Kazakhstan: Difference between revisions

258:'''Kazakhstan''',{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|-|ə|k|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|ə|k|.|s|t|ɑː|n}},<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073617/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073601/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Kazakhstan.ogg|US|ˌ|k|ɑː|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131436/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> In local languages: {{lang-kk|Қазақстан|Qazaqstan}}, {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈstɑn|IPA|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Казахстан|Kazakhstan}}, {{IPA-ru|kəzɐxˈstan|IPA}}}} officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''',{{efn|{{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy|link=no}}; {{lang-rus|Республика Казахстан|Respublika Kazakhstan|link=no}}}}<ref name="CIA" /><ref>], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |date=17 June 2015 }}. Retrieved: 7 June 2016.</ref> is a country located in ]. It is the world's largest ], and the ] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900|km²}}.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz |title=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314092716/http://stat.kz/ |archivedate=14 March 2010}}</ref> Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of ] economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.<ref name="time" /> 4826: 6478: 265:'''Kazakhstan''',{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|-|ə|k|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|ə|k|.|s|t|ɑː|n}},<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073617/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073601/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Kazakhstan.ogg|US|ˌ|k|ɑː|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|k|ə|ˌ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131436/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. ].</ref> In local languages: {{lang-kk|Қазақстан|Qazaqstan}}, {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈstɑn|IPA|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Казахстан|Kazakhstan}}, {{IPA-ru|kəzɐxˈstan|IPA}}}} officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''',{{efn|{{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy|link=no}}; {{lang-rus|Республика Казахстан|Respublika Kazakhstan|link=no}}}}<ref name="CIA" /><ref>], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |date=17 June 2015 }}. Retrieved: 7 June 2016.</ref> is a 7061: 3544: 3425: 5203: with the slogan "Strong Business, Strong State." This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the 2464: 4739: 4515: 2720: 4130:"The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the right to an attorney, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee’s attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defence attorneys to gather evidence. " "The law does not adequately provide for an independent judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited bribes in exchange for favourable rulings in the majority of criminal cases." 304:|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |archivedate=2 December 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan shares borders with ], ], ], ], and ], and also adjoins a large part of the ]. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, ], ], ], ]s, ], snow-capped ]s, and ]s. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |title=Census2010 |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030115/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref> Its ] is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is ], formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from ], the country's largest city. 296:|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |archivedate=2 December 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan shares borders with ], ], ], ], and ], and also adjoins a large part of the ]. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, ], ], ], ]s, ], snow-capped ]s, and ]s. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |title=Census2010 |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030115/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref> Its ] is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is ], formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from ], the country's largest city. 3821: 4747: 5174: 5162: 15566: 3974: 3944: 6474:

period before a strong Russian influence consists of instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as a lot of Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content.

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differences. Banks in Kazakhstan have experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. Together with a rational approach to banking and finance policy, this has helped push Kazakhstan's banking system to a higher level of development. Banking technology and personnel qualifications alike are stronger in Kazakhstan than in Russia. On the negative side, past stability in Kazakhstan arose from the concentration of virtually all political power in the hands of a single individual – the key factor in any assessment of system or country risk. The potential is there for serious disturbances if and when authority passes into new hands.

6369:. Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century. There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Zhıraw (also known as Dospambet Žyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited 474: 19552: 17331: 4975: 4322: 13810: 5085:

policy is accepted as preventive measures needed to help steer the economy towards sustainable growth in the context of the modern global economic and geopolitical challenges, such as the 25%-reduction in the oil price, reciprocal sanctions between the West and Russia over Ukraine, etc. The policy embraces all aspects of economic growth, including finances, industry and social welfare, but especially emphasises investments into the development of infrastructure and construction works. Given recent decreases in revenues from the export of raw materials, funds will be used from Kazakhstan's National Fund.

17181: 18822: 3418: 4023: 16201: 4124:, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention." The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform." 7655: 19143: 7148: 6187: 4689: 5267: 7695: 6633: 6695: 6320: 2151: 414: 5212: 4243: 6882: 4013: 2328: 14687: 4788:

until its closure in 2018. At its peak it had six routes, but in the end it had four routes in operation. It had a fleet of 50 working tram cars. There is an 86 km (53 mi) tram network, which began service in 1965 with, As of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes. The network has a 60% share of the local public transport market. Its fleet of 115 trams are due to be replaced and in 2012, the city announced plans to purchase 100 new trams. There are two tram lines in this city.

1919: 4314: 1931: 1990: 19495: 400: 5278: 19510: 5922: 6452: 4306: 6010: 4173: 3990:. President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine’s independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine." Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan's relations with the European Union will remain normal. It is believed that Nazarbayev's mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine. 19445: 19177: 19104: 17293: 1805: 1192: 5072:, which is nearly an 11% increase. Between 2012 and 2013, the living area per Kazakh citizen rose from 19.6 to 20.9 square metres (211 to 225 square feet). The urban areas concentrate 62.5 percent of the country's housing stock. The UN's recommended standard for housing stands at 30 square metres (320 square feet) per person. Kazakhstan will be able to reach the UN standards by 2019 or 2020, if in the medium term the housing growth rate remains within 7 percent. 3569: 6074: 17835: 16374: 15871: 6096:(forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years. (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, 5011:(EBRD), cochaired the Kazakhstan Foreign Investors’ Council with President Nursultan Nazarbayev. In May 2014, the EBRD and government of Kazakhstan created the Partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$ 2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy. The partnership will boost investment and drive forward reforms in the country. 19460: 19415: 19400: 19385: 19219: 18987: 18926: 18913: 18874: 18861: 17307: 17265: 17237: 17223: 17195: 14333: 4697: 2732: 1943: 19597: 19117: 19567: 7072: 2316: 2271: 16386: 15883: 19525: 19013: 18950: 19052: 18887: 17251: 5058: 2668: 6740: 19065: 19000: 18974: 18809: 19206: 2658: 1702: 19430: 19245: 19130: 19039: 17279: 2232:, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted Russia's rule. It had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from hunger and starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them. 19539: 19271: 19091: 19078: 19026: 4834: 3579: 2650: 19582: 19258: 19232: 18848: 17209: 18900: 3268: 14323: 18835: 1217: 1169: 1150: 1117: 1098: 19477: 71: 6832: 274:

2005. Main Demographic Indicators |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314092716/http://stat.kz/ |archivedate=14 March 2010}}</ref> Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of ] economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.<ref name="time" />

1047: 4707:(KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French loco manufacturer Alstom in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan. In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing center in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing center in Central Asia and the Caucasus. 6552: 5227:

regional exporter of beef, dairy and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a "green economy" by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant

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medium enterprises (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $ 21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country's GDP, with $ 4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector. During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan's economy contracted by 1.2% in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5% and 5% in 2011 and 2012, respectively.

12090: 5771:. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both. In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English). 12233: 8545:"In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." 4803:. Since then, Kazakhstan has consistently taken measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist and there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee. 12236: 10639: 3565:, founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. The opposition parties which were officially registered and competed in the elections won a single seat. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards. 4825: 4268:. As of late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $ 22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $ 4.2 billion, 14% of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP in 2000, was 21.7%; in 2001, it was 17.5%, and in 2002, it was 15.4%. 4137:'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions). 12082: 7184:. In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence." 4352:) in 2012 up from 51.2 million tonnes (50.4 million long tons; 56.4 million short tons) in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13% higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to 13.9 billion cubic metres (490 6470:. The Foundation Asyl Mura is archivating and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical. The leading conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It currently competes with the national conservatoire in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan's capital. 4302:, from 30% to 20%. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5% for personal income in the form of dividends and 10% for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003. 6473:

When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of Kazakhstan from the

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Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central

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delivered an unexpected state-of-the-nation address in Nur-Sultan at an extended session of the Political Council of the Nur Otan party, introducing a "Nurly Jol" (Bright Path), a new economic policy that implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the next several years. The "Nurly Zhol"

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President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which include a ten-year exemption from corporation tax, an eight-year exemption from property tax, and a ten-year freeze on most other taxes. Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30

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describes tourism in Kazakhstan as, "hugely underdeveloped", despite the attractions of the country's dramatic mountain, lake and desert landscapes. Factors hampering an increase in tourist visits are said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure", "poor service" and the logistical difficulties

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Kazakhstan's Supreme Court has taken recent steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country's legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and

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One of the most ambitious targets of the State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country's level of expenditure on research and development to 1% of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18% of GDP. It will be difficult to reach the

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In 2011 Switzerland confiscated US$ 48 million in Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States. US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights

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stations. In May 2011, the construction of the second phase of the Almaty Metro line 1 began. The general contractor is Almatymetrokurylys. Currently more than 300 m (980 ft) of tunnels on the extension project have been excavated. The extension includes five new stations, and will connect

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report on Kazakhstan said that the country "heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practising religion outside state controls.

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In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $ 30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $ 400,000

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In April 2011, president Obama called president Nazarbayev and discussed many cooperative efforts regarding nuclear security, including securing nuclear material from the BN-350 reactor. They reviewed progress on meeting goals that the two presidents established during their bilateral meeting at the

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The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $ 100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan. The project aims to provide relevant

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sources such as the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects give an estimate of 19,196,465. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 18.459 million as of April 2019. In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year according to the

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in almost all of the report's pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication

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Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis well, by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for small and

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Kazakhstan's fiscal situation is stable. The government has continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support

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Kazakhstan has the largest and strongest performing economy in Central Asia. Supported by rising oil output and prices, Kazakhstan's economy grew at an average of 8% per year until 2013, before suffering a slowdown in 2014 and 2015 Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its

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Kazakhstan actively supports UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, the Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire. In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through a

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Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localities; all others are designated rural. At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Nur-Sultan, which are classified as

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are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tonnes (3.4 billion long tons) of oil and 2.5 billion cubic metres (88 billion cubic feet) of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is 6.1 billion tonnes

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stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans"). Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided in two main categories: the

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Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstan's Constitution. Article 39 states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or

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In October 2014, Kazakhstan introduced its first overseas dollar bonds in 14 years. Kazakhstan issued $ 2.5 billion of 10- and 30-year bonds on 5 October 2014, in what was the nation's first dollar-denominated overseas sale since 2000. Kazakhstan sold $ 1.5 billion of 10-year dollar bonds to yield

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in 2014. According to EY's 2014 Kazakhstan Attractiveness Survey, "Investor confidence in Kazakhstan’s potential is also at an all-time high with 47.3% of respondents expecting Kazakhstan to become increasingly attractive over the next three years." The high level of economic, political and social

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The government of Kazakhstan has set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($ 0.12). The price for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants is 16.71 tenge ($ 0.09), and from biogas

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system is under construction. It's been a long time coming and the project was abandoned at one point in 2013, but an agreement was signed on 7 May 2015 for the project to go ahead. The system was opened between 1959 and 1978, and the tram was a popular form of transport in Oskemen/Ust-Kamenogorsk

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Kazakhstan's economy grew at an average of 8% per year over the past decade on the back of hydrocarbon exports. Despite the lingering uncertainty of the global economy, Kazakhstan's economy has been stable. GDP growth in January–September 2013 was 5.7%, according to preliminary calculations of the

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On 4 December 2005, Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected in an apparent landslide victory. The electoral commission announced that he had won over 90% of the vote. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) concluded the election did not meet international standards despite some

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Another very challenging aspect arises from the young composers generation, and the rock and jazz musicians, as they aim to incorporate their traditional heritage into the music they learned from the western cultures, thus forming a new stage of "ethnic contemporary classics", respectively ethnic

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The current situation could be described as the effort to rediscover the traditional music as it had been practised before the heavy influence of European musical styles. Although the quality of the performances and the striving for authenticity cannot be ignored, it is for methodological reasons

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Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52% of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national research

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listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country. A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption, access to information, and prosecuting corruption. Kazakhstan has

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will enable the country to produce as much as 3 million barrels (480,000 m) per day by 2015, and Kazakhstan would be among the top 10 oil-producing nations in the world. Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $ 7 billion, representing 65% of overall exports and 24% of the

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located in ] with the most western parts of it being located in ]. It is the world's largest ], and the ] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900|km²}}.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz |title=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK).

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The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitised manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920,

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US$ 1.6 billion), or around 1.1% of GDP. Some 11% of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40–70% of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new services and production

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As of May 2014, Kazakhstan attracted $ 190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it leads the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita. One of the factors that attract foreign direct investments is country's political stability. According to the World

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The Khorgos Gateway dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary dry ports for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ that officially commenced operations in

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From January to September 2014 Kazakhstan's GDP grew at 4%. According to the results from the first half of the year, the current account surplus is $ 6.6 billion, a figure two times higher than that of the first half of 2013. According to the Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, Kairat

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During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major

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J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon after. Since then, the industry has shrunk and been restructured, with system-wide loans dropping to 39% of GDP in 2011 from 59% in 2007. Although the Russian and Kazakhstani banking systems share several common features, there are also some fundamental

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Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover in 2018 was $ 93.5 billion, which is 19.7% more compared to 2017. Export in 2018 reached $ 67 billion (+25.7% vs 2017) and import was $ 32.5 billion (+9.9% vs 2017). Exports accounted for 40.1% of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018. Kazakhstan

3965:

met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic

6477: 4045:(the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments, and a large amount of equipment that had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the 6492:

The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, conservatories, where the European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh

4995:

As of 2014, foreign investors had placed a total of $ 211.5 billion in Kazakhstan. According to the US State Department, Kazakhstan is widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region. In 2002 the country became the first sovereign in the former Soviet Union to receive an

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Asia, and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine are now partners, and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European, and Central Asian countries in the tourism market.

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In 2010, president Nazarbayev rejected a call from supporters to hold a referendum to keep him in office until 2020. He insisted on presidential elections for a five-year term. In a vote held on 3 April 2011, president Nazarbayev received 95.54% of the vote with 89.9% of registered voters

3005:, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $ 40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13% of gross domestic product). According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest 4877:

The Kazakh Government, long characterised as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition, has started an initiative named the "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020". This initiative aims to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan:

4585:, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some 458: 10631: 3970:

Nuclear Security Summit in 2010. Since 2014 the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018. On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.

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methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of Kazakhstan's innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2% of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries.

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was needed in the first years of independence. Emphasis was on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind achievements in the economy. By 2006, Kazakhstan generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.

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Kazakhstan ranked 25th in the annual 2019 World Bank Doing Business Report - an increase of 11 positions year over year. Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum

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are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 square kilometres (79,000 sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 square kilometres

6537:, a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of 462: 17720: 455: 5300:

The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3% and 51.7% of the population, respectively.

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roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.

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prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1–3% in 2008 and 2009, and then rising again from 2010. Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of uranium.

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Since 2002, the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the

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Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |title=Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution |accessdate=27 December 2016 |url-status=live

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held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion.

4086:(UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered as the most important part of KNB. Its director is 3993:

Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in south-eastern Ukraine." In 2018, Kazakhstan signed the UN treaty on the

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2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan is $ 3.08 billion or 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranks Kazakhstan 81st in its 2017 report, which is four positions higher compared to the previous period. Kazakhstan received 6.5 million tourists in 2016.

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in the suburbs. Its length will be 8.62 km (5.36 mi). The construction is divided into 3 phases. The first phase (the current phase) will be the addition of two stations: Sairan and Moscow, a length of 2.7 km (1.7 mi). For more details see:

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With support from the US Department of State's Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to bolster free expression and journalistic rights in Kazakhstan.

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not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council recently affirmed these rights by ruling that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.

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target as long as economic growth remains strong. Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6% in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$ 598 million to PPP$ 714 million between 2005 and 2013.

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The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after

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The banking industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan experienced a pronounced boom and bust cycle over 2000s decade. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including

12915: 63: 6467:, a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed 4235:. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources. 9743: 4417:

has introduced deposit insurance in its campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Due to troubling and non-performing bad assets the bank sector yet is at risk to lose stability. Several major foreign banks have branches in Kazakhstan, including

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production of 7.3 billion cubic metres (260 billion cubic feet). Kazakhstan holds about 4 billion tonnes (3.9 billion long tons; 4.4 billion short tons) of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic kilometres (480

9015: 4079:. During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic metres (25,356 cu ft) of water. 14270: 2504:(in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the 8395:: 1. The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazakh language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh language. 5067:

The housing market of Kazakhstan has grown since 2010. In 2013, the total housing area in Kazakhstan amounted to 336.1 million square metres (3,618 million square feet). The housing stock rose over the year to 32.7 million

6597:

In the national cuisine, livestock meat can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments often include black tea and traditional milk-derived drinks such as

1520:, was characterised as an authoritarian, and his government was accused of numerous human rights violations, including suppression of dissent and censorship of the media. Nazarbayev resigned in March 2019 but was made the Kazakh 4396:

reform program in 1998. As of 1 January 2012, the pension assets were about $ 17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was

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designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader

2427:

The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000

17710: 11648: 6400:) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E. 19981: 6157:("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (Ph.D.). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed. 2216:

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the

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Since 2002, Kazakhstan has sought to manage strong inflows of foreign currency without sparking inflation. Inflation has not been under strict control, however, registering 6.6% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003, and 6.4% in 2004.

5170:

councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.

5103:

and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education. The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.

16813: 13660: 12801: 3905:. The official response of the Assembly was that because Kazakhstan is partially located in Europe,it could apply for full membership, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at the Council until its 2562:. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader 18674: 17076: 7060: 4652:

Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.15,333 km (9,527 mi) of

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and hay land. Over 80% of the country's total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).

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in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates the pension funds. The growing demand of the pension funds for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt

16879: 11718: 8893: 4410:, including government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan is studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it. 9737: 4868:

In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked 51st in the world in terms of number of tourist arrivals. In 2000 total 1.47 million international tourists visited Kazakhstan, which was increased to 4.81 million in 2012.

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level of 3.5% of GDP to a deficit of 1.2% of GDP in 2003. Government revenues grew from 19.8% of GDP in 1999 to 22.6% of GDP in 2001, but decreased to 16.2% of GDP in 2003. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new

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investment-grade credit rating from an international credit rating agency. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a more significant role in the national economy than in most other former Soviet republics.

3534:

Reforms have begun to be implemented after the election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in June 2019. Tokayev supports a culture of opposition, public assembly, and loosening rules on forming political parties.

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Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.

12261: 7696: 11688: 6316:. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of the history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs. 12127: 3860:

in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the

13604: 13266: 9023: 3608:, won every seat with 88% of the vote. None of the opposition parties has reached the benchmark 7% level of the seats. Opposition parties made accusations of serious irregularities in the election. 2071:. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes ( 18701: 4151:

In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intends to digitise all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018.

9374: 9239: 16900: 5740:, which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an "official" language, and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication, although Kazakh is slowly replacing it. 1448: 9531: 18691: 10784: 9511: 3804: 3722:). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government. 12503: 15: 18669: 12525: 10044: 449: 4964:

Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. According to the Green Economy Plan, Kazakhstan committed to meet 50% of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050.

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China is one of the main economic and trade partners of Kazakhstan. In 2013, China launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) where Kazakhstan is given an important role as a transit hub.

10707: 9873: 2582: 18684: 18679: 13246: 9742:[Public signing of the Decree "On some issues of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan"] (in Russian). President of Kazakhstan. 19 June 2018. 5453:, a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and 2301:

settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

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The strategy of transport development in Kazakhstan until 2015 is to build 1,600 km (990 mi) of new electrified and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of existing railway stations.

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are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except

6427:), a philosophical treatise and collection of poems where he criticises Russian colonial policies and encourages other Kazakhs to embrace education and literacy. The literary magazines 13704: 12472: 10062: 10001: 9322: 9296: 8460: 6916:

is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the

6335:

According to Chinese written sources of 6th–8th centuries CE, Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods, and were primarily transmitted by

3543: 11969: 6858:, they were an extra-time in the semi-final from reaching the final for the first time. In 2012, they were even closer when they took it to a penalty shootout. The team won the first 3390:, several of which are protected. Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichen. 9971: 4732:

international exhibition. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m2 station is expected to be used by 54 trains a day and has capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.

