overseas Territory 15304:Countries and dependencies 13993:George, Alexandra (2001). 12925:globalreligiousfutures.org 12523:. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013 10191:, accessed September 2016. 10168:, accessed September 2016. 8569:"Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700" 7297:, is related to the other 7232: 7225:and Nauryzumsky reserves. 7153: 7066: 6638: 6603: 6599: 6457: 6438:қара сөздері, Qara sözderi 6290: 6219:and spread northward. The 6184: 6180: 6125:, lyceums or colleges and 6079: 5973:non-denominational Muslims 5791: 5734: 5723: 5412:) existed in the country. 5380:. Some minorities such as 5321: 5264: 5261:Demographics of Kazakhstan 5258: 5242:genetically modified crops 5167: 5042: 4831: 4827: 4654: 4635:, in southern Kazakhstan, 4520: 4178: 4174: 4155:ABA Rule of Law Initiative 4124:Human rights in Kazakhstan 4121: 4018: 3966:with president of Russia 3826: 3660: 3651:2019 presidential election 3613:party, which included the 3410: 3273: 3103: 3003: 2651: 2321: 2105:, a federation of western 1907: 1810: 1704: 1545:, especially its dominant 1359:, is a country located in 388:Республика Казахстан 335: 19816: 19750: 19701: 19687: 19625: 19497: 19486: 19387: 19298: 19209: 19170: 18977: 18953: 18810: 18774: 18723: 18670: 18598: 18553: 18505: 18485: 18445: 18438: 18422: 18124: 18115: 18098: 17999: 17966: 17938: 17900: 17842: 17764:Outside the CIS framework 17763: 17742: 17706: 17675: 17629: 17608: 17587: 17567: 17512:parties and "members" (9) 17507: 17438: 17427: 17401: 17334: 17183: 17107: 17082: 17049: 17042: 16965: 16901: 16878:Azerbaijan–OSCE relations 16865: 16819: 16751: 16453: 16371: 16344: 16313: 16297: 16276: 16263: 16221: 16210: 15954: 15855: 15811: 15786: 15761: 15748: 15695: 15671: 15664: 15641: 15628: 15586: 15575: 15314: 15270: 15265:Links to related articles 15226: 15137: 15109: 15100: 14994: 14985: 14925: 14916: 14835: 14826: 14794: 14716: 14707: 14696: 14678: 14627: 14536: 14505: 14496: 14136:. London: Profile Books. 14012:Martin, Virginia (2000). 13951:Kazakhstan: Coming of Age 13636:Reporters Without Borders 13476:"2011 Asian Winter Games" 13074:18 September 2009 at the 12430:"Population Clock: World" 10187:14 September 2016 at the 10100:. Central Asia Newswire. 8830:: 137–192. Archived from 8668:Darrel P. Kaiser (2006). 8160:. Stat.kz. Archived from 8147:. Retrieved: 7 June 2016. 7766: 7752: 7719: 7682: 7213:World Heritage list: the 7177:Reporters Without Borders 7173:World Press Freedom Index 6991:, Australia. Two boxers, 6931:Kontinental Hockey League 6879:in 1977 and 1990 and the 6522:research teams including 6437: 6425: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5855: 5845: 5840: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5447:in the Soviet Union were 5210: announced the 5004:Foreign direct investment 4523:Agriculture in Kazakhstan 4467:foreign direct investment 4238:US Department of Commerce 3935:көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат 3934: 3726: 3712: 3694: 3680: 3653:that was held on 9 June. 3350:) and rare onion species 2923:43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E 2542:first Soviet nuclear bomb 1490:began advancing into the 1327: 1315: 1305: 1295: 1271: 1256: 1226: 1201: 1182: 1163: 1149: 1130: 1111: 1093: 1079: 1060: 1053: 1043: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1003: 987: 972: 959: 946: 936: 926: 913: 898: 885: 872: 859: 855: 848: 833: 818: 808: 804: 789: 774: 759: 744: 729: 725: 707: 697: 671: 607: 584: 568:(official state language) 557: 547: 506: 492: 449: 415: 386: 361: 350: 242: 239: 166: 86: 19316:SCO Interbank Consortium 18568:Abuja Declaration (1989) 18462:Central African Republic 14401:Government of Kazakhstan 14321:templates for discussion 13911:Cummings, Sally (2002). 13830:work. . Text taken from 13784:World Trade Organization 13780:"Kazakhstan and the WTO" 13599:7 September 2015 at the 12836:19 February 2017 at the 12252:27 February 2018 at the 12219:Oil, Cash and Corruption 11338:oskemen-tramway.narod.ru 11306: 10815:"Economic Freedom Index" 10217:"Rule of Law Index 2015" 10032:"Nazarbayev as Mediator" 9889:20 November 2015 at the 9870:20 November 2015 at the 9751: 9607:– via www.bbc.com. 9527:10 December 2015 at the 8957:Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta 8875:5 September 2015 at the 8302: 8288:, accessed October 2015. 8138:Kazakhstan: Introduction 7336:World Trade Organization 7324:World Heritage Committee 7149: 6861:Bandy World Championship 6829:, where it defeated the 6634: 6540:European classical music 6453: 5449:deported to Central Asia 5249:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy 5213:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy 5102:Economic competitiveness 4755:Metro station in Almaty. 4287:, combined with earlier 3799:, and over two-thousand 3657:Administrative divisions 3586:Parliament of Kazakhstan 3568:Elections to the Majilis 3533:administrative divisions 3413:Government of Kazakhstan 3096:On 17 October 2013, the 3091:Aqtobe phosphorite basin 2417:On 5 December 1936, the 2078:Persian-speaking peoples 2069:, culture, and economy. 793:Chairman of the Mazhilis 345:Republic in Central Asia 119:Extended confirmed users 19945:Central Asian countries 17894:Eurasian Economic Union 17799:Eurasian Economic Union 17647:CIS national bandy team 16289:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15842:British-Irish Agreement 14726:Altay (Altai) Mountains 14261:from the United States 14177:Thubron, Colin (1994). 14155:. New York: iUniverse. 14064:. London: Pluto Press. 13934:. New York: Routledge. 13506:24 January 2012 at the 13446:"Cuisine of Kazakhstan" 13382:Cahiers d'Asie Centrale 13348:Encyclopædia Britannica 13262:8 December 2015 at the 12711:3 December 2009 at the 12692:8 February 2015 at the 12673:8 December 2015 at the 12519:8 December 2015 at the 12353:. US State Department. 12224:5 February 2017 at the 11807:. US State Department. 10606:5 February 2017 at the 10445:. US State Department. 10265:"Kazakhstan Background" 10164:28 October 2016 at the 9067:// SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC 8880:. Anthem Press. p. 15. 8734:. 2005y. Archived from 8704:Encyclopædia Britannica 8573:Encyclopædia Britannica 8284:28 October 2016 at the 8134:Encyclopædia Britannica 8116:6 February 2018 at the 8093:6 February 2018 at the 8070:6 February 2018 at the 8047:6 February 2018 at the 7894:30 October 2017 at the 7330:Nuclear Suppliers Group 7062: 6744:2011 Asian Winter Games 6571:was created in 1982 in 6195:Kazakh wedding ceremony 6164:education leads to the 6082:Education in Kazakhstan 6007:). There are also some 5971:Some figures show that 5737:Languages of Kazakhstan 5020:, the president of the 4842:A ski resort in Almaty. 4820:Mining & Metallurgy 4657:Transport in Kazakhstan 3879:UN Human Rights Council 3667:Districts of Kazakhstan 2778:. Major cities include 2654:Geography of Kazakhstan 2461:(the Gulag), including 2391:, and in April 1927 to 2006:Kazakh family inside a 1949:Karkaraly National Park 1630:Eurasian Economic Union 1531:president of Kazakhstan 1174:$ 182.623 billion ( 1122:$ 569.813 billion ( 720:constitutional republic 558:Official languages 85: 19711:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18457:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18327:Pakistan-OIC relations 17508:Additionally the 1993 16873:Armenia–OSCE relations 16827:Parliamentary Assembly 16496:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16347:Special administrative 16323:(Sovereign Base Areas) 15678:(Sovereign Base Areas) 15359:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14950:Science and technology 14670:Republic of Kazakhstan 14181:The Lost Heart of Asia 14151:Rosten, Keith (2005). 14060:Nazpary, Joma (2002). 13982:|name-list-style= 13930:Demko, George (1997). 13900:|name-list-style= 13580:1 January 2016 at the 13029:2 October 2017 at the 11904:. EBRD. Archived from 11883:. EBRD. Archived from 11078:www.railwaygazette.com 9101:1 January 2016 at the 8824:Cahiers du monde russe 8792:: 1–12. Archived from 7761:Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy 7753:Қазақстан Республикасы 7277:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7168: 7092: 7081: 7009:Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov 7003:. Another two boxers, 6902: 6852: 6760: 6715: 6653: 6576: 6502: 6478:Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly 6472: 6471:on stamp of Kazakhstan 6345: 6248: 6204: 6132:At present, there are 6091: 6030: 5942: 5794:Religion in Kazakhstan 5402:deported to Kazakhstan 5334:Russians in Kazakhstan 5298: 5287: 5236: 5191: 5179: 5164:Science and technology 5077: 4996: 4858: 4843: 4764: 4756: 4718:Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 4714: 4706: 4535: 4351:natural gas condensate 4343: 4331: 4323: 4266: 4210: 4193: 4043: 4032: 3991: 3971: 3846: 3602: 3588: 3564: 3417:Politics of Kazakhstan 3287: 3276:Wildlife of Kazakhstan 3113: 2928:43.3503222; 79.0803556 2867:Charyn River and gorge 2763: 2741: 2691: 2677: 2667: 2602: 2485: 2348: 2337: 2295: 2175: 2109:tribes, including the 2011: 1999: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1854:domesticated the horse 1833: 1357:Republic of Kazakhstan 778:Chairman of the Senate 487: 379:Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy 353:Republic of Kazakhstan 140:): Unsourced changes ( 19818:Partnership for Peace 19694:Partnership for Peace 17714:Common Economic Space 17074:Islamabad Declaration 16966:Former field missions 16924:Mission to Montenegro 16902:Active field missions 16321:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 15705:Bailiwick of Guernsey 15676:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 14378:International Futures 14273:UCB Libraries GovPubs 14252:information from the 12861:on 29 September 2015. 12730:16 March 2010 at the 12495:, Population Division 12466:, Population Division 11887:on 20 September 2014. 11700:. The Lonely Planet. 