Copley Medal: Difference between revisions

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as they shall direct and appoint".<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> After the legacy had been received the following year, the interest of £5 was duly used to provide recurring grants for experimental work to researchers associated with the Royal Society, provided they registered their research within a stipulated period and demonstrated their experiments at an annual meeting.<ref name="Copley_establishment">{{cite journal |last1=Bektas |first1=M. Yakup |last2=Crosland |first2=Maurice |date=1992 |title=The Copley Medal: The establishment of a reward system in the Royal Society, 1731–1839 |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=43–76 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1992.0003|s2cid=146181748 }}</ref><ref name="cop2">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|title=Copley Medal|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505120009/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|archive-date=2013-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1726, following a proposal by Sloane, the grants were extended to "strangers" unaffiliated with the Society to encourage "new and useful experiments," though it was only five years later that Stephen Gray became the first such recipient.<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> Prior to Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers was apparently the only recipient of the grant, but had not always conducted the required annual demonstration.<ref name="strong_box">{{cite journal |last1=Higgitt |first1=Rebekah |date=2019 |title="In the Society's Strong Box": A Visual and Material History of the Royal Society's Copley Medal, c. 1736–1760 |journal=Nuncius |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=284–316 |doi=10.1163/18253911-03402006 |s2cid=197915752 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73612/1/Higgitt%20-%20Copley%20Medal.pdf |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827221156/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73612/1/Higgitt%20-%20Copley%20Medal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

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web|url=https://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|title=The Copley Medal (1731)|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=5 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215224953/https://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|archive-date=15 December 2005}}</ref> Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world,<ref name="Copley_descr">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/|title=Copley Medal|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref> having first been given in 1731 to ], for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799–1731|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=5 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111085614/http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> The medal is made of ] and awarded with a £25,000 prize.<ref name="cop1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.royalsociety.org/inside-science/2016/05/18/copley-winners-that-changed-the-world/|title=Copley winners that changed the world|website=blogs.royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=26 May 2020|date=18 May 2016|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024017/https://blogs.royalsociety.org/inside-science/2016/05/18/copley-winners-that-changed-the-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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men: a reward system in Victorian science, 1826–1914|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1971.0008|s2cid=73380022 }}</ref><ref name="cop2"/> The Copley medal has been characterised as a predecessor to the ].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 February 2017 |title=George Goodwin: Joseph Priestley, a towering figure in a special relationship with America's founding father |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/george-goodwin-joseph-priestley-towering-figure-special-relationship-americas-founding-father-1782468 |work=Yorkshire Post |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226231656/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/george-goodwin-joseph-priestley-towering-figure-special-relationship-americas-founding-father-1782468 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="strong_box"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fau.eu/alumni/alumni-personlichkeiten/notable-alumni/georg-simon-ohm/ |title=Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854) |author= |website=Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg |access-date=26 February 2023 |quote=In 1841, he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in London, an accolade which held the same prestige as a Nobel Prize today. |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226231417/https://www.fau.eu/alumni/alumni-personlichkeiten/notable-alumni/georg-simon-ohm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since its inception, it has been awarded to many distinguished scientists, including 52 winners of the Nobel Prize: 17 in ], 21 in ], and 14 in ].

251:(1731)|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> Awarded every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use, having first been awarded in 1731 to ], who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The Medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by ], something which the ] on the amount was used for several years.<ref name="cop2">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/CopleyMedal.html|title=Copley Medal|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The conditions for the medal have been changed a number of times; in 1736 it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved", and this remained the rule until 1831 when the conditions were changed so that the medal would be awarded to the researcher that the Royal Society Council decided most deserved it.<ref name="cop2"/> A second donation of £1666 13s. 4d. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<ref name="cop2"/> The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize.<ref name="cop1"/> 19321: 21332: 478:

Mayer and Helmholtz revisited |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=125–139|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2011.0045|s2cid=145488912 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and has been included among the most distinguished international scientific awards.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Yifang |last2=Uzzi |first2=Brian |date=December 10, 2018 |title=Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=50 |pages=12608–12615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800485115|pmid=30530666 |pmc=6294901 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1808.09412 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11512608M }}</ref> It is awarded to "senior scientists" irrespective of nationality, and nominations are considered over three nomination cycles. Since 2022, scientific teams or research groups are collectively eligible to receive the medal;<ref name="Copley_descr"/> that year, the research team which developed the ] became the first collective recipient. ] has won the medal the most often, winning three times, in 1734, 1736 and 1741. In 1976, ] became the first female recipient; ], in 2021, became the second.

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name="Copley_establishment"/> During the long presidency of ], the medal was frequently awarded to recipients whose researches were of a practical or technical nature, involving improvements to scientific equipment or instrument design.<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> In 1831, new regulations adopted by the Royal Society Council made the medal an annual award, dropped the requirement for conducting the qualifying research within a certain period and officially opened it to scientists from any nation; although the medal had previously been awarded to foreign scientists including ], the majority of recipients had been British subjects.<ref name="Copley_establishment"/> A second donation of £1666 13]. 4]. (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|1666.6667|1881|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal.<ref name="cop2"/>

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structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1741|title=Copley recent winners: 1900 - present|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> and is one of only four people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes, having won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice in 1958 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/|title=All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The person awarded the Copley Medal more than any other is ], who won the medal in 1734, 1736 and 1741 respectively. The medal was most recently awarded to ] in 2008 "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang."<ref name="cop1"/>

19961: 19327: 7277:|1840 ||{{sortname|Justus|Liebig|}} and ]||"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig) For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VugoemP2th0C&dq=%22Justus+Liebig%22+copley+medal&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=Ql-XSaycEc-X-gbu8bCPCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result#PPA98,M1|title=Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper|last=Brock|first=William H.|date=2002|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html|title=Sturm summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref> 20769: 573:

probability may never be moved for the sake of lucre". On 7 December 1736, the Council of the Royal Society agreed to Folkes' proposal, passing a resolution that the annual Copley grant of five pounds (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|5|1736|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) be converted to a gold medal "of the same Value, with the Arms of the Society impress’d on it," to be gifted "for the best Experiment produced within the Year, and bestowed in such a manner as to avoid any Envy or Disgust in Rivalship".<ref name="strong_box"/> ] was the first to receive the new award in 1737; due to delays in approving a medal design, however, the medal, designed and struck by ] of the ], was only presented to Belchier in 1742. Gray and Desaguliers received their medals retrospectively.<ref name="strong_box"/>

19242: 20350: 17371:, then vice-president of the Society, suggested the Copley grant be converted to "a medal or other honorary prize to be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved...a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who in all probability may never be moved for the sake of lucre". On 7 December 1736, the Council of the Royal Society agreed to Folkes' proposal, passing a resolution that the annual Copley grant of five pounds (roughly equivalent to £986 in 2023) be converted to a gold medal "of the same Value, with the Arms of the Society impress’d on it," to be gifted "for the best Experiment produced within the Year, and bestowed in such a manner as to avoid any Envy or Disgust in Rivalship". 7026:|1837 ||{{sortname|Antoine César|Becquerel|}} and ]||"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel) For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog|title=Chambers Search Chambers|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> 17249: 3101:|1766 ||{{sortname|William|Brownrigg|}}, ] and ]||"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg) For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval) For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleA.html|title= The British Society for the History of Mathematics |publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref> 25673: 19069: 19879: 21532: 17364:

duly used to provide recurring grants for experimental work to researchers associated with the Royal Society, provided they registered their research within a stipulated period and demonstrated their experiments at an annual meeting. In 1726, following a proposal by Sloane, the grants were extended to "strangers" unaffiliated with the Society to encourage "new and useful experiments," though it was only five years later that Stephen Gray became the first such recipient. Prior to Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers was apparently the only recipient of the grant, but had not always conducted the required annual demonstration.