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in 1978. Bandy is developed in 10 of the country's 17 administrative divisions (8 of the 14 regions and 2 of the 3 cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).

6545:. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavours 12863: 10110: 450: 19951: 14307: 11753: 6812:

was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the

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Kazakhstan established a visa-free regime for citizens of 45 countries, including European Union and OECD member states, the US, the UAE, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.

2922:. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres (490 and 980 feet). The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare 2463: 13137: 4049:. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005. 19971: 17700: 4216:

the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.

3485:. The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the cabinet. 11999: 6481: 18629: 17775: 11914: 11600: 11478: 10273: 10088: 10760: 9773: 9400: 6160:

Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $ 9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Nur-Sultan and Kyzylorda.

18634: 18614: 18604: 18068: 17674: 13652: 11098: 4968: 4488:

Kelimbetov, the increase was caused by a trade surplus of 17.4 percent, or approximately US$ 22.6 billion. The overall inflation rate for 2014 is forecasted at 7.4 percent.

3424: 12798: 18639: 18624: 18619: 18609: 18599: 18089: 17715: 17372: 16910: 15290: 11298: 3087:(EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues. 10237: 5414:

era. In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about 1 million

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of travel in a geographically enormous, underdeveloped country. Even for locals, going for holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.

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According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness. One year later, the

11710: 11243: 8885: 8505:: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians." 6567:

important to remember that the contemporary musicians performing among traditional folk music are all well trained professionals (Rauchan Orazbaeva, Ramazan Stamgazi).

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A Kazakhstan performer demonstrates the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of the Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.

5235: 5199: 2359: 867: 17987: 14392: 4098:

peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the US Military.

16915: 13564: 12279: 11060: 10921: 10291: 9898: 4083: 11626: 10368: 5026:

The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" have been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improving policy to attract FDI.

18103: 17705: 17480: 16925: 16920: 12479: 12450: 8593: 3048:

In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tonnes (2.7 billion long tons) of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the

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Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and Chilisai deposit of

17060: 12184: 11361: 2366:(RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was a mainly Russian-populated town of 1355: 11447: 10844: 6784:

in the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his career, he won multiple titles and medals at some of the world's most prestigious basketball competitions, including the

4208:

Kazakhstan's economy grew by 4.6% in 2014. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the

2285:

The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the

19292: 18798: 17633: 12208: 11387: 9486: 13682: 12657: 12257: 11845: 10541: 4101:

In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.

11560: 9179: 9110: 12119: 11684: 11128: 9957: 18313: 16433: 15281: 13600: 13274: 7300: 3861: 1624: 10519: 5955:, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today. 4187: 19986: 16874: 16823: 9370: 9231: 6143:; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the 3876: 3526:

deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the parliament.

10682: 4738: 18664: 10338: 9535: 6437:(published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs. 5998:

Muslims. There are a total of 2,300 mosques, all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme

3045:. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also currently has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas. 1843:(i.e. ponies) in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times Central Asia was inhabited by groups like the possibly Proto-Indo-European 11038: 10781: 10661: 9508: 7878: 2832:(plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry 18571: 18061: 17871: 17151: 17146: 17055: 17040: 13466: 12500: 10823: 9209: 8416: 6415:, sometimes russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is 5049:

1.5 percentage points above midswaps and $ 1 billion of 30-year debt at two percentage points over midswaps. The country drew bids for $ 11 billion.

4728:, the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Nur-Sultan on 31 May 2017. The opening of the station coincided with the start of the 2719: 2433: 2165:

In the first half of the 18th century the Russian Empire constructed the Irtysh line, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including

12521: 10036: 9807: 8942: 8004: 2077:). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. 17365: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 9679: 9565: 9136: 8297: 6801: 4514: 1051: 211: 131: 13222: 11867: 11266: 9635: 8834: 4714:

era, rail routes were designed ignoring intersoviet borders and to the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused anomalies such as the route from

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Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with

18738: 17050: 17005: 14672: 14245: 13058: 10711: 10124: 9870: 6053: 5008: 3561:, headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the 3514:; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The senate has 47 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies ( 13243: 12938: 3782:

on the administrative level equal to that of a district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts. At the lowest level are

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Bank's report, Kazakhstan is among the top 40% of countries in the world that are considered the most politically stable and free of violence.

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participating. In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan. As of 2010, Kazakhstan was reported on the

2331: 2100:. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 969: 12312: 12051: 12021: 11767: 8961: 17045: 13708: 12730: 10058: 9993: 9928: 9318: 9288: 9066: 8716: 6817: 4046: 3084: 2531:

test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 and had negative ecological and biological consequences. The

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says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion", and other human rights organisations regularly describe

19966: 19624: 19619: 19476: 19366: 18054: 17926: 17888: 17780: 14203: 14199: 11795: 6905: 6893: 6813: 6762: 3995: 2409: 2363: 2263:

to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.

1632: 1228: 11526: 11417: 10485: 10251: 9979: 5165:

Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3

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Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.

17838: 17358: 16833: 15921: 14646: 14463: 14255: 12859: 10102: 8368: 6943: 6020:

One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Other Christian groups include

3924:), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China, as well as with the United States and the rest of the 2457: 2405: 2371: 880: 12341: 11741: 8859: 7837:

Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior

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as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle. The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian

473: 18731: 18644: 18559: 17954: 17684: 16998: 16979: 14880: 13141: 13115: 13013: 6781: 5435: 4849: 4007: 3482: 1015: 14355: 11824: 10979: 9085: 6610:. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as 19702: 11991: 10403: 8054: 7103: 7075: 4861: 3820: 1121: 13440: 12594: 11906: 11888: 11590: 11470: 10269: 10084: 9396: 5147:

The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.

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Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997; though it is still socially unaccepted in most parts. Discrimination against

16828: 15274: 14656: 10947: 10752: 10463: 9765: 9708:"On Administrative-Territorial Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 8 December 1993" 8100: 6809: 3902: 3629:

On 26 April 2015, the fifth presidential election was held in Kazakhstan. Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97.7% of votes.

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and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or

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economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.

19657: 17815: 17669: 16838: 16333: 16210: 15575: 14890: 12633: 11936: 9460: 9430: 6714: 5388: 3760:

s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.

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camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". Many moved due to the policy of

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in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi). Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of

15856:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

14412: 13079: 13034: 11292: 8325: 6376:

Other notable bards include Kaztugan Žyrau, Žiembet Žyrau, Axtamberdy Žyrau, and Buxar Žyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to

5238:

fixes a target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.

4480:

Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation.

2704: – Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the 2025:, the largest in world history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent 19996: 17653: 14782: 13583: 12776: 10233: 6344:

zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the

5943:, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of 5173: 3519: 13338: 11005: 10883: 10587: 8974: 8765: 7851: 4677:) gauge, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) electrified, in 2012. Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from 2021:

connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the

17864: 17643: 16959: 16818: 14128: 13201: 12990: 12752: 12400: 10314: 10211: 8926: 8666: 8540: 8520: 8500: 8470: 8362: 8290:Перепись населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года. Краткие итоги. (Census for the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Short Summary) 7845: 7030: 6684: 6668: 6132: 3278: 2604:

on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself

2259:

oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians

1836: 11235: 10732: 10617: 2597: 19991: 16869: 15226: 14936: 14476: 12714: 12695: 12676: 12576: 12552: 9205: 8672: 8392: 7344: 6859: 5156: 3932:

space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle

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participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "

168: 143: 93: 72: 13561: 12837: 12275: 10913: 10558: 10287: 9890: 9583: 9265: 18077: 15267: 11622: 11213: 11150: 10360: 8077: 7327: 7107: 6485: 3888: 2532: 2394: 2185:(1752), to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory. In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of 2130:

used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including

1766: 1628: 31: 28: 13734: 9044: 8694: 8585: 8127: 7997: 4856:

has accounted for 0.3% of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government has plans to increase it to 3% by 2020. According to the

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with 8 billion barrels (1.3 billion cubic metres) and 1,350 cubic kilometres (320 cubic miles) of natural gas; and

19738: 19169: 17381: 15759: 15073: 13618: 13540: 9834: 9715: 7791: 7251: 7235: 6672: 6120: 6086: 5099: 4898:

Oblasts. It also seeks investment of $ 4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.

4457: 4257: 3892: 3837: 3069:. These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US 2894: 1738: 1608: 1339: 1154: 111: 12424: 12176: 11365: 8806: 8240: 7812: 2112:, the Kazakh won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729. 495: 19676: 19357: 18754: 18503: 17021: 14240: 14177: 14147: 14102: 14083: 14056: 14037: 14008: 13989: 13945: 13926: 13907: 13863: 13844: 13111: 12205: 11439: 10022: 9344: 8872: 7246: 7241: 7027: 6785: 6758: 6754: 6194:

Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy.

5023:

stability and Kazakhstan's competitive corporate tax rate were the primary reasons mentioned for its attractiveness.

4725: 4722:

now passes briefly through Russian territory. It also means that routes might not suit modern-day Kazakhstani needs.

3880: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3637: 3070: 2441: 2421: 1785: 1612: 1599:

has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. Kazakhstan is a member of the

1584: 1432:

The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic

13674: 9482: 4413:

The banking system of Kazakhstan is developing rapidly and the system's capitalisation now exceeds $ 1 billion. The

19931: 17857: 14941: 14651: 13796: 12654: 11841: 10805: 10545: 6305: 5360: 4762:. A second and third metro lines are planned in the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at 4647: 4341: 4193: 3928:. Russia currently leases approximately 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 sq mi) of territory enclosing the 3107:, with warm summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Nursultan is the second coldest capital city in the world after 2413: 2310: 2206: 1494: 895: 12473:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 11556: 11504: 11297:[The tram system in Ust-Kamenogorsk completely ceased operation] (in Russian). Informburo. 12 March 2018. 9792: 9739:Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан" 9175: 9102: 8214: 5144:

in Kazakhstan. Proceedings eventually involved US$ 84 million in the US and another US$ 60 million in Switzerland

3522:(fourteen regions plus the cities of Nur-Sultan and Almaty). The president appoints the remaining seven senators. 1745: 17820: 17805: 17628: 15914: 15824: 14863: 14836: 14456: 13752: 13376: 11120: 9953: 7201: 6863: 6348:(akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs. There were several types of works, such as 5310: 4654: 4076: 3815: 2605: 2346:

in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of

1509: 1455:

etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, the territory was subjugated by the

1285: 954: 641: 11179: 6217: 6059:

According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.

2221:, which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, 1901: 19882: 18483: 16424: 16313: 14959: 14722: 10515: 8643: 8623: 6909: 6843: 6639:

is professional cycling team representing Kazakhstan and sponsored by the state-owned companies from Kazakhstan

6231: 5140:

implemented anticorruption reforms that have been recognized by organizations like Transparency International.

2700:

With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to

2491:'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader 1723: 1521: 1102: 711: 183: 161: 100: 16402: 11328: 8766:"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives" 3982:

specialised UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.

19946: 19763: 17736: 16974: 16864: 14875: 7221: 7176: 6855: 6851: 6821: 5751:

as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include

5095: 4446: 4016: 2941: 2547: 2417: 2005:

entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the

1505: 1307: 16945:

Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference

14290: 13413:

GÖMEC, Saadettin (2009). "The Identity of Oguz Kagan, the Oguz in the History and the Epics of Oguz Kagan".

10871:

Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation

10330: 9852:

Joint Statement on the meeting between president Obama and Kazakhstan president Nazarbayev | The White House

9613: 5185:

Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (

4212:

The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014. Another 22% devaluation occurred in August 2015.

1752: 127:

Kazakhstan in Europe, never heard of it, sorry. Border is at Istanbul and Kazakhstan is thousands of km east

20006: 17770: 17679: 17623: 16317: 15672: 14995: 14851: 14790: 13972: 13890: 11030: 10675: 10653: 9001: 8525:"Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin" 8039: 7875: 6571:

rock or jazz music that sounds distinctly Kazakh. For the classical sector outstanding: Aqtoty Raimkulova,

5940: 5423: 5177:

Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60

4971:

occur by 2050. The green economy is projected to increase GDP by 3% and create more than 500,000 new jobs.

4121: 3973: 3943: 3605: 3448: 2644: 2601: 2476: 1275: 741: 139: 89: 13462: 10819: 9201: 9063: 8948: 8430:

Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan".

4811:

Kazakhstan has vast deposits of uranium, precious metals, metals, ores, alloys, ferroalloys and minerals.

3596:

On 17 August 2007, elections to the lower house of parliament were held and a coalition led by the ruling

413: 19650: 19335: 17760: 16969: 15850:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

14926: 14921: 14404: 14326: 14229: 14075: 9811: 9453:"World|Asia-Pacific|Q&A: Kazakhstan parliamentary election Kazakh poll fairness questioned" 7947: 6805: 5925: 4767: 4414: 4038: 3987: 3857: 3547: 3285:

in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. Common plants are

3112: 2992: 2753:

It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with

1719: 1684:, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term 19689: 9672: 9557: 9132: 5947:

and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of

4852:

and the largest landlocked country. Today, tourism is not a major component of the economy. As of 2014,

3632:

On 19 March 2019, Nazarbayev announced his resignation from the presidency. Kazakhstan's senate speaker

1481:

in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the

20001: 19841: 19829: 19817: 19780: 19751: 19726: 19714: 17765: 17638: 16859: 15907: 15136: 15088: 14858: 14826: 14686: 14449: 14208: 14022: 13218: 11871: 8831: 8738: 5959: 5899: 5818: 5247: 5228: 4460:

nations. In 2018, $ 24 billion of FDI was directed into Kazakhstan, a significant increase since 2012.

4291: 4141: 4110: 3095: 2690: 2516: 1840: 1734: 1541: 1255: 1033: 986: 150: 16366:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

14356:

2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor

13055: 12935: 12120:"In Surprise State of the Nation Address, Kazakh President Unveils Massive Infrastructure Investments" 8408: 8120: 6505:

and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by

6238:

Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy:

3916:

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multivector foreign policy" (

1421:

is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is

19870: 19792: 19635: 14931: 14916: 14868: 14600: 13490: 11944: 7180:

were to stop printing for three months. The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as

7163: 7159: 6917: 4525: 4509: 4453: 4224: 4155: 13766: 13506: 13166: 12141: 11471:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news" 10168: 10145: 8750: 8555: 8265: 8180: 4974: 19941: 19858: 19302: 18554: 18448: 15191: 15063: 14885: 14841: 14285: 12013: 9920: 8722: 7322: 7310: 7023: 6847: 6546: 6526: 6468: 5833: 5736:

languages) spoken natively by 64.4% of the population, has the status of "state" language, whereas

4042: 3572: 3474: 3399: 2064: 1604: 791: 572: 12885: 5098:

that was published at the beginning of September 2014. Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the

4456:

inflows into the country at a 7% growth rate making it the most attractive place to invest out of

4144:

of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.

3073:

Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m) of oil per day in 2009.

2997:

Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of

2213:

effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

17880: 17785: 16964: 16275: 15131: 15100: 15068: 15058: 14954: 14846: 14831: 14795: 14695: 10425: 8381: 8028: 7910: 7759: 7711: 7316: 6730: 6390:

are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century. The

6304:". Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of 6181: 6164:

training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and current employees in need of training.

6068: 5723: 4891: 4643: 4368:) of gas. According to industry analysts, expansion of oil production and the development of new 3947: 3865: 3691: 3653: 3554: 3437: 2640: 2520: 2225:, in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations. 2186: 1935: 1712: 1616: 1517: 1206: 1079: 1002: 726: 13809: 11788: 7968: 7114:

is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.

6105: 5914:, while 0.5% chose not to answer. According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan is a secular state. 4321: 2397:). During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh cultured society were executed — as part of the 2255:

was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in

2122:" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakh suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga 577: 399: 19697: 19643: 18443: 16905: 16482: 15345: 15176: 15048: 15025: 14990: 14814: 14360: 10493: 7674: 7263: 6995: 6464: 6040:

is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan. Other religious groups include Judaism, the

5780: 5320: 4895: 4887: 4704: 4438:

have both recently entered the Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and

4419: 4337: 3403: 3262: 1129: 1073: 687: 605: 107: 14219: 8352: 8145:"Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators" 4406:

market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government

19804: 19680: 19350: 16307: 15828: 15691: 15662: 15219: 15196: 15146: 14973: 14904: 14800: 14484: 14364: 13244:

More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news

12337: 8856: 8807:"Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934" 8144: 7339: 6925: 6773: 6743: 6173: 6021: 6013: 5415: 5403: 4820: 4167: 4134: 4041:. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the 3950: 3895: 3659: 3649: 3633: 3466: 3432: 2805:. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the 2496: 2059:

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh

1799: 1529: 1525: 828: 732: 66: 18046: 13101: 13010: 10965: 9714:. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center of Legal Information. 5292:

International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019), while

4115:

Kazakhstan's human rights situation is described as poor by independent observers. The 2015

2052:

tribes, a process which was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the

1688:

is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs.

19307: 19148: 18565: 18518: 18395: 17350: 16175: 15181: 15151: 15105: 15005: 14626: 14346: 13818: 13031:"KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage" 11820: 11746:

International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015)

10970: 8432: 7055: 7015: 6971: 6901: 6867: 6789: 6750: 6718: 6688: 6664: 6534: 6502: 6140: 6041: 5407: 5194: 5136: 5081: 4857: 4265: 3623: 3503: 3462: 2615:, became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner, which 2612: 2468: 2437: 2290: 2082: 1513: 806: 756: 717: 419: 18723: 16990: 13837:

Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997

12258:"Kazakhstan should build on its efforts to fight corruption and push forward with reforms" 10395: 9082: 8051: 7368:

Kazakhstani includes all citizens, in contrast to Kazakh, which is the demonym for ethnic

6736:

Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing.

6339:: professional storytellers and musical performers. Traces of this tradition are shown on 6139:

that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the

3080:

located in north western Kazakhstan, with a resource of 500–800 million tonnes of 9% ore.

2685:, considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two 2596:

on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted

2408:(whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the 433: 8: 19926: 19836: 18093: 16564: 16252: 15784: 15617: 15415: 15235: 15186: 15171: 15115: 15053: 15043: 15038: 14717: 14580: 14249: 13432: 12602: 11892: 10193:, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015. 9871:"Readout of the President's Call to President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan" | The White House 8062: 7142: 6979: 6643:

Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in

6627: 6446: 6392: 6340: 6082: 5895: 5803: 5215: 4796: 4353: 4278:

and financial sector reforms, has dramatically improved government finance from the 1999

4034: 3929: 3738: 3636:

became acting president after Nursultan Nazarbayev's resignation. Later, Tokayev won the

3351: 3339: 3104: 2794: 2790: 2551: 2274: 2101: 1872: 1868: 1644: 1524:

chairman-for-life, and had the capital's name changed to his first name. Senate Chairman

695: 316: 15763: 10943: 10455: 8097: 3417: 1759: 19976: 18320: 16417: 16231: 15683: 15259: 15156: 15020: 14224: 13955: 13873: 12217: 11001: 10599: 10164: 10141: 10103:"Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June" 10037:"Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements" 8658:

Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser Of the German-Russian Volga Colonies

8261: 6983: 6929: 6144: 6101: 5756: 5270: 4403: 4382: 4116: 3933: 3478: 2802: 2798: 2686: 2484: 2339: 2244: 2135: 2014: 1876: 1844: 1537: 1486: 1351: 1267: 762: 405: 187: 157: 12625: 12338:"Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan" 9452: 9422: 8857:

Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands'

8328:. Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010. Archived from 6089:

is 99.5%. On average, these statistics are equal to both women and men in Kazakhstan.