10221:World Justice Project 9783:Tengrinews.kz English 8400:18 April 2009 at the 7779:Respublika Kazakhstan 7353:Outline of Kazakhstan 7163: 7087: 7076: 7044:middleweight champion 6939:Supreme Hockey League 6897: 6847: 6787:Alzhan Zharmukhamedov 6757:FC Shakhter Karagandy 6755: 6718:Kazakhstan's city of 6710: 6648: 6567: 6493: 6467: 6335: 6279:, among many others. 6235: 6202: 6187:Culture of Kazakhstan 6089: 6027:Khazret Sultan Mosque 6025: 5950:Orthodox Christianity 5937: 5429:Germans in Kazakhstan 5417:Virgin Lands Campaign 5293: 5282: 5233:space launch facility 5227: 5189: 5177: 5073: 4990: 4849: 4841: 4834:Tourism in Kazakhstan 4762: 4754: 4712: 4704: 4530: 4337: 4329: 4321: 4258: 4213:Buoyed by high world 4205: 4188: 4181:Economy of Kazakhstan 4148:World Justice Project 4038: 4028: 3989: 3964:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3959: 3909:Partnership for Peace 3836: 3663:Regions of Kazakhstan 3647:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3594: 3584: 3559: 3480:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3446:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3283: 3111: 2943:, which survived the 2747: 2735: 2729:autonomous republic. 2683: 2673: 2665: 2600: 2534:atomic bomb test site 2510:Virgin Lands Campaign 2479: 2425:(RSFSR) and made the 2343: 2332:Stanitsa Sofiiskaya, 2331: 2286: 2166: 2076:and the neighbouring 2005: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1919: 1820: 1813:History of Kazakhstan 1539:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 1498:. Following the 1917 1369:ninth largest country 1045:• Water (%) 754:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 486: 404:Respublika Kazakhstan 19985:Modern Turkic states 19960:Landlocked countries 19321:Eurasian Land Bridge 19162:United Arab Emirates 18579:OIC Resolution 10/11 18532:Non-Aligned Movement 18409:United Arab Emirates 16189:United Arab Emirates 14640:List of Kazakh khans 14364:Kazakhstan Discovery 14259:Portals to the World 14016:. Richmond: Curzon. 13978:|lastauthoramp= 13896:|lastauthoramp= 12851:"Kazakhstan in 2013" 12291:. The Astana Times. 11435:www.flightglobal.com 10984:The Botany of Desire 10800:3 March 2016 at the 10752:8 March 2014 at the 10627:"Kazakhstan Profile" 10439:"Kazakhstan profile" 10303:. The Astana Times. 9785:. 13 November 2012. 9170:A.F. Kovshar (Ed.): 9082:3 March 2013 at the 9063:2 April 2016 at the 8993:3 March 2016 at the 8867:Flynn, Moya (1994). 8850:3 March 2016 at the 8706:. 16 December 1991. 8674:. Darrel P. Kaiser. 8446:Central Asian Survey 8143:17 June 2015 at the 7807:14 July 2014 at the 7767:Республика Казахстан 7740:[kəzɐxˈstan] 7703:[qɑzɑqˈstɑn] 7069:Cinema of Kazakhstan 6985:2000 Summer Olympics 6925:is held since 1992. 6917:, as well as in the 6915:2006 Winter Olympics 6803:Basketball World Cup 6732:2022 Winter Olympics 6702:2012 Summer Olympics 6678:2004 Summer Olympics 6548:Aleksandr Zatayevich 6516:ethnic Russian music 6232:File:GUWSatpayev.jpg 5421:Soviet space program 5208:Nursultan Nazarbayev 5150:World Economic Forum 5095:Nursultan Nazarbayev 4871:World Economic Forum 4594:, a major source of 4361:; 87.3 million 4279:credit rating agency 3637:authoritarian regime 3482:. The president may 3476:Nursultan Nazarbayev 2700:landlocked countries 2626:Nursultan Nazarbayev 2482:Alma-Ata Declaration 2304:Central Asian Revolt 2200:Pugachev's rebellion 2096:Mangyshlak Peninsula 1916:File:Abylai Khan.jpg 1733:improve this article 1527:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1289:West / East 1062:• 2019 estimate 1008:Current constitution 739:Nursultan Nazarbayev 20020:Countries in Europe 18658:Arab–Islamic (2023) 18107:Hissein Brahim Taha 17968:Prospective members 17064:Secretaries-General 16909:Presence in Albania 16224:States with limited 15798:unincorporated area 15727:Bailiwick of Jersey 15589:States with limited 14751:Khan Tangiri Shyngy 14731:Aral Karakum Desert 14594:Kara-Khanid Khanate 14579:Xueyantuo Khaganate 14437: / 14263:Library of Congress 14169:Smith, Graham, ed. 13642:on 14 February 2014 13344:"Kazakh literature" 13127:. 26 October 2009. 13069:Islam in Kazakhstan 12954:11 May 2010 at the 12817:25 May 2018 at the 12592:6 June 2013 at the 11954:Info.worldbank.org/ 11138:www.railjournal.com 10727:on 20 February 2014 10380:. 29 January 2019. 9995:on 5 February 2015. 9386:. USNews. REUTERS. 8834:on 23 October 2015. 8799:on 3 September 2006 8777:Simon Ertz (2005). 8316:on 12 December 2010 8076:Oxford Dictionaries 7676:In local languages: 7195:Not That Respublika 7179:. A mid-March 2002 7156:Media of Kazakhstan 6993:Bekzat Sattarkhanov 6949:, Ivan Kulshov and 6941:since 1996 and the 6641:Sport in Kazakhstan 6460:Music of Kazakhstan 6406:Book of Dede Korkut 6100:adult literacy rate 5952:. After decades of 5939:Ascension Cathedral 5481: 5328:As of 2018, ethnic 5229:Baikonur Cosmodrome 4995:"Nur Alem" Pavilion 4810:European Commission 4240:granted Kazakhstan 4236:In March 2002, the 4048:Soviet Armed Forces 3943:Baikonur Cosmodrome 3782:Municipal divisions 3752:Baikonur cosmodrome 3365:Tulipa kaufmanniana 3353:Allium karataviense 3340:) and several wild 3133: 3118:continental climate 2966: / 2919: / 2822:in Eastern Europe. 2565:Dinmukhamed Konayev 2530:atomic bomb project 2525:accounted for 43%. 2459:Soviet labour camps 2288:Alikhan Bukeikhanov 1888:army fought in the 1882:Alexander the Great 1670:culture. The name " 1598:freedom of religion 528: / 338:Qazaqstan (channel) 17724:1994 FTA Agreement 17667:CIS Cup (football) 16978:Mission to Croatia 16943:Centre in Ashgabat 16929:Mission to Moldova 15697:Crown Dependencies 14955:Telecommunications 14238:The World Factbook 14106:Rall, Ted (2006). 14087:. Washington, DC: 14043:Epicenter of Peace 13976:Unknown parameter 13915:. London: Tauris. 13894:Unknown parameter 13692:Human Rights Watch 13670:The New York Times 13376:Aitjan Nurmanova. 12231:The New York Times 11783:. Bloomberg News. 11662:"Visa Information" 11540:"Country profiles" 11108:www.raillynews.com 10959:. The World Bank. 10629:. The World Bank. 10613:The New York Times 10591:, 22 February 2014 10499:"№ 1 in the world" 10348:Human Rights Watch 10178:Human Rights Watch 10155:Human Rights Watch 10142:The New York Times 9854:on 17 August 2009. 9472:. 17 August 2007. 9442:. 19 August 2007. 9191:. viranatura.com. 9178:. Tom 1, S. 17–21. 8275:Human Rights Watch 7986:data.worldbank.org 7900:CIA World Factbook 7169: 7093: 7082: 7077:A charity ball in 6997:Yermakhan Ibraimov 6943:Saryarka Karagandy 6903: 6853: 6761: 6730:and again for the 6716: 6654: 6577: 6503: 6495:Daneliya Tuleshova 6473: 6346: 6336:1965 post mark of 6249: 6205: 6127:vocational schools 6092: 6031: 6003:school (primarily 5943: 5477: 5299: 5288: 5284:Population pyramid 5237: 5192: 5180: 5078: 4997: 4861:Kazakhstan is the 4859: 4850:Kazakhstanis on a 4844: 4765: 4757: 4715: 4707: 4536: 4531:Grain fields near 4344: 4340:Kashagan Oil Field 4332: 4324: 4267: 4211: 4194: 4130:Human Rights Watch 4044: 4033: 3992: 3972: 3926:records improved. 3847: 3603: 3589: 3565: 3492:commander in chief 3288: 3131: 3114: 2764: 2742: 2702:in the world that 2692: 2678: 2668: 2603: 2563:of the Kazakh SSR 2498:mineral extraction 2486: 2445:deported from the 2349: 2338: 2296: 2294:from 1917 to 1920. 2258:Trans-Aral Railway 2176: 2149:Emirate of Bukhara 2028:Hazrat-e Turkestan 2012: 2000: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1890:Battle of Jaxartes 1858:Afanasievo culture 1834: 1551:Human Rights Watch 1535:Security Council's 1500:Russian Revolution 1432:population density 1365:landlocked country 1159:2020 estimate 1107:2020 estimate 784:Dariga Nazarbayeva 609:Ethnic groups 488: 177: 97: 20015:Countries in Asia 19927: 19926: 19921: 19920: 19646: 19645: 19346: 19345: 19326:Working languages 18978:Dialogue partners 18734: 18733: 18666: 18665: 18594: 18593: 18549: 18548: 18545: 18544: 18057: 18056: 17860: 17859: 17625: 17624: 17361: 17360: 17103: 17102: 17001: 17000: 16939:Mission to Skopje 16934:Mission to Serbia 16919:Mission in Kosovo 16413: 16412: 16340: 16339: 15910: 15909: 15851: 15850: 15773:autonomous region 15744: 15743: 15740: 15739: 15257: 15256: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15217: 14981: 14980: 14912: 14911: 14904:Political parties 14877:Freedom of speech 14850:Foreign relations 14822: 14821: 14694: 14693: 14650:Russian Turkestan 14574:Oghuz Yabgu State 14241:(2024 ed.). 14143:978-1-86197-868-4 14110:. New York: NBM. 13415:. 24(3): 395–417. 13308:Atabaki, Touraj. 13216:978-1-78477-092-1 13005:978-1-78477-092-1 12971:. 9 August 2012. 12767:978-1-78477-092-1 12618:on 4 January 2007 12415:978-92-3-100129-1 12331:on 18 August 2016 12234:, 5 November 2006 12159:doingbusiness.org 12067:. Bloomberg L.P. 11572:. Mecometer.com. 11381:on 8 January 2014 11199:on 15 August 2012 10987:. San Francisco: 10979:"Apple sweetness" 10862:Business Standard 10329:978-1-78477-092-1 10283:"Judicial Reform" 9595:. 19 March 2019. 9551:on 1 January 2016 9277:. 19 March 2019. 8941:978-1-317-29028-5 8897:Keenan, Jillian. 