3476:|1771 ||]||{{sortname|Matthew|Raper|}}||"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raper |first=Matthew |date=1771 |title=An Inquiry into the Value of the Ancient Greek and Roman Money: By Matthew Raper, Esq; F. R. S. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/106118 |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=61 |pages=462–535 |jstor=106118 |bibcode=1771RSPT...61..462R |issn=0260-7085 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=2022-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326205859/https://www.jstor.org/stable/106118 |url-status=live }}</ref>"||— 25721: 25701: 16163:|2014 ||]||{{sortname|Alec|Jeffreys|}}|| "For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome."||<ref name="AJ2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html|work=Leicester Mercury|title=Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize|date=5 August 2014|access-date=5 August 2014|archive-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516190048/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 24806: 7323:||<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VugoemP2th0C&q=%22Justus+Liebig%22+copley+medal|title=Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper|last=Brock|first=William H.|year=2002|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-15|isbn=9780521524735}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html|title=Sturm summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=2009-02-15|archive-date=2013-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204222546/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sturm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 24022: 23774: 17171: 17907: 3913:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vince |first1=S. |last2=Atwood |first2=George |date=1780 |title=An Investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion. By the Rev. S. Vince, A. M. of Sidney College, Cambridge. Communicated by George Atwood, A. M. F. R. S. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/106396 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=70 |pages=546–577 |jstor=106396 |issn=0261-0523 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=2022-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326210413/https://www.jstor.org/stable/106396 |url-status=live }}</ref> 407:| lower =] (])<ref name = "Guidance"/> ] (])<ref name = "Guidance">{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/awards/guidance-documents/the-royal-society-medals-and-awards---guidance-document-2024.pdf |title=The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance |date=2024 |website=The Royal Society |publisher= |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422051240/https://royalsociety.org/-/media/awards/guidance-documents/the-royal-society-medals-and-awards---guidance-document-2024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 25533: 19555: 15567:||{{sortname|John Maynard|Smith|}}||"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105|title=John Maynard Smith January 6, 21192: 22936: 22965: 19692: 16361:|2023 ||]||{{sortname|Martin|Rees}}|| "for being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |title=Medal winner 2023 |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 21870: 19527: 21448: 19931: 16295:|2020 ||]||{{sortname|Alan|Fersht}}|| "He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/08/Medals-and-awards-winners-2020/ |title=Medals and awards winners 2020 |access-date=2020-08-09 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804152929/https://royalsociety.org/news/2020/08/medals-and-awards-winners-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 15545:|Smith|}}||"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105|title=John Maynard Smith January 6, 24165: 6426:|1826 ||{{sortname|James|South|}}||"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/jsouth.htm|title=Lake County Astronomical Society|publisher=Lake County Astronomical Society| 25749: 16207:|2016 ||]||{{sortname|Richard|Henderson|Richard Henderson (biologist)}}|| "In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-henderson-11607/ |title=Copley Medal 2016 |access-date=2018-05-23 |archive-date=2017-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027222620/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-henderson-11607/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 8383:|1862 ||{{sortname|Thomas|Graham|Thomas Graham (chemist)}}||"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf|title=Darwin and the Copley Medal|publisher=]| 6494:|1827 ||{{sortname|William|Prout|}} and ]||"For his Paper, entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fZSNUcPL8AYC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=%22Henry+Foster%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=5khcTd1zOM&sig=6YKaCBZqF-mJ5tPSIdXnMGiVrgw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result|title=]|publisher=The Gentleman's Magazine|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> 19041: 22010: 18264: 24668: 19443: 22208: 18543: 21616: 3415:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=William |date=1770 |title=An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M. D. Sec. R. S. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/105870 |journal=Philosophical Transactions |volume=60 |pages=1–19 |jstor=105870 |issn=0260-7085 |access-date=2022-03-26 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421194043/https://www.jstor.org/stable/105870 |url-status=live }}</ref> 19583: 18208: 25617: 16273:|2019 ||]||{{sortname|John B.|Goodenough}}|| "In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |title=Copley Medal 2019 |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 25007:"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" 23414: 22292: 21360: 23442: 23021: 22993: 25166: 20655: 17935: 16185:|2015 ||] ||{{sortname|Peter|Higgs|}}|| "For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-higgs-11615/ |title=Copley Medal 2015 |access-date=2018-05-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728200518/https://royalsociety.org/people/peter-higgs-11615/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 7625:|Verrier|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html|title=Le Verrier biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 23994: 23162: 4927:|1798 ||{{sortname|George|Shuckburgh-Evelyn|Sir George Shuckburgh-Evelyn, 6th Baronet}} and ]||"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn); For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/12595?&docPos=55&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> 23521: 22740: 21644: 21052: 16229:|2017 ||]||{{sortname|Andrew|Wiles|Andrew Wiles }}|| "For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century."||<ref>{{cite web|title=Andrew Wiles|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/andrew-wiles-12529/|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=2018-04-20|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014255/https://royalsociety.org/people/andrew-wiles-12529/|url-status=live}}</ref> 16053:||]||{{sortname|David|Cox|David Cox (statistician)}}|| "for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics."||<ref name="medals2010">Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary: {{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/Awards|title=Recent award winners 2010|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=2010-10-06|quote="|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615004534/http://royalsociety.org/awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> 21813: 8398:||{{sortname|Thomas|Graham|Thomas Graham (chemist)}}||"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf 22376: 17823: 24302: 21926: 22488: 19013: 21476: 17738: 17597: 17546: 15604:|2000||{{sortname|Alan|Battersby}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin 22824: 21954: 20528: 16251:|2018 ||]||{{sortname|Jeffrey I.| Gordon|Jeffrey I. Gordon}}|| "For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |title=Copley Medal 2018 |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 20491: 20286: 25338: 21248: 20967: 17394:, the medal was frequently awarded to recipients whose researches were of a practical or technical nature, involving improvements to scientific equipment or instrument design. In 1831, new regulations adopted by the Royal Society Council made the medal an annual award, dropped the requirement for conducting the qualifying research within a certain period and officially opened it to scientists from any nation; although the medal had previously been awarded to foreign scientists including 16119:|2012 ||]||{{sortname|John|Walker| John E. Walker}}|| "For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion."||<ref name="medals2012">{{cite web|title=John Walker|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/john-walker-12475/|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=2012-09-06|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117004849/https://royalsociety.org/people/john-walker-12475/|url-status=live}}</ref> 25505: 25137: 23549: 20938: 21560: 19743: 22460: 25223: 23859: 23134: 20406: 18412: 25309: 17991: 23049: 22572: 18707: 24079: 21898: 23745: 18069: 15623:|Battersby}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin 23218: 6441:||{{sortname|James|South|}}||"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/jsouth.htm 23887: 21108: 20083: 18871: 17963: 17625: 8440:|1863 ||{{sortname|Adam|Sedgwick|}}||"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm|title=Adam Sedgwick Collection|publisher=American Philosophical Society| 16317:|2021 ||]||{{sortname|Jocelyn|Bell Burnell}}|| "for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century"||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2021/08/medals-awards-2021/ |title=Medal and award winners 2021 |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028123746/https://royalsociety.org/news/2021/08/medals-awards-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 19415: 25280: 22768: 21700: 24721: 20152: 20089: 19998: 7762:|1849 ||{{sortname|Roderick|Murchison|}}||"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"||— 22880: 20712: 25063:"In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B 23470: 21388: 20556: 16339:|2022 ||]||Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Team|| "for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine."||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2022/08/medals-and-awards-2022 |title=The Royal Society announces this year's medal and award winners |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2022-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824133600/https://royalsociety.org/news/2022/08/medals-and-awards-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 23605: 19126: 21728: 21504: 7773:||{{sortname|Roderick|Murchison|}}||"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"||— 6137:|1821 ||{{sortname|Edward|Sabine|}} and ]||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine) For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"||<ref name="her1">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html|title=Herschel summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> 24582: 18361: 18019: 24222: 22544: 22432: 20485: 18514: 9424:|1883 ||{{sortname|William|Thomson|William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin}}||"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html|title=Thompson summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 22038: 25194: 24554: 22264: 22236: 21420: 15305:}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"||— 24835: 24194: 21023: 20442: 20258: 24611: 22094: 21304: 9439:||{{sortname|William|Thomson|William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin}}||"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html|title=Thompson summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 25035:"In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" 24447: 24387: 23358: 25420: 25363: 24359: 23717: 22320: 19120: 18843: 24902:"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems" 23802: 25019: 20825: 8050:|1854 ||{{sortname|Johannes Peter|Müller|}}||"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/|title=BjS: Academic Lineage|publisher=]| 25448: 21785: 24419: 23689: 20448: 19163: 20741: 19641: 19214: 19955: 8065:||{{sortname|Johannes Peter|Müller|}}||"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/|title=BjS: Academic Lineage|publisher=]| 22684: 22348: 24778: 24136: 23966: 23633: 22122: 21982: 21164: 21136: 23302: 20684: 17794: 23190: 20797: 20627: 20599: 19471: 25561: 4832:|1796 ||{{sortname|George|Atwood|}}||"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Atwood.html|title=Attwood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24639: 23078: 21080: 18679: 7072:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog|title=Chambers Search Chambers|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-05|archive-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008111249/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=PN02036&xref=y&title=biog|url-status=live}}</ref> 22404: 4847:||{{sortname|George|Atwood|}}||"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Atwood.html|title=Attwood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24863: 23661: 20841:"For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains" 20292: 3708:|1776 ||{{sortname|James|Cook|}}||"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"||<ref name="haw">{{cite web|url=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/article.asp?ItemID=734|title=Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal|publisher=]| 24051: 23274: 22908: 22852: 21588: 21276: 19800: 18764: 4559:|1791 ||{{sortname|James|Rennell|}} and ]||"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/23369?&docPos=49&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Rennell, James (subscription needed)|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> 20562: 18899: 17851: 25477: 21842: 21757: 17682: 3723:||{{sortname|James|Cook|}}||"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"||<ref name="haw">{{cite web|url=http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/article.asp?ItemID=734|title=Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal|publisher=]| 22628: 25251: 21220: 20882: 19851: 19612: 19364: 3234:||{{sortname|John|Ellis|John Ellis (naturalist)}}||"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/9662.htm|title=AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 68: 18934: 18815: 18047: 25645: 18236: 24749: 23577: 22600: 15655:|2001||{{sortname|Jacques|Miller}}||"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"||— 4784:|1795 ||{{sortname|Jesse|Ramsden|}}||"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramsden.html|title=Ramsden summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 22656: 20995: 15404:||{{sortname|Alan|Cottrell|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/doc.asp?CID=14595&DID=86190|title=MRS Website: Award Presentations|publisher=]| 23915: 15666:||{{sortname|Jacques|Miller}}||"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells"||— 22712: 18129: 3212:|1767 ||{{sortname|John|Ellis|John Ellis (naturalist)}}||"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/9662.htm|title=AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England 4605:||<ref name=RoyalSocCitations>{{cite web|title=Copley Medal <nowiki>|</nowiki> Royal Society|url=https://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/|website=royalsociety.org|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=19 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319001248/http://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref> 7348:|1841 ||{{sortname|Georg|Ohm|}}||"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html|title=Ohm biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4799:||{{sortname|Jesse|Ramsden|}}||"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramsden.html|title=Ramsden summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 23330: 20854: 23246: 20910: 24475: 8455:||{{sortname|Adam|Sedgwick|}}||"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm 7363:||{{sortname|Georg|Ohm|}}||"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html|title=Ohm biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 25047: 25589: 25391: 25080: 24967: 24939: 24503: 24331: 24250: 20378: 20327: 20235: 20212: 20189: 20124: 20055: 20026: 19908: 19828: 19772: 19720: 19669: 19499: 19298: 19270: 19191: 19097: 18990: 18962: 18792: 18656: 18628: 18571: 18486: 18458: 18389: 18338: 18315: 18292: 18180: 18157: 18101: 17879: 17766: 17710: 17653: 17574: 17523: 17495: 17467: 22150: 18600: 23830: 22179: 15822:|Kroto}}||"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html|title=FSU highlights|publisher=]| 15803:|Kroto}}||"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html|title=FSU highlights|publisher=]| 4130:|1784 ||{{sortname|Edward|Waring|}}||"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Waring.html|title=Waring summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24108: 23106: 22516: 22066: 23386: 21672: 21208:"For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861" 18735: 13400:||{{sortname|John Edensor|Littlewood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html|title=Littlewood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4145:||{{sortname|Edward|Waring|}}||"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Waring.html|title=Waring summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 22796: 6183:||<ref name="her1">{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html|title=Herschel summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=2009-01-30|archive-date=2013-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717110803/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 15476:|1998 ||{{sortname|James|Lighthill|}}||"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics 5295:||{{sortname|Smithson|Tennant|}}||"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/48-4-182-189|title=PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 20140:"For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions" 15500:||{{sortname|James|Lighthill|}}||"In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics 25096:"For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells" 16695:* {{Cite web |title=Royal Society: Copley Medal |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190948/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=Royal Society |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=24 May 2016}} 14639:||{{sortname|Subrahmanyan|Chandrasekhar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|title=Chandrasekhar biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12456:|Taylor|}}||"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Taylor_Geoffrey.html|title=Taylor_Geoffrey summay|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12434:|Taylor|}}||"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Taylor_Geoffrey.html|title=Taylor_Geoffrey summay|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7050:||"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)" 2767:|1759 ||{{sortname|John|Smeaton|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn5.asp|title=Engineering Timelines 20470:"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)" 4998:|1799 ||{{sortname|John|Hellins|}}||"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|title=British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]| 2786:||{{sortname|John|Smeaton|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn5.asp|title=Engineering Timelines 1730:|1746 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Robins|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html|title=Robins biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 13219:||{{sortname|Ronald|Fisher|}}||"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fisher.html|title=Fisher summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5013:||{{sortname|John|Hellins|}}||"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|title=British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]| 1745:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Robins|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html|title=Robins biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7108:|1838 ||{{sortname|Carl Friedrich|Gauss|}} and ]||"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss) For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html|title=Gauss summary|publisher=]|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref> 6346:|1825 ||{{sortname|François|Arago|}} and ]||"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago) 3187:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleA.html|title=The British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-06|archive-date=2012-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717013352/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 5568:|1811 ||{{sortname|Benjamin Collins|Brodie|Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet}}||"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"||<ref>{{cite 11671:|1932 ||{{sortname|George Ellery|Hale|}}||"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html|title=George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements|publisher=]| 6365:||{{sortname|François|Arago|}} and ]||"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago) 5241:||{{sortname|Richard|Chenevix|Richard Chenevix (chemist)}}||"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-175-183|title=PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 20757:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation" 14624:|Chandrasekhar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|title=Chandrasekhar biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5595:||{{sortname|Benjamin Collins|Brodie|Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet}}||"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons"||<ref>{{cite 12107:|1939 ||{{sortname|Thomas Hunt|Morgan|}}||"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html|title=Thomas H. Morgan 13204:|Fisher|}}||"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fisher.html|title=Fisher summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 15763:|2003||{{sortname|John|Gurdon}}||"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"||— 13544:|1961 ||{{sortname|Hans Adolf|Krebs}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html|title=Sir Hans Adolf Krebs|publisher=nobel-winners.com| 7154:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html|title=Gauss summary|publisher=]|access-date=2009-02-08|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042847/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 5484:|1809 ||{{sortname|Edward|Troughton|}}||"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Troughton.html|title=Troughton Summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12126:||{{sortname|Thomas Hunt|Morgan|}}||"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html|title=Thomas H. Morgan 7714:|1848 ||{{sortname|John Couch|Adams|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html|title=Adams summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 15774:||{{sortname|John|Gurdon}}||"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology"||— 17301:, conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given annually, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to 14544:||{{sortname|John|Cornforth|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml|title=Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth 13562:||{{sortname|Hans Adolf|Krebs}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html|title=Sir Hans Adolf Krebs|publisher=nobel-winners.com| 5499:||{{sortname|Edward|Troughton|}}||"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Troughton.html|title=Troughton Summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 14821:|1988 ||{{sortname|Michael|Atiyah|}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html|title=Atiyah biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7729:||{{sortname|John Couch|Adams|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html|title=Adams summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10281:|1902 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Lister|}}||"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"||<ref name="od2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal| 1976:|1748 ||{{sortname|James|Bradley|}}||"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bradley.html|title=Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You 7396:|1842 ||{{sortname|James|MacCullagh|}}||"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html|title=MacCullagh summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9676:|1889 ||{{sortname|George|Salmon|}}||"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html|title=Salmon summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 13511:||{{sortname|Harold|Jeffreys|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html|title=Jeffreys summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 14836:||{{sortname|Michael|Atiyah|}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html|title=Atiyah biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3792:|1778 ||{{sortname|Charles|Hutton|}}||"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hutton.html|title=Hutton summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 2002:||{{sortname|James|Bradley|}}||"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bradley.html|title=Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You 7411:||{{sortname|James|MacCullagh|}}||"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html|title=MacCullagh summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9691:||{{sortname|George|Salmon|}}||"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html|title=Salmon summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 8864:|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"||<ref name="od"/> 8849:|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones"||<ref name="od"/> 3807:||{{sortname|Charles|Hutton|}}||"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hutton.html|title=Hutton summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 14525:|Cornforth|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml|title=Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth 7678:|1847 ||{{sortname|John|Herschel|}}||"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"||<ref name="her1"/> 10725:|1913 ||{{sortname|Ray|Lankester|}}||"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf|title=Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester|publisher=National Marine Biological Laboratory| 12508:||{{sortname|Oswald|Avery|}}||"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html|title=The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information|publisher=]| 20109:"For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)" 6313:||{{sortname|John|Brinkley|John Brinkley (astronomer)}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/D.html|title=The British Society for the History of Mathematics|publisher=The British Society for the History of Mathematics| 12403:|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031322/http://fn.bmj.com/content/82/1/F75.full|url-status=live |last1=Dunn |first1=P. M. |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=F75-6 |doi=10.1136/fn.82.1.f75 |pmc=1721043 7689:||{{sortname|John|Herschel|}}||"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825"||<ref name="her1"/> 3447:| last1=Wood | first1=Karen | journal=The British Journal for the History of Science | volume=39 | pages=67–96 | archive-date=2022-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625110058/http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf | url-status=live 11999:|1937 ||{{sortname|Henry|Dale|}}||"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html|title=Sir Henry Dale 10740:||{{sortname|Ray|Lankester|}}||"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf|title=Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester|publisher=National Marine Biological Laboratory| 12239:|1941 ||{{sortname|Thomas|Lewis|Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)}}||"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viamedica.pl/gazety/gazeta1/darmowy_pdf.phtml?indeks=96&indeks_art=1262|title=Thomas Lewis|publisher=Cardiology Journal| 6697:

On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Airy.html|title=Airy summary|publisher=University of

6677:

5712:|1814 ||{{sortname|James|Ivory|James Ivory (mathematician)}}||"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ivory.html|title=Ivory summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 551:

In 1709, ], the MP for ], ] ] and ] ]100 (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|100|1709|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) to be held in trust for the Royal Society "for improving natural knowledge to be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit thereof

18859:"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers" 12059:|1938 ||{{sortname|Niels|Bohr|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html|title=Bohr_Niels summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 17363:

100 (roughly equivalent to £17,156 in 2023) to be held in trust for the Royal Society "for improving natural knowledge to be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit thereof as they shall direct and appoint". After the legacy had been received the following year, the interest of £5 was

15508:

and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lighthill.html|title=Lighthill summary|publisher=University of St

15484:

13496:|Jeffreys|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html|title=Jeffreys summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 625:

By the 1840s, the Copley Medal had achieved international prestige; in 1850, ] noted the distinction of the medal was that it was "offered to the competition of the world."<ref name="Copley_establishment"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macleod |first1=Roy M.|date=1971 |title=Of medals and

477:

The Copley Medal is arguably the highest British and ] award for scientific achievement,<ref name = "Guidance"/><ref name="Cahan">{{cite journal |last1=Cahan |first1=David|date= 2012|title=The awarding of the Copley Medal and the 'discovery' of the law of conservation of energy: Joule,

572:

In November 1736, ], then vice-president of the Society, suggested the Copley grant be converted to "a medal or other honorary prize to be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved...a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who in all

451:

Since its creation, the medal has been awarded to a number of notable scientists, including 52 winners of various ]s; 17 winners of the ], 21 winners of the ] and 14 winners of the ]. These include ] who was awarded the Copley Medal in 1977 "n recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical

17316:

award for scientific achievement, and has been included among the most distinguished international scientific awards. It is awarded to "senior scientists" irrespective of nationality, and nominations are considered over three nomination cycles. Since 2022, scientific teams or research groups are

7644:

Verrier|}}||"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern

25153:"For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology" 12815:

Hevesy|}}||"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"||<ref>{{cite journal|title=Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M.,

5134:

on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6888&inst_id=9|title=Cooper, Sir Astley

5110:

15320:

Charles|Frank}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the

5727:||{{sortname|James|Ivory|James Ivory (mathematician)}}||"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ivory.html|title=Ivory summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12074:||{{sortname|Niels|Bohr|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html|title=Bohr_Niels summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 250:

The '''Copley Medal''' is an award given by the ] for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences".<ref name="cop1">{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1736|title=The Copley Medal

14205:||{{sortname|W. V. D.|Hodge|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html|title=Hodge summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7463:

Baptiste|Dumas|}}||"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other

7447:

11452:|1929 ||{{sortname|Max|Planck|}}||"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Planck.html|title=Planck summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12198:||{{sortname|Paul|Langevin|}}||"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite journal|title=Medal Awards of the Royal Society| 10304:}}||"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery"||<ref name="od2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal| 441:

The '''Copley Medal''' is the most prestigious award of the ], conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science".<ref name="Copley_descr"/> It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences.<ref name="cop1">{{cite

12493:|Avery|}}||"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html|title=The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information|publisher=]| 2360:|1753 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Franklin|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity"||<ref>{{cite web|title=Franklin_Benjamin biography|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Franklin_Benjamin.html|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3756:|1777 ||{{sortname|John|Mudge|}}||"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"||— 11467:||{{sortname|Max|Planck|}}||"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Planck.html|title=Planck summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10139:|1899 ||{{sortname|Lord|Rayleigh|John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh}}||"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html|title=Rayleigh summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 21492:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones" 18007:"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects." 3876:|1780 ||{{sortname|Samuel|Vince|}}||"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref name="nla">{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/cdview/nla.ms-ms9-15|title=Digital Collections 21236:"For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire" 20671:"For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements" 11686:||{{sortname|George Ellery|Hale|}}||"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html 3767:||{{sortname|John|Mudge|}}||"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form"||— 5274:|1804 ||{{sortname|Smithson|Tennant|}}||"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/48-4-182-189|title=PMR: 2121:

containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects."||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/heritage/GeorgeEdwards/patrons.htm|title=RCP Heritage

593:

Into the early 19th century, medal recipients were selected by the ], though not always on the basis of publications and experimental demonstrations; political and social connections were also key considerations, along with service in the general interests of the Society.<ref

9292:|1880 ||{{sortname|James Joseph|Sylvester|}}||"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html|title=Sylvester summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 2217:

books?id=EUoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=%22John+Canton%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=qkgEYLbtAw&sig=ZhaNt07gna2A9E3iuxvsQw2aYqo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA100,M1|title=Cavendish|last=Jungnickel|first=Christa

20983:"For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin" 12656:|Hardy|}}||"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html|title=Hardy summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12632:|Hardy|}}||"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html|title=Hardy summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9556:|1886 ||{{sortname|Franz Ernst|Neumann|}}||"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html|title=Neumann_Franz summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 15948:||{{sortname|Robert|May|Robert May, Baron May of Oxford}}||"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance 8581:|1866 ||{{sortname|Julius|Plücker|}}||"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html|title=Plucker summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5364:|1806 ||{{sortname|Thomas Andrew|Knight|}}||"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/boksix.htm|title=Early Breeding in Europe|last=Darrow|first=GM|publisher=]| 9307:||{{sortname|James Joseph|Sylvester|}}||"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html|title=Sylvester summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 12022:}}||"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html|title=Sir Henry Dale 13456:||{{sortname|Frank Macfarlane|Burnet|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html|title=Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet 25182:"in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science" 14190:|Hodge|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html|title=Hodge summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 8277:

Weber}}||"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weber.html|title=Weber summary|publisher=University of St

8257:

4973:||<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/12595?&docPos=55&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12595 |access-date=2009-01-29 |last1=Coley |first1=N. G. }}</ref> 15388:

Cottrell|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects"||<ref>{{cite

9571:||{{sortname|Franz Ernst|Neumann|}}||"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html|title=Neumann_Franz summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3992:

has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/herschel.html|title=Friedrich William

3972:

13167:

Whittaker|}}||"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Whittaker.html|title=Whittaker summary|publisher=University of St

13144:

9376:|1882 ||{{sortname|Arthur|Cayley|}}||"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html|title=Cayley summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 8596:||{{sortname|Julius|Plücker|}}||"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html|title=Plucker summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5379:||{{sortname|Thomas Andrew|Knight|}}||"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/boksix.htm|title=Early Breeding in Europe|last=Darrow|first=GM|publisher=]| 2065:

books?id=EUoLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=%22+John+Harrison%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=qkgEYLbstx&sig=ohEXM_GtonJgNU5x08Clq5-gViA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result|title=Cavendish|last=Jungnickel|first=Christa

14454:||{{sortname|Derek|Barton|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"||<ref name="od2"/> 11021:|1920 ||{{sortname|Horace Tabberer|Brown|}}||"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf|title=Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown|publisher=Biochemical Journal| 14400:|1979 ||{{sortname|Max|Perutz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"||<ref name="od2"/> 11867:|1935 ||{{sortname|Charles Thomson Rees|Wilson|}}||"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|title=C.T.R.Wilson 10916:|Roux|}}||"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/|title=Notes and Records of the Royal Society|publisher=Royal Society Publishing| 10897:|Roux|}}||"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/|title=Notes and Records of the Royal Society|publisher=Royal Society Publishing| 9391:||{{sortname|Arthur|Cayley|}}||"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html|title=Cayley summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7577:|1845 ||{{sortname|Theodor|Schwann|}}||"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. 20274:"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" 12323:)}}||"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/robinson-bio.html|title=Sir Robert Robinson 12300:)}}||"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/robinson-bio.html|title=Sir Robert Robinson 2149:

15937:|May|Robert May, Baron May of Oxford}}||"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance"||— 13632:||{{sortname|Cyril Norman|Hinshelwood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"||<ref>{{cite 11036:||{{sortname|Horace Tabberer|Brown|}}||"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf|title=Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown|publisher=Biochemical Journal| 14411:||{{sortname|Max|Perutz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject"||<ref name="od2"/> 11886:||{{sortname|Charles Thomson Rees|Wilson|}}||"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|title=C.T.R.Wilson 6208:|1822 ||{{sortname|William|Buckland|}}||"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/buckland.htm|title=William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae|publisher=]| 8533:|1865 ||{{sortname|Michel|Chasles|}}||"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html|title=Chasles summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 7592:||{{sortname|Theodor|Schwann|}}||"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. 155: 9151:|1877 ||{{sortname|James Dwight|Dana|}}||"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"||<ref name="od"/> 9746:||{{sortname|Simon|Newcomb|}}||"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html|title=Newcomb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9728:||{{sortname|Simon|Newcomb|}}||"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html|title=Newcomb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5050:}}||"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf|title=Edward Charles Howard|last=Sears|first=Derek|publisher=University of Arkansas| 7798:|1850 ||{{sortname|Peter Andreas|Hansen|}}||"For his researches in physical astronomy"||<ref name="od">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)| 6223:||{{sortname|William|Buckland|}}||"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/buckland.htm|title=William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae|publisher=]| 60: 18751:"On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form" 10529:|1908 ||{{sortname|Alfred Russel|Wallace|}}||"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"||<ref name="od2"/> 8548:||{{sortname|Michel|Chasles|}}||"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html|title=Chasles summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9963:|1895 ||{{sortname|Karl|Weierstrass|}}||"For his investigations in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html|title=Weierstrass summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9162:||{{sortname|James Dwight|Dana|}}||"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published"||<ref name="od"/> 5220:|1803 ||{{sortname|Richard|Chenevix|Richard Chenevix (chemist)}}||"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-175-183|title=PMR: 8889:|1873 ||{{sortname|Hermann|Helmholtz|}}||"For his researches in physics and physiology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html|title=Helmholtz summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 6292:|1824 ||{{sortname|John|Brinkley|John Brinkley (astronomer)}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/D.html|title=The British Society for the History of Mathematics 4305:

On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid=36439|title=John Hunter:

4266:

12163:|1940 ||{{sortname|Paul|Langevin|}}||"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics"||<ref>{{cite 25296:"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang." 20785:"For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825" 13354:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164102/http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=|url-status=live |last1=MacFarlane |first1=R. G. |editor-first1=E. P. |editor-last1=Abraham 12254:||{{sortname|Thomas|Lewis|Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)}}||"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viamedica.pl/gazety/gazeta1/darmowy_pdf.phtml?indeks=96&indeks_art=1262 7817:||{{sortname|Peter Andreas|Hansen|}}||"For his researches in physical astronomy"||<ref name="od">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|title=Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)| 15994:"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang 15691:|2002||{{sortname|John|Pople}}||"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"||<ref>{{cite 10540:||{{sortname|Alfred Russel|Wallace|}}||"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection"||<ref name="od2"/> 9978:||{{sortname|Karl|Weierstrass|}}||"For his investigations in pure mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html|title=Weierstrass summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9907:|1894 ||{{sortname|Edward|Frankland|}}||"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362|title=Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 8347:|1861 ||{{sortname|Louis|Agassiz|}}||"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"||<ref name="od"/> 13436:

Burnet|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html|title=Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet

11500:|1930 ||{{sortname|William Henry|Bragg|}}||"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html|title=William Bragg 10377:|1904 ||{{sortname|William|Crookes|}}||"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 9640:|1888 ||{{sortname|Thomas Henry|Huxley|}}||"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"||<ref name="od"/> 15722:||{{sortname|John|Pople}}||"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology"||<ref>{{cite 9244:|1879 ||{{sortname|Rudolf|Clausius|}}||"For his well-known researches upon heat"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|title=Clausius summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10158:

Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh}}||"In recognition of his contributions to physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html|title=Rayleigh summary|publisher=University of St

6847:|1834 ||{{sortname|Giovanni|Plana|}}||"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html|title=Plana biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 19708:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons" 18723:"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public" 11069:|1921 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Larmor|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|title=Larmour summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10228:|1901 ||{{sortname|Willard|Gibbs|}}||"For his contributions to mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html|title=Gibbs summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 24955:"In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects" 14892:|Milstein|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response"||— 10677:|1912 ||{{sortname|Felix|Klein|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|title=Klein summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 9926:||{{sortname|Edward|Frankland|}}||"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362|title=Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 8358:||{{sortname|Louis|Agassiz|}}||"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse"||<ref name="od"/> 3398:|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38|title=Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei|publisher=]| 17390:, though not always on the basis of publications and experimental demonstrations; political and social connections were also key considerations, along with service in the general interests of the Society. During the long presidency of 11519:||{{sortname|William Henry|Bragg|}}||"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html|title=William Bragg 19286:"For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies" 13598:|Hinshelwood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy"||<ref>{{cite 10388:||{{sortname|William|Crookes|}}||"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 9651:||{{sortname|Thomas Henry|Huxley|}}||"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years"||<ref name="od"/> 9259:||{{sortname|Rudolf|Clausius|}}||"For his well-known researches upon heat"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|title=Clausius summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 20728:"For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Pflanzen" 11084:||{{sortname|Joseph|Larmor|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|title=Larmour summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5760:|1815 ||{{sortname|David|Brewster|}}||"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/david.html|title=Sir David Brewster ( 1453:|1742 ||{{sortname|Christopher|Middleton|Christopher Middleton (navigator)}}||"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"||<ref>{{cite 11153:|1923 ||{{sortname|Horace|Lamb|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html|title=Lamb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 10692:||{{sortname|Felix|Klein|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|title=Klein summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 18117:"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials" 6540:||<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fZSNUcPL8AYC|page=|quote=Henry Foster copley medal.|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|publisher=The Gentleman's Magazine|access-date=2009-02-05|year=1832}}</ref> 2662:

Cavendish}}||"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer"||<ref

2646:

26323: 17305:, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The medal is made of 11958:||{{sortname|Arthur|Evans|}}||"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"||<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract| 5779:||{{sortname|David|Brewster|}}||"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/david.html|title=Sir David Brewster ( 1487:||{{sortname|Christopher|Middleton|Christopher Middleton (navigator)}}||"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay"||<ref>{{cite 11168:||{{sortname|Horace|Lamb|}}||"For his researches in mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html|title=Lamb summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3552:|1773 ||{{sortname|John|Walsh|John Walsh (scientist)}}||"For his Paper on the Torpedo"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html|title=Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh ( 21801:"For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics" 14876:

Milstein|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune

9855:|Stokes|}}||"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html|title=Stokes summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 1568:|1744 ||{{sortname|Henry|Baker|Henry Baker (naturalist)}}||"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"||<ref>{{cite 1338:|1740 ||{{sortname|Alexander|Stuart|Alexander Stuart (scientist)}}||"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"||<ref>{{cite 25737:"for being arguably the most distinguished theoretical astrophysicist of his generation, responsible for numerous and varied conceptual breakthroughs, with influence spreading far beyond the specialist academic community." 11356:|1927 ||{{sortname|Charles|Sherrington|}}||"For his distinguished work on neurology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html|title=Sir Charles Sherrington 6734:

For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html|title=Poisson summary|publisher=University of St

1417:|1741 ||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."||<ref name="odnb2"/> 21464:"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat" 6731:|1832 ||{{sortname|Michael|Faraday|}} and ]||"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday) 4178:|1785 ||{{sortname|William|Roy|}}||"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/roy_william.htm|title=William Roy|publisher=Electric Scotland| 24765:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" 2195:|1751 ||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"||<ref name="cav3">{{ 27590:"Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796" 15410:|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523121101/https://www.mrs.org/error-pages/error404?404%3Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrs.org%3A443%2Fs_mrs%2Fdoc.asp%3FCID=14595&DID=86190|url-status=dead 12776:|Hevesy|}}||"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes"||<ref>{{cite 7645:

analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html|title=Le Verrier biography|publisher=University of St Andrews|

3575:||{{sortname|John|Walsh|John Walsh (scientist)}}||"For his Paper on the Torpedo"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html|title=Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh ( 25267:"for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance." 20615:"For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet" 5172:|1802 ||{{sortname|William Hyde|Wollaston|}}||"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wollaston.html|title=Wollaston|publisher=]| 1602:||{{sortname|Henry|Baker|Henry Baker (naturalist)}}||"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum"||<ref>{{cite 1372:||{{sortname|Alexander|Stuart|Alexander Stuart (scientist)}}||"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein"||<ref>{{cite 15451:||{{sortname|Hugh|Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"||— 15204:||{{sortname|James|Watson|}}||"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"||<ref>{{cite web 1428:||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year."||<ref name="odnb2"/> 9874:}}||"For his researches and discoveries in physical science"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html|title=Stokes summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 6750:||{{sortname|Michael|Faraday|}} and ]||"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday) 6349:

For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arago.html|title=Arago summary|publisher=University of St

4193:||{{sortname|William|Roy|}}||"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/roy_william.htm|title=William Roy|publisher=Electric Scotland| 10341:|1903 ||{{sortname|Eduard|Suess|}}||"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"||<ref name="od2"/> 8908:

Helmholtz|}}||"For his researches in physics and physiology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html|title=Helmholtz summary|publisher=University of St

2233:||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones"||<ref name="cav3">{{ 14733:|Peierls}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"|| 14718:|Peierls}}||"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials"|| 9210:

Baptiste|Boussingault|}}||"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/84/1/1.pdf|title=Jean Baptiste

9190:

14375:||{{sortname|Robert Burns|Woodward|}}||"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"||<ref name="od2"/> 6866:|Plana|}}||"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html|title=Plana biography|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5187:||{{sortname|William Hyde|Wollaston|}}||"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wollaston.html|title=Wollaston|publisher=]| 24519:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" 19258:"For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates" 10247:

Willard|Gibbs|}}||"For his contributions to mathematical physics"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html|title=Gibbs summary|publisher=University of St

7854:|1851 ||{{sortname|Richard|Owen|}}||"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"||<ref>{{cite 15127:

Watson|}}||"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://

13384:

Littlewood|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations"||<ref>{{cite

18474:"For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands" 6958:|Berzelius|}} and ]||"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. ( 6939:|Berzelius|}} and ]||"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. ( 15075:||{{sortname|George|Porter|}}||"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"||<ref>{{cite 10352:||{{sortname|Eduard|Suess|}}||"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'"||<ref name="od2"/> 1223:|1738 ||{{sortname|James|Valoue|}}||"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"||— 18442:"For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval)" 24491:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" 18252:"On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills" 3156:"For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations. (Delaval)" 7873:||{{sortname|Richard|Owen|}}||"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works"||<ref>{{cite 18196:"On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer" 9340:|1881 ||{{sortname|Charles-Adolphe|Wurtz|}}||"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"||— 16141:|2013 ||]||{{sortname|Andre|Geim|}}|| "For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures."||— 6899:|1835 ||{{sortname|William Snow|Harris|}}||"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"||<ref name="od"/> 25834: 15360:||{{sortname|Frank|Fenner|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"||— 2688:|1758 ||{{sortname|John|Dollond|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 1234:||{{sortname|James|Valoue|}}||"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society"||— 31251: 17483:"For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge" 20426:"For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Berzelius)" 24684:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" 19320: 15440:

Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology"||—

24010:"In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy" 16383:|2024 ||]||{{sortname|Gregory Paul|Winter}}|| "for pioneering protein engineering, especially antibody engineering for the successful production of therapeutic antibodies."||<ref></ref> 9351:||{{sortname|Charles-Adolphe|Wurtz|}}||"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry"||— 1259:|1739 ||{{sortname|Stephen|Hales|}}||"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"||<ref>{{cite 11379:|Sherrington|}}||"For his distinguished work on neurology"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html|title=Sir Charles Sherrington 6910:||{{sortname|William Snow|Harris|}}||"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834"||<ref name="od"/> 2722:||{{sortname|John|Dollond|}}||"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 5071:|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090320010931/http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-20 868:

as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"||<ref name="odnb1">{{cite

833:

as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge"||<ref name="odnb1">{{cite

25661:"He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes." 6943:) For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"||— 1647:|1745 ||{{sortname|William|Watson|William Watson (scientist)}}||"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"||<ref>{{cite 25125:"For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology" 18950:"For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series" 15: 19431:"For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness" 8978:|1875 ||{{sortname|August Wilhelm|Hofmann|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"||<ref>{{cite 1293:||{{sortname|Stephen|Hales|}}||"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea"||<ref>{{cite 23402:"For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" 21632:"For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published" 21331: 20428:"For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)" 14581:|1983 ||{{sortname|Rodney |Porter|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"||— 16097:|2011 ||]||{{sortname|Dan|McKenzie|Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)}}|| "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates."||— 14336:||{{sortname|Frederick|Sanger|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"||<ref name="od2"/> 14954:||{{sortname|Abdus|Salam|}}||"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"||<ref>{{cite 12857:|1950 ||{{sortname|James|Chadwick|}}||"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"||<ref>{{cite 7918:|Humboldt|}}||"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html|title=Humboldt 6979:

For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"

28675: 15041:

Porter|}}||"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology"||<ref>{{cite

8713:

au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"||<ref name="od"/>

7959:

Humboldt|}}||"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html|title=Humboldt

1681:||{{sortname|William|Watson|William Watson (scientist)}}||"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments"||<ref>{{cite 23649:"For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes" 11788:|1934 ||{{sortname|John Scott|Haldane|}}||"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"||<ref>{{cite 5852:|1817 ||{{sortname|Henry|Kater|}}||"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02471|title=Henry Kater ( 5676:|1813 ||{{sortname|William Thomas|Brande|}}||"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 14364:

Woodward|}}||"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry"||<ref name="od2"/>

13919:||{{sortname|Bernard|Katz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"||— 25521:"For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider." 24983:"In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" 14482:|Mitchell|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction"|<ref name="od2"/> 15349:|Fenner|}}||"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease"||— 11923:|1936 ||{{sortname|Arthur|Evans|}}||"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age"||<ref>{{cite 3968:|1781 ||{{sortname|William|Herschel|}}||"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this 26315: 25549:"In recognition of his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced." 15013:||{{sortname|Sydney|Brenner|}}||"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"||— 12891:||{{sortname|James|Chadwick|}}||"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron"||<ref>{{cite 11201:|1924 ||{{sortname|Edward Albert|Sharpey-Schafer|}}||"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"||— 31446: 23509:"For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications" 21180:"For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse" 14493:||{{sortname|Peter D.|Mitchell|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" 13833:

Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"||—

13818:

Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology"||—

25109: 22504:"On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection" 11822:||{{sortname|John Scott|Haldane|}}||"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering"||<ref>{{cite 5871:||{{sortname|Henry|Kater|}}||"For his Experiments on the Pendulum"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02471|title=Henry Kater ( 5687:||{{sortname|William Thomas|Brande|}}||"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 11389:|archive-date=2013-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531055110/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html|url-status=live 20312:"For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)" 2823:|1760 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Wilson|Benjamin Wilson (painter)}}||"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"||<ref>{{cite 12333:|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135933/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/robinson-bio.html|url-status=live 3988:||{{sortname|William|Herschel|}}||"For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this 2379:"||<ref>{{cite web|title=Franklin_Benjamin biography|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Franklin_Benjamin.html|publisher=University of St Andrews| 1140:|1737 ||{{sortname|John|Belchier|}}||"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"||<ref>{{cite 28012: 27537:"An Investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion. By the Rev. S. Vince, A. M. of Sidney College, Cambridge. Communicated by George Atwood, A. M. F. R. S." 22392:"For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects" 19029:"For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787" 11212:||{{sortname|Edward Albert|Sharpey-Schafer|}}||"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences"||— 10817:|1915 ||{{sortname|Ivan|Pavlov|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"||<ref name="od2"/> 8820:

1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"||<ref name="od"/>

8805:

1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat"||<ref name="od"/>

14686:||{{sortname|Aaron|Klug|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"|| 14238:|1975 ||{{sortname|Francis| Crick|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"||<ref name="od2"/> 12545:|Adrian|}}||"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"||<ref>{{cite 12462:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621064321/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Taylor_Geoffrey.html|url-status=live 11529:|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605082511/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html|url-status=live 3675:

on Schehallien"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html|title=Maskelyne biography|publisher=University of St Andrews|