2067:

to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control

1493:, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the 19709: 17602: 17426: 17416: 17398: 17392: 16534: 16385: 16010: 15899: 15882: 15390: 14946: 14636: 14560: 14173: 14143: 14124: 14098: 14079: 14068: 14052: 14033: 14004: 13985: 13941: 13922: 13903: 13859: 13840: 13197: 13075: 13030: 12986: 12748: 12396: 10866: 10310: 10059:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 8922: 8868: 8662: 8639: 8619: 8466: 8358: 8329: 7841: 7809:"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2016 года" 7151: 7147: 7111: 7038: 6963: 6955: 6279: 6255: 6113: 6093: 5952: 5411: 5266: 4232: 3778:

on the administrative level equal to that of a region. At the intermediate level are

3345: 2563: 2543: 2492: 2480: 2347: 2235:

From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began

1864: 1848: 1490: 1437: 1239: 941: 777: 14166: 13580: 12768: 9994:"Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan's Economic Resilience" 6632: 6618:. They also drink their national beverage, which consists of fermented mare's milk. 5135:. In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries and the 19343: 19322: 19317: 19312: 17810: 16843: 16270: 15820: 14985: 14590: 14570: 14535: 13330: 10203: 8780: 8441: 7835: 7726: 7702: 7504: 7498: 7391: 7285: 7034: 6991: 6885: 6875: 6694: 6522: 6404: 6328: 6319: 6239: 6214:

further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.

6186: 6136: 6109: 5737: 5733: 5384: 5289: 5019: 5004: 4715: 4439: 4209: 4022: 3709: 3677: 3458: 2661: 2631:, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union. 2386: 2343: 2264: 2150: 1662: 1596: 1456: 1452: 1181: 551: 374: 16: 12842:

Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics

11591:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists" 19557: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18453: 17336: 17161: 17156: 16634: 16226: 15942: 15875: 15788: 15596: 15475: 15302: 15110: 15033: 15000: 14742: 14712: 14575: 14302: 13587: 13568: 13494: 13250: 13062: 13017: 12942: 12824: 12805: 12718: 12699: 12680: 12661: 12580: 12507: 12240: 12212: 10788: 10740: 10613: 10594: 10562: 10175: 10152: 9877: 9858: 9515: 9089: 9070: 9051: 8981: 8863: 8838: 8656: 8388: 8272: 8131: 8108: 8104: 8081: 8058: 8035: 7882: 7795: 7689: 7665: 7385: 7281: 7094: 6921: 6777: 6710: 6636: 6542: 6420: 6408: 6293: 6289: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6223: 6177: 6025: 5936: 5764: 5760: 5729: 5261: 5211: 4842: 4688: 4606: 4295: 4271: 4242: 4087: 3917: 3695: 3663: 3613: 3383: 3317: 3115:

varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.

2817: 2757:, 1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres (653 mi) with 2740: 2501: 2267:

was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

2109: 2053: 1654: 1588: 564: 543: 349: 16880:

United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

14337: 12711: 12692: 12673: 12573: 12548: 8445: 6521:. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear 4901:

Kazakhstan offers a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of

2538:

In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the

19543: 19500: 19187: 18523: 17795: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 16719: 16509: 16432: 15853: 15550: 15365: 15010: 14707: 14641: 14621: 12860:"Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan" 12845: 11889:"EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment" 10961: 9636:"CEC announces preliminary results of 2019 Presidential Election in Kazakhstan" 9579: 9261: 8085: 7295: 7289: 7273: 6951: 6937: 6881: 6846:

is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the

6592: 6572: 6494: 6370: 6313: 6309: 6263: 6243: 6033: 5768: 5752: 5744: 5293: 5257: 4407: 4386: 4326: 4279: 4228: 4012: 3954: 3884: 3872: 3825: 3333: 3323: 2983:, 8 km (5 mi) in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old. 2713: 2701: 2555: 2351: 2327: 2286: 2278: 2256: 2218: 2194: 2127: 2097: 2049: 2026: 2006: 1896: 1600: 1592: 1482: 1347: 972: 854: 841: 204: 14312: 13730: 12306:"Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies" 11468: 11205: 11154: 9348: 8074: 7086:

studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award-winning movies such as

5962:

form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are

3119:

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan

2508:

had become a minority in the country, making up 30% of the population. Ethnic

1946:

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.

19920: 19515: 18508: 18203: 16724: 16589: 16410: 16378: 16236: 15887: 15635: 15601: 15435: 15141: 15078: 14752: 14747: 14732: 14605: 14585: 14550: 14540: 14427: 14414: 14341: 14297: 14286:"Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011 10575: 9558:"Kazakhstan strongman leader re-elected with 97.7% amid record voter turnout" 8686: 8638:". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. 8124: 7834:

Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013).

6959: 6950:

and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers (

6676: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6297: 6153: 6097: 6029: 5848: 5450: 5427: 5419: 5376: 5340: 5069: 4755: 4610:. It has no common name in English, but is known in its native Kazakhstan as 4582: 4546: 4398: 4261: 3925: 3737:

has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the

3618: 3387: 3379: 2980: 2956: 2943: 2935: 2909: 2896: 2880: 2853: 2845: 2829: 2736: 2675: 2671: 2488: 2429: 2229: 2190: 2154: 2123: 2078: 2022: 1918: 1478: 1441: 1300: 692: 510: 497: 15246: 13532: 12956:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation" 12817: 11501:"Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States" 9838: 9707: 8236: 7788: 6403:

The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to

6036:), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox 6009: 4313: 4172: 3733:

have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of

1989: 1930: 1911: 47: 19894: 19450: 19182: 19109: 18380: 18340: 18330: 18153: 17800: 17565: 17475: 17298: 16709: 16291: 16170: 16135: 15640: 15606: 15555: 14595: 14545: 14530: 14236: 13814: 12416: 12369:. New York and Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2012. 11907:"Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors" 11595: 9345:"Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan" 9020:

U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis

8818: 7808: 7019: 7003: 6999: 6933: 6913: 6698: 6648: 6514: 6498: 6363: 6324: 6301: 6211: 6148: 5344: 5281: 4870: 4838: 4784: 4777: 4711: 4619: 4378: 4374: 4052:

The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41

4027: 3962: 3910: 3568: 3054: 2861: 2825: 2762: 2705: 2559: 2198: 2009:

and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities

2002: 1832: 1580: 1498: 1460: 1382: 1359: 1343: 928: 587: 199: 191: 19365: 17849: 17742:

GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)

13601:"Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast" 10018: 8773:

Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies

6962:

in 2012) were recognised as the best boxers for their techniques with the

6493:

traditional music into these academic structures. Controlled first by the

6451: 5921: 4305: 2467:

The International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the

1320: 19877: 19297: 18513: 18228: 18118: 17790: 17648: 17556: 17496: 17404: 17186: 16787: 16747: 16694: 16629: 16390: 16120: 16060: 16055: 15950: 15718: 15535: 15470: 15166: 15014: 14737: 14727: 14280: 11685:"Kazakhstan abolishes visa requirements for travellers from 45 countries" 10801: 9319:"Nazarbayev ally wins big in Kazakhstan election after hundreds arrested" 7167: 6835: 6680: 6506: 6227: 6135:, higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic 6003: 5963: 5439: 5392: 5364: 5336: 5277: 4938: 4586: 4465: 4360: 4250: 3557:

in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government

3507: 3499: 3443: 3108: 3049: 3002: 2865: 2849: 2813: 2593: 2205:" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the 2134:, the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. Also, the 1824: 1816: 1533: 1406: 1386: 815: 800: 747: 17596:

Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)

13788: 11623:"Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz" 9835:"Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact" 6073: 4298:

fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, from 21% to 20%, and the personal

2239:

the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of

1528:

succeeded Nazarbayev as president. Kazakhstan has worked to develop its

19899: 19889: 19848: 19758: 19465: 19420: 19390: 19224: 18992: 18931: 18918: 18879: 18390: 18360: 18288: 18278: 18248: 18193: 18143: 18133: 18030: 18025: 17977: 17972: 17944: 17911: 17545: 17540: 17525: 17510: 17485: 17470: 17455: 17440: 17312: 17270: 17242: 17200: 16729: 16699: 16664: 16624: 16599: 16579: 16467: 16180: 16155: 16070: 16000: 15970: 15960: 15505: 15465: 15445: 15330: 14767: 14281:

Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011

13748: 11500: 9788: 8296:(in Russian). Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical Agency. Archived from 8210: 7976: 7267: 7209: 7083: 6987: 6897: 6797: 6793: 6722: 6615: 6518: 6397: 6377: 6285: 5911: 5637: 5368: 5328: 5112: 4950: 4942: 4930: 4914: 4879: 4800: 4780:.There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015. 4696: 4627: 4623: 4618:: "rich with apple". This tree is still found wild in the mountains of 4365: 4356: 4299: 4275: 4177: 3853: 3730: 3601: 3586: 3562: 3367: 3287: 3271: 3198: 2869: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2731: 2694: 2682: 2260: 2240: 2236: 2202: 2115: 1967: 1956: 1907: 1856: 1726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1560: 1422: 1378: 1374: 1262: 1258: 664: 617: 489: 19665: 14441: 14350: 13364: 9921:"Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council" 8886:"Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future" 7277: 7071: 6032:. There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9 2420:

of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the

2315: 2270: 1587:, but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed. The 19602: 19572: 19122: 18213: 18020: 16757: 16594: 16344: 16145: 16140: 16020: 15847:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

15668: 15440: 14762: 14757: 14565: 14382: 12799:

Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian

11183: 10975: 9289:"Kazakhstan's Leader Nazarbayev Resigns After Three Decades in Power" 8350: 7171: 7042: 6739: 6203: 6128: 6037: 5995: 5356: 5219: 5057: 4979: 4926: 4729: 4682: 4533: 4519: 4435: 4369: 4349: 4201: 4127:

According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:

3977:

Meeting of CIS Council of Heads of State. 16 September 2016. Bishkek.

3906: 3489: 3311: 3179: 3022: 2998: 2888: 2884: 2873: 2857: 2837: 2774: 2724: 2667: 2539: 2375: 2355: 2182: 2037: 2018: 1978: 1942: 1884: 1880: 1860: 1828: 1804: 1433: 13562:

CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013

12311:. International Centre for Asset Recovery. p. 5. Archived from 11091:"Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan" 8616:

Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness

6525:. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style 6202:

in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of

4184:

debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.

2891:("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at 2657: 1701: 19530: 19057: 19018: 18955: 18892: 18463: 18355: 18308: 18268: 18263: 18178: 18163: 17962: 17256: 16792: 16679: 16674: 16649: 16619: 16549: 16487: 16363:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

16221: 16160: 16115: 16095: 16090: 16085: 15985: 15860: 15810: 15780: 15701: 15696: 15586: 15520: 15515: 15490: 15350: 14212: 14019:

Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR

13507:"Team picture after the bronze medal had been captured in WCS 2015" 11349: 11320: 10085:"Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios" 9159:

Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly

8636:

Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview

7088: 6871: 6555: 6510: 6501:, Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with 6386: 6373:), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı. 6349: 6210:

helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The

6207: 6049: 6045: 5991: 5987: 5944: 5903: 5863: 5748: 5563: 5458: 5446: 5380: 5132: 5036: 4918: 4772: 4631: 4597: 4474: 4423: 4345: 4284: 3742: 3734: 3597: 3582: 3558: 3217: 3160: 3066: 3062: 3010: 2977: 2970: 2923: 2841: 2778: 2709: 2568: 2509: 2367: 2294: 2252: 2248: 2228:

Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment by the

2178: 2174: 2139: 2105: 2085:. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival. 1812: 1658: 1552: 1474: 1410: 1295: 1243: 821: 771: 698: 17575:

1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)

15755: 13626: 13267:"World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan" 12303: 11061:"Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan" 9786: 9606:"Kazakhstan's senate speaker Tokayev to serve as acting president" 9371:"Kazakhstan to Liberalize Rules on Protests and Political Parties" 5430:

minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of

4833: 4290:

On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced

3578: 2649: 1417:. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018. Its 19824: 19812: 19775: 19746: 19721: 19211: 19070: 19005: 18979: 18814: 18370: 18345: 18335: 18298: 18283: 18253: 18173: 18138: 18128: 18123: 18035: 18010: 17939: 17901: 17896: 17586: 17581: 17530: 17515: 17505: 17460: 17445: 17435: 16797: 16782: 16752: 16714: 16654: 16609: 16559: 16554: 16539: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16498: 16477: 16472: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16185: 16100: 16080: 15965: 15955: 15805: 15545: 15495: 15455: 15410: 15405: 15395: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15355: 15340: 15335: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15161: 14555: 12446: 11653: 10867:

China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia

10708:"Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries" 9605: 7369: 7259: 7231:

Kazakhstan's membership of international organisations includes:

7205: 6356: 6124: 5979: 5971: 5907: 5674: 5526: 5454: 5445:

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's

5431: 5426:, most of them emigrated to Germany. Most members of the smaller 5372: 5352: 5348: 5316: 5253: 5120: 4922: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4853: 4550: 4538: 4431: 4393: 3849: 3494: 3363: 3042: 3006: 2974: 2931: 2821: 2786: 2505: 2298: 2158: 2068: 2045: 1923: 1808: 1681: 1572: 1564: 1548: 1464: 677: 658: 635: 623: 599: 12595:"Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag" 10753:"Kazakhstan targets to invite USD 34 bln of investments by 2025" 10559:

Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe

10191:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan" 9891:"Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation" 9532:"Nearly 10 mn voters to head to polls to elect Kazakh president" 9483:"Daniel Witt: Kazakhstan's Presidential Election Shows Progress" 8993: 5974:, who constitute about 60% of the population, as well as ethnic 3796:) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts. 3267: 2887:

plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern

19865: 19787: 19435: 19250: 19135: 19044: 18905: 18458: 18385: 18375: 18243: 18233: 18208: 18198: 18158: 18015: 17916: 17535: 17465: 17284: 16777: 16767: 16704: 16689: 16669: 16659: 16644: 16639: 16614: 16584: 16544: 16529: 16504: 16492: 16241: 16165: 16130: 16065: 16045: 16035: 15995: 15980: 15975: 15713: 15591: 15565: 15540: 15530: 15510: 15500: 15485: 15480: 15460: 15430: 15400: 15385: 15360: 15294: 14772: 14504: 14316: 13982:

Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime

7306: 7197: 7130: 7065: 7011: 6975: 6967: 6766: 6726: 6706: 6644: 6603: 6580: 6559: 6455: 6429: 5983: 5975: 5967: 5948: 5600: 5332: 5324: 5116: 5061: 5018:

Kazakhstan also received high ratings in a survey conducted by

4946: 4934: 4883: 4763: 4759: 4719: 4678: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4333: 4095: 4057: 4053: 3726: 3375: 3299: 3236: 3141: 3058: 3026: 2833: 2782: 2770: 2628: 2624: 2487:

in support of the war effort. At the time of the USSR's leader

2444:. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest 2390: 2379: 2320: 2131: 2093: 2089: 2041: 1568: 1556: 1444: 1440:

expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country.

1426: 1414: 1398: 1390: 1366: 629: 611: 530: 14631: 12862:. Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations. 19 March 2019. 11756:

from the original on 12 October 2017 – via ResearchGate.

11354: 10396:"IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan" 9423:"World|Asia-Pacific|Kazakh poll fairness questioned" 6831: 6757:

is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the

6380:, and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Žüsip Köpeev. 4256:

In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the

2385:

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced

2073: 1469: 19853: 19276: 19164: 19096: 19083: 19031: 18840: 18827: 18416: 18400: 18350: 18325: 18293: 18258: 18188: 18183: 18148: 18076: 18000: 17995: 17967: 16772: 16762: 16684: 16604: 16569: 16349: 16190: 16150: 16125: 16105: 16040: 16015: 16005: 15990: 15815: 15525: 15450: 15420: 14509: 14275: 12908:"Kazakhstan – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project" 12501:

Kazakhstan’s population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year

10791:. Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014. 8255: 7606: 7591: 7534: 7519: 7513: 7484: 7463: 7421: 7007: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6576: 6199: 6195: 5999: 5932: 5396: 5391:

in the 1930s and 1940s by Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet

5128: 5124: 4799:

blacklisted all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of

4593: 4562: 4529: 4389:

with 7 to 9 billion barrels (1.4 billion cubic metres).

4246: 4065: 4061: 3510:). Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the 3371: 3328: 3305: 3293: 2806: 2542:

riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the

2528: 2524: 2449: 2445: 2374:

and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of

2277:, a Kazakh statesman who served as the Prime Minister of the 2170: 2033: 2010: 1668: 1576: 1394: 1370: 18090:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

17380: 13297:

Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora

11418:"Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist" 11388:"Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life" 10884:"Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover rises by 19.7% in 2018" 10021:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center. 9880:. Whitehouse.gov (30 April 2011). Retrieved 14 January 2013. 9861:. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013. 9232:"Yes, Kazakhstan should change its name. This map shows why" 8485:

According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),

7226: 5466:

Population of Kazakhstan according to ethnic group 1926–2009

5402:

Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the

4336:

is the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and

3053:(6.0 billion long tons). However, there are only three 2840:

and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include the

1867:

in the southern territory of the modern country. In 329 BC,

1425:, formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from 19667: 19587: 19263: 19237: 18853: 18753: 18365: 18303: 18273: 18223: 18218: 18168: 18005: 17934: 17741: 17214: 17020: 16434:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

16200: 16110: 16075: 16030: 16025: 15934: 15706: 14514: 14499: 14387: 14049:

Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan

13398:

Meeker, Michael E. (August 1992). "The Dede Korkut Ethic".

13107:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

12827:. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015. 12244: 11658: 9397:"Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev Wins Re-election With 91% of Vote" 7618: 7582: 7469: 7430: 7255: 7196:

Kazakhstan has three cultural and natural heritages on the

6947: 6538: 6345: 6336: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4427: 4072: 3901:

In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the

3470: 3359: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3018: 3014: 2222: 2210: 2189:, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and 2166: 2060: 1994: 1852: 1402: 13487: 12818:

Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK

12177:"Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment" 12052:"Kazakhstan Sells First Overseas Dollar Bonds in 14 Years" 11768:"Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources" 11294:В Усть-Каменогорске полностью остановили движение трамваев 7833: 7082:

Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned

6854:

when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice. In the

6820:

in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official

6551: 5387:, and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been 4967:

The government has set the goals that a transition to the

4477:

in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".

3864:

for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the

2883:

is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, cutting through a red

2584:

File:Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.jpg

14378:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

14266:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

10845:"Kazakhstan's GDP expected to grow five per cent in 2014" 8994:"Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP – KazWorld.info" 7642: 7627: 7570: 7555: 7549: 7448: 7406: 7400: 6663:

is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the

5115:

listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with

3937: 3752:(regional governor) appointed by the president. District 1315: 19957:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

15289: 13749:"Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee" 13011:

Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008

12945:

Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

12480:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

12451:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

12276:"Kazakhstan removed from list of most corrupt countries" 11557:"International tourism, number of arrivals – Kazakhstan" 11174: 11172: 10914:"Kazakhstan increased exports nearly 25 percent in 2018" 10361:"Life in the Closet: The LGBT Community in Central Asia" 10288:"Kazakh criminal justice system to be digitised by 2018" 9789:"Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document" 8351:

Marcus Goncalves; Erika Cornelius Smith (27 June 2016).

5075: 4614:. The region where it is thought to originate is called 4381:

with 7 billion barrels (1.1 billion cubic metres);

4344:

amounted to 79.2 million tonnes (77.9 million

4068:. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea. 1677:

can be literally translated as "land of the wanderers".

1473:(ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The 315:

For the Kazakh television station of the same name, see

19952:

Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States

14095:

Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?

10013: 10011: 8326:"The results of the national population census in 2009" 6932:

since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include

6562:, then called Alma-Ata, hence called "Alma-Ata Studio". 6433:(published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and 6198:

was introduced into the region with the arrival of the

5894:

According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population is

4710:

As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the

4592:

Kazakhstan is thought to be one of the places that the

3465:

led the country from 1991 to 2019. He was succeeded by

19962:

Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

15929: 13854:

Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael; Mayhew, Bradley (2004).

13571:. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014. 12083:"Обзор ввода жилья по регионам РК. Январь-август 2014" 9509:

OP Ed: "Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy"

7129:) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival 6651:

nation and increased world awareness of its athletes.

5422:

deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the

4317:

A proportional representation of Kazakhstan's exports.

3315:; endangered plant species include native wild apple ( 2836:

region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of

2588:

The Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.