8752:cite encyclopedia 8681:978-1-4116-9894-9 8485:978-3-11-081003-5 8377:978-1-63157-400-9 7860:978-3-86219-454-4 7776: 7758: 7728: 7691: 7165:Timur Bekmambetov 7125:Timur Bekmambetov 7052:Natascha Ragosina 6977:Val Barker Trophy 6969:Bakhtiyar Artayev 6933:. Meanwhile, the 6909:have competed in 6789:, who played for 6430:The Book of Words 6293:Kazakh literature 6269:Mukhtar Shakhanov 6154:Bachelor's degree 6123:technical schools 6107:primary education 5958:religious beliefs 5903: 5902: 5728: 5727: 5033:Ernst & Young 4307:was adopted. The 3865:, Kyrgyzstan and 3823:Foreign relations 3543:Political Reforms 3501:Kazakhstan has a 3468: 3467: 3464: 3453: 3359:Iris willmottiana 3267: 3266: 3000:Natural resources 2970:48.500°N 82.000°E 2941:Fraxinus sogdiana 2810:, and longitudes 2577:Mikhail Gorbachev 2506:Nikita Khrushchev 2494:industrialisation 2490:Soviet-German War 1998: 1997: 1927:from 1771 to 1781 1878:Achaemenid Empire 1809: 1808: 1801: 1783: 1502:, and subsequent 1451:Achaemenid Empire 1355:, officially the 1350: 1349: 1184:• Per capita 1132:• Per capita 799:Nurlan Nigmatulin 532:51.167°N 71.433°E 484: 460:Meniń Qazaqstanym 455:Менің Қазақстаным 329: 168: 88: 68: 20032: 19703:Aspirant members 19679:Partners of the 19673: 19666: 19659: 19650: 19649: 19618: 19614: 19612: 19611: 19603: 19599: 19597: 19596: 19588: 19584: 19582: 19581: 19573: 19569: 19567: 19566: 19555: 19554: 19553: 19546: 19542: 19540: 19539: 19531: 19527: 19525: 19524: 19516: 19512: 19510: 19509: 19492: 19481: 19477: 19475: 19474: 19466: 19462: 19460: 19459: 19451: 19447: 19445: 19444: 19436: 19432: 19430: 19429: 19421: 19417: 19415: 19414: 19406: 19402: 19400: 19399: 19373: 19366: 19359: 19350: 19349: 19288: 19286: 19285: 19275: 19273: 19272: 19262: 19260: 19259: 19249: 19247: 19246: 19236: 19234: 19233: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19160: 19158: 19157: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19134: 19132: 19131: 19121: 19119: 19118: 19108: 19106: 19105: 19095: 19093: 19092: 19082: 19080: 19079: 19069: 19067: 19066: 19056: 19054: 19053: 19043: 19041: 19040: 19030: 19028: 19027: 19017: 19015: 19014: 19004: 19002: 19001: 18991: 18989: 18988: 18967: 18965: 18964: 18943: 18941: 18940: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18917: 18915: 18914: 18904: 18902: 18901: 18891: 18889: 18888: 18878: 18876: 18875: 18865: 18863: 18862: 18852: 18850: 18849: 18839: 18837: 18836: 18826: 18824: 18823: 18761: 18754: 18747: 18738: 18737: 18603: 18602: 18558: 18557: 18443: 18442: 18122: 18121: 18084: 18077: 18070: 18061: 18060: 17940:Observer members 17887: 17880: 17873: 17864: 17863: 17850: 17849: 17824:New Union Treaty 17789:EU Technical Aid 17436: 17435: 17388: 17381: 17374: 17365: 17364: 17354: 17348: 17346: 17345: 17324: 17322: 17321: 17310: 17308: 17307: 17296: 17294: 17293: 17282: 17280: 17279: 17268: 17266: 17265: 17254: 17252: 17251: 17240: 17238: 17237: 17226: 17224: 17223: 17212: 17210: 17209: 17198: 17196: 17195: 17047: 17046: 17028: 17021: 17014: 17005: 17004: 16857:OSCE Minsk Group 16820:Bodies and posts 16514: 16440: 16433: 16426: 16417: 16416: 16401: 16389: 16388: 16349:regions of China 16284:Christmas Island 16274: 16273: 16216: 15956:Sovereign states 15937: 15930: 15923: 15914: 15913: 15898: 15886: 15885: 15872:Governed by the 15834:Northern Ireland 15777:Åland convention 15759: 15758: 15669: 15668: 15639: 15638: 15581: 15316:Sovereign states 15297: 15290: 15283: 15274: 15273: 15261: 15260: 15242: 15235: 15107: 15106: 15082:Wedding ceremony 15042: 14992: 14991: 14973:Waste management 14963: 14923: 14922: 14833: 14832: 14804:Cities and towns 14776:Tien (Tian) Shan 14714: 14713: 14702: 14604:Chagatai Khanate 14589:Kyrgyz Khaganate 14584:Uyghur Khaganate 14549:Rouran Khaganate 14503: 14502: 14479: 14472: 14465: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14433: 14430: 14348: 14347: 14338: 14337: 14246: 14196: 14184: 14166: 14147: 14121: 14102: 14086: 14075: 14056: 14027: 14008: 13989: 13983: 13979: 13974: 13972: 13964: 13945: 13926: 13907: 13901: 13897: 13892: 13890: 13882: 13863: 13825: 13814: 13813: 13798: 13792: 13791: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13703: 13684: 13678: 13677: 13661: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13647: 13638:. Archived from 13628: 13622: 13621: 13610: 13604: 13591: 13585: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13542: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13516: 13510: 13498: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13487: 13472: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13461: 13442: 13436: 13435: 13423: 13417: 13416: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13373: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13342:Walter Feldman. 13339: 13322: 13319: 13313: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13286:. Archived from 13276: 13267: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13202: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13182:. CollegeAtlas. 13176: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13153:. Archived from 13151:"Нац состав.rar" 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13085: 13079: 13066: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13055: 13040: 13034: 13021: 13010: 13009: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12980: 12965: 12959: 12946: 12933: 12932: 12917: 12911: 12910: 12905:. 2 April 2015. 12895: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12869: 12863: 12862: 12847: 12841: 12828: 12822: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12778: 12772: 12771: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12722: 12716: 12703: 12697: 12684: 12678: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12614:. Archived from 12603: 12597: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12533:Lillis, Joanna. 12530: 12524: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12490: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12401: 12384: 12383: 12376: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12330: 12323: 12314: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12285: 12279: 12278: 12267: 12261: 12244: 12235: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12186: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12129: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12092: 12073: 12072: 12060: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12023: 12017: 12016: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11971: 11962: 11961: 11960:on 6 March 2015. 11956:. Archived from 11946: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11898: 11889: 11888: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11851: 11842: 11841: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11813: 11806: 11798: 11789: 11788: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11720: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11709: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11678:on 14 March 2014 11674:. Archived from 11658: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11599: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11566: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11479: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11449: 11443: 11442: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11377:. Archived from 11371: 11365: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11195:. Archived from 11189: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11170:on 25 April 2015 11166:. Archived from 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11040: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11011: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10893: 10887: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10854: 10841: 10840: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10811: 10805: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10762: 10756: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10623: 10617: 10616:, 21 August 2015 10598: 10592: 10585: 10579: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10561:on 20 June 2015. 10551: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10405: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10370: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10350:. 23 July 2015. 10340: 10334: 10333: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10192: 10175: 10169: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10120:The Astana Times 10112: 10106: 10105: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10054:The Astana Times 10046: 10040: 10039: 10028: 10019: 10018: 10011:The Astana Times 10003: 9997: 9996: 9991:. Archived from 9981: 9975: 9974: 9963: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9900: 9894: 9881: 9875: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9717: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9697: 9691:. www.oecd.org. 9690: 9682: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9541: 9535: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9364:on 23 March 2013 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9334:. The Guardian. 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9185: 9179: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9112: 9106: 9093: 9087: 9074: 9068: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9003: 8997: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8960:. Archived from 8952: 8946: 8945: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8894: 8888: 8865: 8859: 8858:, 1 January 2007 8842: 8836: 8835: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8798: 8783: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8761: 8757: 8755: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8738:on 15 April 2005 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8665: 8659: 8645: 8639: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8545: 8539: 8537: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8418: 8409: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8335: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8315: 8308: 8298: 8289: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8189: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8164:on 14 March 2010 8154: 8148: 8131: 8125: 8108: 8102: 8085: 8079: 8062: 8056: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8015: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7949: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7912: 7903: 7886: 7869: 7868: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7818: 7812: 7799: 7782: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7757:romanized: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7402: 7392: 7386: 7379: 7299:Turkic languages 7134:Serik Aprymov's 7048:Gennady Golovkin 7046:is Kazakh boxer 7005:Bulat Zhumadilov 6937:and play in the 6913:in the 1998 and 6899:Nikolai Antropov 6863:, including the 6827:2002 Asian Games 6782:national teams. 