3656:

on Schehallien"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html|title=Maskelyne biography|publisher=University of St Andrews|

1778:|1747 ||{{sortname|Gowin|Knight|}}||"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"||<ref name="cav1">{{cite 23903:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations" 13466:|archive-date=2013-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914234706/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html|url-status=live 12136:|archive-date=2013-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518184913/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html|url-status=live 6518:||"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" 5069:|Howard}}||"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury"||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/depts/cosmo/publications/pub%20by%20year/1976%20papers/sears%201976.pdf 2385:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405034107/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Franklin_Benjamin.html|url-status=live 25957: 21942:"For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years" 20174:"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)" 14554:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921132136/http://www.usyd.edu.au/alumni/about/profiles/individuals/john_cornforth.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-21 14072:|1971 ||{{sortname|Norman |Pirie|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"||— 11896:|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921220537/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|url-status=live 9577:|archive-date=2012-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805152101/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Neumann_Franz.html|url-status=dead 12032:|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921230134/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html|url-status=live 2857:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Wilson|Benjamin Wilson (painter)}}||"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year"||<ref>{{cite 162: 34439: 10868:||{{sortname|James|Dewar|}}||"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"||<ref name="od2"/> 9984:|archive-date=2013-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065628/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html|url-status=live 2412:|1754 ||{{sortname|William|Lewis|William Lewis (scientist)}}||"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: 2043:|1749 ||{{sortname|John|Harrison|}}||"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"||<ref name="cav2">{{ 1174:||{{sortname|John|Belchier|}}||"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour"||<ref>{{cite 14645:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405104019/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|url-status=live 13406:|archive-date=1998-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980419013148/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html|url-status=dead 12080:|archive-date=2013-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717105122/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html|url-status=live 10828:||{{sortname|Ivan|Pavlov|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system"||<ref name="od2"/> 9265:|archive-date=2013-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006094356/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Clausius.html|url-status=live 7417:|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027052303/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/MacCullagh.html|url-status=live 15515:|archive-date=2013-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002829/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lighthill.html|url-status=dead 14920:

Salam|}}||"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces"||<ref>{{cite

14249:||{{sortname|Francis| Crick|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology"||<ref name="od2"/> 13174:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621091435/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Whittaker.html|url-status=dead 9313:|archive-date=2013-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507053411/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sylvester.html|url-status=live 8915:|archive-date=2013-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225034524/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Helmholtz.html|url-status=live 5505:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621073851/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Troughton.html|url-status=live 4026:|1782 ||{{sortname|Richard|Kirwan|}}||"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"||<ref name="nla"/> 1872:||{{sortname|Gowin|Knight|}}||"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets"||<ref name="cav1">{{cite 27347: 27272:"An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M. D. Sec. R. S." 24926:"In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease" 23374:"For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" 17669:"For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society" 15321:

extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems"||—

13517:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621080127/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jeffreys.html|url-status=dead 13225:|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165328/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Fisher.html|url-status=dead 12514:|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163646/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html|url-status=live 10165:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html|url-status=dead 8311:|1860 ||{{sortname|Robert|Bunsen|}}||"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"||<ref name="od"/> 3911:||{{sortname|Samuel|Vince|}}||"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions 27320: 23818:"In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology" 14083:||{{sortname|Norman |Pirie|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses"||— 14028:

Todd|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"||<ref name="od2"/>

12583:}}||"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions"||<ref>{{cite 9752:|archive-date=1998-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980419013427/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newcomb.html|url-status=dead 9445:|archive-date=2013-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061113/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html|url-status=live 8602:|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605212955/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Plucker.html|url-status=dead 8554:|archive-date=2013-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809153628/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chasles.html|url-status=live 7651:|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024042955/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html|url-status=live 7179:|1839 ||{{sortname|Robert|Brown|Robert Brown (botanist)}}||"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"||<ref>{{cite 6784:|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024201248/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html|url-status=live 4805:|archive-date=2013-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404231657/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ramsden.html|url-status=dead 24095:"In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology" 19380:"For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers" 14325:

Sanger|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids"||<ref name="od2"/>

11473:|archive-date=2013-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709225153/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Planck.html|url-status=dead 11090:|archive-date=2013-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720090144/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Larmor.html|url-status=dead 9880:|archive-date=2013-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028201732/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Stokes.html|url-status=dead 9697:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621081057/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html|url-status=live 9397:|archive-date=2013-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721143847/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cayley.html|url-status=dead 4853:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405125720/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Atwood.html|url-status=live 4151:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084207/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Waring.html|url-status=live 3813:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621091323/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hutton.html|url-status=live 3681:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234932/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Maskelyne.html|url-status=live 1751:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621072606/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html|url-status=live 33990: 33541: 33092: 32675: 32294: 32101: 14796:)}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"||— 14773:)}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis"||— 14211:|archive-date=2012-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230043109/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hodge.html|url-status=dead 13908:|Katz|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction"||— 13880:

Bragg|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"||<ref name="od2"/>

13865:

Bragg|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction"||<ref name="od2"/>

12727:||{{sortname|Archibald|Hill|}}||"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"||<ref>{{cite 12662:|archive-date=1998-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980419001614/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hardy.html|url-status=dead 10698:|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605061945/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html|url-status=dead 10254:|archive-date=2013-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043340/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html|url-status=live 9779:|1891 ||{{sortname|Stanislao|Cannizzaro|}}||"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"||<ref name="od"/> 8284:|archive-date=2013-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504180112/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weber.html|url-status=live 7735:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234832/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Adams.html|url-status=dead 6399:|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024211723/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arago.html|url-status=live 5733:|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621085632/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ivory.html|url-status=live 5145:|archive-date=2011-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124810/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=6888&inst_id=9|url-status=dead 2459:||{{sortname|William|Lewis|William Lewis (scientist)}}||"For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: 2168:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005131755/http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/heritage/GeorgeEdwards/patrons.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2007 2081:||{{sortname|John|Harrison|}}||"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time"||<ref name="cav2">{{ 14596:|Porter|}}||"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins"||— 11174:|archive-date=1998-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203051138/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamb.html|url-status=dead 6704:|archive-date=2013-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823145004/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Airy.html|url-status=dead 24879:"In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" 15002:|Brenner|}}||"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project"||— 14842:|archive-date=2013-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405153242/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Atiyah.html|url-status=live 4350:|1788 ||{{sortname|Charles|Blagden|}}||"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"||<ref>{{cite 4037:||{{sortname|Richard|Kirwan|}}||"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts"||<ref name="nla"/> 3145:||"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg)" 2796:|archive-date=2017-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919023530/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Smeaton_J/smeatonJohn5.asp|url-status=live 18440:"For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit. (Brownrigg)" 14047:}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types"||<ref name="od2"/> 13988:|1969 ||{{sortname|Peter| Medawar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"||<ref name="od2"/> 13018:|1952 ||{{sortname|Paul|Dirac|}}||"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"||<ref>{{cite 10746:|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712030653/http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1304/01/Obituary_Edwin_Ray_Lankester_.pdf|url-status=live 8322:||{{sortname|Robert|Bunsen|}}||"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches"||<ref name="od"/> 5881:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234352/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02471|url-status=live 5448:|1808 ||{{sortname|William|Henry|William Henry (chemist)}}||"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 29893: 25633:"In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries." 25464:"For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures." 23178:"For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" 17895:"On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles" 15736:|archive-date=2012-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927012605/http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html|url-status=live 14108:|1972 ||{{sortname|Nevill |Mott|}}||"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 7369:|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233428/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ohm.html|url-status=dead 3999:|archive-date=2013-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608091045/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/herschel.html|url-status=live 2315:||"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 2281:||"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 30320: 26353: 9790:||{{sortname|Stanislao|Cannizzaro|}}||"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory"||<ref name="od"/> 8736:, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours"||<ref name="od"/> 5019:|archive-date=2014-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111003309/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/LondonPeopleH.html#hel|url-status=live 2016:|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515110646/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bradley.html|url-status=live 25823: 17418:

noted the distinction of the medal was that it was "offered to the competition of the world." The Copley medal has been characterised as a predecessor to the

14162:||{{sortname|Andrew|Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"||— 13769:)}}||"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"||<ref>{{cite 13727:)}}||"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis"||<ref>{{cite 7858:|url=http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0002450/current/abstract|title=Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|publisher=]| 4468:)}}||"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite 4431:)}}||"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref>{{cite 989:|1734 ||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"||<ref name="odnb2">{{cite 30405: 29943: 24708:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" 18035:"On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones" 13636:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/32367?&docPos=152&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)| 13602:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/32367?&docPos=152&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)| 9936:|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719151448/http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10419362|url-status=live 9041:

Hofmann|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia"||<ref>{{cite

6778:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poisson.html|title=Poisson summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 4383:||{{sortname|Charles|Blagden|}}||"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions"||<ref>{{cite 4199:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234813/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/roy_william.htm|url-status=live 30870: 30232: 26954: 24851:"In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" 14675:

Klug|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them"||

13999:||{{sortname|Peter| Medawar|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance"||<ref name="od2"/> 13052:||{{sortname|Paul|Dirac|}}||"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics"||<ref>{{cite 12973:||{{sortname|David|Keilin|}}||"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"||<ref>{{cite 8214:|1858 ||{{sortname|Charles|Lyell|}}||"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"||<ref name="od"/> 5459:||{{sortname|William|Henry|William Henry (chemist)}}||"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 31184: 31140: 31054: 30992: 30948: 30799: 30704: 30659: 30615: 30531: 30462: 30117: 30076: 29852: 29399: 28732: 27945: 27850: 27773: 27729: 27233: 27131: 27062: 27018: 26913: 26704: 26659: 26615: 26571: 26527: 26483: 26438: 26389: 21744:"For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry" 13568:|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220074404/http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/hans_adolf_krebs.html|url-status=live 11701:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230012832/http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/hale-2863/reward.html |archive-date=2008-12-30 30182: 24627:"In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" 20898:"On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works" 17406:. (roughly equivalent to £212,366 in 2023) was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal. 10922:|archive-date=2020-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426110531/http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/fwufe488th0mvhlj/|url-status=live 10853:|1916 ||{{sortname|James|Dewar|}}||"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases"|| 10652:||{{sortname|George|Darwin|}}||"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 6872:|archive-date=2013-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011831/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Plana.html|url-status=live 29532: 16075:||]||{{sortname|Tomas|Lindahl}}|| "for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair."||<ref name="medals2010"/> 8470:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043043/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/sedgwick.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008 8413:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216151117/http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1454/411.pdf |archive-date=December 16, 2005 6393:||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arago.html|title=Arago summary|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5301:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420005417/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/48/4/182-189/|archive-date=2013-04-20|url-status=dead 5247:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419230209/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/47/4/175-183/|archive-date=2013-04-19|url-status=dead 3729:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205132853/http://www.trinhall.cam.ac.uk/news/article.asp?ItemID=734|archive-date=2008-12-05 1027:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/7539?&docPos=4&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)| 993:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/7539?&docPos=4&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)| 31087: 30841: 30812: 30207: 29303: 28860: 24152:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction" 22364:"For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" 16570:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1741|title=Copley recent winners: 1900 - present|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 15577:|archive-date=October 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007223359/http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/168/3/1105|url-status=live 5789:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104232554/http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/david.html|archive-date=2008-11-04 5385:|archive-date=2013-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020304/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/boksix.htm|url-status=live 1023:||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society"||<ref name="odnb2">{{cite 31280: 30741: 29328: 29214: 28257: 11315:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33977?&docPos=123&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)| 11277:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33977?&docPos=123&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)| 7987:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223005149/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0400.html|archive-date=2008-02-23 3394:|1770 ||{{sortname|William|Hamilton|William Hamilton (diplomat)}}||"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna"||<ref>{{cite 3350:|1769 ||{{sortname|William|Hewson|William Hewson (surgeon)}}||"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, 138: 30891: 30766: 30434: 29553: 28438: 23982:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles" 15980:

Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang"||—

12731:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31230?&docPos=138&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)| 12697:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31230?&docPos=138&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)| 9815:|1892 ||{{sortname|Rudolf|Virchow|}}||"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"||<ref name="od"/> 8709:|1869 ||{{sortname|Henri Victor|Regnault|}}||"For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques 8225:||{{sortname|Charles|Lyell|}}||"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology"||<ref name="od"/> 7887:|archive-date=2013-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630021400/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/047001590X|url-status=live 2524:|1755 ||{{sortname|John|Huxham|}}||"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 29449: 29378: 29185: 29164: 28922: 28621: 27887: 24598:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" 16559:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1742|title=Copley archive winners 1989 - 1900|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 16537:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1743|title=Copley archive winners 1899 - 1800|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 16515:*{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744|title=Copley archive winners 1799 - 1731|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=2009-02-04}} 12587:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30753?&docPos=136&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)| 12549:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30753?&docPos=136&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)| 9604:|1887 ||{{sortname|Joseph Dalton|Hooker|}}||"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"||<ref name="od"/> 8633:|Baer|}}||"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"||<ref name="od"/> 3652:|1775 ||{{sortname|Nevil|Maskelyne|}}||"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, 1491:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/18668?&docPos=10&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)| 1457:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/18668?&docPos=10&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)| 29914: 29795: 29474: 29428: 29349: 27916: 27651: 27514: 27457: 26745: 26188: 18377:"For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids" 11826:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33642?&docPos=128&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)| 11792:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33642?&docPos=128&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)| 10314:|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023015729/http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|url-status=live 8648:

Baer|}}||"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology"||<ref name="od"/>

7827:|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023015729/http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93188.html|url-status=live 2117:|1750 ||{{sortname|George|Edwards|}}||"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. 34432: 31765: 31605: 31029: 30499: 29683: 29582: 29079: 28943: 28810: 28704: 28517: 28323: 28043: 25577:"For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century." 24822:"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" 24463:"In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" 10078:|}}||"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"||— 10063:|}}||"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist"||— 9472:|1884 ||{{sortname|Carl|Ludwig|}}||"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"||— 3931:

15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal,

3892:

15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal,

3271:|1768 ||{{sortname|Peter|Woulfe|}}||"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"||<ref>{{cite 29820: 28592: 24542:"In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" 23318:"In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" 14293:||{{sortname|Dorothy|Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin 8071:|archive-date=2013-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320020320/http://www.yale.edu/perception/Brian/misc/lineage/|url-status=live 6456:|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604184845/http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/jsouth.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2008 4583:||"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions. (Rennell)" 1685:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/28874?&docPos=12&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)| 1651:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/28874?&docPos=12&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)| 31719: 31680: 31580: 31555: 31229: 31112: 27103: 25872: 24655:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" 19148:"For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions. (Rennell)" 18224:"On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society" 13963:|Reichstein|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"||— 13948:|Reichstein|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids"||— 7877:|url=http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0002450/current/abstract|title=Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 6229:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235333/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/buckland.htm|url-status=live 4323:|archive-date=2012-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220083146/http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.aspx?rid=36439|url-status=live 3365:||{{sortname|William|Hewson|William Hewson (surgeon)}}||"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, 29715: 28667: 28373: 24570:"In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" 17839:"For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum" 17754:"For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year." 9826:||{{sortname|Rudolf|Virchow|}}||"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology"||<ref name="od"/> 9020:&source=web&ots=9DZlVcbutv&sig=mS6twqbqJEb88x9cip6DWf5H5iY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA14,M1 5193:|archive-date=2009-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408220859/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wollaston.html|url-status=dead 3589:|archive-date=2018-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023112610/http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jwalsh.html|url-status=live 2558:||{{sortname|John|Huxham|}}||"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society"||<ref>{{cite 27335: 27172: 23565:"For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions" 20536: 13773:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33888?&docPos=150&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)| 13731:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33888?&docPos=150&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)| 13385:

web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Littlewood.html|title=Littlewood summary|publisher=University of St Andrews|