1811:

in Eurasia circa 1200. The Kazakhs are descendants of

54: 17555:

Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the

14377: 14113:

The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?

13675:"Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech" 13020:

U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.

12522:"Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan" 12393:

Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030

11169: 10782:

Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks

10125:"Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time" 10029: 9787:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (5 October 2006).

9766:"Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council" 8148: 7902: 7764: 7716: 7645: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7537: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7487: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7424: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7204:, Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of 7158:

Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the

4033:

Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the

2243:. The number of settlers rose still further once the 2161:(the Russians originally called the Kazakhs “Kirgiz”) 1579:

is the religion of about 70% of the population, with

381: 13581:

Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013

12142:"WorldBank Doing Business Report Ranking Kazakhstan" 11742:"Towards Achieving Energy Efficicency in Kazakhstan" 11469:

Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East.

10008: 7746: 7679: 7639: 7603: 7567: 7531: 7481: 7445: 7418: 7301:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

6575:; for jazz: "Magic of Nomads"; for rock: Roksonaki, 6081:

Education is universal and mandatory through to the

5000:

percent once a production facility is in operation.

4589:

is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.

4449:

ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.

3862:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

3593:

improvements in the administration of the election.

3457:

Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional

2017:

had long served as important way-stations along the

437: 356: 16875:

List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE

16824:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

11984: 9534:. latino.foxnews.com. 25 April 2015. Archived from 7633: 7597: 7561: 7525: 7457: 7439: 7412: 5935:is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by 4528:accounts for approximately 5% of Kazakhstan's GDP. 3877:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

2812:Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the 2708:, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's 1346:with the most western parts of it being located in 1014:

2,724,900 km (1,052,100 sq mi) (

917:• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan 14165: 14121:In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared 14067: 13196:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 24. 12985:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 23. 12747:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 22. 11031:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 10309:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 40. 9808:"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil" 8804: 8354:Eastern European Economies: A Region in Transition 8344: 6966:, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In 6862:. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the 6828:, the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007. 6659:are among the most notable Kazakhstani athletics. 5743:The government announced in January 2015 that the 2535:became a major political force in the late 1980s. 2393:and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: 19548: 18572:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 14265: 14204:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 13853: 13488:Bandy World Championships 2012 Official home page 12014:"S&P Maintains Kazakhstan BICRA at Group "8"" 11992:"OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan 2017" 11711:"Kazakhstan: Green economy reforms gain momentum" 10061:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 9972:"Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine" 9092:. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014. 6802:Master of Sports of the USSR, International Class 6216: 4186: 2934:there and is now also grown in some other areas. 2581: 2434:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2370:. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the 1900: 19918: 13161: 13159: 12478:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 11789:"2015 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan" 11760: 11206:"Subways and Trams In Kazakstan: Almaty's Metro" 10944:"Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database" 10710:. Kazakh-tv.kz. 6 September 2013. Archived from 10654:"Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan" 10390: 10388: 10386: 10186: 10184: 9022:. Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 11 May 2010. Archived from 8975:Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133 8654: 8539:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDandamayev1994 ( 6796:(the European Basketball Championship), and the 6230:, principal advocate and the first president of 4120:Government critics, including opposition leader 3832:Council of Heads of State meeting in Nur-Sultan. 3099:Kazakhstan map of Köppen climate classification. 1887:along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan. 1648: 1467:emerged as a distinct group, divided into three 1389:. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, 19506: 14271:World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan 13935: 13646: 13644: 12549:"Kazakhstan's `forgotten Poles' long to return" 12546: 12250: 11937:"Country Data Report for Kazakhstan, 1996–2013" 11313: 11025: 11023: 7940:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019" 6772:Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was 6054:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 5009:European Bank of Reconstruction and Development 2653:Satellite image of Kazakhstan in November 2004. 2108:of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of 1583:practised by 26%. Kazakhstan officially allows 19441: 14405:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan 14158:The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union 13650: 13590:. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014. 13533:"News - XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом" 11531:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 11267:"Astana light rail framework agreement signed" 11143: 10490:The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz 8519:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeckwith2009 ( 8499:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeckwith2009 ( 8320: 8318: 8003:. United Nations Development Programme. 2018. 7191: 6396:and Oguz Name (a story of ancient Turkic king 6002:. Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed. 5728:Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country. 5218:is the world's oldest and largest operational 4452:In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $ 14 billion of 4373:GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable 2436:in September–October 1941, and then later the 19651: 19351: 18739: 18062: 17865: 17366: 17006: 16418: 15915: 15275: 15251: 14457: 13358: 13356: 13216: 13191: 13156: 13094: 13076:"KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent"" 12980: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12886:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050" 12742: 11462: 11321:"Усть-Каменогорский трамвай :: Введение" 10869:", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) 10676:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011" 10542:"Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity" 10383: 10304: 10181: 9964: 9045:Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update 8283: 8281: 7840:. Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. 7752: 6753:is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The 6284:Kazakh literature is defined as "the body of 5080:On 11 November 2014, President of Kazakhstan 4754:There is a small 8.56 km (5.32 mi) 4047:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 3791: 3717: 3685: 3085:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 2623:In 1997, the government moved the capital to 2515:In 1947, the USSR government, as part of its 1847:, later early Indo-Iranians cultures such as 1666: 364: 19625:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World 19620:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World 19456: 19411: 19396: 19381: 19367:International Organization of Turkic Culture 18592: 17781:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union 15641:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 14140:Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges 13813: This article incorporates text from a 13641: 13400:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13362: 12655:Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans 12465: 12390: 11883: 11881: 11813: 11020: 10865:Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) " 10606: 9311: 7789:"Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" 5711:Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: 4990: 4469:quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer 3961:On 11 April 2010, presidents Nazarbayev and 3745:became a "city of republican significance". 3703: 3671: 2592:On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its 2410:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2401:pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow. 2364:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2360:Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 2088:During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought 1819:and other Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes. 339: 19593: 19563: 18547: 17879: 17670:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002) 16975:Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan 13820:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 13365:"La tradition historique orale des Kazakhs" 13324: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12049: 11836: 11834: 11783: 11781: 11677: 11002:"The official site of Almaty city: History" 10331:"Kazakhstan: LGBT Community Living in Fear" 9580:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades" 9262:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades" 8458: 8315: 8178: 7475: 5088: 4685:(the northernmost city) in about 18 hours. 4532:, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, melons and 3643: 2712:autonomous region and some to Uzbekistan's 2627:(renamed Nur-Sultan on 23 March 2019) from 2458:involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union 2406:Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1883:along the Jaxartes River, now known as the 1839:. Archaeologists believe that humans first 19987:States and territories established in 1991 19982:Russian-speaking countries and territories 19658: 19644: 19521: 19358: 19344: 18746: 18732: 18560:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 18069: 18055: 17872: 17858: 17685:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS 17427:1991 agreements parties and "participants" 17373: 17359: 17013: 16999: 16425: 16411: 15922: 15908: 15282: 15268: 14464: 14450: 14383:E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan 14027: 13936:Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar (2003). 13834: 13707:. American Bar Association. Archived from 13353: 13328: 12922: 12811: 12330: 12326:– via Basel Institute on Governance. 12304:Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel; Kodjo Attisso. 12134: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12039: 11956: 11954: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11578: 10812: 10632:"Kazakhstan unveils $ 21bn rescue package" 9986: 8763: 8534: 8488: 8393:Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 8278: 6878:, however, is the only professional club. 6860:bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games 4806: 4148:accountability of Kazakhstan's judiciary. 4008:Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3891:(OIC). It is an active participant in the 3764:Template:Provinces of Kazakhstan Image Map 472: 13723: 13375:(8). Translated by Alié Akimova: 93–100. 12712:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года" 12693:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года" 12674:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года" 12299: 12297: 12229: 12227: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12065: 11878: 11868:"Kazakhstan is reaching out to the world" 11739: 11343: 10534: 10516:"Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan" 10418: 10280: 9702: 9700: 9103:"The Coldest Capital Cities In The World" 8955: 7897: 7895: 7258:, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, 7227:Membership of international organisations 7104:International Astana Action Film Festival 7076:International Astana Action Film Festival 6906:2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships 6647:. This has brought some attention to the 6092:Education consists of three main phases: 5941:religious suppression by the Soviet Union 5150: 4862:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 4287:in an effort to consolidate these gains. 4189:File:Astana, capital of Kazakhstan 08.jpg 4071:Kazakhstan sent 49 military engineers to 3604:, the Civil Party of Kazakhstan, and the 2040:-based economy continued to dominate the 1786:Learn how and when to remove this message 1191: 19426: 17382:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 15863:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 14361:Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan 14306:) is being considered for deletion. See 13897: 13823:, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. 13781: 13311: 13261: 13259: 12999: 12936:Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan 12731:Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan 12623: 11899: 11860: 11831: 11778: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10794: 10244: 9524: 9363: 9176:"Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016" 8973:International Crisis Group. (May 2007). 8514: 8494: 8462:Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia 8357:. Business Expert Press. pp. 210–. 7146: 7133:from the German Federal Foreign Office. 7070: 7059: 7018:Heavyweight Champion after knocking out 6880: 6830: 6738: 6693: 6631: 6550: 6476: 6450: 6318: 6308:, Kazakh recognised territory under the 6185: 6072: 6008: 5920: 5276: 5265: 5210: 5172: 5160: 5056: 4973: 4832: 4824: 4745: 4737: 4695: 4687: 4513: 4359:), up 22.7% compared to 2002, including 4320: 4312: 4304: 4241: 4171: 4021: 4011: 3972: 3942: 3903:Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly 3868:for the first time on 12 November 2012. 3819: 3577: 3567: 3542: 3473:legislation that has been passed by the 3266: 3094: 2761:, and 379 kilometres (235 mi) with 2730: 2718: 2666: 2656: 2648: 2462: 2326: 2314: 2293:, occurred in 1916. The Kazakh attacked 2269: 2149: 1988: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1823:Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the 1803: 1436:have inhabited the land and the Persian 479:Location of Kazakhstan (green) 19491: 18755:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 17816:Collective Security Treaty Organization 17393:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS 16839:Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues 14471: 14163: 14118: 14046: 13984:. Lanham: University Press of America. 13741: 13663:from the original on 28 September 2013. 13465:. International Ice Hockey Federation. 13210: 12439: 12361: 12359: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12036: 11962:"Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2014" 11951: 11842:"Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks" 11575: 11440:"CIAWorldFactbook - Kazakhstan Economy" 11432: 11121:"Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated" 10624: 10620:from the original on 11 September 2014. 10518:. world-nuclear.org. 17 February 2011. 10196: 10095: 9954:"Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara" 9780: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9507:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). 9485:. Huffingtonpost.com. 4 November 2011. 9286: 9083:Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant' 9064:THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997 8914: 8832:Children of the gulag live with amnesia 8403: 8401: 8179:Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006). 8174: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 6782:Soviet Union's national basketball team 5319:are 67.5% of the population and ethnic 4500:exports 800 products to 120 countries. 3690:). The regions are subdivided into 177 3029:reserves; and ranks in the top ten for 2681:As it extends across both sides of the 2454:population transfer in the Soviet Union 1680:Though traditionally referring only to 1653:, "to wander", reflecting the Kazakhs' 1613:Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 1385:, and also adjoins a large part of the 19919: 19578: 17399:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS 16834:Representative on Freedom of the Media 14137: 14065: 13998: 13979: 13919:The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan 13759: 13755:from the original on 18 February 2016. 13397: 13167:"Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities" 12918:from the original on 13 November 2016. 12636:from the original on 11 September 2013 12626:"Russians left behind in Central Asia" 12593:Clarey, Christopher (1 January 2007). 12592: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12294: 12224: 12062: 12002:from the original on 17 November 2017. 11588: 11246:from the original on 26 September 2017 11180:"Алматыметро :: Главная страница" 10960: 10950:from the original on 10 February 2015. 10826:from the original on 5 September 2014. 10262: 10226: 9948: 9946: 9837:. Business News Europe. Archived from 9795:from the original on 29 November 2006. 9697: 8459:Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 January 1978). 8429: 8371:from the original on 16 December 2017. 7892: 7854:from the original on 27 February 2018. 7309:, where Kazakhstan is a member of its 4484:Ministry Economy and Budget Planning. 3768: 2820:and north to south from the plains of 2193:settlements. In the 19th century, the 1851:, and later Indo-Iranians such as the 927:• Declared Independence from the 19639: 19339: 18727: 18050: 17853: 17354: 16994: 16980:Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine 16819:Court of Conciliation and Arbitration 16406: 15903: 15263: 15250: 14445: 13916: 13412: 13256: 13253:. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013. 12962:from the original on 26 December 2016 12624:Greenall, Robert (23 November 2005). 12555:from the original on 15 February 2007 12282:from the original on 25 December 2019 12264:from the original on 26 October 2017. 12187:from the original on 19 February 2016 12152:from the original on 25 December 2019 12130:from the original on 8 December 2015. 12050:Porzecanski, Katia (6 October 2014). 11917:from the original on 19 February 2016 11827:from the original on 4 December 2014. 11821:"Kazakhstan National Bank Statistics" 11721:from the original on 27 November 2019 11691:from the original on 11 November 2018 11629:from the original on 19 November 2015 11507:from the original on 17 November 2015 11428:from the original on 7 November 2017. 11362:"temirtau.kz – главный сайт Темиртау" 10855:from the original on 4 November 2014. 10830: 10808:from the original on 26 October 2017. 10733:Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013 10664:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10642:from the original on 16 October 2015. 10294:from the original on 1 December 2017. 10113:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10091:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10047:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10025:from the original on 8 December 2015. 10004:from the original on 8 December 2015. 9960:from the original on 8 November 2014. 9931:from the original on 25 November 2016 9901:from the original on 19 February 2016 9832: 9805: 9568:from the original on 8 December 2015. 9489:from the original on 13 November 2012 9433:from the original on 18 December 2008 9377:from the original on 24 December 2019 9212:from the original on 29 December 2016 9016:"Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply" 9004:from the original on 26 October 2016. 8918:Xinjiang – China's Northwest Frontier 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7801: 7725: 7688: 6810:Kazakhstan's national basketball team 6685:2011 World Championships in Athletics 6006:is recognised as a national holiday. 5986:. Less than 1% are part of the Sunni 4925:and for up to 30 days to citizens of 3848:. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, 3805:Template:Largest cities of Kazakhstan 2389:in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought 2334:at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR 1547:Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include 311:Revision as of 01:36, 8 February 2020 140:Revision as of 01:36, 8 February 2020 90:Revision as of 22:20, 7 February 2020 16870:List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE 14092: 14017:Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. 13705:"Access to Justice and Human Rights" 13697: 13593: 13469:from the original on 7 November 2017 13443:from the original on 18 January 2017 13379:from the original on 8 November 2016 13219:"Vocational Education in Kazakhstan" 12769:"The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan" 12356: 12344:from the original on 30 January 2017 12268: 12164: 12105: 12024:from the original on 8 December 2015 11929: 11740:Uyzbayeva, Aigerim (February 2015). 11236:"No Light Rail Transport for Astana" 11041:from the original on 30 October 2017 11008:from the original on 13 October 2010 10982:from the original on 10 October 2010 10936: 10894:from the original on 29 October 2019 10820:"Kazakhstan's GDP grows 5.7 percent" 10763:from the original on 24 October 2019 10688:from the original on 6 December 2010 9776:from the original on 1 January 2016. 9718:from the original on 7 February 2018 9685:from the original on 6 February 2018 9658: 9463:from the original on 28 October 2009 9403:from the original on 2 December 2010 9206:United Nations Environment Programme 8896:from the original on 2 February 2017 8596:from the original on 8 December 2015 8528: 8508: 8419:from the original on 2 October 2015. 8398: 8243:from the original on 12 October 2013 8217:from the original on 2 December 2016 8191:from the original on 7 December 2015 8163: 7815:from the original on 14 October 2017 7345:Index of Kazakhstan-related articles 7288:, with which it shares cultural and 6804:and a year later he was awarded the 6226:, one of the founders of Soviet era 5157:Science and technology in Kazakhstan 4561:. The country's major crops include 4249:is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the 3809: 3658:Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen 3529: 3518:) of Kazakhstan's sixteen principal 2986: 2142:before the Russians took dominance. 2032:Throughout this period, traditional 1859:. Other groups included the nomadic 1724:adding citations to reliable sources 1695: 80: 46: 20012:Countries involved in the Silk Road 19967:Member states of the United Nations 18078:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 16829:Commissioner on National Minorities 13799:from the original on 28 April 2017. 13685:from the original on 30 August 2014 12779:from the original on 11 August 2017 12395:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 365–387. 12373: 11972:from the original on 1 January 2016 11823:. The National Bank of Kazakhstan. 10117: 9943: 9883: 9646:from the original on 15 August 2019 9616:from the original on 15 August 2019 9550: 9242:from the original on 11 August 2017 9139:from the original on 2 January 2016 9113:from the original on 8 January 2017 8618:". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 8566:from the original on 11 August 2015 8211:"Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution" 7328:Organization of Islamic Cooperation 7280:community. (The national language, 7108:Eurasia International Film Festival 6970:, Kazakhstan performed well in the 6864:Soviet Union national championships 6486:Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 6327:honouring Kazakh essayist and poet 6016:is the biggest mosque in Kazakhstan 4392:Kazakhstan instituted an ambitious 4309:A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013 3889:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 3871:Kazakhstan is also a member of the 3408: 2611:Kazakhstan's communist-era leader, 2533:Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan 2197:began to expand its influence into 2104:, following their "Great Disaster" 2048:identity began to emerge among the 1827:. Pastoralism developed during the 1542:Kazakhstan's human rights situation 1508:to declare independence during the 210: 197: 180: 149: 137: 130: 125: 99: 87: 13: 19739:Individual Partnership Action Plan 19668:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 19170:Commonwealth of Independent States 16942:Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan 14393:Chief of State and Cabinet Members 13827: 13607:from the original on 12 July 2014. 13192:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 12981:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 12866:from the original on 22 March 2019 12844:. 2014. p. 33. Archived from 12743:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 12547:Collins, Cheryl (2 January 2003). 12528:from the original on 22 March 2019 12519: 12058:from the original on 9 March 2017. 11774:from the original on 9 March 2017. 11625:. En.tengrinews.kz. 18 June 2014. 11563:from the original on 4 August 2019 10924:from the original on 6 August 2019 10522:from the original on 26 March 2013 10492:. 30 December 2009. Archived from 10436:from the original on 4 August 2019 10371:from the original on 2 August 2019 10305:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018). 10276:from the original on 3 March 2016. 10258:from the original on 3 March 2016. 10240:from the original on 3 March 2016. 10214:from the original on 29 April 2015 10065:from the original on 6 August 2019 9913: 9586:from the original on 25 April 2019 9399:. Bloomberg.com. 5 December 2005. 9268:from the original on 25 April 2019 9073:// USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves 8883: 8010:from the original on 19 March 2016 7990: 7969:"GINI index (World Bank estimate)" 7961: 7925: 7858: 7252:Individual Partnership Action Plan 7236:Commonwealth of Independent States 7215: 7110:held annually. Hollywood director 6673:2007 World Athletics Championships 6077:Kazakh National University of Arts 4596:originated, particularly the wild 3966:prosperity, and universal values. 3893:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 3838:Commonwealth of Independent States 2479:(1941–1945) led to an increase in 2081:used this opportunity and annexed 2044:. In the 15th century, a distinct 1835:, the ancestor of the terrestrial 447: 313: 182:Reverted to revision 938776756 by 35: 20023: 19677:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 18504:Economic Cooperation Organization 17022:Economic Cooperation Organization 16901:Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina 14310:to help reach a consensus. › 14241:United States Department of State 14188: 13856:Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia 13839:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 13777:from the original on 1 July 2017. 13737:from the original on 30 May 2016. 13513:from the original on 9 April 2015 13341:from the original on 2 April 2019 13112:United States Department of State 12574:Remembering Stalin's deportations 12447:"World Population Prospects 2022" 12093:from the original on 4 March 2016 11801:from the original on 30 July 2019 11450:from the original on 29 July 2019 11331:from the original on 29 July 2019 11301:from the original on 29 July 2019 11216:from the original on 29 July 2019 10873:. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133. 10406:from the original on 3 March 2016 10341:from the original on 27 July 2019 9746:from the original on 20 June 2018 9325:from the original on 12 July 2019 9299:from the original on 1 April 2019 9287:Auyezov, Olzhas (19 March 2019). 9182:from the original on 5 March 2016 8697:from the original on 17 June 2015 8675:from the original on 26 May 2013. 8465:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 91. 7247:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 7242:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 6755:Football Federation of Kazakhstan 5732:, (part of the Kipchak family of 5193:In December 2012, President 5052: 4771:the downtown area of Almaty with 4726:Astana Nurly Zhol railway station 4692:Map of Kazakhstan railway network 4637: 3936:and the well-known space station 3881:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 3846:Shanghai Cooperation Organization 3842:Economic Cooperation Organization 3824:Nazarbayev and Russian President 3776:cities of republican significance 3071:Energy Information Administration 2422:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic 2289:. The most serious uprising, the 2145: 1890: 1643:The name "Kazakh" comes from the 1447:who trace their ancestry to many 19595: 19580: 19565: 19550: 19537: 19523: 19508: 19493: 19475: 19458: 19443: 19428: 19413: 19398: 19383: 19269: 19256: 19243: 19230: 19217: 19204: 19175: 19141: 19128: 19115: 19102: 19089: 19076: 19063: 19050: 19037: 19024: 19011: 18998: 18985: 18972: 18948: 18924: 18911: 18898: 18885: 18872: 18859: 18846: 18833: 18820: 18807: 17834: 17833: 17329: 17305: 17291: 17277: 17263: 17249: 17235: 17221: 17207: 17193: 17179: 16960:Needs Assessment Team in Armenia 16384: 16373: 16372: 16199: 15881: 15870: 15869: 15564: 14685: 14331: 14321: 14276:Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia 13940:. London: Stacey International. 13808: 13667: 13619:"World Press Freedom Index 2014" 13611: 13574: 13555: 13543:from the original on 4 June 2016 13525: 13499: 13481: 13455: 13425: 13406: 13391: 13302: 13289: 13237: 13225:from the original on 7 June 2014 13185: 13173:from the original on 6 June 2014 13130: 13118:from the original on 22 May 2019 13082:from the original on 6 June 2014 13068: 13049: 13037:from the original on 6 June 2014 13023: 12974: 12948: 12900: 12896:from the original on 6 May 2017. 12878: 12852: 12830: 12791: 12761: 12736: 12724: 12705: 12686: 12667: 12648: 12617: 12586: 12567: 12540: 12513: 12494: 12427:from the original on 30 May 2019 12409: 12199: 12006: 11848:from the original on 1 July 2014 11733: 11703: 11641: 11615: 11549: 11537:from the original on 14 May 2017 11519: 11503:. EurasiaNet.org. 16 June 2014. 11493: 11410: 11398:from the original on 13 May 2018 11380: 11285: 11273:from the original on 2 July 2017 11258: 11228: 11198: 11131:from the original on 13 May 2018 11113: 11101:from the original on 13 May 2018 11083: 11071:from the original on 13 May 2018 11053: 10994: 10954: 10906: 10876: 10859: 10775: 10745: 10726: 10700: 10668: 10646: 10581: 10568: 10552: 10508: 10478: 10466:from the original on 31 May 2011 10448: 10353: 10323: 10298: 9806:Blank, Stephen (27 April 2005). 