6700:and Gold in the 6439: 6427: 6426:Абай Құнанбайұлы 6418:Abai Qunanbaiuly 6342:Abai Qunanbaiuly 6253:Abay Qunanbayuli 6233: 6150:higher education 5800: 5799: 5482: 5476: 5398:Meskhetian Turks 5303:US Census Bureau 5018:Suma Chakrabarti 4905:South Kazakhstan 4689: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4670: 4223:Ukrainian crisis 4203: 3936: 3869:established the 3841:during the 2017 3808: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3598:Headquarters in 3490:and is also the 3472:unitary republic 3460: 3449: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3422:Political system 3134: 3130: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2761: 2760: 2675:Karaganda Region 2631: 2598: 2400:collectivisation 2278:Vasile Balabanov 2026:(Aulie-Ata) and 1989: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1917: 1876:and the Persian 1804: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1741: 1717: 1709: 1685: 1665: 1519:Soviet republics 1470:Mongolian Empire 1466:Turkic Khaganate 1286: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1192: 1191: 1173: 1172: 1156: 1140: 1139: 1121: 1120: 1104: 1071:18,448,600 ( 1070: 1069: 1010: 983: 982:26 December 1991 968:21 December 1991 955:16 December 1991 942:10 December 1991 909: 881:13 December 1917 586:Official scripts 577: 569: 543: 542: 540: 539: 538: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 497: 485: 466: 462: 437: 423: 407: 406: 399: 391: 390: 389: 382: 381: 374: 366: 365: 364: 354: 348: 347: 229: 228: 216: 200: 195: 176: 158: 157: 145: 125: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 20040: 20039: 20035: 20034: 20033: 20031: 20030: 20029: 19955:Eurasian Steppe 19930: 19929: 19928: 19923: 19922: 19917: 19812: 19746: 19697: 19683: 19677: 19647: 19642: 19621: 19609: 19607: 19594: 19592: 19579: 19577: 19571:Northern Cyprus 19564: 19562: 19551: 19549: 19537: 19535: 19522: 19520: 19507: 19505: 19493: 19484: 19472: 19470: 19457: 19455: 19442: 19440: 19427: 19425: 19412: 19410: 19397: 19395: 19383: 19377: 19347: 19342: 19294: 19283: 19281: 19270: 19268: 19257: 19255: 19244: 19242: 19231: 19229: 19218: 19216: 19205: 19189: 19187: 19166: 19155: 19153: 19142: 19140: 19129: 19127: 19116: 19114: 19103: 19101: 19090: 19088: 19077: 19075: 19064: 19062: 19051: 19049: 19038: 19036: 19025: 19023: 19012: 19010: 18999: 18997: 18986: 18984: 18973: 18962: 18960: 18954:Observer states 18949: 18938: 18936: 18925: 18923: 18912: 18910: 18899: 18897: 18886: 18884: 18873: 18871: 18860: 18858: 18847: 18845: 18834: 18832: 18821: 18819: 18806: 18770: 18765: 18735: 18730: 18719: 18662: 18590: 18541: 18510: 18508: 18501: 18490: 18488: 18481: 18467:Northern Cyprus 18450: 18449:and territories 18448: 18434: 18418: 18111: 18094: 18088: 18058: 18053: 17995: 17962: 17934: 17896: 17891: 17861: 17856: 17838: 17759: 17738: 17729:2011 FTA Treaty 17702: 17671: 17621: 17604: 17583: 17563: 17503: 17423: 17397: 17392: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17350:Northern Cyprus 17343: 17341: 17330: 17319: 17317: 17305: 17303: 17291: 17289: 17277: 17275: 17263: 17261: 17249: 17247: 17235: 17233: 17221: 17219: 17207: 17205: 17193: 17191: 17179: 17099: 17078: 17069:Treaty of Izmir 17038: 17032: 17002: 16997: 16961: 16897: 16861: 16815: 16753: 16747: 16648:North Macedonia 16510: 16449: 16444: 16414: 16409: 16382: 16367: 16351: 16348: 16336: 16309: 16293: 16270: 16267: 16259: 16240:Northern Cyprus 16228: 16225: 16217: 16208: 15950: 15941: 15911: 15906: 15879: 15867:Oceanic islands 15847: 15840:subject to the 15807: 15802:Svalbard Treaty 15800:subject to the 15782: 15775:subject to the 15755: 15753: 15751: 15736: 15691: 15660: 15635: 15632: 15624: 15610:Northern Cyprus 15593: 15590: 15582: 15573: 15489:North Macedonia 15310: 15301: 15266: 15258: 15253: 15245: 15238: 15231: 15214: 15133: 15096: 15040: 14977: 14961: 14908: 14889:Law enforcement 14818: 14790: 14756:Kyzylkum Desert 14703: 14690: 14674: 14623: 14532: 14492: 14483: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14436: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14345: 14335: 14324: 14231: 14222:Country Profile 14204: 14199: 14193: 14163: 14144: 14124:Rashid, Ahmed. 14118: 14099: 14072: 14053: 14024: 14005: 13981: 13977: 13975: 13966: 13965: 13961: 13942: 13923: 13899: 13895: 13893: 13884: 13883: 13879: 13860: 13843: 13841:Further reading 13838: 13818: 13817: 13802:"Member States" 13800: 13799: 13795: 13778: 13777: 13773: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13742: 13741: 13737: 13727: 13725: 13724:on 4 March 2016 13716: 13715: 13711: 13701: 13699: 13686: 13685: 13681: 13662: 13655: 13645: 13643: 13630: 13629: 13625: 13612: 13611: 13607: 13601:Wayback Machine 13592: 13588: 13582:Wayback Machine 13573: 13569: 13559: 13557: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13529: 13527: 13518: 13517: 13513: 13508:Wayback Machine 13499: 13495: 13485: 13483: 13474: 13473: 13469: 13459: 13457: 13444: 13443: 13439: 13428:Turkish Studies 13424: 13420: 13409: 13405: 13395: 13393: 13374: 13367: 13357: 13355: 13340: 13325: 13320: 13316: 13307: 13303: 13293: 13291: 13290:on 9 March 2016 13278: 13277: 13270: 13264:Wayback Machine 13255: 13251: 13241: 13239: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13203: 13199: 13189: 13187: 13178: 13177: 13170: 13160: 13158: 13157:on 23 July 2011 13149: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13113: 13112: 13108: 13098: 13096: 13087: 13086: 13082: 13076:Wayback Machine 13067: 13063: 13053: 13051: 13042: 13041: 13037: 13031:Wayback Machine 13022: 13013: 13006: 12992: 12988: 12978: 12976: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12956:Wayback Machine 12947: 12936: 12919: 12918: 12914: 12897: 12896: 12892: 12882: 12880: 12871: 12870: 12866: 12849: 12848: 12844: 12838:Wayback Machine 12829: 12825: 12819:Wayback Machine 12809: 12805: 12795: 12793: 12780: 12779: 12775: 12768: 12754: 12750: 12742: 12738: 12734:. demoscope.ru. 12732:Wayback Machine 12723: 12719: 12715:. demoscope.ru. 12713:Wayback Machine 12704: 12700: 12696:. demoscope.ru. 12694:Wayback Machine 12685: 12681: 12675:Wayback Machine 12666: 12662: 12652: 12650: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12604: 12600: 12594:Wayback Machine 12585: 12581: 12571: 12569: 12558: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12531: 12527: 12521:Wayback Machine 12512: 12508: 12498: 12496: 12488: 12484: 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12441: 12428: 12427: 12423: 12416: 12402: 12387: 12378: 12377: 12370: 12360: 12358: 12349: 12348: 12344: 12334: 12332: 12328: 12321: 12315: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12269: 12268: 12264: 12254:Wayback Machine 12245: 12238: 12226:Wayback Machine 12217: 12213: 12203: 12201: 12194:Astanatimes.com 12188: 12187: 12178: 12168: 12166: 12153: 12152: 12148: 12131: 12130: 12119: 12109: 12107: 12094: 12093: 12076: 12061: 12050: 12040: 12038: 12025: 12024: 12020: 12003: 12002: 11998: 11988: 11986: 11973: 11972: 11965: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11924:Astanatimes.com 11918: 11917: 11913: 11908:on 25 May 2014. 11900: 11899: 11892: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11864: 11862: 11853: 11852: 11845: 11832: 11831: 11827: 11817: 11815: 11811: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11792: 11779: 11778: 11774: 11751: 11747: 11737: 11735: 11722: 11721: 11717: 11707: 11705: 11696: 11695: 11691: 11681: 11679: 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10908: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10877: 10873: 10856: 10855: 10844: 10831: 10830: 10826: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10802:Wayback Machine 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10764: 10763: 10759: 10754:Wayback Machine 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10719: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10665: 10664: 10660: 10649:Financial Times 10643: 10642: 10638: 10625: 10624: 10620: 10608:Wayback Machine 10599: 10595: 10587:"Tenge Fever", 10586: 10582: 10576:Financial Times 10570: 10566: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10512: 10510: 10509:on 22 July 2011 10497: 10496: 10492: 10482: 10480: 10467: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10450: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10407: 10406: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10372: 10371: 10367: 10357: 10355: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10316: 10312: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10245: 10244: 10240: 10230: 10228: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10195: 10189:Wayback Machine 10176: 10172: 10166:Wayback Machine 10153: 10149: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10114: 10113: 10109: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10070: 10069: 10065: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10030: 10029: 10022: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9965: 9964: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9932: 9931: 9927: 9917: 9915: 9908:Astanatimes.com 9902: 9901: 9897: 9891:Wayback Machine 9882: 9878: 9872:Wayback Machine 9863: 9859: 9844: 9840: 9830: 9828: 9827:on 4 March 2016 9817: 9813: 9798: 9794: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9762: 9760: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9744: 9734: 9732: 9719: 9718: 9711: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9600: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9533:Washington Post 9529:Wayback Machine 9519: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9449: 9447: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9393: 9391: 9382: 9381: 9377: 9367: 9365: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9341: 9339: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9249:Washington Post 9243: 9242: 9238: 9228: 9226: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9148:. Weatherbase. 9144: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9103:Wayback Machine 9094: 9090: 9084:Wayback Machine 9075: 9071: 9065:Wayback Machine 9056: 9052: 9042: 9040: 9039:on 9 April 2009 9027: 9026: 9022: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8995:Wayback Machine 8985: 8981: 8977:. homestead.com 8973: 8969: 8964:on 1 June 2008. 