12895:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30912?&docPos=139&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)| 12861:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30912?&docPos=139&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)| 12693:|Hill|}}||"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues"||<ref>{{cite 11042:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164105/http://www.biochemj.org/bj/019/0165/0190165.pdf|url-status=live 9615:||{{sortname|Joseph Dalton|Hooker|}}||"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller"||<ref name="od"/> 9217:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164106/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/84/1/1.full.pdf|url-status=live 6319:|archive-date=2012-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818161313/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/zingaz/D.html|url-status=live 6161:||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" 3941:|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018164102/http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview/nla.ms-ms9-15|url-status=live 3671:||{{sortname|Nevil|Maskelyne|}}||"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, 2861:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/29641?&docPos=25&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)| 2827:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/29641?&docPos=25&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)| 31342: 28831: 27626: 15909:||{{sortname|Stephen|Hawking}}||"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "||<ref name="haw"/> 15079:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/77183?&docPos=171&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)| 15045:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/77183?&docPos=171&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)| 13336:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)| 13302:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33182?&docPos=145&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)| 7301:||"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" 4472:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/19244?&docPos=48&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)| 4435:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/19244?&docPos=48&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)| 4387:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/2553?&docPos=47&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)| 4354:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/2553?&docPos=47&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)| 34677: 33983: 33534: 33085: 32668: 32287: 32094: 27990: 26821: 26256: 22336:"In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery" 20584:"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)" 19983:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)" 16020:|2009 ||]||{{sortname|Martin|Evans}}|| "for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics."||— 15855:|2005||{{sortname|Paul|Nurse}}||"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division"||— 13332:||{{sortname|Howard|Florey|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"||<ref>{{cite 12977:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/34256?&docPos=140&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)| 12943:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/34256?&docPos=140&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)| 9483:||{{sortname|Carl|Ludwig|}}||"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science"||— 6673:|1831 ||{{sortname|George Biddell|Airy|}}||"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, 3305:||{{sortname|Peter|Woulfe|}}||"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances"||<ref>{{cite 19960: 17951:"On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion" 17698:"For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea" 14958:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/64072?&docPos=170&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)| 14924:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/64072?&docPos=170&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)| 14440:|Barton|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and 4742:|1794 ||{{sortname|Alessandro|Volta|}}||"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"|| 1297:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11915?&docPos=7&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)| 1263:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11915?&docPos=7&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)| 31876: 31655: 29507: 27676: 26858: 24794:"In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" 22195:"In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist" 19326: 18831:"For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 14151:|Huxley|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction"||— 2562:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/14319?&docPos=22&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)| 2528:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/14319?&docPos=22&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)| 1178:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1984?&docPos=6&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)| 1144:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1984?&docPos=6&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)| 872:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11354?&docPos=2&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)| 837:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/11354?&docPos=2&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)| 31454: 21068:"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours" 19759:"For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 18530:"For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, – and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish" 18057:"On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society" 15828:|archive-date=2013-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626070829/http://www.fsu.edu/highlights/faculty.html|url-status=live 13056:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31032?&docPos=141&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)| 13022:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31032?&docPos=141&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)| 12939:|Keilin|}}||"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes"||<ref>{{cite 12385:||{{sortname|Joseph|Barcroft|}}||"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"||<ref>{{cite 11237:|1925 ||{{sortname|Albert|Einstein|}}||"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"||<ref name="od2"/> 8497:|1864 ||{{sortname|Charles|Darwin|}}||"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 3029:

Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"||<ref name="cav3"/>

3014:

Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids"||<ref name="cav3"/>

1606:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1120?&docPos=11&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)| 1572:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/1120?&docPos=11&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)| 34425: 31850: 30920: 28228: 27176: 26366:

In 1841, he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in London, an accolade which held the same prestige as a Nobel Prize today.

18086: 5908:|1818 ||{{sortname|Robert|Seppings|}}||"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 2463:

which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"||<ref>{{cite

2416:

which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials"||<ref>{{cite

29743: 28646: 20813:"For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto" 10985:|1919 ||{{sortname|William|Bayliss|}}||"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"||<ref name="od2"/> 5328:|1805 ||{{sortname|Humphry|Davy|}}||"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref name="od"/> 3425:

url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJH%2FBJH39_01%2FS0007087405007600a.pdf&code=f55e6aa4b80edf3a215d621ee092fd38

31630: 30430: 28882: 28124: 28098: 27481: 21408:, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours" 20394:"For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834" 17726:"For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein" 10949:|1918 ||{{sortname|Hendrik|Lorentz|}}||"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10641:|Darwin|}}||"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects"||<ref name="od2"/> 10103:|1898 ||{{sortname|William|Huggins|}}||"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"||<ref name="od"/> 6693:||{{sortname|George Biddell|Airy|}}||"For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, 31505: 30005: 28344: 28232: 26148:

Bektas, M. Yakup; Crosland, Maurice (1992). "The Copley Medal: The establishment of a reward system in the Royal Society, 1731–1839".

17375:

was the first to receive the new award in 1737; due to delays in approving a medal design, however, the medal, designed and struck by

14123:|Mott|}}||"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 13255:

Blackett|}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"||—

8673:|1868 ||{{sortname|Charles|Wheatstone|}}||"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"||<ref name="od"/> 4756:||{{sortname|Alessandro|Volta|}}||"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani"|| 3244:|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112234332/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/9662.htm|url-status=dead 917:|1732 ||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"||<ref name="odnb1"/> 29017: 24266:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses" 24238:"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types" 24067:"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis" 20768: 19085:"For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" 17782:"For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay" 8761:|1870 ||{{sortname|James Prescott|Joule|}}||"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"||<ref name="od"/> 8170:|1857 ||{{sortname|Michel Eugène|Chevreul|}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, 4062:|1783 ||{{sortname|John|Goodricke|}} and ]||"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke) 28996: 26975: 19515:"For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" 15977:|2008||{{sortname|Roger|Penrose}}||"for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. 15866:||{{sortname|Paul|Nurse}}||"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division 11728:|1933 ||{{sortname|Theobald|Smith|}}||"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"||<ref>{{cite 11248:||{{sortname|Albert|Einstein|}}||"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory"||<ref name="od2"/> 8508:||{{sortname|Charles|Darwin|}}||"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 5412:|1807 ||{{sortname|Everard|Home|}}||"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 33976: 33527: 33078: 32769: 32661: 32280: 32087: 31779: 24737:"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" 19700: 5919:||{{sortname|Robert|Seppings|}}||"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 29662: 29135: 28202: 25965: 24435:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" 24124:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction" 23677:"For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron" 19657:"For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" 13115:||{{sortname|Albert|Kluyver|}}||"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"||— 12367:|url=http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/82/1/F75|title=Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge|publisher=Archives of Disease in Childhood 11755:|title=Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith|publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory| 11732:|title=Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith|publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory| 10996:||{{sortname|William|Bayliss|}}||"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics"||<ref name="od2"/> 5339:||{{sortname|Humphry|Davy|}}||"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions"||<ref name="od"/> 34633: 33498: 31530: 31313: 25989:"The awarding of the Copley Medal and the 'discovery' of the law of conservation of energy: Joule, Mayer and Helmholtz revisited" 22244: 20586:"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)" 17387: 17318: 11556:|1931 ||{{sortname|Arthur|Schuster|}}||"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"||<ref>{{cite 10960:||{{sortname|Hendrik|Lorentz|}}||"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10114:||{{sortname|William|Huggins|}}||"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies"||<ref name="od"/> 4630:|1792 ||{{sortname|Benjamin|Thompson|}}||"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"||<ref>{{cite 31480: 31425: 29054: 20349: 8684:||{{sortname|Charles|Wheatstone|}}||"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism"||<ref name="od"/> 7312:"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)" 928:||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732"||<ref name="odnb1"/> 31809: 28467: 27701: 23290:"In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" 21970:"For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author" 19241: 18695:"In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien" 11117:|1922 ||{{sortname|Ernest|Rutherford|}}||"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"||<ref name="od2"/> 10565:|1909 ||{{sortname|George William|Hill|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"||<ref name="od2"/> 8772:||{{sortname|James Prescott|Joule|}}||"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat"||<ref name="od"/> 8185:||{{sortname|Michel Eugène|Chevreul|}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, 4077:||{{sortname|John|Goodricke|}} and ]||"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke) 3512:|1772 ||{{sortname|Joseph|Priestley|}}||"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations"|| 90: 28068: 28019: 27432: 25765:"for pioneering protein engineering, especially antibody engineering for the successful production of therapeutic antibodies." 24181:"In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids" 23954:"In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy" 22952:"For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences" 14278:|Hodgkin|}}||"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin 11751:||{{sortname|Theobald|Smith|}}||"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man"||<ref>{{cite 5423:||{{sortname|Everard|Home|}}||"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions"||— 29771: 29275: 29100: 28990: 28968: 28896: 28492: 28415: 27597: 21576:"For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia" 17427: 13270:}}||"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism"||— 28: 24318:"In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction" 23234:"In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" 18780:"For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments" 17422:. Since its inception, it has been awarded to many distinguished scientists, including 52 winners of the Nobel Prize: 17 in 3485:|1771 ||{{sortname|Matthew|Raper|}}||"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money"||— 3413:||{{sortname|William|Hamilton|William Hamilton (diplomat)}}||"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna 2438:

web&ots=50dPYornfI&sig=u2zhMopQ1XYENwt-e9yVe7dPtTc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result

69: 34692: 28538: 23458:"For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" 11610:||{{sortname|Arthur|Schuster|}}||"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism"||<ref>{{cite 9115:|1876 ||{{sortname|Claude|Bernard|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 7507:

web&ots=ki52cvt2hL&sig=ekDGFHDWXXU95w4uDH1UWR3xP0w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result

4661:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Thompson|}}||"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat"||<ref>{{cite 180: 115: 27821: 15898:|Hawking}}||"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. "||<ref name="haw"/> 13298:|Florey|}}||"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine"||<ref>{{cite 352:| website = {{official website|https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/copley-medal/|name=Copley Medal}} 34687: 30295: 29503: 17346: 11128:||{{sortname|Ernest|Rutherford|}}||"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure"||<ref name="od2"/> 10576:||{{sortname|George William|Hill|}}||"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy"||<ref name="od2"/> 10493:|1907 ||{{sortname|Albert Abraham |Michelson|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in optics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10413:|1905 ||{{sortname|Dmitri|Mendeleev|}}||"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 31371: 28770: 17641:"For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour" 10030:|Gegenbaur|}}||"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"||— 10015:|Gegenbaur|}}||"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc"||— 8014:|1853 ||{{sortname|Heinrich Wilhelm|Dove|}}||"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"||— 4665:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27255|title=Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)| 4634:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27255|title=Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)| 1104:|1736 ||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his experiments made during the year"||<ref name="odnb2"/> 32965: 29018:"Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer" 25897: 25407:"For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates." 1376:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/47081?docPos=1|title=Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)| 1342:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/47081?docPos=1|title=Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)| 25927: 23846:"In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism" 20643:"For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" 12363:

Barcroft|}}||"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood"||<ref>{{cite

11273:|1926 ||{{sortname|Frederick|Hopkins|}}||"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"||<ref>{{cite 7489:|1844 ||{{sortname|Carlo|Matteucci|}}||"For his various researches in animal electricity"||<ref>{{cite book|url= 3523:||{{sortname|Joseph|Priestley|}}||"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations 3309:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30007?&docPos=31&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter| 3275:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/30007?&docPos=31&backToResults=|title=Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter| 32195: 30380: 28784: 26989: 26791: 23450: 22728:"For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" 21793: 17774: 9126:||{{sortname|Claude|Bernard|}}||"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology"||<ref name="od"/> 5572:|title=Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862) |last=Buchanan|first=W.W.|publisher=British Society for Rheumatology | 32977: 27197: 26345: 22700:"On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" 21124:"For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics" 20578: 15389:

web|url=http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/doc.asp?CID=14595&DID=86190|title=MRS Website: Award Presentations|publisher=]|

2726:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49855/7783|title=Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)| 2692:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49855/7783|title=Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)| 31982: 31756: 28888: 23838: 21406:

Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu

21348:"For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology" 17403: 10504:||{{sortname|Albert Abraham |Michelson|}}||"On the ground of his investigations in optics"||<ref name="od2"/> 10468:|Metchnikoff|}}||"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"||<ref name="od2"/> 10453:|Metchnikoff|}}||"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology"||<ref name="od2"/> 10424:||{{sortname|Dmitri|Mendeleev|}}||"For his contributions to chemical and physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 10192:|1900 ||{{sortname|Marcellin|Berthelot|}}||"For his brilliant services to chemical science"||<ref name="od"/> 30401: 29889: 24403:"In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B 8025:||{{sortname|Heinrich Wilhelm|Dove|}}||"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth"||— 2145:}}||"On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. 1115:||{{sortname|John Theophilus|Desaguliers|}}||"For his experiments made during the year"||<ref name="odnb2"/> 34509: 27563: 27407: 27298: 26950: 25436:"For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion." 25259: 23621:"For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues" 22328: 17342: 8942:|1874 ||{{sortname|Louis|Pasteur|}}||"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"||<ref name="od"/> 8098:|1855 ||{{sortname|Léon|Foucault|}}||"For his various researches in experimental physics"||<ref name="od"/> 7221:)}}||"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation"||<ref>{{cite 31062: 30316: 29403: 26226:""In the Society's Strong Box": A Visual and Material History of the Royal Society's Copley Medal, c. 1736–1760" 24375:"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" 23593:"For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years" 7524:||{{sortname|Carlo|Matteucci|}}||"For his various researches in animal electricity"||<ref>{{cite book|url= 146: 34116: 33450: 31855: 29107: 28072: 24059: 23557: 22074: 18616:"On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations on different kinds of Air" 173: 108: 86: 29939: 29528: 26316:"George Goodwin: Joseph Priestley, a towering figure in a special relationship with America's founding father" 18445:"For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)" 17248: 13104:

Kluyver|}}||"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology"||—

11757:

2319:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/22805|title=Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)| 2285:|url=http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/22805|title=Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)| 34585: 33747: 32913: 32324: 31400: 31178: 31134: 31083: 30986: 30942: 30866: 30845: 30793: 30698: 30653: 30609: 30525: 30456: 30228: 30203: 30070: 29846: 28856: 27593: 25541: 24230: 22944: 21829:"For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science" 20472:"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)" 20358: 18052: 17867:"On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments" 10203:||{{sortname|Marcellin|Berthelot|}}||"For his brilliant services to chemical science"||<ref name="od"/> 7225:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3645|title=Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)| 7183:|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3645|title=Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)| 3915:"||<ref name="nla">{{cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/cdview/nla.ms-ms9-15|title=Digital Collections 3176:"For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air. (Cavendish)" 31284: 30745: 30113: 29324: 29210: 28253: 27939: 27767: 27227: 27125: 27012: 26698: 26609: 23733:"In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics" 10601:|1910 ||{{sortname|Francis|Galton|}}||"On the ground of his researches in heredity"||<ref name="od2"/> 7061:"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)" 34707: 32865: 32528: 32179: 31926: 30895: 30426: 30178: 29557: 29299: 28434: 27723: 26653: 26521: 26383: 25672: 25605:"For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease." 25210:"for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." 21152:"For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches" 20104: 19068: 18914: 17979:"On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time" 17923:"On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets" 17718: 17271: 14443:, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry"||<ref name="od2"/> 8953:||{{sortname|Louis|Pasteur|}}||"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine"||<ref name="od"/> 8109:||{{sortname|Léon|Foucault|}}||"For his various researches in experimental physics"||<ref name="od"/> 150: 29453: 29374: 29189: 29160: 28918: 28617: 27891: 26477: 26432: 24347:"In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" 23705:"For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes" 18887:"As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts" 34545: 33883: 33835: 32785: 32436: 32259: 32187: 32147: 32139: 31871: 30770: 29918: 29799: 29478: 29424: 29353: 27912: 27647: 27510: 27453: 26981: 26862: 26741: 26196: 25689:"for her work on the discovery of pulsars, one of the major astronomical discoveries of the 20th century" 25399: 23422: 23254: 19780: 18551: 17999: 17746: 17605: 17554: 17322: 17275: 4066:

For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"||<ref name="nla"/>

31601: 31033: 30503: 29687: 29578: 29075: 28947: 28806: 28696: 28513: 28319: 28128: 28102: 28047: 19057:"For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions" 34276: 33330: 33306: 32853: 32713: 32219: 32031: 31804: 31255: 29824: 28776: 28596: 27485: 25794: 24619: 23346:"In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" 21652: 21568: 20063: 19479: 17859: 97: 32941: 31715: 31676: 31576: 31551: 31108: 27099: 25864: 22166:"For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc" 20456: 17383:, was only presented to Belchier in 1742. Gray and Desaguliers received their medals retrospectively. 17234: 10612:||{{sortname|Francis|Galton|}}||"On the ground of his researches in heredity"||<ref name="od2"/> 33891: 33771: 33763: 32380: 32340: 31840: 29708: 28369: 23790:"For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics" 23537:"For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases" 23094:"For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" 23029: 23001: 18272: 18109: 8134:|1856 ||{{sortname|Henri|Milne-Edwards|}}||"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"||— 5980:|1820 ||{{sort|Orsted, Hans Christian|]}}||"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"||<ref>{{cite 33691: 33162: 22748: 21060: 20176:"For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)" 15726:|url=http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html|title=Obituary: John A. Pople| 15695:|url=http://www.northwestern.edu/observer/issues/2004-04-01/obit.html|title=Obituary: John A. Pople| 34682: 34533: 34100: 33779: 32885: 32620: 32568: 32428: 32211: 32131: 32123: 31734: 31367: 31334: 28835: 28700: 27622: 27618: 26817: 26192: 25784: 25346: 25325:"for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics." 24805: 24290:"In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics" 24210:"In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance" 24002: 23057: 22468: 20168: 19628:"For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19335: 19077: 18522: 17831: 17503: 17475: 17431: 17302: 6529:"For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)" 33138: 32817: 27982: 26813: 26225: 25720: 25700: 23773: 22588:"On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" 20975: 19937: 19878: 19230:"For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani" 34702: 34697: 34356: 34300: 34092: 34068: 33202: 32753: 32412: 31845: 29021: 28463: 27373:"An Inquiry into the Value of the Ancient Greek and Roman Money: By Matthew Raper, Esq; F. R. S." 24894: 24700: 23923: 23895: 22026:"For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory" 21531: 21200: 19620: 18466: 17906: 17399: 17313: 13691:||{{sortname|Paul|Fildes|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."||— 11416:|1928 ||{{sortname|Charles Algernon|Parsons|}}||"For his contributions to engineering science"||— 10792:|J. J. Thomson}}||"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 10777:|J. J. Thomson}}||"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science"||<ref name="od2"/> 829:|1731 ||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For his new Electrical Experiments: 32929: 32905: 29499: 27672: 26866: 20414: 20307: 33346: 33122: 32705: 32460: 32356: 31651: 25799: 25789: 25779: 24116: 23761:"For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology" 21708: 21096:"For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology" 20918: 19895:"For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19451: 18636: 18188: 18145:"For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society" 17423: 17170: 9082:|title=Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science|publisher=Journal of Industrial Science| 9022:|title=Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science|publisher=Journal of Industrial Science| 8801:

Julius Robert von|Mayer|}}||"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on:

8145:||{{sortname|Henri|Milne-Edwards|}}||"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology"||— 6044:||{{sort|Orsted, Hans Christian|]}}||"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries"||<ref>{{cite 33482: 30916: 27168: 26280:

Macleod, Roy M. (1971). "Of medals and men: a reward system in Victorian science, 1826–1914".