9133:"Kazakhstan climate information" 7913:from the original on 30 May 2019 7503: 7390: 7202:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui 7041:, representing Russia, but from 7022:on 12 August 2006. The reigning 6683:(women's), taking silver in the 6306:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 6218: 5438:. These people are now known as 5323:are 19.8%. Other groups include 5304: 4959: 4648:Telecommunications in Kazakhstan 4494: 4342:oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan 4194:Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center 4188: 4133:Kazakhstan's global rank in the 4077:US post-invasion mission in Iraq 3799: 3423: 3416: 3378:(the largest species of sheep), 3057:within the country, situated in 2583: 2414:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 2311:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 2207:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 1902: 1700: 1495:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic 1216: 1215: 1190: 1168: 1167: 1149: 1148: 1116: 1115: 1097: 1096: 1045: 712:Chairman of the Security Council 412: 398: 18714:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 17821:Collective Rapid Reaction Force 17806:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 17629:Unified Team at the Paralympics 14070:Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise 13900:Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite 13651:Wines, Michael (13 July 2002). 11603:from the original on 3 May 2019 11589:Lillis, Joanna (17 July 2014). 11481:from the original on 3 May 2019 10402:. International Monetary Fund. 10158: 10135: 10077: 10051: 9864: 9845: 9833:Cohen, Ariel (7 October 2008). 9826: 9799: 9758: 9730: 9628: 9598: 9572: 9501: 9475: 9445: 9415: 9389: 9337: 9280: 9254: 9224: 9194: 9168: 9151: 9125: 9095: 9076: 9057: 9038: 9008: 8986: 8967: 8935: 8908: 8877: 8848: 8825: 8798: 8757: 8709: 8679: 8648: 8628: 8608: 8586:"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan" 8578: 8548: 8479: 8452: 8423: 8413:The Online Etymology Dictionary 8375: 8229: 8203: 8137: 8114: 8091: 8068: 8045: 8022: 7998:"2018 Human Development Report" 7732: 7375: 6894:Kazakh national ice hockey team 5906:, 0.1% other religions (mostly 5311:Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan 5284:ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992 5241: 4260:to receive an investment grade 4104: 3816:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan 3784:cities of district significance 3780:cities of regional significance 2744: 2691:has territory in two continents 2600:in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared 2575: 2523:near the north-eastern town of 2399:policies of political reprisals 2395:Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33 2358:′ rule. On 26 August 1920, the 2354:) to eventually succumb to the 2304: 2102:war against the Dzungar Khanate 1711:needs additional citations for 1673:means "land" or "place of", so 1510:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1504:Kazakhstan was the last of the 18484:Moro National Liberation Front 16314:British Indian Ocean Territory 14028:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). 13858:. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. 12234:OECD Investment Policy Reviews 11264: 11004:. Almaty.kz. 12 January 2010. 10460:The World Bank. World Bank.org 8382:The constitution of Kazakhstan 7827: 7782: 7362: 7319:as a participating government. 6910:Kazakhstan Hockey Championship 6844:Kazakhstan national bandy team 6800:. In 1971 he earned the title 6679:is an athlete, specialised in 6484:represented Kazakhstan at the 6232:Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences 5297:Kazakhstan Statistics Agency. 5043: 4503: 3996:Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3988:Ukraine's southeastern regions 3836:Kazakhstan is a member of the 3788:villages and rural settlements 2723:The mountainous region of the 2340:collapse of central government 1429:, the country's largest city. 1046: 1: 19997:1991 establishments in Europe 17737:Interstate Aviation Committee 17649:CIS national rugby union team 15825:country of the United Kingdom 14327:Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan 14295: 14119:Robbins, Christopher (2007). 14066:Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). 14032:. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. 13437:Oriental Express Central Asia 13217:UNESCO-UNEVOC (August 2012). 13065:. Retrieved 7 September 2009. 12808:". Reuters. 27 February 2018. 12391:Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015). 12367:Innovation Performance Review 10660:. Satrapia. 23 January 2013. 10588:Kazakhstan's currency plunges 10169:World Report 2016: Kazakhstan 10146:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan 8266:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan 7350: 7222:Public holidays in Kazakhstan 6822:Asian Basketball Championship 6292:and written, produced in the 6273: 5970:school. These include ethnic 5455:immigration of ethnic Kazakhs 5106: 5096:Global Competitiveness Report 4987:plants 32.23 tenge ($ 0.18). 4850:ninth-largest country by area 4545:Chief livestock products are 4537:(236,000 sq mi) of 4447:Global Competitiveness Report 4158:in Kazakhstan is widespread. 3756:s are appointed by regional 1661:" is of the same origin. The 309: 261: 254: 17771:Eurasian Patent Organization 17680:Joint CIS Air Defense System 17644:CIS national ice hockey team 17624:Unified Team at the Olympics 16939:Programme Office in Dushanbe 14200:Caspian Pipeline Controversy 14001:Law and Custom in the Steppe 13835:Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). 13308:Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396 12664:, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005 12599:International Herald Tribune 12583:, BBC News, 23 February 2004 10456:"GDP growth (annual %)" 10272:. American Bar Association. 10254:. American Bar Association. 10236:. American Bar Association. 9810:. EurasiaNet. Archived from 9673:"Kazakhstan, Unitary County" 9163:Tethys Biodiversity Research 8915:Warikoo, K. (2 March 2016). 8181:"Kazakhstan Comes on Strong" 8040:Cambridge English Dictionary 7154:, a notable Kazakh director. 7102:. Kazakhstan is host of the 6709:submitted twice bid for the 6062: 5790:Religion in Kazakhstan, 2010 5717: 5424:break-up of the Soviet Union 5418:, mostly descendants of the 4473:as saying that there is an " 3748:Each region is headed by an 3538: 3103:Kazakhstan has an "extreme" 3041:. It is also an exporter of 3025:reserves; the fifth largest 3021:reserves; the third largest 2824:to the oases and deserts of 2789:. It lies between latitudes 2645:List of cities in Kazakhstan 2634: 2456:and others were forced into 1934:Kyzyl Kensh Palace Ruins in 1649: 1638: 1350:. It is the world's largest 1064:7/km (18.1/sq mi) ( 907:• Declared Sovereignty 342:Қазақстан Республикасы 18:Browse history interactively 7: 19992:1991 establishments in Asia 17761:Eurasian Economic Community 17721:2023 Free Trade in Services 16970:Kosovo Verification Mission 16936:Programme Office in Bishkek 14336:Geographic data related to 14291:The Region Initiative (TRI) 14230:Central Intelligence Agency 14172:. New York: HarperCollins. 14076:Brookings Institution Press 12020:. Satrapia. 30 March 2012. 12018:The Gazette of Central Asia 10804:. The Heritage Foundation. 10658:The Gazette of Central Asia 10544:. BRIC Plus. Archived from 10234:"Rule of Law in Kazakhstan" 9347:. Akorda.kz. Archived from 8805:Pianciola, Niccolò (2004). 8446:10.1080/0263493032000053208 7948:International Monetary Fund 7765: 7747: 7717: 7680: 7333: 7192:UNESCO World Heritage sites 7170:, with the government as a 6806:Order of the Badge of Honor 5774: 5076:"Nurly Jol" economic policy 4969:Green Economy in Kazakhstan 4681:(the southernmost city) to 4264:from a major international 4084:National Security Committee 4039:Turkestan Military District 4017:Kazakhstan Republican Guard 4001: 3858:Eurasian Economic Community 3792: 3741:. In June 2018 the city of 3718: 3704: 3686: 3672: 3548:Ak Orda Presidential Palace 3492:parliament composed of the 3393: 3358:Common mammals include the 3256: 2993:Energy policy of Kazakhstan 2727:in south-eastern Kazakhstan 1809:Cuman–Kipchak confederation 1667: 1551:(65.5% of the population), 1463:. By the 16th century, the 1342:country largely located in 438: 382: 357: 10: 20028: 19937:Eastern European countries 17988:Free Trade Zone agreements 17766:Eurasian Patent Convention 17675:United Armed Forces (1992) 17639:CIS national football team 17340:(as Turkish Cypriot State) 16933:Programme Office in Astana 16318:British Overseas Territory 15931:Countries and dependencies 15673:British Overseas Territory 15291:Countries and dependencies 13980:George, Alexandra (2001). 12912:globalreligiousfutures.org 12510:. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013 10178:, accessed September 2016. 10155:, accessed September 2016. 8556:"Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700" 7284:, is related to the other 7219: 7212:and Nauryzumsky reserves. 7140: 7053: 6625: 6590: 6586: 6444: 6425:қара сөздері, Qara sözderi 6277: 6206:and spread northward. The 6171: 6167: 6112:, lyceums or colleges and 6066: 5960:non-denominational Muslims 5778: 5721: 5710: 5399:) existed in the country. 5367:. Some minorities such as 5308: 5251: 5248:Demographics of Kazakhstan 5245: 5229:genetically modified crops 5154: 5029: 4818: 4814: 4641: 4622:, in southern Kazakhstan, 4507: 4165: 4161: 4142:ABA Rule of Law Initiative 4111:Human rights in Kazakhstan 4108: 4005: 3953:with president of Russia 3813: 3647: 3638:2019 presidential election 3600:party, which included the 3397: 3260: 3090: 2990: 2638: 2308: 2092:, a federation of western 1894: 1797: 1691: 1532:, especially its dominant 367:Республика Казахстан 314: 19803: 19737: 19688: 19674: 19612: 19484: 19473: 19374: 19285: 19196: 19157: 18964: 18940: 18797: 18761: 18710: 18657: 18585: 18540: 18492: 18472: 18432: 18425: 18409: 18111: 18102: 18085: 17986: 17953: 17925: 17887: 17829: 17751:Outside the CIS framework 17750: 17729: 17693: 17662: 17616: 17595: 17574: 17554: 17499:parties and "members" (9) 17494: 17425: 17414: 17388: 17321: 17170: 17094: 17069: 17036: 17029: 16952: 16888: 16865:Azerbaijan–OSCE relations 16852: 16806: 16738: 16440: 16358: 16331: 16300: 16284: 16263: 16250: 16208: 16197: 15941: 15842: 15798: 15773: 15748: 15735: 15682: 15658: 15651: 15628: 15615: 15573: 15562: 15301: 15257: 15252:Links to related articles 15213: 15124: 15096: 15087: 14981: 14972: 14912: 14903: 14822: 14813: 14781: 14703: 14694: 14683: 14665: 14614: 14523: 14492: 14483: 14123:. London: Profile Books. 13999:Martin, Virginia (2000). 13938:Kazakhstan: Coming of Age 13623:Reporters Without Borders 13463:"2011 Asian Winter Games" 13061:18 September 2009 at the 12417:"Population Clock: World" 10174:14 September 2016 at the 10087:. Central Asia Newswire. 8817:: 137–192. Archived from 8655:Darrel P. Kaiser (2006). 8147:. Stat.kz. Archived from 8134:. Retrieved: 7 June 2016. 7753: 7739: 7706: 7669: 7200:World Heritage list: the 7164:Reporters Without Borders 7160:World Press Freedom Index 6978:, Australia. Two boxers, 6918:Kontinental Hockey League 6866:in 1977 and 1990 and the 6509:research teams including 6424: 6412: 5885: 5877: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5817: 5812: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5434:in the Soviet Union were 5197: announced the 4991:Foreign direct investment 4510:Agriculture in Kazakhstan 4454:foreign direct investment 4225:US Department of Commerce 3922:көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат 3921: 3713: 3699: 3681: 3667: 3640:that was held on 9 June. 3337:) and rare onion species 2910:43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E 2529:first Soviet nuclear bomb 1477:began advancing into the 1306: 1294: 1284: 1274: 1250: 1235: 1205: 1180: 1161: 1142: 1128: 1109: 1090: 1072: 1058: 1039: 1032: 1022: 1008: 1001: 997: 982: 966: 951: 938: 925: 915: 905: 892: 877: 864: 851: 838: 834: 827: 812: 797: 787: 783: 768: 753: 738: 723: 708: 704: 686: 676: 650: 586: 563: 547:(official state language) 536: 526: 485: 471: 428: 394: 365: 340: 329: 221: 218: 136: 86: 19303:SCO Interbank Consortium 18555:Abuja Declaration (1989) 18449:Central African Republic 14388:Government of Kazakhstan 14308:templates for discussion 13898:Cummings, Sally (2002). 13817:work. . Text taken from 13771:World Trade Organization 13767:"Kazakhstan and the WTO" 13586:7 September 2015 at the 12823:19 February 2017 at the 12239:27 February 2018 at the 12206:Oil, Cash and Corruption 11325:oskemen-tramway.narod.ru 11293: 10802:"Economic Freedom Index" 10204:"Rule of Law Index 2015" 10019:"Nazarbayev as Mediator" 9876:20 November 2015 at the 9857:20 November 2015 at the 9738: 9594:– via www.bbc.com. 9514:10 December 2015 at the 8944:Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta 8862:5 September 2015 at the 8289: 8275:, accessed October 2015. 8125:Kazakhstan: Introduction 7323:World Trade Organization 7311:World Heritage Committee 7136: 6848:Bandy World Championship 6816:, where it defeated the 6621: 6527:European classical music 6440: 5436:deported to Central Asia 5236:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy 5200:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy 5089:Economic competitiveness 4742:Metro station in Almaty. 4274:, combined with earlier 3786:, and over two-thousand 3644:Administrative divisions 3573:Parliament of Kazakhstan 3555:Elections to the Majilis 3520:administrative divisions 3400:Government of Kazakhstan 3083:On 17 October 2013, the 3078:Aqtobe phosphorite basin 2404:On 5 December 1936, the 2065:Persian-speaking peoples 2056:, culture, and economy. 772:Chairman of the Mazhilis 324:Republic in Central Asia 169:Extended confirmed users 19932:Central Asian countries 17881:Eurasian Economic Union 17786:Eurasian Economic Union 17634:CIS national bandy team 16276:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15829:British-Irish Agreement 14713:Altay (Altai) Mountains 14248:from the United States 14164:Thubron, Colin (1994). 14142:. New York: iUniverse. 14051:. London: Pluto Press. 13921:. New York: Routledge. 13493:24 January 2012 at the 13433:"Cuisine of Kazakhstan" 13369:Cahiers d'Asie Centrale 13335:Encyclopædia Britannica 13249:8 December 2015 at the 12698:3 December 2009 at the 12679:8 February 2015 at the 12660:8 December 2015 at the 12506:8 December 2015 at the 12340:. US State Department. 12211:5 February 2017 at the 11794:. US State Department. 10593:5 February 2017 at the 10432:. US State Department. 10252:"Kazakhstan Background" 10151:28 October 2016 at the 9054:// SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC 8867:. Anthem Press. p. 15. 8721:. 2005y. Archived from 8691:Encyclopædia Britannica 8560:Encyclopædia Britannica 8271:28 October 2016 at the 8121:Encyclopædia Britannica 8103:6 February 2018 at the 8080:6 February 2018 at the 8057:6 February 2018 at the 8034:6 February 2018 at the 7881:30 October 2017 at the 7317:Nuclear Suppliers Group 7049: 6731:2011 Asian Winter Games 6558:was created in 1982 in 6182:Kazakh wedding ceremony 6151:education leads to the 6069:Education in Kazakhstan 5994:). There are also some 5958:Some figures show that 5724:Languages of Kazakhstan 5007:, the president of the 4829:A ski resort in Almaty. 4807:Mining & Metallurgy 4644:Transport in Kazakhstan 3866:UN Human Rights Council 3654:Districts of Kazakhstan 2765:. Major cities include 2641:Geography of Kazakhstan 2448:(the Gulag), including 2378:, and in April 1927 to 1993:Kazakh family inside a 1936:Karkaraly National Park 1617:Eurasian Economic Union 1518:president of Kazakhstan 1153:$ 182.623 billion ( 1101:$ 569.813 billion ( 699:constitutional republic 537:Official languages 85: 19698:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18444:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18314:Pakistan-OIC relations 17495:Additionally the 1993 16860:Armenia–OSCE relations 16814:Parliamentary Assembly 16483:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16334:Special administrative 16310:(Sovereign Base Areas) 15665:(Sovereign Base Areas) 15346:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14937:Science and technology 14657:Republic of Kazakhstan 14168:The Lost Heart of Asia 14138:Rosten, Keith (2005). 14047:Nazpary, Joma (2002). 13969:|name-list-style= 13917:Demko, George (1997). 13887:|name-list-style= 13567:1 January 2016 at the 13016:2 October 2017 at the 11891:. EBRD. Archived from 11870:. EBRD. Archived from 11065:www.railwaygazette.com 9088:1 January 2016 at the 8811:Cahiers du monde russe 8779:: 1–12. Archived from 7748:Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy 7740:Қазақстан Республикасы 7264:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7155: 7079: 7068: 6996:Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov 6990:. Another two boxers, 6889: 6839: 6747: 6702: 6640: 6563: 6489: 6465:Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly 6459: 6458:on stamp of Kazakhstan 6332: 6235: 6191: 6119:At present, there are 6078: 6017: 5929: 5781:Religion in Kazakhstan 5389:deported to Kazakhstan 5321:Russians in Kazakhstan 5285: 5274: 5223: 5178: 5166: 5151:Science and technology 5064: 4983: 4845: 4830: 4751: 4743: 4705:Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 4701: 4693: 4522: 4338:natural gas condensate 4330: 4318: 4310: 4253: 4197: 4180: 4030: 4019: 3978: 3958: 3833: 3589: 3575: 3551: 3404:Politics of Kazakhstan 3274: 3263:Wildlife of Kazakhstan 3100: 2915:43.3503222; 79.0803556 2854:Charyn River and gorge 2750: 2728: 2678: 2664: 2654: 2589: 2472: 2335: 2324: 2282: 2162: 2096:tribes, including the 1998: 1986: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1841:domesticated the horse 1820: 1336:Republic of Kazakhstan 757:Chairman of the Senate 466: 358:Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy 332:Republic of Kazakhstan 190:): Unsourced changes ( 19805:Partnership for Peace 19681:Partnership for Peace 17701:Common Economic Space 17061:Islamabad Declaration 16953:Former field missions 16911:Mission to Montenegro 16889:Active field missions 16308:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 15692:Bailiwick of Guernsey 15663:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 14365:International Futures 14260:UCB Libraries GovPubs 14239:information from the 12848:on 29 September 2015. 12717:16 March 2010 at the 12482:, Population Division 12453:, Population Division 11874:on 20 September 2014. 11687:. The Lonely Planet. 10208:World Justice Project 9770:Tengrinews.kz English 8387:18 April 2009 at the 7766:Respublika Kazakhstan 7340:Outline of Kazakhstan 7150: 7074: 7063: 7031:middleweight champion 6926:Supreme Hockey League 6884: 6834: 6774:Alzhan Zharmukhamedov 6744:FC Shakhter Karagandy 6742: 6705:Kazakhstan's city of 6697: 6635: 6554: 6480: 6454: 6322: 6266:, among many others. 6222: 6189: 6174:Culture of Kazakhstan 6076: 6014:Khazret Sultan Mosque 6012: 5937:Orthodox Christianity 5924: 5416:Germans in Kazakhstan 5404:Virgin Lands Campaign 5280: 5269: 5220:space launch facility 5214: 5176: 5164: 5060: 4977: 4836: 4828: 4821:Tourism in Kazakhstan 4749: 4741: 4699: 4691: 4517: 4324: 4316: 4308: 4245: 4200:Buoyed by high world 4192: 4175: 4168:Economy of Kazakhstan 4135:World Justice Project 4025: 4015: 3976: 3951:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3946: 3896:Partnership for Peace 3823: 3650:Regions of Kazakhstan 3634:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3581: 3571: 3546: 3467:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3433:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 3270: 3098: 2930:, which survived the 2734: 2722: 2716:autonomous republic. 2670: 2660: 2652: 2587: 2521:atomic bomb test site 2497:Virgin Lands Campaign 2466: 2412:(RSFSR) and made the 2330: 2319:Stanitsa Sofiiskaya, 2318: 2273: 2153: 2063:and the neighbouring 1992: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1906: 1807: 1800:History of Kazakhstan 1526:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 1485:. Following the 1917 1356:ninth largest country 1024:• Water (%) 733:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 465: 383:Respublika Kazakhstan 19972:Modern Turkic states 19947:Landlocked countries 19308:Eurasian Land Bridge 19149:United Arab Emirates 18566:OIC Resolution 10/11 18519:Non-Aligned Movement 18396:United Arab Emirates 16176:United Arab Emirates 14627:List of Kazakh khans 14351:Kazakhstan Discovery 14246:Portals to the World 14003:. Richmond: Curzon. 13965:|lastauthoramp= 13883:|lastauthoramp= 12838:"Kazakhstan in 2013" 12278:. The Astana Times. 11422:www.flightglobal.com 10971:The Botany of Desire 10787:3 March 2016 at the 10739:8 March 2014 at the 10614:"Kazakhstan Profile" 10426:"Kazakhstan profile" 10290:. The Astana Times. 9772:. 13 November 2012. 9157:A.F. Kovshar (Ed.): 9069:3 March 2013 at the 9050:2 April 2016 at the 8980:3 March 2016 at the 8854:Flynn, Moya (1994). 8837:3 March 2016 at the 8693:. 16 December 1991. 8661:. Darrel P. Kaiser. 8433:Central Asian Survey 8130:17 June 2015 at the 7794:14 July 2014 at the 7754:Республика Казахстан 7727:[kəzɐxˈstan] 7690:[qɑzɑqˈstɑn] 7056:Cinema of Kazakhstan 6972:2000 Summer Olympics 6912:is held since 1992. 6904:, as well as in the 6902:2006 Winter Olympics 6790:Basketball World Cup 6719:2022 Winter Olympics 6689:2012 Summer Olympics 6665:2004 Summer Olympics 6535:Aleksandr Zatayevich 6503:ethnic Russian music 6219:File:GUWSatpayev.jpg 5408:Soviet space program 5195:Nursultan Nazarbayev 5137:World Economic Forum 5082:Nursultan Nazarbayev 4858:World Economic Forum 4581:, a major source of 4348:; 87.3 million 4266:credit rating agency 3624:authoritarian regime 3469:. The president may 3463:Nursultan Nazarbayev 2687:landlocked countries 2613:Nursultan Nazarbayev 2469:Alma-Ata Declaration 2291:Central Asian Revolt 2187:Pugachev's rebellion 2083:Mangyshlak Peninsula 1903:File:Abylai Khan.jpg 1720:improve this article 1514:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1268:West / East 1041:• 2019 estimate 987:Current constitution 718:Nursultan Nazarbayev 20007:Countries in Europe 18645:Arab–Islamic (2023) 18094:Hissein Brahim Taha 17955:Prospective members 17051:Secretaries-General 16896:Presence in Albania 16211:States with limited 15785:unincorporated area 15714:Bailiwick of Jersey 15576:States with limited 14738:Khan Tangiri Shyngy 14718:Aral Karakum Desert 14581:Kara-Khanid Khanate 14566:Xueyantuo Khaganate 14424: / 14250:Library of Congress 14156:Smith, Graham, ed. 13629:on 14 February 2014 13331:"Kazakh literature" 13114:. 26 October 2009. 13056:Islam in Kazakhstan 12941:11 May 2010 at the 12804:25 May 2018 at the 12579:6 June 2013 at the 11941:Info.worldbank.org/ 11125:www.railjournal.com 10714:on 20 February 2014 10367:. 29 January 2019. 9982:on 5 February 2015. 9373:. USNews. REUTERS. 8821:on 23 October 2015. 8786:on 3 September 2006 8764:Simon Ertz (2005). 8303:on 12 December 2010 8063:Oxford Dictionaries 7663:In local languages: 7182:Not That Respublika 7166:. A mid-March 2002 7143:Media of Kazakhstan 6980:Bekzat Sattarkhanov 6936:, Ivan Kulshov and 6928:since 1996 and the 6628:Sport in Kazakhstan 6447:Music of Kazakhstan 6393:Book of Dede Korkut 6087:adult literacy rate 5939:. After decades of 5926:Ascension Cathedral 5468: 5315:As of 2018, ethnic 5216:Baikonur Cosmodrome 4982:"Nur Alem" Pavilion 4797:European Commission 4227:granted Kazakhstan 4223:In March 2002, the 4035:Soviet Armed Forces 3930:Baikonur Cosmodrome 3769:Municipal divisions 3739:Baikonur cosmodrome 3352:Tulipa kaufmanniana 3340:Allium karataviense 3327:) and several wild 3120: 3105:continental climate 2953: / 2906: / 2809:in Eastern Europe. 2552:Dinmukhamed Konayev 2517:atomic bomb project 2512:accounted for 43%. 2446:Soviet labour camps 2275:Alikhan Bukeikhanov 1875:army fought in the 1869:Alexander the Great 1657:culture. The name " 1585:freedom of religion 507: / 317:Qazaqstan (channel) 17711:1994 FTA Agreement 17654:CIS Cup (football) 16965:Mission to Croatia 16930:Centre in Ashgabat 16916:Mission to Moldova 15684:Crown Dependencies 14942:Telecommunications 14225:The World Factbook 14093:Rall, Ted (2006). 14074:. Washington, DC: 14030:Epicenter of Peace 13963:Unknown parameter 13902:. London: Tauris. 13881:Unknown parameter 13679:Human Rights Watch 13657:The New York Times 13363:Aitjan Nurmanova. 12218:The New York Times 11770:. Bloomberg News. 11649:"Visa Information" 11527:"Country profiles" 11095:www.raillynews.com 10946:. The World Bank. 10616:. The World Bank. 10600:The New York Times 10578:, 22 February 2014 10486:"№ 1 in the world" 10335:Human Rights Watch 10165:Human Rights Watch 10142:Human Rights Watch 10129:The New York Times 9841:on 17 August 2009. 9459:. 17 August 2007. 9429:. 19 August 2007. 9178:. viranatura.com. 9165:. Tom 1, S. 17–21. 8262:Human Rights Watch 7973:data.worldbank.org 7887:CIA World Factbook 7156: 7080: 7069: 7064:A charity ball in 6984:Yermakhan Ibraimov 6930:Saryarka Karagandy 6890: 6840: 6748: 6717:and again for the 6703: 6641: 6564: 6490: 6482:Daneliya Tuleshova 6460: 6333: 6323:1965 post mark of 6236: 6192: 6114:vocational schools 6079: 6018: 5990:school (primarily 5930: 5464: 5286: 5275: 5271:Population pyramid 5224: 5179: 5167: 5065: 4984: 4848:Kazakhstan is the 4846: 4837:Kazakhstanis on a 4831: 4752: 4744: 4702: 4694: 4523: 4518:Grain fields near 4331: 4327:Kashagan Oil Field 4319: 4311: 4254: 4198: 4181: 4117:Human Rights Watch 4031: 4020: 3979: 3959: 3913:records improved. 3834: 3590: 3576: 3552: 3479:commander in chief 3275: 3118: 3101: 2751: 2729: 2689:in the world that 2679: 2665: 2655: 2590: 2550:of the Kazakh SSR 2485:mineral extraction 2473: 2432:deported from the 2336: 2325: 2283: 2281:from 1917 to 1920. 2245:Trans-Aral Railway 2163: 2136:Emirate of Bukhara 2015:Hazrat-e Turkestan 1999: 1987: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1877:Battle of Jaxartes 1845:Afanasievo culture 1821: 1538:Human Rights Watch 1522:Security Council's 1487:Russian Revolution 1419:population density 1352:landlocked country 1138:2020 estimate 1086:2020 estimate 763:Dariga Nazarbayeva 588:Ethnic groups 467: 147: 97: 20002:Countries in Asia 19914: 19913: 19908: 19907: 19633: 19632: 19333: 19332: 19313:Working languages 18965:Dialogue partners 18721: 18720: 18653: 18652: 18581: 18580: 18536: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18044: 18043: 17847: 17846: 17612: 17611: 17348: 17347: 17090: 17089: 16988: 16987: 16926:Mission to Skopje 16921:Mission to Serbia 16906:Mission in Kosovo 16400: 16399: 16327: 16326: 15897: 15896: 15838: 15837: 15760:autonomous region 15731: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15244: 15243: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15204: 14968: 14967: 14899: 14898: 14891:Political parties 14864:Freedom of speech 14837:Foreign relations 14809: 14808: 14681: 14680: 14637:Russian Turkestan 14561:Oghuz Yabgu State 14228:(2024 ed.). 14130:978-1-86197-868-4 14097:. New York: NBM. 13402:. 24(3): 395–417. 13295:Atabaki, Touraj. 13203:978-1-78477-092-1 12992:978-1-78477-092-1 12958:. 9 August 2012. 12754:978-1-78477-092-1 12605:on 4 January 2007 12402:978-92-3-100129-1 12318:on 18 August 2016 12221:, 5 November 2006 12146:doingbusiness.org 12054:. Bloomberg L.P. 11559:. Mecometer.com. 11368:on 8 January 2014 11186:on 15 August 2012 10974:. San Francisco: 10966:"Apple sweetness" 10849:Business Standard 10316:978-1-78477-092-1 10270:"Judicial Reform" 9582:. 19 March 2019. 9538:on 1 January 2016 9264:. 19 March 2019. 8928:978-1-317-29028-5 8884:Keenan, Jillian. 