8954: 8953: 8949: 8942: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8895: 8891: 8877:Wayback Machine 8866: 8862: 8852:Wayback Machine 8843: 8839: 8816: 8812: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8759: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8741: 8739: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8646: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8551: 8548:Dandamayev 1994 8546: 8542: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8470: 8466: 8441: 8437: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8402:Wayback Machine 8393: 8389: 8378: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8345:on 22 July 2011 8337: 8336: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8286:Wayback Machine 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8190: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8145:Wayback Machine 8132: 8128: 8122:Merriam-Webster 8118:Wayback Machine 8109: 8105: 8095:Wayback Machine 8086: 8082: 8072:Wayback Machine 8063: 8059: 8049:Wayback Machine 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7951: 7950: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7914: 7913: 7906: 7896:Wayback Machine 7887: 7872: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7809:Wayback Machine 7800: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7764:; Russian: 7750: 7746: 7735: 7707: 7706: 7698: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7666: 7627: 7591: 7555: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7469: 7451: 7442: 7406: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7349: 7303:historical ties 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229:Public holidays 7207: 7158: 7152: 7108:Harmony Lessons 7071: 7065: 7039:, WBC, IBF and 7023:, representing 6935:Kazzinc-Torpedo 6869:2011 tournament 6799:Summer Olympics 6724:Winter Olympics 6650:Astana Pro Team 6643: 6637: 6608: 6602: 6462: 6456: 6307:Kazakh language 6295: 6289: 6273:Saken Seyfullin 6265:Kanysh Satpayev 6261:Gabit Musirepov 6237:Kanysh Satpayev 6197: 6191:Kazakh clothing 6185:Main articles: 6183: 6158:Master's Degree 6096:secondary level 6084: 6078: 6039:Greek Catholics 6035:Roman Catholics 5905: 5904: 5896: 5891:Other religions 5883: 5868: 5853: 5838: 5823: 5796: 5790: 5739: 5733: 5486: 5326: 5320: 5277: 5275:Eurasian nomads 5263: 5257: 5172: 5166: 5122: 5104: 5091: 5068: 5059: 5045: 5006: 4975: 4909:West Kazakhstan 4901:East Kazakhstan 4856:Pavlodar Region 4836: 4830: 4822: 4805:December 2016. 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4674:4 ft 4673: 4668: 4663: 4655:Main articles: 4653: 4620:Malus sieversii 4615:Malus domestica 4525: 4519: 4510: 4338:Aerial view of 4309:value added tax 4285:Economic growth 4183: 4177: 4135:Vladimir Kozlov 4126: 4120: 4101:Nurtai Abykayev 4023: 4017: 3831: 3825: 3815: 3784: 3669: 3661:Main articles: 3659: 3627:Democracy Index 3554: 3545: 3459: 3448: 3424: 3419: 3411:Main articles: 3409: 3334:), wild grape ( 3331:Malus sieversii 3292:nature reserves 3278: 3272: 3106: 3008: 3002: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2835:Western Siberia 2831:Altay Mountains 2758: 2754:Eurasian Steppe 2752:of part of the 2660: 2652:Main articles: 2650: 2629: 2619:ceased to exist 2591: 2561:Communist Party 2557:First Secretary 2515:Leonid Brezhnev 2326: 2320: 2161: 2123:Abul Khair Khan 2067:Kazakh language 1994: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1912: 1906: 1815: 1805: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1718: 1707: 1654: 1602:Kazakh language 1346: 1275: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1231: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1206: 1185: 1166: 1154: 1133: 1114: 1098: 1082: 1063: 1046: 1032: 1011: 1006: 996: 991:Admitted to the 981: 978: 965: 952: 939: 932:25 October 1990 929: 922:5 December 1936 919: 907: 904: 891: 878: 865: 839: 824: 795: 780: 765: 750: 735: 693: 667: 613: 603: 580: 575: 567: 536: 534: 530: 527: 522: 519: 517: 515: 514: 513: 502: 501: 469: 467: 465:"My Kazakhstan" 464: 463: 457: 445: 444: 443: 438: 430: 429: 424: 411: 410: 401: 400: 393: 387: 376: 375: 368: 362: 355: 352: 346: 341: 326: 318: 308: 303: 296: 289: 286: 282: 271: 266: 259: 252: 235: 230: 224: 219: 217: 206: 204: 203: 202: 198: 185: 183: 178: 172: 164: 162:← Previous edit 159: 153: 148: 146: 131: 129: 128: 127: 123: 121: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 61: 55: 53: 48: 45: 43: 40: 38:Content deleted 37: 34: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20038: 20028: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19925: 19924: 19919: 19918: 19916: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19899: 19898: 19888: 19887: 19886: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19864: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19847: 19846: 19845: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19822: 19820: 19814: 19813: 19811: 19810: 19809: 19808: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19786: 19781: 19780: 19779: 19769: 19768: 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18808: 18807: 18805: 18804: 18799: 18797:Samarkand 2022 18794: 18789: 18784: 18778: 18776: 18772: 18771: 18764: 18763: 18756: 18749: 18741: 18732: 18731: 18729: 18728: 18724: 18721: 18720: 18718: 18717: 18712: 18710:Largest cities 18707: 18702: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18688:GDP per capita 18685: 18674: 18672: 18668: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18609: 18607: 18600: 18596: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18588: 18582: 18576: 18570: 18564: 18562: 18555: 18551: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18543: 18542: 18540: 18539: 18537:United Nations 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18513: 18511: 18506: 18503: 18502: 18500: 18499: 18493: 18491: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18453: 18451: 18446: 18440: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18432: 18426: 18424: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18330: 18329: 18319: 18314: 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17716: 17710: 17708: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17679: 17677: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17633: 17631: 17627: 17626: 17623: 17622: 17620: 17619: 17612: 17610: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17602: 17597: 17591: 17589: 17585: 17584: 17582: 17581: 17575: 17573: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17515: 17513: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17445: 17443: 17433: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17421: 17415: 17409: 17402: 17399: 17398: 17391: 17390: 17383: 17376: 17368: 17359: 17358: 17356: 17355: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17331: 17329: 17328: 17314: 17300: 17286: 17272: 17258: 17244: 17230: 17216: 17202: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17175:Islamabad 2017 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17125:Islamabad 1995 17122: 17117: 17111: 17109: 17105: 17104: 17101: 17100: 17098: 17097: 17092: 17086: 17084: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17050: 17044: 17040: 17039: 17031: 17030: 17023: 17016: 17008: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16969: 16967: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16959: 16956: 16953: 16950: 16947: 16944: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16905: 16903: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16869: 16867: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16823: 16821: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16757: 16755: 16749: 16748: 16746: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16733:United Kingdom 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16523:Czech Republic 16520: 16515: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16457: 16455: 16451: 16450: 16443: 16442: 16435: 16428: 16420: 16411: 16410: 16408: 16407: 16395: 16381: 16380: 16377: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16366: 16365: 16360: 16354: 16352: 16345: 16342: 16341: 16338: 16337: 16335: 16334: 16324: 16317: 16315: 16314:United Kingdom 16311: 16310: 16308: 16307: 16301: 16299: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16286: 16280: 16278: 16271: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16231: 16229: 16222: 16219: 16218: 16211: 16209: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15960: 15958: 15952: 15951: 15940: 15939: 15932: 15925: 15917: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15904: 15892: 15878: 15877: 15870: 15864: 15861: 15857: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15815: 15813: 15812:United Kingdom 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15790: 15788: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15780: 15765: 15763: 15756: 15749: 15746: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15723: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15701: 15699: 15693: 15692: 15690: 15689: 15679: 15672: 15666: 15665:United Kingdom 15662: 15661: 15659: 15658: 15657: 15656: 15645: 15643: 15636: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15596: 15594: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15564:United Kingdom 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15379:Czech Republic 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15320: 15318: 15312: 15311: 15300: 15299: 15292: 15285: 15277: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15244: 15243: 15236: 15228: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15141: 15139: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15110: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15036: 15031: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14995: 14989: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14945:Stock Exchange 14942: 14937: 14932: 14926: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14885: 14884: 14879: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14865:Prime Minister 14862: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14836: 14830: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14800: 14798: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14721:Aktogay Canyon 14717: 14711: 14705: 14704: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14682: 14680: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14655:Alash Autonomy 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14635:Kazakh Khanate 14631: 14629: 14625: 14624: 14622: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14509: 14507: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14482: 14481: 14474: 14467: 14459: 14421: 14420: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14382: 14381: 14371: 14366: 14357: 14342: 14332: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14266: 14256: 14247: 14229: 14219: 14203: 14202:External links 14200: 14198: 14197: 14191: 14174: 14173:(2nd ed. 1995) 14167: 14161: 14148: 14142: 14129: 14122: 14116: 14103: 14097: 14076: 14070: 14057: 14051: 14038: 14028: 14022: 14009: 14003: 13990: 13959: 13946: 13940: 13927: 13921: 13908: 13877: 13864: 13858: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13793: 13771: 13753: 13735: 13709: 13679: 13653: 13623: 13616:. TengriNews. 