24021: 22187: 18280:"For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year" 34672: 34228: 33715: 33619: 33354: 33290: 33258: 33130: 32945: 32777: 32640: 32552: 32046: 32041: 31789: 31784: 29739: 28642: 27986: 24455: 23931:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology" 22964: 22935: 22832: 22496: 21736: 21512: 21396: 20946: 20464: 19751: 19599:"For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19395: 19021: 17376: 17317:

collectively eligible to receive the medal; that year, the research team which developed the

17176: 63: 31626: 28224: 27489: 26893: 26845: 23262:"For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" 22644:"On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him" 21869: 21191: 34625: 34268: 33563: 33434: 33402: 33266: 33178: 33057: 32953: 32737: 31749: 31700: 31501: 31259: 31058: 30580: 30267: 30150: 30043: 30013: 29977: 29271: 29241: 28569: 28348: 27383: 26783: 26051: 25681: 25532: 24590: 22300: 22018: 21906: 21660:"For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry" 21447: 21428: 21116: 20862: 20499: 19930: 19691: 19563: 19554: 18919:"For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke)" 18502:"For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances" 17330: 12208:

11427:||{{sortname|Charles Algernon|Parsons|}}||"For his contributions to engineering science"||— 1812:

PA71&dq=%22Gowin+Knight%22+copley+medal&source=web&ots=qkgEYLbmyD&sig=7QmOJ

864:||{{sortname|Stephen|Gray|Stephen Gray (scientist)}}||"For his new Electrical Experiments: 29025: 27198:"AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710–1776)" 23875:"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine" 19526: 11311:|Hopkins|}}||"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry"||<ref>{{cite 8: 34649: 34180: 33795: 33627: 33611: 33506: 33410: 33394: 33242: 33154: 33001: 32921: 32893: 31835: 25757: 24282: 24164: 23114: 22524: 22272: 21934: 21878: 21340: 21031: 20663: 20386: 20266: 17415: 11968:

6256:|1823 ||{{sortname|John|Pond|}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||— 33603: 33282: 32580: 30584: 30271: 30154: 30047: 29981: 27387: 26055: 22440: 22054:"For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology" 21484: 20544:"For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation" 19351:"For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)" 19142: 19040: 17325:

has won the medal the most often, winning three times, in 1734, 1736 and 1741. In 1976,

34609: 34396: 34148: 33867: 33851: 33827: 33811: 33250: 33049: 31309: 30367: 30009: 29658: 29139: 28974: 28198: 27555: 27399: 27290: 26773: 26769: 26297: 26248: 26165: 26102: 26074: 26041: 26029: 26010: 25625: 25379:"for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair." 25027: 24173: 24087: 23366: 23310: 23226: 23170: 21368: 20833: 19442: 17350: 12389:|url=http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/82/1/F75|title=Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge 4962:"For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Hatchett)" 169: 104: 31526: 31305: 22756:"On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy" 22207: 19788:"For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 18542: 18263: 4951:||"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" 34601: 34404: 34252: 34164: 34076: 33731: 33322: 33025: 32973: 32588: 32396: 32332: 31476: 31421: 30372: 29046: 28986: 28892: 28780: 28411: 28301: 27547: 27391: 27282: 26985: 26787: 26252: 26169: 26079: 26014: 25597: 25239:"For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " 25055: 24667: 24534: 23486:"For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" 22888: 21624: 20749: 20570: 19582: 19349:"For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Evelyn)" 19171: 18420: 18077: 17398:, the majority of recipients had been British subjects. A second donation of £1666 13 5073:|title=Edward Charles Howard|last=Sears|first=Derek|publisher=University of Arkansas| 3431:

title=Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei

34316: 33234: 32861: 28459: 27697: 26301: 24757: 22009: 21615: 21312: 20097: 18587:"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money" 34417: 34220: 34052: 33947: 33595: 33466: 33458: 33274: 33041: 32993: 32837: 32761: 32721: 32624: 32596: 32508: 32452: 32203: 31882: 31189: 31145: 30997: 30953: 30804: 30709: 30664: 30620: 30588: 30536: 30467: 30362: 30354: 30275: 30258: 30158: 30081: 30051: 29985: 29857: 28978: 28737: 28403: 28291: 28076: 27950: 27855: 27778: 27734: 27428: 27339: 27238: 27136: 27067: 27056: 27023: 26918: 26709: 26664: 26620: 26576: 26565: 26532: 26488: 26443: 26394: 26289: 26240: 26157: 26069: 26059: 26000: 24427: 23974: 23641: 22412: 22130: 22102: 21456: 20805: 20635: 20006: 19649: 19507: 19343: 19222: 18851: 18608: 18207: 17802: 17395: 6267:||{{sortname|John|Pond|}}||"For his various Communications to the Royal Society"||— 16: 33386: 33146: 31207: 31163: 31015: 30971: 30827: 30727: 30682: 30638: 30554: 30485: 30099: 29875: 29764: 29235: 29111: 28755: 28563: 28488: 28296: 28279: 27968: 27873: 27796: 27752: 27256: 27154: 27085: 27041: 26936: 26777: 26727: 26682: 26638: 26594: 26550: 26506: 26461: 26412: 23441: 23020: 22992: 22291: 21850: 21359: 21003: 19816:"For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies" 18921:"For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)" 34501: 34388: 34212: 34084: 34036: 33899: 33803: 33755: 33707: 33699: 33587: 33490: 33338: 33017: 33009: 32957: 32933: 32901: 32809: 32560: 32468: 32404: 32227: 32056: 32051: 32036: 32026: 31992: 31897: 31830: 31742: 29264: 29050: 28671: 28407: 27321:"Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei" 26108: 25748: 25231: 25165: 24999: 24395: 23993: 23946: 23782: 23478: 23161: 23142: 22973: 22804: 22776: 22384: 22216: 21914:"For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller" 21680: 20720: 20692: 20654: 20507: 20421: 20300: 19887: 19571:"For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19049: 18687: 18434: 17934: 17887: 17326: 33968: 33519: 33070: 32653: 32272: 32079: 30055: 28542: 27813: 23520: 22739: 21812: 21643: 21051: 4094:

For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)"

34553: 34461: 34332: 34308: 34292: 34260: 34196: 34132: 34028: 33955: 33939: 33819: 33635: 33474: 33442: 33314: 33226: 33218: 32793: 32524: 32516: 32492: 32400: 32016: 32008: 31962: 31931: 31221: 31193: 31149: 31001: 30957: 30808: 30713: 30668: 30624: 30540: 30471: 30085: 29861: 27954: 27859: 27782: 27242: 27140: 27027: 26922: 26713: 26624: 26580: 26536: 26398: 26113: 26109:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 25616: 25428: 25088: 24814: 24729: 24676: 24562: 24339: 24301: 23753: 23669: 23613: 23198: 22552: 22375: 22158: 22046: 21596: 21320:"For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis" 21284: 21256: 19808: 18907: 18879: 18772: 18428: 17360: 17280: 13680:

Fildes|}}||"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology."||—

4262:|1787 ||{{sortname|John|Hunter|John Hunter (surgeon)}}||"For his three Papers, 1532:|1743 ||{{sortname|Abraham|Trembley|}}||"For his Experiments on the Polypus"||— 363:| image2 = Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Copley gold medal (reverse side).jpg 132: 31447:"Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize" 30342: 30034:"Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith". 28741: 27844: 27738: 27343: 27071: 26668: 26492: 26447: 26244: 23413: 22823: 22487: 21475: 20014:"For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale" 19012: 17737: 17596: 17545: 12784:|title=Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S| 34666: 34569: 34537: 34517: 34372: 34340: 34204: 34188: 34156: 34060: 34044: 33875: 33723: 33667: 33659: 33643: 33571: 33426: 33418: 33362: 33298: 33210: 33194: 33186: 33170: 33033: 32881: 32829: 32825: 32697: 32612: 32604: 32576: 32536: 32444: 32251: 32243: 32171: 32155: 31987: 31825: 31799: 31363: 28726: 27589: 27551: 27395: 27286: 25485: 25371: 25354:"for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics." 25337: 25288: 25136: 24947: 24843: 24610: 24367: 24310: 24202: 23867: 23810: 23548: 23394: 22860: 22664: 22636: 22580: 21990: 21962: 21765: 21559: 21540: 21247: 21228: 21172: 21144: 21088: 20966: 20937: 20777: 20490: 20285: 20160: 19977: 19969: 19742: 19423: 19278: 19250: 19134: 18942: 18579: 17971: 17943: 17690: 17633: 17414:

By the 1840s, the Copley Medal had achieved international prestige; in 1850,

17372: 17368: 17298: 17196: 8816:

Mayer|}}||"For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on:

26064: 25905: 25222: 23858: 23133: 22459: 21773:"For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics" 21264:"For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" 20405: 19543:"For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions" 18411: 44: 34593: 34525: 34364: 34348: 34244: 34172: 34140: 34124: 34012: 33923: 33915: 33907: 33843: 33579: 33114: 32745: 32729: 32632: 32500: 32420: 32372: 32364: 32235: 32163: 31972: 31952: 31794: 30376: 28399: 28305: 26814:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley" 26293: 26161: 26083: 26005: 25988: 25935: 25569: 25317: 25308: 24918: 24871: 24511: 24258: 24144: 24078: 23697: 23529: 23501: 23430:"For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" 23282: 23048: 22571: 22356: 21925: 21897: 20926:"For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years" 20890: 20314:"For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)" 19591: 19535: 19487:"For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 19372: 18823: 18706: 18494: 18244: 18216: 18068: 17990: 17915: 17822: 17661: 17391: 17353: 8728:

Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques

26907: 23886: 23217: 23206:"For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" 23122:"For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" 22981:"For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory" 21953: 21107: 20527: 20082: 18870: 17962: 17624: 17562:"In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society" 15266:

https://web.archive.org/web/20181225091523/https://royalsociety.org/grants

34641: 34617: 34577: 34485: 34477: 34380: 34324: 34108: 33931: 33739: 33683: 33675: 33651: 33378: 33370: 32873: 32801: 32544: 32388: 32348: 32316: 31977: 31967: 31936: 27205: 25729: 25653: 25513: 25279: 25174: 25145: 24975: 24786: 24720: 24030: 23744: 23585: 22916: 22767: 22720: 22692: 22608: 22448:"On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology" 21821: 21699: 20151: 20132: 19997: 19859: 19414: 18970: 18369: 18137: 18027: 17419: 17357: 17306: 6767:

For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"

4301:||{{sortname|John|Hunter|John Hunter (surgeon)}}||"For his three Papers, 1543:||{{sortname|Abraham|Trembley|}}||"For his Experiments on the Polypus"||— 30943:"Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)" 30569:"Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S" 30358: 26030:"Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science" 25493:"For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome." 24446: 24386: 23604: 23469: 22879: 22812:"On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics" 22224:"For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies" 21727: 21716:"For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics" 21503: 21387: 20954:"For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth" 20711: 20555: 19125: 7132:||"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)" 5599:|title=Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862) |last=Buchanan|first=W.W. 5570:

web|url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/42/5/689

34561: 34493: 34469: 34284: 34236: 34020: 33859: 33787: 32484: 32476: 32021: 31957: 28982: 26433:"Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)" 25504: 25456: 25202: 25117: 24647: 24581: 24483: 24221: 23725: 23338: 23086: 22784:"On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics" 22543: 22431: 20513:"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)" 20484: 20111:"For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)" 19985:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)" 18743: 18715: 18513: 18360: 18018: 17380: 8189:

for his researches on the contrast of coulours"||<ref name="od"/>

8174:

for his researches on the contrast of coulours"||<ref name="od"/>

1196:|last1=Austin |first1=P. B. |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Bevan 228:], who has won the medal three times, more than any other individual.]] 31394:

Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary:

30593: 30568: 27559: 27536: 27403: 27372: 27294: 27271: 25193: 24834: 24553: 24193: 23150:"For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" 22263: 22235: 22093: 22037: 21419: 21303: 21022: 20441: 20257: 19954: 9516:|}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry"||<ref name="od"/> 6172:"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)" 32985: 32845: 30280: 30253: 30163: 30138: 28199:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)" 25419: 25362: 25108: 25018: 24358: 23801: 23357: 22840:"On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c" 22319: 20824: 20607: 20088: 20034: 19119: 18842: 9531:}}||"For his researches in organic chemistry"||<ref name="od"/> 8724:||{{sortname|Henri Victor|Regnault|}}||"For the second volume of his 6382:

For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"

6091:

Knight |first1=D. M. |chapter=The Spiritual in the Material |isbn=978

31764: 25447: 24418: 23688: 21784: 21376:"For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism" 20740: 20447: 19640: 19213: 19179:"For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat" 19162: 29990: 29965: 27429:"Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726–1795)" 26046: 24777: 24135: 23965: 23716: 23632: 23301: 23189: 22683: 22347: 22121: 21981: 21163: 21135: 20796: 20683: 20626: 20598: 19470: 17793: 17386:

Into the early 19th century, medal recipients were selected by the

11616:

title=Sir Arthur Schuster|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|bibcode

5601:|journal=Rheumatology |year=2003 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=689–91 4918:|1798 ||] ]||{{sortname|George|Shuckburgh-Evelyn}} and 29847:"Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed)" 27845:"Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)" 25560: 24638: 23077: 22795: 21998:"For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy" 21079: 19459:"For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" 18678: 12826:

31652:"The Royal Society announces this year's medal and award winners" 31396: 30526:"Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed)" 26610:"Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)" 24862: 24050: 24038:"In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology." 23829: 23660: 23273: 22907: 22851: 22403: 22110:"For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry" 21587: 21436:"For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat" 21275: 20561: 20515:"For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)" 20291: 19799: 18898: 18763: 17850: 17284: 30457:"Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)" 25476: 25250: 22941: 22627: 21841: 21756: 21219: 20881: 20355: 19850: 19611: 19363: 18559:"For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna" 17681: 7143:"For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)" 7017:|1837 ||] ]||{{sortname|Antoine César|Becquerel|}} and 286:| image = Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Copley gold medal.jpg 219:{{Short description|Award given by the Royal Society of London}} 30071:"Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed)" 24748: 22599: 21886:"For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics" 19936: 18933: 18814: 18235: 18046: 3010:|1764 ||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"For his very ingenious and 297:| caption = The Copley Medal awarded to ] in 1893 (obverse) 31055:"Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends" 26699:"Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)" 25644: 23914: 23251: 22711: 22655: 20994: 18128: 17743: 17602: 17551: 2375:||{{sortname|Benjamin|Franklin|}}||"On account of his curious 27698:"John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' – HemOnc Today" 27201: 24616: 24474: 23576: 23329: 23245: 22896:"For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure" 21649: 21604:"For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology" 21565: 21292:"For his historical and original researches in pure geometry" 20909: 20853: 6295:|publisher=The British Society for the History of Mathematics 308:| awarded_for = Outstanding research in any branch of science 201:(430 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) 30347:

Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition

27940:"Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)" 26908:"Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)" 26566:"Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)" 25046: 23026: 22998: 22178: 22149: 18599: 507:{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="align:left;" 27724:"Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)" 27126:"Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)" 25588: 25390: 25079: 24966: 24938: 24502: 24330: 24249: 24107: 23999: 23385: 23105: 23054: 22532:"On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy" 22515: 22465: 22065: 21671: 20377: 20326: 20234: 20211: 20188: 20123: 20054: 20025: 19907: 19827: 19771: 19719: 19668: 19498: 19332: 19297: 19269: 19190: 19096: 18989: 18961: 18791: 18655: 18627: 18570: 18485: 18457: 18388: 18337: 18314: 18291: 18179: 18156: 18100: 17878: 17765: 17709: 17652: 17573: 17522: 17494: 17466: 12269:}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic 7883:

doi=10.1002/047001590X |isbn=978-0-470-01617-6 |access-date

7544:|title=Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography|publisher=]| 7509:|title=Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography|publisher=]| 2487:|title=Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution| 2440:|title=Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution| 2220:|date=1996|publisher=DIANE publishing|accessdate=2009-01-29 2068:|date=1996|publisher=DIANE publishing|accessdate=2009-01-29 30987:"Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)" 30610:"Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)" 30427:"The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information" 30042:(2035). Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory: 598. 1933. 27768:"Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)" 25824:"The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance" 25709:"for rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine." 24891: 23920: 23892: 20453: 19697: 18734: 7268:|1840 ||] ]||{{sortname|Justus|von Liebig|}} and 31179:"Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)" 30794:"Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed)" 27540:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

27057:"Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)" 26522:"Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)" 26478:"Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)" 24113: 23009:"For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry" 22745: 22252:"In recognition of his contributions to physical science" 21705: 21057: 20915: 19448: 18185: 11730:

web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Sci....78R.598.