8739:cite encyclopedia 8668:978-1-4116-9894-9 8472:978-3-11-081003-5 8364:978-1-63157-400-9 7847:978-3-86219-454-4 7763: 7745: 7715: 7678: 7152:Timur Bekmambetov 7112:Timur Bekmambetov 7039:Natascha Ragosina 6964:Val Barker Trophy 6956:Bakhtiyar Artayev 6920:. Meanwhile, the 6896:have competed in 6776:, who played for 6417:The Book of Words 6280:Kazakh literature 6256:Mukhtar Shakhanov 6141:Bachelor's degree 6110:technical schools 6094:primary education 5945:religious beliefs 5890: 5889: 5715: 5714: 5020:Ernst & Young 4294:was adopted. The 3852:, Kyrgyzstan and 3810:Foreign relations 3530:Political Reforms 3488:Kazakhstan has a 3455: 3454: 3451: 3440: 3346:Iris willmottiana 3254: 3253: 2987:Natural resources 2957:48.500°N 82.000°E 2928:Fraxinus sogdiana 2797:, and longitudes 2564:Mikhail Gorbachev 2493:Nikita Khrushchev 2481:industrialisation 2477:Soviet-German War 1985: 1984: 1914:from 1771 to 1781 1865:Achaemenid Empire 1796: 1795: 1788: 1770: 1489:, and subsequent 1438:Achaemenid Empire 1334:, officially the 1329: 1328: 1163:• Per capita 1111:• Per capita 778:Nurlan Nigmatulin 511:51.167°N 71.433°E 463: 439:Meniń Qazaqstanym 434:Менің Қазақстаным 308: 138: 88: 68: 20019: 19690:Aspirant members 19666:Partners of the 19660: 19653: 19646: 19637: 19636: 19605: 19601: 19599: 19598: 19590: 19586: 19584: 19583: 19575: 19571: 19569: 19568: 19560: 19556: 19554: 19553: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19533: 19529: 19527: 19526: 19518: 19514: 19512: 19511: 19503: 19499: 19497: 19496: 19479: 19468: 19464: 19462: 19461: 19453: 19449: 19447: 19446: 19438: 19434: 19432: 19431: 19423: 19419: 19417: 19416: 19408: 19404: 19402: 19401: 19393: 19389: 19387: 19386: 19360: 19353: 19346: 19337: 19336: 19275: 19273: 19272: 19262: 19260: 19259: 19249: 19247: 19246: 19236: 19234: 19233: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19210: 19208: 19207: 19181: 19179: 19178: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19134: 19132: 19131: 19121: 19119: 19118: 19108: 19106: 19105: 19095: 19093: 19092: 19082: 19080: 19079: 19069: 19067: 19066: 19056: 19054: 19053: 19043: 19041: 19040: 19030: 19028: 19027: 19017: 19015: 19014: 19004: 19002: 19001: 18991: 18989: 18988: 18978: 18976: 18975: 18954: 18952: 18951: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18917: 18915: 18914: 18904: 18902: 18901: 18891: 18889: 18888: 18878: 18876: 18875: 18865: 18863: 18862: 18852: 18850: 18849: 18839: 18837: 18836: 18826: 18824: 18823: 18813: 18811: 18810: 18748: 18741: 18734: 18725: 18724: 18590: 18589: 18545: 18544: 18430: 18429: 18109: 18108: 18071: 18064: 18057: 18048: 18047: 17927:Observer members 17874: 17867: 17860: 17851: 17850: 17837: 17836: 17811:New Union Treaty 17776:EU Technical Aid 17423: 17422: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17352: 17351: 17341: 17335: 17333: 17332: 17311: 17309: 17308: 17297: 17295: 17294: 17283: 17281: 17280: 17269: 17267: 17266: 17255: 17253: 17252: 17241: 17239: 17238: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17213: 17211: 17210: 17199: 17197: 17196: 17185: 17183: 17182: 17034: 17033: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16992: 16991: 16844:OSCE Minsk Group 16807:Bodies and posts 16501: 16427: 16420: 16413: 16404: 16403: 16388: 16376: 16375: 16336:regions of China 16271:Christmas Island 16261: 16260: 16203: 15943:Sovereign states 15924: 15917: 15910: 15901: 15900: 15885: 15873: 15872: 15859:Governed by the 15821:Northern Ireland 15764:Åland convention 15746: 15745: 15656: 15655: 15626: 15625: 15568: 15303:Sovereign states 15284: 15277: 15270: 15261: 15260: 15248: 15247: 15229: 15222: 15094: 15093: 15069:Wedding ceremony 15029: 14979: 14978: 14960:Waste management 14950: 14910: 14909: 14820: 14819: 14791:Cities and towns 14763:Tien (Tian) Shan 14701: 14700: 14689: 14591:Chagatai Khanate 14576:Kyrgyz Khaganate 14571:Uyghur Khaganate 14536:Rouran Khaganate 14490: 14489: 14466: 14459: 14452: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14335: 14334: 14325: 14324: 14233: 14183: 14171: 14153: 14134: 14108: 14089: 14073: 14062: 14043: 14014: 13995: 13976: 13970: 13966: 13961: 13959: 13951: 13932: 13913: 13894: 13888: 13884: 13879: 13877: 13869: 13850: 13812: 13801: 13800: 13785: 13779: 13778: 13763: 13757: 13756: 13745: 13739: 13738: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13671: 13665: 13664: 13648: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13634: 13625:. Archived from 13615: 13609: 13608: 13597: 13591: 13578: 13572: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13529: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13518: 13503: 13497: 13485: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13395: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13360: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13329:Walter Feldman. 13326: 13309: 13306: 13300: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13273:. Archived from 13263: 13254: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13214: 13208: 13207: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13169:. CollegeAtlas. 13163: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13140:. Archived from 13138:"Нац состав.rar" 13134: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13072: 13066: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13042: 13027: 13021: 13008: 12997: 12996: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12952: 12946: 12933: 12920: 12919: 12904: 12898: 12897: 12892:. 2 April 2015. 12882: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12856: 12850: 12849: 12834: 12828: 12815: 12809: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12740: 12734: 12728: 12722: 12709: 12703: 12690: 12684: 12671: 12665: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12601:. Archived from 12590: 12584: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12520:Lillis, Joanna. 12517: 12511: 12498: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12477: 12469: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12388: 12371: 12370: 12363: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12334: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12317: 12310: 12301: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12254: 12248: 12231: 12222: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12173: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12116: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12079: 12060: 12059: 12047: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12010: 12004: 12003: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11958: 11949: 11948: 11947:on 6 March 2015. 11943:. Archived from 11933: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11903: 11897: 11896: 11885: 11876: 11875: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11800: 11793: 11785: 11776: 11775: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11665:on 14 March 2014 11661:. Archived from 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11586: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11364:. Archived from 11358: 11352: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11182:. Archived from 11176: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11157:on 25 April 2015 11153:. Archived from 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11027: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10880: 10874: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10841: 10828: 10827: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10798: 10792: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10749: 10743: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10687: 10680: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10610: 10604: 10603:, 21 August 2015 10585: 10579: 10572: 10566: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10548:on 20 June 2015. 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10392: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10337:. 23 July 2015. 10327: 10321: 10320: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10179: 10162: 10156: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10107:The Astana Times 10099: 10093: 10092: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10041:The Astana Times 10033: 10027: 10026: 10015: 10006: 10005: 9998:The Astana Times 9990: 9984: 9983: 9978:. Archived from 9968: 9962: 9961: 9950: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9887: 9881: 9868: 9862: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9684: 9678:. www.oecd.org. 9677: 9669: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9528: 9522: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9351:on 23 March 2013 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9321:. The Guardian. 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9172: 9166: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9099: 9093: 9080: 9074: 9061: 9055: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9012: 9006: 9005: 8990: 8984: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8947:. Archived from 8939: 8933: 8932: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8881: 8875: 8852: 8846: 8845:, 1 January 2007 8829: 8823: 8822: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8785: 8770: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8742: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8725:on 15 April 2005 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8652: 8646: 8632: 8626: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8552: 8546: 8544: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8512: 8506: 8504: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8405: 8396: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8322: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8295: 8285: 8276: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8176: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8151:on 14 March 2010 8141: 8135: 8118: 8112: 8095: 8089: 8072: 8066: 8049: 8043: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7936: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7899: 7890: 7873: 7856: 7855: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7805: 7799: 7786: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7744:romanized: 7743: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7389: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7286:Turkic languages 7121:Serik Aprymov's 7035:Gennady Golovkin 7033:is Kazakh boxer 6992:Bulat Zhumadilov 6924:and play in the 6900:in the 1998 and 6886:Nikolai Antropov 6850:, including the 6814:2002 Asian Games 6769:national teams. 6687:and Gold in the 6426: 6414: 6413:Абай Құнанбайұлы 6405:Abai Qunanbaiuly 6329:Abai Qunanbaiuly 6240:Abay Qunanbayuli 6220: 6137:higher education 5787: 5786: 5469: 5463: 5385:Meskhetian Turks 5290:US Census Bureau 5005:Suma Chakrabarti 4892:South Kazakhstan 4676: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4657: 4210:Ukrainian crisis 4190: 3923: 3856:established the 3828:during the 2017 3795: 3721: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3669: 3585:Headquarters in 3477:and is also the 3459:unitary republic 3447: 3436: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3409:Political system 3121: 3117: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2748: 2747: 2662:Karaganda Region 2618: 2585: 2387:collectivisation 2265:Vasile Balabanov 2013:(Aulie-Ata) and 1976: 1965: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1904: 1863:and the Persian 1791: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1728: 1704: 1696: 1672: 1652: 1506:Soviet republics 1457:Mongolian Empire 1453:Turkic Khaganate 1340:transcontinental 1265: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1201: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1171: 1170: 1152: 1151: 1135: 1119: 1118: 1100: 1099: 1083: 1050:18,448,600 ( 1049: 1048: 989: 962: 961:26 December 1991 947:21 December 1991 934:16 December 1991 921:10 December 1991 888: 860:13 December 1917 565:Official scripts 556: 548: 522: 521: 519: 518: 517: 512: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 476: 464: 445: 441: 416: 402: 386: 385: 378: 370: 369: 368: 361: 360: 353: 345: 344: 343: 333: 327: 326: 208: 207: 195: 175: 165: 146: 128: 120: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 20027: 20026: 20022: 20021: 20020: 20018: 20017: 20016: 19942:Eurasian Steppe 19917: 19916: 19915: 19910: 19909: 19904: 19799: 19733: 19684: 19670: 19664: 19634: 19629: 19608: 19596: 19594: 19581: 19579: 19566: 19564: 19558:Northern Cyprus 19551: 19549: 19538: 19536: 19524: 19522: 19509: 19507: 19494: 19492: 19480: 19471: 19459: 19457: 19444: 19442: 19429: 19427: 19414: 19412: 19399: 19397: 19384: 19382: 19370: 19364: 19334: 19329: 19281: 19270: 19268: 19257: 19255: 19244: 19242: 19231: 19229: 19218: 19216: 19205: 19203: 19192: 19176: 19174: 19153: 19142: 19140: 19129: 19127: 19116: 19114: 19103: 19101: 19090: 19088: 19077: 19075: 19064: 19062: 19051: 19049: 19038: 19036: 19025: 19023: 19012: 19010: 18999: 18997: 18986: 18984: 18973: 18971: 18960: 18949: 18947: 18941:Observer states 18936: 18925: 18923: 18912: 18910: 18899: 18897: 18886: 18884: 18873: 18871: 18860: 18858: 18847: 18845: 18834: 18832: 18821: 18819: 18808: 18806: 18793: 18757: 18752: 18722: 18717: 18706: 18649: 18577: 18528: 18497: 18495: 18488: 18477: 18475: 18468: 18454:Northern Cyprus 18437: 18436:and territories 18435: 18421: 18405: 18098: 18081: 18075: 18045: 18040: 17982: 17949: 17921: 17883: 17878: 17848: 17843: 17825: 17746: 17725: 17716:2011 FTA Treaty 17689: 17658: 17608: 17591: 17570: 17550: 17490: 17410: 17384: 17379: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17337:Northern Cyprus 17330: 17328: 17317: 17306: 17304: 17292: 17290: 17278: 17276: 17264: 17262: 17250: 17248: 17236: 17234: 17222: 17220: 17208: 17206: 17194: 17192: 17180: 17178: 17166: 17086: 17065: 17056:Treaty of Izmir 17025: 17019: 16989: 16984: 16948: 16884: 16848: 16802: 16740: 16734: 16635:North Macedonia 16497: 16436: 16431: 16401: 16396: 16369: 16354: 16338: 16335: 16323: 16296: 16280: 16257: 16254: 16246: 16227:Northern Cyprus 16215: 16212: 16204: 16195: 15937: 15928: 15898: 15893: 15866: 15854:Oceanic islands 15834: 15827:subject to the 15794: 15789:Svalbard Treaty 15787:subject to the 15769: 15762:subject to the 15742: 15740: 15738: 15723: 15678: 15647: 15622: 15619: 15611: 15597:Northern Cyprus 15580: 15577: 15569: 15560: 15476:North Macedonia 15297: 15288: 15253: 15245: 15240: 15232: 15225: 15218: 15201: 15120: 15083: 15027: 14964: 14948: 14895: 14876:Law enforcement 14805: 14777: 14743:Kyzylkum Desert 14690: 14677: 14661: 14610: 14519: 14479: 14470: 14432: 14430: 14426: 14423: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14411: 14410: 14332: 14322: 14311: 14218: 14209:Country Profile 14191: 14186: 14180: 14150: 14131: 14111:Rashid, Ahmed. 14105: 14086: 14059: 14040: 14011: 13992: 13968: 13964: 13962: 13953: 13952: 13948: 13929: 13910: 13886: 13882: 13880: 13871: 13870: 13866: 13847: 13830: 13828:Further reading 13825: 13805: 13804: 13789:"Member States" 13787: 13786: 13782: 13765: 13764: 13760: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13729: 13728: 13724: 13714: 13712: 13711:on 4 March 2016 13703: 13702: 13698: 13688: 13686: 13673: 13672: 13668: 13649: 13642: 13632: 13630: 13617: 13616: 13612: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13588:Wayback Machine 13579: 13575: 13569:Wayback Machine 13560: 13556: 13546: 13544: 13531: 13530: 13526: 13516: 13514: 13505: 13504: 13500: 13495:Wayback Machine 13486: 13482: 13472: 13470: 13461: 13460: 13456: 13446: 13444: 13431: 13430: 13426: 13415:Turkish Studies 13411: 13407: 13396: 13392: 13382: 13380: 13361: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13327: 13312: 13307: 13303: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13278: 13277:on 9 March 2016 13265: 13264: 13257: 13251:Wayback Machine 13242: 13238: 13228: 13226: 13215: 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Machine 12499: 12495: 12485: 12483: 12475: 12471: 12470: 12466: 12456: 12454: 12445: 12444: 12440: 12430: 12428: 12415: 12414: 12410: 12403: 12389: 12374: 12365: 12364: 12357: 12347: 12345: 12336: 12335: 12331: 12321: 12319: 12315: 12308: 12302: 12295: 12285: 12283: 12274: 12273: 12269: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12241:Wayback Machine 12232: 12225: 12213:Wayback Machine 12204: 12200: 12190: 12188: 12181:Astanatimes.com 12175: 12174: 12165: 12155: 12153: 12140: 12139: 12135: 12118: 12117: 12106: 12096: 12094: 12081: 12080: 12063: 12048: 12037: 12027: 12025: 12012: 12011: 12007: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11975: 11973: 11960: 11959: 11952: 11935: 11934: 11930: 11920: 11918: 11911:Astanatimes.com 11905: 11904: 11900: 11895:on 25 May 2014. 11887: 11886: 11879: 11866: 11865: 11861: 11851: 11849: 11840: 11839: 11832: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11779: 11766: 11765: 11761: 11738: 11734: 11724: 11722: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 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10895: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10864: 10860: 10843: 10842: 10831: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10800: 10799: 10795: 10789:Wayback Machine 10780: 10776: 10766: 10764: 10751: 10750: 10746: 10741:Wayback Machine 10731: 10727: 10717: 10715: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10674: 10673: 10669: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10636:Financial Times 10630: 10629: 10625: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10595:Wayback Machine 10586: 10582: 10574:"Tenge Fever", 10573: 10569: 10563:Financial Times 10557: 10553: 10540: 10539: 10535: 10525: 10523: 10514: 10513: 10509: 10499: 10497: 10496:on 22 July 2011 10484: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10424: 10423: 10419: 10409: 10407: 10394: 10393: 10384: 10374: 10372: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10317: 10303: 10299: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10232: 10231: 10227: 10217: 10215: 10202: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10182: 10176:Wayback Machine 10163: 10159: 10153:Wayback Machine 10140: 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Weatherbase. 9131: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9090:Wayback Machine 9081: 9077: 9071:Wayback Machine 9062: 9058: 9052:Wayback Machine 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9026:on 9 April 2009 9014: 9013: 9009: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8982:Wayback Machine 8972: 8968: 8964:. homestead.com 8960: 8956: 8951:on 1 June 2008. 8941: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8864:Wayback Machine 8853: 8849: 8839:Wayback Machine 8830: 8826: 8803: 8799: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8768: 8762: 8758: 8746: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8728: 8726: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8633: 8629: 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8569: 8567: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8538: 8535:Dandamayev 1994 8533: 8529: 8518: 8513: 8509: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8428: 8424: 8407: 8406: 8399: 8389:Wayback Machine 8380: 8376: 8365: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8332:on 22 July 2011 8324: 8323: 8316: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8279: 8273:Wayback Machine 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8177: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8132:Wayback Machine 8119: 8115: 8109:Merriam-Webster 8105:Wayback Machine 8096: 8092: 8082:Wayback Machine 8073: 8069: 8059:Wayback Machine 8050: 8046: 8036:Wayback Machine 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7938: 7937: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7883:Wayback Machine 7874: 7859: 7848: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7796:Wayback Machine 7787: 7783: 7773: 7772: 7751:; Russian: 7737: 7733: 7722: 7694: 7693: 7685: 7664: 7662: 7654: 7653: 7614: 7578: 7542: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7456: 7438: 7429: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7336: 7290:historical ties 7229: 7224: 7218: 7216:Public holidays 7194: 7145: 7139: 7095:Harmony Lessons 7058: 7052: 7026:, WBC, IBF and 7010:, representing 6922:Kazzinc-Torpedo 6856:2011 tournament 6786:Summer Olympics 6711:Winter Olympics 6637:Astana Pro Team 6630: 6624: 6595: 6589: 6449: 6443: 6294:Kazakh language 6282: 6276: 6260:Saken Seyfullin 6252:Kanysh Satpayev 6248:Gabit Musirepov 6224:Kanysh Satpayev 6184: 6178:Kazakh clothing 6172:Main articles: 6170: 6145:Master's Degree 6083:secondary level 6071: 6065: 6026:Greek Catholics 6022:Roman Catholics 5892: 5891: 5883: 5878:Other religions 5870: 5855: 5840: 5825: 5810: 5783: 5777: 5726: 5720: 5473: 5313: 5307: 5264: 5262:Eurasian nomads 5250: 5244: 5159: 5153: 5109: 5091: 5078: 5055: 5046: 5032: 4993: 4962: 4896:West Kazakhstan 4888:East Kazakhstan 4843:Pavlodar Region 4823: 4817: 4809: 4792:December 2016. 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661:4 ft 4660: 4655: 4650: 4642:Main articles: 4640: 4607:Malus sieversii 4602:Malus domestica 4512: 4506: 4497: 4325:Aerial view of 4296:value added tax 4272:Economic growth 4170: 4164: 4122:Vladimir Kozlov 4113: 4107: 4088:Nurtai Abykayev 4010: 4004: 3818: 3812: 3802: 3771: 3656: 3648:Main articles: 3646: 3614:Democracy Index 3541: 3532: 3446: 3435: 3411: 3406: 3398:Main articles: 3396: 3321:), wild grape ( 3318:Malus sieversii 3279:nature reserves 3265: 3259: 3093: 2995: 2989: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2822:Western Siberia 2818:Altay Mountains 2745: 2741:Eurasian Steppe 2739:of part of the 2647: 2639:Main articles: 2637: 2616: 2606:ceased to exist 2578: 2548:Communist Party 2544:First Secretary 2502:Leonid Brezhnev 2313: 2307: 2148: 2110:Abul Khair Khan 2054:Kazakh language 1981: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1899: 1893: 1802: 1792: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1729: 1727: 1717: 1705: 1694: 1641: 1589:Kazakh language 1325: 1254: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1210: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1185: 1164: 1145: 1133: 1112: 1093: 1077: 1061: 1042: 1025: 1011: 990: 985: 975: 970:Admitted to the 960: 957: 944: 931: 918: 911:25 October 1990 908: 901:5 December 1936 898: 886: 883: 870: 857: 844: 818: 803: 774: 759: 744: 729: 714: 672: 646: 592: 582: 559: 554: 546: 515: 513: 509: 506: 501: 498: 496: 494: 493: 492: 481: 480: 448: 446: 444:"My Kazakhstan" 443: 442: 436: 424: 423: 422: 417: 409: 408: 403: 390: 389: 380: 379: 372: 366: 355: 354: 347: 341: 334: 331: 325: 320: 305: 297: 287: 282: 275: 272: 268: 259: 250: 245: 238: 231: 214: 209: 203: 198: 196: 181: 179: 178: 177: 173: 171: 155: 153: 148: 142: 134: 132:← Previous edit 129: 126: 124: 123: 122: 118: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 61: 55: 53: 48: 45: 43: 40: 38:Content deleted 37: 34: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20025: 20015: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19912: 19911: 19906: 19905: 19903: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19886: 19885: 19875: 19874: 19873: 19863: 19862: 19861: 19851: 19846: 19845: 19844: 19834: 19833: 19832: 19822: 19821: 19820: 19809: 19807: 19801: 19800: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19795: 19785: 19784: 19783: 19773: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19743: 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18792: 18791: 18786: 18784:Samarkand 2022 18781: 18776: 18771: 18765: 18763: 18759: 18758: 18751: 18750: 18743: 18736: 18728: 18719: 18718: 18716: 18715: 18711: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18704: 18699: 18697:Largest cities 18694: 18689: 18688: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18675:GDP per capita 18672: 18661: 18659: 18655: 18654: 18651: 18650: 18648: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18596: 18594: 18587: 18583: 18582: 18579: 18578: 18576: 18575: 18569: 18563: 18557: 18551: 18549: 18542: 18538: 18537: 18534: 18533: 18530: 18529: 18527: 18526: 18524:United Nations 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18500: 18498: 18493: 18490: 18489: 18487: 18486: 18480: 18478: 18473: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18440: 18438: 18433: 18427: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18419: 18413: 18411: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18317: 18316: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 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17695: 17691: 17690: 17688: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17666: 17664: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17620: 17618: 17614: 17613: 17610: 17609: 17607: 17606: 17599: 17597: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17589: 17584: 17578: 17576: 17572: 17571: 17569: 17568: 17562: 17560: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17502: 17500: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17432: 17430: 17420: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17408: 17402: 17396: 17389: 17386: 17385: 17378: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17355: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17342: 17325: 17323: 17319: 17318: 17316: 17315: 17301: 17287: 17273: 17259: 17245: 17231: 17217: 17203: 17189: 17174: 17172: 17168: 17167: 17165: 17164: 17162:Islamabad 2017 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17112:Islamabad 1995 17109: 17104: 17098: 17096: 17092: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17084: 17079: 17073: 17071: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17037: 17031: 17027: 17026: 17018: 17017: 17010: 17003: 16995: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16956: 16954: 16950: 16949: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16940: 16937: 16934: 16931: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16885: 16883: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16810: 16808: 16804: 16803: 16801: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16744: 16742: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16720:United Kingdom 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16510:Czech Republic 16507: 16502: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16444: 16442: 16438: 16437: 16430: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16407: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16394: 16382: 16368: 16367: 16364: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16341: 16339: 16332: 16329: 16328: 16325: 16324: 16322: 16321: 16311: 16304: 16302: 16301:United Kingdom 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16288: 16286: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16273: 16267: 16265: 16258: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16218: 16216: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16198: 16196: 16194: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15947: 15945: 15939: 15938: 15927: 15926: 15919: 15912: 15904: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15891: 15879: 15865: 15864: 15857: 15851: 15848: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15832: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15802: 15800: 15799:United Kingdom 15796: 15795: 15793: 15792: 15777: 15775: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15767: 15752: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15733: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15710: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15688: 15686: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15676: 15666: 15659: 15653: 15652:United Kingdom 15649: 15648: 15646: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15632: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15583: 15581: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15563: 15561: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15551:United Kingdom 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15366:Czech Republic 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15307: 15305: 15299: 15298: 15287: 15286: 15279: 15272: 15264: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15242: 15241: 15239: 15238: 15231: 15230: 15223: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15207: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15128: 15126: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15097: 15091: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15023: 15018: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14982: 14976: 14970: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14932:Stock Exchange 14929: 14924: 14919: 14913: 14907: 14901: 14900: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14866: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14852:Prime Minister 14849: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14823: 14817: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14787: 14785: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14708:Aktogay Canyon 14704: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14675: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14642:Alash Autonomy 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14622:Kazakh Khanate 14618: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14527: 14525: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14496: 14494: 14487: 14481: 14480: 14469: 14468: 14461: 14454: 14446: 14408: 14407: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14369: 14368: 14358: 14353: 14344: 14329: 14319: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14253: 14243: 14234: 14216: 14206: 14190: 14189:External links 14187: 14185: 14184: 14178: 14161: 14160:(2nd ed. 1995) 14154: 14148: 14135: 14129: 14116: 14109: 14103: 14090: 14084: 14063: 14057: 14044: 14038: 14025: 14015: 14009: 13996: 13990: 13977: 13946: 13933: 13927: 13914: 13908: 13895: 13864: 13851: 13845: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13780: 13758: 13740: 13722: 13696: 13666: 13640: 13610: 13603:. TengriNews. 