13605: 13586: 13567: 13550:bandyvm2015.ru 13537: 13511: 13493: 13467: 13437: 13418: 13403: 13365: 13323: 13314: 13301: 13284:Finchannel.com 13268: 13249: 13222: 13215: 13197: 13168: 13142: 13106: 13080: 13061: 13035: 13011: 13004: 12986: 12960: 12934: 12912: 12890: 12864: 12842: 12823: 12803: 12773: 12766: 12748: 12736: 12717: 12698: 12679: 12660: 12629: 12598: 12579: 12552: 12525: 12506: 12477: 12451: 12434:www.census.gov 12421: 12414: 12385: 12368: 12342: 12306: 12280: 12262: 12236: 12211: 12176: 12161:. World Bank. 12146: 12117: 12074: 12048: 12018: 11996: 11963: 11941: 11911: 11890: 11872: 11843: 11825: 11790: 11772: 11745: 11715: 11689: 11653: 11627: 11587: 11561: 11531: 11505: 11474: 11444: 11422: 11392: 11366: 11355: 11325: 11297: 11270: 11240: 11210: 11181: 11155: 11125: 11095: 11065: 11032: 11006: 10966: 10948: 10918: 10888: 10871: 10842: 10835:. TengriNews. 10824: 10806: 10787: 10757: 10738: 10712: 10680: 10658: 10636: 10618: 10593: 10580: 10564: 10546: 10520: 10490: 10460: 10430: 10395: 10365: 10335: 10328: 10310: 10292: 10274: 10256: 10238: 10208: 10193: 10170: 10147: 10129: 10107: 10089: 10063: 10041: 10020: 9998: 9976: 9969:. Tengrinews. 9955: 9925: 9895: 9876: 9857: 9838: 9811: 9792: 9770: 9742: 9709: 9670: 9640: 9610: 9584: 9562: 9536: 9513: 9487: 9457: 9427: 9401: 9375: 9349: 9323: 9292: 9266: 9236: 9206: 9180: 9163: 9137: 9120:WorldAtlas.com 9107: 9088: 9069: 9050: 9020: 8998: 8979: 8975:Mineral Wealth 8967: 8947: 8940: 8920: 8889: 8860: 8837: 8810: 8769: 8721: 8691: 8680: 8660: 8640: 8620: 8590: 8560: 8540: 8520: 8500: 8491: 8484: 8464: 8453:(4): 385–402. 8435: 8422:"Cossack (n.)" 8410: 8387: 8376: 8356: 8327: 8290: 8267: 8241: 8215: 8175: 8149: 8126: 8103: 8099:Dictionary.com 8080: 8057: 8034: 8002: 7973: 7937: 7904: 7870: 7859: 7839: 7813: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7783: 7744: 7394:Pronunciation: 7387: 7373: 7372: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7317: 7311: 7309:United Nations 7306: 7287:Turkic Council 7284: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7241: 7238: 7233:Main article: 7230: 7227: 7206: 7203: 7187:, stated that 7175:, compiled by 7154:Main article: 7151: 7148: 7136:Little Brother 7067:Main article: 7064: 7061: 6965:Vassiliy Jirov 6951:Evgeni Nabokov 6714:opened in 2009 6639:Main article: 6636: 6633: 6606:Kazakh cuisine 6604:Main article: 6601: 6598: 6586:Turan ensemble 6508:Russian Empire 6458:Main article: 6455: 6452: 6384:Constantinople 6327:Kazakh Khanate 6323:Russian Empire 6291:Main article: 6288: 6285: 6277:Jambyl Jabayev 6257:Mukhtar Auezov 6182: 6179: 6146:conservatories 6111:magnet schools 6080:Main article: 6077: 6074: 6047:Greek Catholic 5979:following the 5901: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5792:Main article: 5789: 5786: 5758:Latin alphabet 5735:Main article: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5474:, and Russia. 5322:Main article: 5319: 5316: 5307:United Nations 5271:Turkic peoples 5259:Main article: 5256: 5253: 5168:Main article: 5165: 5162: 5121: 5118: 5103: 5100: 5090: 5087: 5067: 5066:Housing market 5064: 5058: 5055: 5044: 5041: 5005: 5002: 4974: 4971: 4832:Main article: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4652: 4651:Infrastructure 4649: 4560:dairy products 4521:Main article: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4293:budget deficit 4242:market economy 4209:in Nur-Sultan. 4179:Main article: 4176: 4173: 4122:Main article: 4119: 4116: 4088:to assist the 4019:Main article: 4016: 4013: 3968:Vladimir Putin 3898:Turkic Council 3886:United Nations 3839:Vladimir Putin 3827:Main article: 3824: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3783: 3780: 3738:The cities of 3658: 3655: 3619:Agrarian Party 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3466: 3465: 3462:Prime Minister 3454: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3423: 3420: 3408: 3405: 3347:Tulipa greigii 3344:species (e.g. 3337:Vitis vinifera 3296:national parks 3290:There are ten 3274:Main article: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3105: 3102: 3001: 2998: 2975:48.500; 82.000 2727:Karakalpakstan 2715:Western Europe 2706:(the other is 2649: 2646: 2590: 2587: 2569:Gennady Kolbin 2508:initiated the 2455:Crimean Tatars 2431:union republic 2365:Alash Autonomy 2351:Following the 2345:Young Pioneers 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2300:Russian Empire 2292:Alash Autonomy 2270:St. Petersburg 2232:British Empire 2208:Russian Empire 2170:skirmish with 2160: 2159:Russian Empire 2157: 2141:Kokand Khanate 2042:(Kazakhstan). 2040:Kazakh Khanate 1996: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1923:, khan of the 1910:Kazakh Khanate 1908:Main article: 1905: 1904:Kazakh Khanate 1902: 1811:Main article: 1807: 1806: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1695:ethnic Kazakhs 1658:ancient Turkic 1653: 1650: 1614:United Nations 1606:state language 1510:, part of the 1496:Russian Empire 1422:, snow-capped 1348: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1311:+7-6xx, +7-7xx 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1234: 1224: 1223: 1220:low inequality 1209: 1199: 1198: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1147: 1146: 1141:$ 30,178 ( 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1081:• Density 1080: 1077: 1076: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014:30 August 1995 1012: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 994:United Nations 988: 985: 984: 979: 973: 970: 969: 966: 960: 957: 956: 953: 947: 944: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 930: 927: 924: 923: 920: 914: 911: 910: 905: 899: 896: 895: 894:26 August 1920 892: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876:Alash Autonomy 873: 870: 869: 866: 863:Kazakh Khanate 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 846: 845: 840: 834: 831: 830: 825: 819: 816: 815: 810: 806: 805: 802: 801: 796: 790: 787: 786: 781: 775: 772: 771: 766: 763:Prime Minister 760: 757: 756: 751: 745: 742: 741: 736: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 711: 705: 704: 701: 695: 694: 692: 691: 688: 682: 675: 673: 669: 668: 666: 665: 659: 653: 647: 641: 635: 629: 623: 616: 614: 611: 605: 604: 602: 601: 596: 590: 588: 582: 581: 579: 578: 570: 561: 559: 555: 554: 549: 545: 544: 537:51.167; 71.433 508: 504: 503: 499: 498: 490: 489: 447: 446: 439: 432: 431: 425: 418: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 383: 357: 356: 351: 344: 333: 328: 327: 323: 321: 319: 315: 313: 310: 309: 306: 304: 301: 298: 297: 294: 292: 290: 284: 280: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 197: 196: 181: 165: 122: 117: 116: 101: 70: 64: 62: 44: 36: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20037: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19897: 19894: 19893: 19892: 19889: 19885: 19882: 19881: 19880: 19877: 19873: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19853: 19852: 19851: 19848: 19844: 19841: 19840: 19839: 19836: 19832: 19829: 19828: 19827: 19824: 19823: 19821: 19819: 19815: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19778: 19775: 19774: 19773: 19770: 19766: 19763: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19757: 19755: 19753: 19749: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19726: 19725: 19724: 19721: 19717: 19714: 19713: 19712: 19709: 19708: 19706: 19704: 19700: 19695: 19691: 19686: 19682: 19674: 19669: 19667: 19662: 19660: 19655: 19654: 19651: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19630: 19628: 19624: 19617: 19605: 19602: 19590: 19587: 19575: 19572: 19560: 19558: 19548: 19545: 19533: 19530: 19529:Bashkortostan 19518: 19515: 19503: 19502: 19500: 19496: 19491: 19480: 19468: 19465: 19453: 19450: 19438: 19435: 19423: 19420: 19408: 19405: 19393: 19392: 19390: 19386: 19381: 19374: 19369: 19367: 19362: 19360: 19355: 19354: 19351: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19328: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19306:Member states 19304: 19303: 19301: 19297: 19291: 19280: 19278: 19267: 19265: 19254: 19252: 19241: 19239: 19228: 19226: 19215: 19214: 19212: 19208: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19175: 19173: 19169: 19163: 19152: 19150: 19139: 19137: 19126: 19124: 19113: 19111: 19100: 19098: 19087: 19085: 19074: 19072: 19061: 19059: 19048: 19046: 19035: 19033: 19022: 19020: 19009: 19007: 18996: 18994: 18983: 18982: 18980: 18976: 18970: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18952: 18946: 18935: 18933: 18922: 18920: 18909: 18907: 18896: 18894: 18883: 18881: 18870: 18868: 18857: 18855: 18844: 18842: 18831: 18829: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18813: 18812:Member states 18809: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18787:Dushanbe 2014 18785: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18773: 18769: 18762: 18757: 18755: 18750: 18748: 18743: 18742: 18739: 18726: 18725: 18722: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18680: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18673: 18669: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18610: 18608: 18606:Extraordinary 18604: 18601: 18597: 18586: 18583: 18580: 18577: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18565: 18563: 18559: 18556: 18552: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18522:African Union 18520: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18512: 18509:organizations 18507:International 18504: 18498: 18495: 18494: 18492: 18484: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18444: 18441: 18437: 18431: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18421: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18217:Guinea-Bissau 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18129: 18127: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18117:Member states 18114: 18108: 18104: 18101: 18100: 18097: 18092: 18085: 18080: 18078: 18073: 18071: 18066: 18065: 18062: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18002: 17998: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17973: 17971: 17969: 17965: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17945: 17943: 17941: 17937: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17907: 17905: 17903: 17902:Member states 17899: 17895: 17888: 17883: 17881: 17876: 17874: 17869: 17868: 17865: 17853: 17845: 17844: 17841: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17762: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17747: 17745: 17741: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17709: 17705: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17674: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17632: 17628: 17617: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17607: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17586: 17580: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17566: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17506: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17431: 17426: 17419: 17416: 17413: 17410: 17407: 17404: 17403: 17400: 17396: 17389: 17384: 17382: 17377: 17375: 17370: 17369: 17366: 17351: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17333: 17327: 17315: 17313: 17301: 17299: 17287: 17285: 17273: 17271: 17259: 17257: 17245: 17243: 17231: 17229: 17217: 17215: 17203: 17201: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17182: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17165:Istanbul 2010 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17150:Dushanbe 2004 17148: 17146: 17145:Istanbul 2002 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17130:Ashgabat 1996 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17120:Istanbul 1993 17118: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17106: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17081: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17048: 17045: 17041: 17036: 17029: 17024: 17022: 17017: 17015: 17010: 17009: 17006: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16964: 16957: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16864: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16822: 16818: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16752:Partners for 16750: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16738:United States 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16603:Liechtenstein 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16441: 16436: 16434: 16429: 16427: 16422: 16421: 16418: 16406: 16405: 16400: 16396: 16394: 16393: 16384: 16383: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16343: 16332: 16328: 16325: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16312: 16306: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16296: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16275: 16272: 16269: 16262: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16250:South Ossetia 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16220: 16215: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15961: 15959: 15957: 15953: 15949: 15945: 15938: 15933: 15931: 15926: 15924: 15919: 15918: 15915: 15903: 15902: 15901:Europe portal 15897: 15893: 15891: 15890: 15881: 15880: 15875: 15871: 15868: 15865: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15854: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15785: 15778: 15774: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15760: 15757: 15750:Special areas 15747: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15694: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15655: 15652: 15651: 15650: 15649:Faroe Islands 15647: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15637: 15634: 15627: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15615:South Ossetia 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15585: 15580: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15449:Liechtenstein 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15298: 15293: 15291: 15286: 15284: 15279: 15278: 15275: 15269: 15262: 15250: 15247: 15246: 15241: 15237: 15234: 15230: 15229: 15225: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15111: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15092:Kazakh tribes 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15029: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14984: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14940:National Bank 14938: 14936: 14935:Energy policy 14933: 14931: 14928: 14927: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14915: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14837: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14825: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14766:Sharyn Canyon 14764: 14762: 14761:Lake Balkhash 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14746:Kazakh Steppe 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14718: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14706: 14701: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14677: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14620: 14619:Uzbek Khanate 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14599:Mongol Empire 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14564:Kimek Khanate 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14537:Early history 14535: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14487: 14480: 14475: 14473: 14468: 14466: 14461: 14460: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14386: 14379: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14361: 14360:Country Facts 14358: 14356: 14355:OpenStreetMap 14352: 14343: 14341: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14322: 14318: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14264: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14208: 14194: 14192:0-06-018226-1 14188: 14183: 14182: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14162:0-595-32782-6 14158: 14154: 14149: 14145: 14139: 14135: 14130: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14117:1-56163-454-9 14113: 14109: 14104: 14100: 14098:0-87003-189-9 14094: 14090: 14085: 14084: 14077: 14073: 14071:0-7453-1503-8 14067: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14052:1-884186-13-0 14048: 14044: 14039: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14023:0-7007-1405-7 14019: 14015: 14010: 14006: 14004:0-7618-1964-9 14000: 13996: 13991: 13987: 13970: 13962: 13960:1-900988-61-5 13956: 13952: 13947: 13943: 13941:0-7007-0380-2 13937: 13933: 13928: 13924: 13922:1-86064-854-1 13918: 13914: 13909: 13905: 13888: 13880: 13878:1-86450-296-7 13874: 13870: 13865: 13861: 13859:0-313-30965-5 13855: 13851: 13846: 13845: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13797: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13775: 13767: 13763: 13757: 13749: 13745: 13739: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13683: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13660: 13658: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13627: 13619: 13615: 13609: 13602: 13598: 13595: 13590: 13583: 13579: 13576: 13571: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13525: 13521: 13515: 13509: 13505: 13502: 13497: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13441: 13433: 13429: 13422: 13414: 13407: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13372: 13370: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13318: 13311: 13305: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13275: 13273: 13265: 13261: 13258: 13253: 13237: 13233: 13226: 13218: 13212: 13208: 13201: 13185: 13181: 13175: 13173: 13156: 13152: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13121: 13116: 13110: 13094: 13090: 13084: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13065: 13049: 13045: 13039: 13032: 13028: 13025: 13020: 13018: 13016: 13007: 13001: 12997: 12990: 12974: 12970: 12964: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12894: 12878: 12874: 12868: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12827: 12820: 12816: 12813: 12807: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12777: 12769: 12763: 12759: 12752: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12729: 12726: 12721: 12714: 12710: 12707: 12702: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12683: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12664: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12602: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12583: 12567: 12563: 12556: 12540: 12536: 12529: 12522: 12518: 12515: 12510: 12494: 12487: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12417: 12411: 12407: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12381: 12375: 12373: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12327: 12320: 12313: 12311: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12243: 12241: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12215: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12070: 