13592: 13573: 13554: 13537:bandyvm2015.ru 13524: 13498: 13480: 13454: 13424: 13405: 13390: 13352: 13310: 13301: 13288: 13271:Finchannel.com 13255: 13236: 13209: 13202: 13184: 13155: 13129: 13093: 13067: 13048: 13022: 12998: 12991: 12973: 12947: 12921: 12899: 12877: 12851: 12829: 12810: 12790: 12760: 12753: 12735: 12723: 12704: 12685: 12666: 12647: 12616: 12585: 12566: 12539: 12512: 12493: 12464: 12438: 12421:www.census.gov 12408: 12401: 12372: 12355: 12329: 12293: 12267: 12249: 12223: 12198: 12163: 12148:. World Bank. 12133: 12104: 12061: 12035: 12005: 11983: 11950: 11928: 11898: 11877: 11859: 11830: 11812: 11777: 11759: 11732: 11702: 11676: 11640: 11614: 11574: 11548: 11518: 11492: 11461: 11431: 11409: 11379: 11353: 11342: 11312: 11284: 11257: 11227: 11197: 11168: 11142: 11112: 11082: 11052: 11019: 10993: 10953: 10935: 10905: 10875: 10858: 10829: 10822:. TengriNews. 10811: 10793: 10774: 10744: 10725: 10699: 10667: 10645: 10623: 10605: 10580: 10567: 10551: 10533: 10507: 10477: 10447: 10417: 10382: 10352: 10322: 10315: 10297: 10279: 10261: 10243: 10225: 10195: 10180: 10157: 10134: 10116: 10094: 10076: 10050: 10028: 10007: 9985: 9963: 9956:. Tengrinews. 9942: 9912: 9882: 9863: 9844: 9825: 9798: 9779: 9757: 9729: 9696: 9657: 9627: 9597: 9571: 9549: 9523: 9500: 9474: 9444: 9414: 9388: 9362: 9336: 9310: 9279: 9253: 9223: 9193: 9167: 9150: 9124: 9107:WorldAtlas.com 9094: 9075: 9056: 9037: 9007: 8985: 8966: 8962:Mineral Wealth 8954: 8934: 8927: 8907: 8876: 8847: 8824: 8797: 8756: 8708: 8678: 8667: 8647: 8627: 8607: 8577: 8547: 8527: 8507: 8487: 8478: 8471: 8451: 8440:(4): 385–402. 8422: 8409:"Cossack (n.)" 8397: 8374: 8363: 8343: 8314: 8277: 8254: 8228: 8202: 8162: 8136: 8113: 8090: 8086:Dictionary.com 8067: 8044: 8021: 7989: 7960: 7924: 7891: 7857: 7846: 7826: 7800: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7770: 7731: 7381:Pronunciation: 7374: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7304: 7298: 7296:United Nations 7293: 7274:Turkic Council 7271: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7228: 7225: 7220:Main article: 7217: 7214: 7193: 7190: 7174:, stated that 7162:, compiled by 7141:Main article: 7138: 7135: 7123:Little Brother 7054:Main article: 7051: 7048: 6952:Vassiliy Jirov 6938:Evgeni Nabokov 6701:opened in 2009 6626:Main article: 6623: 6620: 6593:Kazakh cuisine 6591:Main article: 6588: 6585: 6573:Turan ensemble 6495:Russian Empire 6445:Main article: 6442: 6439: 6371:Constantinople 6314:Kazakh Khanate 6310:Russian Empire 6278:Main article: 6275: 6272: 6264:Jambyl Jabayev 6244:Mukhtar Auezov 6169: 6166: 6133:conservatories 6098:magnet schools 6067:Main article: 6064: 6061: 6034:Greek Catholic 5966:following the 5888: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5779:Main article: 5776: 5773: 5745:Latin alphabet 5722:Main article: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5461:, and Russia. 5309:Main article: 5306: 5303: 5294:United Nations 5258:Turkic peoples 5246:Main article: 5243: 5240: 5155:Main article: 5152: 5149: 5108: 5105: 5090: 5087: 5077: 5074: 5054: 5053:Housing market 5051: 5045: 5042: 5031: 5028: 4992: 4989: 4961: 4958: 4819:Main article: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4639: 4638:Infrastructure 4636: 4547:dairy products 4508:Main article: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4280:budget deficit 4229:market economy 4196:in Nur-Sultan. 4166:Main article: 4163: 4160: 4109:Main article: 4106: 4103: 4075:to assist the 4006:Main article: 4003: 4000: 3955:Vladimir Putin 3885:Turkic Council 3873:United Nations 3826:Vladimir Putin 3814:Main article: 3811: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3770: 3767: 3725:The cities of 3645: 3642: 3606:Agrarian Party 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3453: 3452: 3449:Prime Minister 3441: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3410: 3407: 3395: 3392: 3334:Tulipa greigii 3331:species (e.g. 3324:Vitis vinifera 3283:national parks 3277:There are ten 3261:Main article: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3092: 3089: 2988: 2985: 2962:48.500; 82.000 2714:Karakalpakstan 2702:Western Europe 2693:(the other is 2636: 2633: 2577: 2574: 2556:Gennady Kolbin 2495:initiated the 2442:Crimean Tatars 2418:union republic 2352:Alash Autonomy 2338:Following the 2332:Young Pioneers 2309:Main article: 2306: 2303: 2287:Russian Empire 2279:Alash Autonomy 2257:St. Petersburg 2219:British Empire 2195:Russian Empire 2157:skirmish with 2147: 2146:Russian Empire 2144: 2128:Kokand Khanate 2029:(Kazakhstan). 2027:Kazakh Khanate 1983: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1910:, khan of the 1897:Kazakh Khanate 1895:Main article: 1892: 1891:Kazakh Khanate 1889: 1798:Main article: 1794: 1793: 1708: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1682:ethnic Kazakhs 1645:ancient Turkic 1640: 1637: 1601:United Nations 1593:state language 1497:, part of the 1483:Russian Empire 1409:, snow-capped 1348:Eastern Europe 1327: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1290:+7-6xx, +7-7xx 1288: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1213: 1203: 1202: 1199:low inequality 1188: 1178: 1177: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1126: 1125: 1120:$ 30,178 ( 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1060:• Density 1059: 1056: 1055: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 994: 993:30 August 1995 991: 983: 980: 979: 976: 973:United Nations 967: 964: 963: 958: 952: 949: 948: 945: 939: 936: 935: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 902: 899: 893: 890: 889: 884: 878: 875: 874: 873:26 August 1920 871: 865: 862: 861: 858: 855:Alash Autonomy 852: 849: 848: 845: 842:Kazakh Khanate 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 825: 824: 819: 813: 810: 809: 804: 798: 795: 794: 789: 785: 784: 781: 780: 775: 769: 766: 765: 760: 754: 751: 750: 745: 742:Prime Minister 739: 736: 735: 730: 724: 721: 720: 715: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 690: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 671: 670: 667: 661: 654: 652: 648: 647: 645: 644: 638: 632: 626: 620: 614: 608: 602: 595: 593: 590: 584: 583: 581: 580: 575: 569: 567: 561: 560: 558: 557: 549: 540: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 523: 516:51.167; 71.433 487: 483: 482: 478: 477: 469: 468: 426: 425: 418: 411: 410: 404: 397: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 362: 336: 335: 330: 323: 312: 307: 306: 302: 300: 298: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 283: 280: 277: 276: 270: 266: 264: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 248: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 172: 167: 166: 151: 135: 117: 116: 101: 70: 64: 62: 44: 36: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20024: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19924: 19922: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19884: 19881: 19880: 19879: 19876: 19872: 19869: 19868: 19867: 19864: 19860: 19857: 19856: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19843: 19840: 19839: 19838: 19835: 19831: 19828: 19827: 19826: 19823: 19819: 19816: 19815: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19808: 19806: 19802: 19794: 19791: 19790: 19789: 19786: 19782: 19779: 19778: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19765: 19762: 19761: 19760: 19757: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19745: 19744: 19742: 19740: 19736: 19728: 19725: 19724: 19723: 19720: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19708: 19704: 19701: 19700: 19699: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19691: 19687: 19682: 19678: 19673: 19669: 19661: 19656: 19654: 19649: 19647: 19642: 19641: 19638: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19615: 19611: 19604: 19592: 19589: 19577: 19574: 19562: 19559: 19547: 19545: 19535: 19532: 19520: 19517: 19516:Bashkortostan 19505: 19502: 19490: 19489: 19487: 19483: 19478: 19467: 19455: 19452: 19440: 19437: 19425: 19422: 19410: 19407: 19395: 19392: 19380: 19379: 19377: 19373: 19368: 19361: 19356: 19354: 19349: 19347: 19342: 19341: 19338: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19315: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19293:Member states 19291: 19290: 19288: 19284: 19278: 19267: 19265: 19254: 19252: 19241: 19239: 19228: 19226: 19215: 19213: 19202: 19201: 19199: 19195: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19162: 19160: 19156: 19150: 19139: 19137: 19126: 19124: 19113: 19111: 19100: 19098: 19087: 19085: 19074: 19072: 19061: 19059: 19048: 19046: 19035: 19033: 19022: 19020: 19009: 19007: 18996: 18994: 18983: 18981: 18970: 18969: 18967: 18963: 18957: 18946: 18945: 18943: 18939: 18933: 18922: 18920: 18909: 18907: 18896: 18894: 18883: 18881: 18870: 18868: 18857: 18855: 18844: 18842: 18831: 18829: 18818: 18816: 18805: 18804: 18802: 18800: 18799:Member states 18796: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18774:Dushanbe 2014 18772: 18770: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18760: 18756: 18749: 18744: 18742: 18737: 18735: 18730: 18729: 18726: 18713: 18712: 18709: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18663: 18662: 18660: 18656: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18597: 18595: 18593:Extraordinary 18591: 18588: 18584: 18573: 18570: 18567: 18564: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18543: 18539: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18509:African Union 18507: 18505: 18502: 18501: 18499: 18496:organizations 18494:International 18491: 18485: 18482: 18481: 18479: 18471: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18441: 18439: 18431: 18428: 18424: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18204:Guinea-Bissau 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18116: 18114: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18104:Member states 18101: 18095: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18084: 18079: 18072: 18067: 18065: 18060: 18058: 18053: 18052: 18049: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17991: 17989: 17985: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17960: 17958: 17956: 17952: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17930: 17928: 17924: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17894: 17892: 17890: 17889:Member states 17886: 17882: 17875: 17870: 17868: 17863: 17861: 17856: 17855: 17852: 17840: 17832: 17831: 17828: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17749: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17728: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17692: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17665: 17661: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17615: 17604: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17594: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17579: 17577: 17573: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17553: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17493: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17418: 17413: 17406: 17403: 17400: 17397: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17387: 17383: 17376: 17371: 17369: 17364: 17362: 17357: 17356: 17353: 17338: 17327: 17326: 17324: 17320: 17314: 17302: 17300: 17288: 17286: 17274: 17272: 17260: 17258: 17246: 17244: 17232: 17230: 17218: 17216: 17204: 17202: 17190: 17188: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17152:Istanbul 2010 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17137:Dushanbe 2004 17135: 17133: 17132:Istanbul 2002 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17117:Ashgabat 1996 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17107:Istanbul 1993 17105: 17103: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17093: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17038: 17035: 17032: 17028: 17023: 17016: 17011: 17009: 17004: 17002: 16997: 16996: 16993: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16951: 16944: 16941: 16938: 16935: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16893: 16891: 16887: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16805: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16739:Partners for 16737: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16725:United States 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16590:Liechtenstein 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16500: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16428: 16423: 16421: 16416: 16414: 16409: 16408: 16405: 16393: 16392: 16387: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16371: 16370: 16365: 16362: 16361: 16357: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16330: 16319: 16315: 16312: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16293: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16283: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16256: 16249: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16237:South Ossetia 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16207: 16202: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15925: 15920: 15918: 15913: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15890: 15889: 15888:Europe portal 15884: 15880: 15878: 15877: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15841: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15797: 15790: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15772: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15747: 15744: 15737:Special areas 15734: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15685: 15681: 15674: 15670: 15667: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15657: 15654: 15650: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15637: 15636:Faroe Islands 15634: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15624: 15621: 15614: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15602:South Ossetia 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15572: 15567: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15436:Liechtenstein 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15285: 15280: 15278: 15273: 15271: 15266: 15265: 15262: 15256: 15249: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15216: 15212: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15123: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15086: 15080: 15079:Kazakh tribes 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14927:National Bank 14925: 14923: 14922:Energy policy 14920: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14902: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14861: 14860: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14824: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14812: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14784: 14780: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14753:Sharyn Canyon 14751: 14749: 14748:Lake Balkhash 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14733:Kazakh Steppe 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14688: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14613: 14607: 14606:Uzbek Khanate 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14586:Mongol Empire 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14551:Kimek Khanate 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524:Early history 14522: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14467: 14462: 14460: 14455: 14453: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14366: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14347:Country Facts 14345: 14343: 14342:OpenStreetMap 14339: 14330: 14328: 14320: 14318: 14314: 14309: 14305: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14254: 14251: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14226: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14181: 14179:0-06-018226-1 14175: 14170: 14169: 14162: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14149:0-595-32782-6 14145: 14141: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14122: 14117: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14104:1-56163-454-9 14100: 14096: 14091: 14087: 14085:0-87003-189-9 14081: 14077: 14072: 14071: 14064: 14060: 14058:0-7453-1503-8 14054: 14050: 14045: 14041: 14039:1-884186-13-0 14035: 14031: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14010:0-7007-1405-7 14006: 14002: 13997: 13993: 13991:0-7618-1964-9 13987: 13983: 13978: 13974: 13957: 13949: 13947:1-900988-61-5 13943: 13939: 13934: 13930: 13928:0-7007-0380-2 13924: 13920: 13915: 13911: 13909:1-86064-854-1 13905: 13901: 13896: 13892: 13875: 13867: 13865:1-86450-296-7 13861: 13857: 13852: 13848: 13846:0-313-30965-5 13842: 13838: 13833: 13832: 13824: 13822: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13784: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13762: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13736: 13732: 13726: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13670: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13647: 13645: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13589: 13585: 13582: 13577: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13558: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13528: 13512: 13508: 13502: 13496: 13492: 13489: 13484: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13428: 13420: 13416: 13409: 13401: 13394: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13359: 13357: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13305: 13298: 13292: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13260: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13240: 13224: 13220: 13213: 13205: 13199: 13195: 13188: 13172: 13168: 13162: 13160: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13108: 13103: 13097: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13064: 13060: 13057: 13052: 13036: 13032: 13026: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12994: 12988: 12984: 12977: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12903: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12881: 12865: 12861: 12855: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12833: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12814: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12794: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12756: 12750: 12746: 12739: 12732: 12727: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12708: 12701: 12697: 12694: 12689: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12670: 12663: 12659: 12656: 12651: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12578: 12575: 12570: 12554: 12550: 12543: 12527: 12523: 12516: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12497: 12481: 12474: 12468: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12404: 12398: 12394: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12368: 12362: 12360: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12314: 12307: 12300: 12298: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12263: 12259: 12253: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12230: 12228: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12202: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12137: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12057: 12053: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11957: 11955: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11932: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11902: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11882: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11835: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11797: 11790: 11784: 11782: 11773: 11769: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11465: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11435: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11346: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11300: 11296: 11288: 11272: 11268: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11240:Tengrinews.kz 11237: 11231: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11185: 11181: 11175: 11173: 11156: 11152: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11024: 11007: 11003: 10997: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10957: 10949: 10945: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10778: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10684: 10677: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10584: 10577: 10576:The Economist 10571: 10565:, 21 May 2014 10564: 10560: 10555: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10521: 10517: 10511: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10161: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10130: 10126: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9947: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9867: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9745: 9741: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9681: 9674: 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Routledge. 8920: 8919: 8911: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8874: 8873:1-84331-117-8 8870: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8752: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8659: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8595: 8591: 8590:The Economist 8587: 8581: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8542: 8536: 8531: 8522: 8516: 8515:Beckwith 2009 8511: 8502: 8496: 8495:Beckwith 2009 8491: 8482: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8094: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8071: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8048: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8030: 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6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6960:Serik Sapiyev 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6944:Kazakh boxers 6941: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826:FIBA Asia Cup 6824:, now called 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6677:Olga Rypakova 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6661:Dmitry Karpov 6658: 6657:Olga Rypakova 6654: 6653:Dmitry Karpov 6650: 6649:Central Asian 6646: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6584: 6583:, Alda span. 6582: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6519:musicologists 6516: 6515:music critics 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6497:and then the 6496: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6341:Orkhon script 6338: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298:Kazakh people 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6271: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6154:Kandidat Nauk 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6070: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5850: 5849:Folk religion 5846: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5747:will replace 5746: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5451:Volga Germans 5448: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5428:Pontian Greek 5425: 5421: 5420:Volga Germans 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377:Volga Germans 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5305:Ethnic groups 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5282:Central Asian 5279: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205:Business 2020 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5111:In 2005, the 5104: 5101: 5097: 5086: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5038: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4960:Green economy 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921:, Russia and 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4812: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4658: 4656:1,520 mm 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583:hard currency 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4501: 4495:Foreign trade 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4415:National Bank 4411: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4262:credit rating 4259: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4231:status under 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4082:Kazakhstan's 4080: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026:A Kazakhstan 4024: 4018: 4014: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926:Western world 3919: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3807: 3806: 3800:Urban centres 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3711: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3679: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3619:The Economist 3615: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3388:snow leopards 3385: 3381: 3380:Eurasian lynx 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136:January (°F) 3135: 3133:January (°C) 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3113:Precipitation 3110: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3050:Caspian shore 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2981:impact crater 2979: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2937: 2936:Bigach crater 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:Charyn Canyon 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846:Lake Balkhash 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:Kazakh Steppe 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2742: 2738: 2737:Kazakh Steppe 2733: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2676:Akmola Region 2673: 2672:Kazakh steppe 2669: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617:some believed 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2566:'s policy of 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Semipalatinsk 2522: 2519:, founded an 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:Joseph Stalin 2486: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430:Volga Germans 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2230:Kazakh people 2226: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:Petropavlovsk 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Semipalatinsk 2168: 2160: 2156: 2155:Ural Cossacks 2152: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2079:Khiva Khanate 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023:Mongol Empire 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1991: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1961: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1926:wedding dress 1925: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1790: 1787: 1779: 1776:December 2018 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: – 1736: 1732: 1731:Find sources: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1709:This section 1707: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:Kazakh steppe 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Turkic states 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:ISO 3166 code 1293: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1214: 1208: 1204: 1189: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172:$ 9,672 ( 1166: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 981: 977: 974: 971: 965: 959: 956: 950: 946: 943: 942:CIS Accession 937: 933: 930: 924: 920: 914: 910: 904: 900: 897: 891: 885: 882: 876: 872: 869: 863: 859: 856: 850: 846: 843: 837: 833: 830: 826: 823: 820: 817: 811: 808: 805: 802: 796: 793: 790: 786: 782: 779: 776: 773: 767: 764: 761: 758: 752: 749: 746: 743: 737: 734: 731: 728: 722: 719: 716: 713: 707: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 689: 685: 681: 679: 675: 668: 666: 662: 660: 656: 655: 653: 649: 643: 639: 637: 633: 631: 627: 625: 621: 619: 615: 613: 609: 607: 603: 601: 597: 596: 594: 589: 585: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 566: 562: 555:(co-official) 553: 550: 545: 542: 541: 539: 535: 532: 529: 525: 520: 491: 488: 484: 475: 470: 440: 435: 431: 427: 421: 415: 407: 401: 393: 384: 376: 363: 359: 351: 338: 337: 328: 322: 318: 310: 301: 299: 293: 291: 290: 286: 284: 281: 279: 278: 263: 256: 253: 249: 247: 244: 242: 241: 235: 233: 228: 226: 225: 217: 213: 206: 201: 193: 189: 185: 170: 163: 159: 154: 145: 141: 133: 113: 109: 104: 95: 91: 73: 58: 51: 41:Content added 33: 30: 20: 19895:Turkmenistan 19770: 19451:Turkmenistan 19405: 19183:Turkmenistan 19110:Saudi Arabia 18866: 18769:Beijing 2012 18658:Demographics 18548:Declarations 18381:Turkmenistan 18341:Sierra Leone 18331:Saudi Arabia 18238: 18154:Burkina Faso 17906: 17801:Soviet Union 17730:Organization 17566:Turkmenistan 17520: 17476:Turkmenistan 17450: 17417:Participants 17299:Turkmenistan 17228: 16710:Turkmenistan 16574: 16389: 16377: 16292:Kastellorizo 16171:Turkmenistan 16136:Saudi Arabia 16050: 15886: 15874: 15607:Transnistria 15556:Vatican City 15425: 15137:Azerbaijanis 15089:Demographics 15006:Coat of arms 14996:Architecture 14859:Human rights 14827:Constitution 14783:Subdivisions 14596:Golden Horde 14546:Kangar union 14472: 14409: 14398: 14397: 14371: 14370: 14301: 14259: 14223: 14220:"Kazakhstan" 14193: 14192: 14167: 14157: 14139: 14120: 14112: 14094: 14069: 14048: 14029: 14018: 14000: 13981: 13971:suggested) ( 13937: 13918: 13899: 13889:suggested) ( 13855: 13836: 13819: 13815:free content 13807: 13792: 13783: 13770: 13761: 13743: 13731:"Kazakhstan" 13725: 13713:. 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