12066: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12022: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12000: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11968: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11860: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11839: 11835: 11829: 11810: 11803: 11797: 11795: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11749: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11719: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11657: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11615: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11598: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11478: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11396: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11359: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11313: 11309: 11301: 11285: 11281: 11274: 11258: 11254: 11253:Tengrinews.kz 11250: 11244: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11186: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11020: 11016: 11010: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10976: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10838: 10834: 10828: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10791: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10742: 10726: 10722: 10716: 10697: 10690: 10684: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10597: 10590: 10589:The Economist 10584: 10578:, 21 May 2014 10577: 10573: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10494: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10252: 10248: 10242: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10190: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10174: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10025: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9960: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9929: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9758: 9754: 9746: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9714: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9679: 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Routledge. 8933: 8932: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8887: 8886:1-84331-117-8 8883: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8603:The Economist 8600: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8555: 8549: 8544: 8535: 8529: 8528:Beckwith 2009 8524: 8515: 8509: 8508:Beckwith 2009 8504: 8495: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8084: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8043: 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6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6973:Serik Sapiyev 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6957:Kazakh boxers 6954: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6840: 6839:FIBA Asia Cup 6837:, now called 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6690:Olga Rypakova 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674:Dmitry Karpov 6671: 6670:Olga Rypakova 6667: 6666:Dmitry Karpov 6663: 6662:Central Asian 6659: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6597: 6596:, Alda span. 6595: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6532:musicologists 6529: 6528:music critics 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6510:and then the 6509: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6354:Orkhon script 6351: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6311:Kazakh people 6308: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6167:Kandidat Nauk 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5862:Folk religion 5859: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5760:will replace 5759: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5464:Volga Germans 5461: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5441:Pontian Greek 5438: 5434: 5433:Volga Germans 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5390:Volga Germans 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5318:Ethnic groups 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5295:Central Asian 5292: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218:Business 2020 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5124:In 2005, the 5117: 5114: 5110: 5099: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5051: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4973:Green economy 4970: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4934:, Russia and 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4840: 4835: 4825: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4671: 4669:1,520 mm 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4596:hard currency 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4508:Foreign trade 4505: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4428:National Bank 4424: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275:credit rating 4272: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4244:status under 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4095:Kazakhstan's 4093: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4039:A Kazakhstan 4037: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939:Western world 3932: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3820: 3819: 3813:Urban centres 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3724: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3692: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3632:The Economist 3628: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3401:snow leopards 3398: 3394: 3393:Eurasian lynx 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3149:January (°F) 3148: 3146:January (°C) 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3126:Precipitation 3123: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3063:Caspian shore 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2994:impact crater 2992: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2950: 2949:Bigach crater 2946: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:Charyn Canyon 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:Lake Balkhash 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Kazakh Steppe 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2750:Kazakh Steppe 2746: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2689:Akmola Region 2686: 2685:Kazakh steppe 2682: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630:some believed 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2579:'s policy of 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:Semipalatinsk 2535: 2532:, founded an 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:Joseph Stalin 2499: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:Volga Germans 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2243:Kazakh people 2239: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Petropavlovsk 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Semipalatinsk 2181: 2173: 2169: 2168:Ural Cossacks 2165: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092:Khiva Khanate 2089: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2036:Mongol Empire 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2004: 1993: 1985: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1939:wedding dress 1938: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1803: 1800: 1792: 1789:December 2018 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: – 1749: 1745: 1744:Find sources: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1722:This section 1720: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Kazakh steppe 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Turkic states 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1317:ISO 3166 code 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193:$ 9,672 ( 1187: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 986: 980: 977: 971: 967: 964: 963:CIS Accession 958: 954: 951: 945: 941: 935: 931: 925: 921: 918: 912: 906: 903: 897: 893: 890: 884: 880: 877: 871: 867: 864: 858: 854: 851: 847: 844: 841: 838: 832: 829: 826: 823: 817: 814: 811: 807: 803: 800: 797: 794: 788: 785: 782: 779: 773: 770: 767: 764: 758: 755: 752: 749: 743: 740: 737: 734: 728: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 710: 706: 702: 700: 696: 689: 687: 683: 681: 677: 676: 674: 670: 664: 660: 658: 654: 652: 648: 646: 642: 640: 636: 634: 630: 628: 624: 622: 618: 617: 615: 610: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 589: 587: 583: 576:(co-official) 574: 571: 566: 563: 562: 560: 556: 553: 550: 546: 541: 512: 509: 505: 496: 491: 461: 456: 452: 448: 442: 436: 428: 422: 414: 405: 397: 384: 380: 372: 359: 358: 349: 343: 339: 331: 322: 320: 314: 312: 311: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299: 293: 277: 274: 270: 268: 265: 263: 262: 256: 254: 249: 247: 246: 238: 234: 227: 222: 214: 210: 193: 189: 184: 175: 171: 163: 156: 151: 143: 139: 135: 120: 113: 109: 104: 95: 91: 73: 58: 51: 41:Content added 33: 30: 20: 19908:Turkmenistan 19783: 19464:Turkmenistan 19418: 19196:Turkmenistan 19123:Saudi Arabia 18879: 18782:Beijing 2012 18671:Demographics 18561:Declarations 18394:Turkmenistan 18354:Sierra Leone 18344:Saudi Arabia 18251: 18167:Burkina Faso 17919: 17814:Soviet Union 17743:Organization 17579:Turkmenistan 17533: 17489:Turkmenistan 17463: 17430:Participants 17312:Turkmenistan 17241: 16723:Turkmenistan 16587: 16402: 16390: 16305:Kastellorizo 16184:Turkmenistan 16149:Saudi Arabia 16063: 15899: 15887: 15620:Transnistria 15569:Vatican City 15438: 15150:Azerbaijanis 15102:Demographics 15019:Coat of arms 15009:Architecture 14872:Human rights 14840:Constitution 14796:Subdivisions 14609:Golden Horde 14559:Kangar union 14485: 14422: 14411: 14410: 14384: 14383: 14314: 14272: 14236: 14233:"Kazakhstan" 14206: 14205: 14180: 14170: 14152: 14133: 14125: 14107: 14082: 14061: 14042: 14031: 14013: 13994: 13984:suggested) ( 13950: 13931: 13912: 13902:suggested) ( 13868: 13849: 13832: 13828:free content 13820: 13805: 13796: 13783: 13774: 13756: 13744:"Kazakhstan" 13738: 13726:. 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