7550:|isbn=978-90-277-1624-8|author1=Morselli, Mario|year=1984 7099:|1838 ||] ]||{{sortname|Carl Friedrich|Gauss|}} 5280:|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 5226:|last=Griffith|first=WP|publisher=Platinum Metals Review| 3025:||{{sortname|John|Canton|}}||"For his very ingenious and 30654:"Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed)" 28727:"Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed)" 28396:

Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science

26384:"Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)" 24452: 22829: 22493: 22420:"For his contributions to chemical and physical science" 22082:"For his researches and discoveries in physical science" 21733: 21509: 21393: 20972: 20943: 20366:"For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune" 19748: 19392: 17771: 31135:"Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)" 28394:

Knight, D. M. (2007). "The Spiritual in the Material".

27013:"Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)" 26654:"Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)" 25678: 24587: 22297: 22015: 21903: 21425: 21113: 21039:"For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology" 20859: 20496: 20411: 19560: 28491:. The British Society for the History of Mathematics. 26143: 26141: 26139: 26137: 26135: 26133: 26131: 25754: 24279: 23111: 22672:"On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" 22661: 22521: 22269: 22184: 21931: 21875: 21337: 21028: 20660: 20383: 20263: 7981:

German naturalist, geologist and explorer|publisher=]|

7940:

German naturalist, geologist and explorer|publisher=]|

6128:|1821 ||] ]||{{sortname|Edward|Sabine|}} and 4550:|1791 ||] ]||{{sortname|James|Rennell|}} and 51: 31306:"John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 – April 19, 2004" 30699:"Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed)" 25622: 25024: 24170: 24084: 23363: 23223: 23167: 21365: 20830: 20071:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society" 20042:"For his various Communications to the Royal Society" 17312:

The Copley Medal is arguably the highest British and

34447: 29500:"Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863–1883" 28489:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics" 27808: 27806: 27169:"The British Society for the History of Mathematics" 26889: 26841: 26768: 25594: 25538: 25052: 24531: 24227: 22885: 21621: 21548:"For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine" 21011:"For his various researches in experimental physics" 20746: 20567: 19168: 18417: 18074: 12296:|1942 ||{{sortname|Robert|Robinson|Robert Robinson ( 26977:

Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution

26128: 24424: 23971: 23835: 23638: 22437: 22409: 22127: 22099: 21481: 21453: 20802: 20632: 20003: 19646: 19504: 19476: 19219: 18848: 18605: 18548: 17799: 17715: 31188:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 31177: 31144:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 31133: 30996:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30985: 30952:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30941: 30792: 30697: 30663:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30652: 30619:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30608: 30535:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30524: 30466:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30455: 30080:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 30069: 29856:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 29845: 28736:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 28725: 28541:. Lake County Astronomical Society. Archived from 27938: 27854:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27843: 27777:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27766: 27733:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27722: 27237:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27226: 27135:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27124: 27066:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27055: 27022:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 27011: 26917:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26906: 26697: 26663:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26652: 26619:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26608: 26575:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26564: 26531:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26520: 26476: 26442:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 26431: 26382: 25228: 24996: 24392: 23943: 23779: 23475: 23447: 23139: 22970: 22801: 22773: 22381: 22213: 21790: 21677: 20717: 20700:"For his various researches in animal electricity" 20689: 20297: 19884: 19046: 18684: 18269: 17884: 4427:|1789 ||{{sortname|William|Morgan|William Morgan ( 3369:and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"||— 3354:and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish"||— 33998: 33549: 33100: 32683: 32302: 32109: 27803: 26350:Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 25085: 24811: 24754: 24726: 24673: 24559: 24336: 24056: 23750: 23666: 23610: 23195: 22549: 22155: 22043: 21593: 21309: 21281: 21253: 20094: 19805: 19074: 18978:"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath" 18904: 18876: 18769: 18519: 17996: 17856: 5875:), Scientist|publisher=National Portrait Gallery| 5856:), Scientist|publisher=National Portrait Gallery| 34664: 31766:Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society 29138:. American Philosophical Society. Archived from 28125:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals" 28099:"PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals" 27983:"British Society for the History of Mathematics" 25964:. The Royal Society. 18 May 2016. Archived from 25482: 25368: 25285: 24944: 24840: 24364: 24307: 24199: 23864: 23807: 23391: 22857: 22633: 22616:"On the ground of his researches in mathematics" 22577: 22325: 22280:"For his brilliant services to chemical science" 22241: 22071: 21987: 21959: 21847: 21762: 21537: 21225: 21197: 21169: 21141: 21085: 21000: 20774: 20157: 20060: 19966: 19617: 19420: 19275: 19247: 19131: 18939: 18576: 18106: 17968: 17940: 17687: 17630: 29659:"Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal" 29240:. Journal of Industrial Science. 1776. p. 29237:Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science 28880: 28290:(5). British Society for Rheumatology: 689–91. 26034:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 25566: 25396: 25314: 24915: 24868: 24508: 24255: 24141: 23694: 23554: 23526: 23498: 23419: 23279: 22476:"On the ground of his investigations in optics" 22353: 22308:"For his contributions to mathematical physics" 20887: 20533: 19588: 19532: 19369: 19150:"For his Improvements in Hygrometry. (De Luc)" 18820: 18491: 18241: 18213: 17912: 17658: 17511:"For the Experiments he made for the year 1732" 17500: 17472: 5609:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002 |pmid=12709547 |doi 5130:||{{sortname|Astley|Cooper|}}||"For his Papers 1816:VITbyQ7qtheKyj-dFsF0Y&hl=en&sa=X&oi 31390: 31388: 30353:(1). Archives of Disease in Childhood: F75-6. 27336:The British Society for the History of Science 27328:The British Journal for the History of Science 27173:British Society for the History of Mathematics 26147: 26097: 26095: 26093: 25859: 25857: 25855: 25726: 25650: 25510: 25425: 25171: 25142: 24972: 24783: 24027: 23582: 23065:"For his contributions to engineering science" 22913: 22717: 22689: 22605: 21818: 21520:"For his researches in physics and physiology" 20129: 19856: 19777: 19018: 18967: 18366: 18134: 18024: 17828: 15504:analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying 15480:analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying 12319:||{{sortname|Robert|Robinson|Robert Robinson ( 4594:"For his Improvements in Hygrometry. (De Luc)" 34433: 33984: 33535: 33086: 32669: 32288: 32095: 31750: 26219: 26217: 26215: 26213: 26028:Ma, Yifang; Uzzi, Brian (December 10, 2018). 25453: 25256: 25199: 25114: 24697: 24644: 24480: 23722: 23335: 23307: 23083: 22560:"On the ground of his researches in heredity" 18740: 18712: 18633: 18463: 17188:Outstanding research in any branch of science 5603:|publisher=British Society for Rheumatology | 2790:John Smeaton|publisher=Engineering Timelines| 2771:John Smeaton|publisher=Engineering Timelines| 31877:Royal Society University Research Fellowship 30803:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 30708:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 28460:"William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae" 27949:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 26708:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 26487:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 26393:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 25343: 22924:"For his researches in mathematical physics" 22868:"For his researches in mathematical physics" 22138:"For his investigations in pure mathematics" 20604: 20031: 19403:"For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury" 11640:97|year=1935|last1=Hale|first1=George E.|doi 9000:Q5wEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq 4464:||{{sortname|William|Morgan|William Morgan ( 3092:|1766 ||]||{{sortname|William|Brownrigg|}}, 677:{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" 128: 31414: 31385: 28970:Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 28229:United States National Agricultural Library 27534: 26090: 25852: 18087:Experiments and Observations on Electricity 17149:Latest revision as of 12:44, 28 August 2024 15274:awards/awards/copley-medal/|url-status=live 12393:|publisher=Archives of Disease in Childhood 11689:|title=George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements 6485:|1827 ||]||{{sortname|William|Prout|}} and 6447:|publisher=Lake County Astronomical Society 3443:doi=10.1017/S0007087405007600 | access-date 1886:org/details/bub_gb_EUoLAAAAIAAJ|page=|title 341:| year = {{start date and age|1731}} 147:Latest revision as of 12:44, 28 August 2024 34440: 34426: 33991: 33977: 33542: 33528: 33093: 33079: 32676: 32662: 32295: 32281: 32102: 32088: 31757: 31743: 31283:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 31032:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30894:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30844:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30790: 30769:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30744:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30502:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 30431:United States National Library of Medicine 29917:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29823:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29798:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29686:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29556:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29477:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29452:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29402:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29352:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 29188:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28946:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28834:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28772:Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper 28595:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 28568:. The Gentleman's Magazine. 1832. p. 28347:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 27890:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 26782:. American Philosophical Society. p. 26210: 25818: 25816: 25814: 20870:"For his researches in physical astronomy" 17613:"For his experiments made during the year" 17169: 17153:Award given by the Royal Society of London 30867:"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – Biography" 30592: 30366: 30279: 30162: 29989: 29714:. National Marine Biological Laboratory. 28295: 28280:"Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)" 26380: 26105:inflation figures are based on data from 26073: 26063: 26045: 26004: 23037:"For his distinguished work on neurology" 21858:"For his researches in organic chemistry" 21688:"For his well-known researches upon heat" 12171:|title=Medal Awards of the Royal Society| 11931:|title=Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract| 8461:|publisher=American Philosophical Society 5994:springerlink.com/content/k231425486v66866 5277:Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals 5223:Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals 29765:"Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown" 29740:"Notes and Records of the Royal Society" 29653: 29651: 29649: 29647: 29645: 29643: 29641: 29639: 29637: 29635: 29633: 29631: 29629: 29627: 29625: 29623: 29621: 29619: 28277: 28127:. Platinum Metals Review. Archived from 28101:. Platinum Metals Review. Archived from 28018:. University of Arkansas. Archived from 27269: 26695: 26426: 26424: 26422: 26376: 26374: 17409: 12830:access=free|bibcode=1949Natur.164.1023. 11566:http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/ 10308:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 10285:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 7821:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 7802:=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press| 7536:=%22Carlo+Matteucci%22+copley+medal& 7501:=%22Carlo+Matteucci%22+copley+medal& 7213:||{{sortname|Robert|Brown|Robert Brown ( 31439: 31185:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 31141:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30993:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30949:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30800:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30705:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30660:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30616:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30532:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30463:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 30077:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 29853:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 29617: 29615: 29613: 29611: 29609: 29607: 29605: 29603: 29601: 29599: 28884:Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography 28733:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 28429: 28427: 28044:"Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841)" 27946:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27851:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27774:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27730:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27234:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27132:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27063:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27019:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26914:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26885: 26883: 26764: 26762: 26705:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26660:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26616:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26572:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26528:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26484:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26439:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26390:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26279: 26223: 26183: 26181: 26179: 25958:"Copley winners that changed the world" 25811: 17321:became the first collective recipient. 6444:|title=Lake County Astronomical Society 34665: 33387:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 31810:Royal Society Prizes for Science Books 31232:from the original on December 25, 2018 30006:"George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements" 28393: 28193: 28191: 28189: 28187: 28185: 28183: 28181: 28179: 28177: 28175: 28173: 28171: 28169: 28167: 28165: 27584: 27582: 27580: 27476: 27474: 27100:"Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton" 26474: 26282:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 26150:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 26027: 25993:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 25892: 25890: 19943:"For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries" 2479:=%22William+Lewis%22+copley+medal& 2432:=%22William+Lewis%22+copley+medal& 1820:book_result&resnum=5&ct=result 87:Revision as of 01:17, 22 February 2009 34421: 33972: 33523: 33074: 32657: 32276: 32083: 31780:Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize 31738: 31722:from the original on 6 September 2015 30695: 29890:"Sir Charles Sherrington – Biography" 28768: 28163: 28161: 28159: 28157: 28155: 28153: 28151: 28149: 28147: 28145: 27936: 27370: 26419: 26371: 26356:from the original on 26 February 2023 26326:from the original on 26 February 2023 26106: 25986: 25875:from the original on 6 September 2015 19867:"For his Experiments on the Pendulum" 17297:is the most prestigious award of the 14297:and insulin"||<ref name="od2"/> 14282:and insulin"||<ref name="od2"/> 12778:web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/ 12165:web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/ 12130:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 12111:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 12026:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 12003:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11925:web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/ 11890:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11871:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11523:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11504:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11383:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 11360:Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation| 7963:Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander 7922:Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander 5783:)|publisher=University of St Andrews| 5764:)|publisher=University of St Andrews| 3583:=2004|publisher=Nash Ford Publishing| 3560:=2004|publisher=Nash Ford Publishing| 34678:1731 establishments in Great Britain 31891:Royal Society Research Professorship 31316:from the original on October 7, 2008 30340: 29963: 29596: 29252:August Wilhelm Hofmann copley medal. 28424: 28370:"Henry Kater (1777–1835), Scientist" 28122: 28096: 27318: 26880: 26835: 26759: 26176: 25980: 17810:"For his Experiments on the Polypus" 13433:|1959 ||{{sortname|Frank Macfarlane| 4317:HemOnc Today|publisher=HemOnc Today| 77: 43: 31718:. Royal Society. 30 November 2023. 30254:"Medal Awards of the Royal Society" 30139:"Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract" 29504:Science and Society Picture Library 27577: 27482:"Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal" 27471: 26021: 25934:. The Royal Society. Archived from 25904:. The Royal Society. Archived from 25887: 17437: 17329:became the first female recipient; 17319:Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine 13460:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 13441:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 12327:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 12304:Biography|publisher=nobelprize.org| 6062:978-1-4020-2987-5_19|pages=417–432 4758:<ref name=RoyalSocCitations/> 200: 192: 161: 144: 137: 127: 96: 84: 13: 31921:highest award of the Royal Society 31252:"MRS Website: Award Presentations" 30343:"Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge" 28539:"Lake County Astronomical Society" 28222: 28142: 27824:from the original on 19 March 2014 27535:Vince, S.; Atwood, George (1780). 27228:"Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter" 25928:"Copley archive winners 1799–1731" 25840:from the original on 22 April 2024 17309:and awarded with a £25,000 prize. 17151: 8401:|title=Darwin and the Copley Medal 6075:and the Romantic Legacy in Science 32: 34719: 31708: 30317:"Sir Robert Robinson – Biography" 29661:. Oxford University Press. 2004. 28201:. Oxford University Press. 2004. 28010: 26890:Jungnickel & McCormmach (1996 26842:Jungnickel & McCormmach (1996 14548:Alumni & Friends|publisher=]| 14529:Alumni & Friends|publisher=]| 890:|last1=Ben-Chaim |first1=Michael 31694: 31669: 31644: 31619: 31602:"Medals and awards winners 2020" 31594: 31569: 31544: 31519: 31494: 31469: 31356: 31327: 31298: 31273: 31244: 31214: 31170: 31126: 31101: 31076: 31047: 31022: 30978: 30934: 30909: 30884: 30859: 30834: 30784: 30759: 30734: 30689: 30645: 30601: 30561: 30517: 30492: 30448: 30419: 30394: 30334: 30309: 30288: 30246: 30221: 30196: 30171: 30131: 30106: 30062: 30027: 29998: 29957: 29932: 29907: 29882: 29838: 29813: 29788: 29757: 29732: 29701: 29676: 29571: 29546: 29521: 29492: 29467: 29442: 29417: 29392: 29367: 29342: 29317: 29292: 29257: 29228: 29203: 28345:"Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)" 25747: 25719: 25699: 25671: 25643: 25615: 25587: 25559: 25531: 25503: 25475: 25446: 25418: 25389: 25361: 25336: 25307: 25278: 25249: 25221: 25192: 25164: 25135: 25107: 25078: 25045: 25017: 24965: 24937: 24861: 24833: 24804: 24776: 24747: 24719: 24666: 24637: 24609: 24580: 24552: 24501: 24473: 24445: 24417: 24385: 24357: 24329: 24300: 24248: 24220: 24192: 24163: 24134: 24106: 24077: 24049: 24020: 23992: 23964: 23913: 23885: 23857: 23828: 23800: 23772: 23743: 23715: 23687: 23659: 23631: 23603: 23575: 23547: 23519: 23468: 23440: 23412: 23384: 23356: 23328: 23300: 23272: 23244: 23216: 23188: 23160: 23132: 23104: 23076: 23047: 23019: 22991: 22963: 22934: 22906: 22878: 22850: 22822: 22794: 22766: 22738: 22710: 22682: 22654: 22626: 22598: 22570: 22542: 22514: 22486: 22458: 22430: 22402: 22374: 22346: 22318: 22290: 22262: 22234: 22206: 22177: 22148: 22120: 22092: 22064: 22036: 22008: 21980: 21952: 21924: 21896: 21868: 21840: 21811: 21783: 21755: 21726: 21698: 21670: 21642: 21614: 21586: 21558: 21530: 21502: 21474: 21446: 21418: 21386: 21358: 21330: 21302: 21274: 21246: 21218: 21190: 21162: 21134: 21106: 21078: 21050: 21021: 20993: 20965: 20936: 20908: 20880: 20852: 20823: 20795: 20767: 20739: 20710: 20682: 20653: 20625: 20597: 20560: 20554: 20526: 20489: 20483: 20446: 20440: 20404: 20376: 20348: 20325: 20290: 20284: 20256: 20233: 20210: 20187: 20150: 20122: 20087: 20081: 20053: 20024: 19996: 19959: 19953: 19929: 19906: 19877: 19849: 19826: 19798: 19770: 19741: 19718: 19690: 19667: 19639: 19610: 19581: 19553: 19525: 19497: 19469: 19441: 19413: 19362: 19325: 19319: 19296: 19268: 19240: 19212: 19189: 19161: 19124: 19118: 19095: 19067: 19039: 19011: 18988: 18960: 18932: 18897: 18869: 18841: 18813: 18790: 18762: 18733: 18705: 18677: 18654: 18626: 18598: 18569: 18541: 18512: 18484: 18456: 18410: 18387: 18359: 18336: 18313: 18290: 18262: 18234: 18206: 18178: 18155: 18127: 18099: 18067: 18045: 18017: 17989: 17961: 17933: 17905: 17877: 17849: 17821: 17792: 17764: 17736: 17708: 17680: 17651: 17623: 17595: 17572: 17544: 17521: 17493: 17465: 17247: 15301:|1994 ||{{sortname|Charles|Frank 14361:|1978 ||{{sortname|Robert Burns| 13381:|1958 ||{{sortname|John Edensor| 13268:Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett 9059:details/bub_gb_Q5wEAAAAYAAJ|page 5046:|1800 ||{{sortname|Edward|Howard 34634:Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team 31683:from the original on 2015-09-06 31658:from the original on 2022-08-24 31633:from the original on 2021-10-28 31608:from the original on 2020-08-04 31583:from the original on 2015-09-06 31558:from the original on 2015-09-06 31533:from the original on 2015-11-17 31508:from the original on 2017-10-27 31483:from the original on 2020-07-28 31453:. 5 August 2014. Archived from 31428:from the original on 2015-11-17 31403:from the original on 2013-06-15 31374:from the original on 2013-06-26 31345:from the original on 2012-09-27 31115:from the original on 2013-04-05 31090:from the original on 2013-04-05 30923:from the original on 2012-02-20 30873:from the original on 2013-09-14 30815:from the original on 2015-10-18 30437:from the original on 2013-09-28 30408:from the original on 2013-06-21 30383:from the original on 2013-09-28 30323:from the original on 2013-09-27 30235:from the original on 2013-05-18 30210:from the original on 2013-07-17 30185:from the original on 2013-09-21 30120:from the original on 2013-09-21 29946:from the original on 2013-06-05 29896:from the original on 2013-05-31 29777:from the original on 2015-10-18 29746:from the original on 2020-04-26 29721:from the original on 2012-07-12 29709:"Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester" 29665:from the original on 2012-10-23 29585:from the original on 2013-10-30 29535:from the original on 2013-06-07 29510:from the original on 2013-07-19 29431:from the original on 2013-06-21 29381:from the original on 2013-05-28 29331:from the original on 2013-05-07 29306:from the original on 2013-10-06 29281:from the original on 2015-10-18 29217:from the original on 2013-02-25 29178: 29167:from the original on 2013-08-09 29153: 29128: 29093: 29082:from the original on 2013-05-04 29068: 29057:from the original on 2013-03-20 29039: 29010: 28999:from the original on 2013-06-30 28961: 28936: 28925:from the original on 2013-10-24 28911: 28874: 28863:from the original on 2012-10-27 28849: 28824: 28813:from the original on 2013-02-04 28799: 28762: 28718: 28707:from the original on 2013-12-03 28689: 28678:from the original on 2018-10-08 28660: 28649:from the original on 2013-10-30 28635: 28624:from the original on 2013-10-24 28610: 28585: 28556: 28531: 28520:from the original on 2013-10-24 28506: 28495:from the original on 2012-08-18 28481: 28470:from the original on 2013-11-12 28452: 28441:from the original on 2013-07-17 28387: 28376:from the original on 2013-11-12 28362: 28337: 28326:from the original on 2013-06-21 28312: 28271: 28260:from the original on 2013-06-21 28246: 28235:from the original on 2013-03-20 28216: 28205:from the original on 2012-10-23 28116: 28090: 28061: 28036: 28004: 27993:from the original on 2014-11-11 27975: 27930: 27919:from the original on 2013-04-05 27905: 27880: 27836: 27759: 27715: 27704:from the original on 2012-02-20 27690: 27679:from the original on 2013-11-12 27665: 27654:from the original on 2013-06-21 27640: 27629:from the original on 2013-06-08 27611: 27600:from the original on 2015-10-18 27566:from the original on 2022-03-26 27528: 27517:from the original on 2013-06-21 27503: 27460:from the original on 2013-11-12 27446: 27435:from the original on 2018-10-23 27421: 27410:from the original on 2022-03-26 27364: 27353:from the original on 2022-06-25 27312: 27301:from the original on 2022-04-21 27263: 27219: 27190: 27179:from the original on 2012-07-17 27161: 27117: 27106:from the original on 2017-09-19 27092: 27048: 27004: 26968: 26957:from the original on 2013-04-05 26943: 26899: 26859:"RCP Heritage – George Edwards" 26851: 26824:from the original on 2013-05-15 26806: 26748:from the original on 2013-06-21 26734: 26689: 26645: 26601: 26557: 26513: 26468: 26338: 26308: 26273: 26262:from the original on 2023-08-27 25706:Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Team 16828:{{Copley Medallists 2001-2050}} 16817:{{Copley Medallists 1951–2000}} 16806:{{Copley Medallists 1901–1950}} 16795:{{Copley Medallists 1851–1900}} 16784:{{Copley Medallists 1801–1850}} 16762:{{Copley Medallists 1751–1800}} 16740:{{Copley Medallists 1731–1750}} 15542:|1999 ||{{sortname|John Maynard 14621:|1984 ||{{sortname|Subrahmanyan 13595:|1962 ||{{sortname|Cyril Norman 10773:|1914 ||{{sortname|Joseph John| 10302:Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister 10154:||{{sortname|Lord|Rayleigh|John 8458:|title=Adam Sedgwick Collection 5063:|| 2087:Jungnickel|McCormmach|1996|page 32978:Jacques Charles François Sturm 31856:Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 31627:"Medal and award winners 2021" 30229:"Thomas H. Morgan – Biography" 29108:American Philosophical Society 28073:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 27814:"Copley Medal | Royal Society" 27431:. Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. 25950: 25920: 21404:"For the second volume of his 20579:Jacques Charles François Sturm 18644:"For his Paper on the Torpedo" 17388:President of the Royal Society 17333:, in 2021, became the second. 15991:||{{sortname|Roger|Penrose}}|| 13266:||{{sortname|Patrick|Blackett| 12782:/v164/n4181/abs/1641023a0.html 12581:Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian 9872:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet 1703:|last1=Schaffer |first1=Simon 780:" class="unsortable"|Rationale 756:" class="unsortable"|Rationale 330:| country = United Kingdom 1: 33748:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 32914:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana 31716:"Royal Society: Copley Medal" 29101:"Darwin and the Copley Medal" 28372:. National Portrait Gallery. 27594:National Library of Australia 26951:"Franklin_Benjamin biography" 26346:"Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854)" 25805: 22945:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 20359:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana 18053:Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet 17147: 17136: 17125: 17114: 17103: 17092: 17081: 17070: 17059: 17048: 17037: 17026: 17015: 17006: 16995: 16988: 16977: 16968: 16955: 16946: 16933: 16924: 16911: 16902: 16889: 16880: 16867: 16858: 16835: 16824: 16813: 16802: 16791: 16780: 16767: 16758: 16745: 16736: 16723: 16714: 16691: 16680: 16667: 16658: 16633: 16622: 16613: 16600: 16591: 16566: 16555: 16546: 16533: 16524: 16511: 16502: 16489: 16480: 16467: 16458: 16443: 16432: 16379: 16368: 16357: 16346: 16335: 16324: 16313: 16302: 16291: 16280: 16269: 16258: 16247: 16236: 16225: 16214: 16203: 16192: 16181: 16170: 16159: 16148: 16137: 16126: 16115: 16104: 16093: 16082: 16071: 16060: 16049: 16038: 16027: 16016: 16005: 15983: 15973: 15940: 15930: 15901: 15891: 15858: 15851: 15810: 15795: 15766: 15759: 15714: 15687: 15658: 15651: 15611: 15600: 15559: 15538: 15492: 15472: 15443: 15433: 15396: 15381: 15352: 15342: 15308: 15297: 15196: 15116: 15067: 15034: 15005: 14995: 14946: 14913: 14880: 14865: 14828: 14817: 14776: 14757: 14721: 14710: 14678: 14668: 14631: 14617: 14584: 14577: 14536: 14518: 14485: 14475: 14446: 14432: 14403: 14396: 14367: 14357: 14328: 14322:|1977 ||{{sortname|Frederick| 14318: 14285: 14270: 14241: 14234: 14197: 14183: 14154: 14144: 14111: 14104: 14075: 14068: 14045:Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd 14031: 14020: 13991: 13984: 13951: 13940: 13911: 13901: 13876:||{{sortname|William Lawrence 13868: 13854: 13821: 13810: 13753: 13712: 13683: 13673: 13624: 13591: 13554: 13540: 13503: 13489: 13448: 13429: 13392: 13377: 13324: 13291: 13258: 13248: 13211: 13197: 13152: 13136: 13107: 13097: 13044: 13014: 12965: 12932: 12883: 12853: 12803: 12768: 12719: 12685: 12639: 12624: 12571: 12537: 12500: 12485: 12441: 12426: 12377: 12356: 12311: 12292: 12260:|publisher=Cardiology Journal 12246: 12235: 12190: 12169:/v146/n3710/abs/146750a0.html 12159: 12118: 12103: 12066: 12055: 12010: 11995: 11950: 11929:/v148/n3741/abs/148046a0.html 11919: 11878: 11863: 11814: 11784: 11743: 11724: 11678: 11667: 11602: 11552: 11511: 11496: 11459: 11448: 11419: 11412: 11367: 11352: 11299: 11269: 11240: 11233: 11204: 11197: 11160: 11149: 11120: 11113: 11076: 11065: 11028: 11017: 10988: 10981: 10952: 10945: 10904: 10889: 10860: 10849: 10820: 10813: 10780: 10769: 10732: 10721: 10684: 10673: 10644: 10633: 10604: 10597: 10568: 10561: 10532: 10525: 10496: 10489: 10456: 10445: 10416: 10409: 10380: 10373: 10344: 10337: 10292: 10277: 10235: 10224: 10195: 10188: 10146: 10135: 10106: 10099: 10066: 10051: 10018: 10007: 9970: 9959: 9918: 9903: 9862: 9847: 9818: 9811: 9782: 9775: 9735: 9720: 9683: 9672: 9643: 9636: 9607: 9600: 9563: 9552: 9519: 9504: 9475: 9468: 9431: 9420: 9383: 9372: 9343: 9336: 9299: 9288: 9251: 9240: 9198: 9183: 9154: 9147: 9118: 9111: 9029: 8974: 8945: 8938: 8896: 8885: 8852: 8845:|1872 ||{{sortname|Friedrich| 8841: 8808: 8793: 8764: 8757: 8716: 8705: 8676: 8669: 8636: 8629:|1867 ||{{sortname|Karl Ernst 8625: 8588: 8577: 8540: 8529: 8500: 8493: 8447: 8436: 8390: 8379: 8350: 8343: 8314: 8307: 8265: 8246: 8217: 8210: 8177: 8166: 8137: 8130: 8101: 8094: 8057: 8046: 8017: 8010: 7947: 7910: 7865: 7850: 7809: 7794: 7765: 7758: 7721: 7710: 7681: 7674: 7632: 7617: 7584: 7573: 7516: 7499:pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq 7485: 7451: 7440: 7403: 7392: 7355: 7344: 7319: 7308: 7297: 7286: 7273: 7264: 7205: 7175: 7150: 7139: 7128: 7117: 7104: 7095: 7068: 7057: 7046: 7035: 7022: 7013: 6986: 6972: 6946: 6931: 6902: 6895: 6854: 6843: 6814: 6807: 6774: 6760: 6742: 6727: 6685: 6669: 6640: 6633: 6604: 6597: 6568: 6561: 6536: 6525: 6514: 6503: 6490: 6481: 6433: 6422: 6389: 6375: 6357: 6342: 6305: 6288: 6259: 6252: 6215: 6204: 6179: 6168: 6157: 6146: 6133: 6124: 6036: 5976: 5947: 5940: 5911: 5904: 5863: 5848: 5819: 5812: 5771: 5756: 5719: 5708: 5679: 5672: 5643: 5636: 5587: 5564: 5535: 5528: 5491: 5480: 5451: 5444: 5415: 5408: 5371: 5360: 5331: 5324: 5287: 5270: 5233: 5216: 5179: 5168: 5122: 5098: 5057: 5042: 5005: 4994: 4969: 4958: 4947: 4936: 4923: 4914: 4883: 4876: 4839: 4828: 4791: 4780: 4748: 4738: 4709: 4702: 4653: 4626: 4601: 4590: 4579: 4568: 4555: 4546: 4515: 4508: 4456: 4423: 4375: 4346: 4293: 4258: 4229: 4222: 4185: 4174: 4137: 4126: 4101: 4087: 4069: 4058: 4029: 4022: 3980: 3964: 3903: 3872: 3843: 3836: 3799: 3788: 3759: 3752: 3715: 3704: 3663: 3648: 3619: 3612: 3567: 3548: 3515: 3508: 3481: 3472: 3405: 3390: 3357: 3346: 3297: 3267: 3226: 3208: 3183: 3172: 3163: 3152: 3141: 3130: 3121: 3110: 3097: 3088: 3057: 3050: 3017: 3006: 2977: 2970: 2941: 2934: 2905: 2898: 2849: 2819: 2778: 2763: 2714: 2684: 2650: 2635: 2606: 2599: 2550: 2520: 2451: 2408: 2367: 2356: 2307: 2265: 2225: 2191: 2133: 2113: 2073: 2039: 1994: 1972: 1864: 1774: 1737: 1726: 1673: 1643: 1594: 1564: 1535: 1528: 1479: 1449: 1420: 1413: 1364: 1334: 1285: 1255: 1226: 1219: 1166: 1136: 1107: 1100: 1071: 1064: 1015: 985: 956: 949: 920: 913: 856: 825: 796: 785: 773: 759: 748: 732: 718: 705: 698: 673: 662: 653: 642: 633: 621: 610: 601: 589: 580: 568: 559: 547: 536: 527: 516: 503: 496: 483: 473: 447: 437: 414: 403: 392: 381: 370: 359: 348: 337: 326: 315: 304: 293: 282: 271: 260: 246: 237: 224: 215: 32061:UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 31208:UK public library membership 31164:UK public library membership 31111:. University of St Andrews. 31086:. University of St Andrews. 31016:UK public library membership 30972:UK public library membership 30828:UK public library membership 30728:UK public library membership 30683:UK public library membership 30639:UK public library membership 30555:UK public library membership 30486:UK public library membership 30404:. University of St Andrews. 30206:. University of St Andrews. 30179:"Sir Henry Dale – Biography" 30100:UK public library membership 29876:UK public library membership 29742:. Royal Society Publishing. 29581:. University of St Andrews. 29531:. University of St Andrews. 29427:. University of St Andrews. 29377:. University of St Andrews. 29327:. University of St Andrews. 29302:. University of St Andrews. 29265:"Jean Baptiste Boussingault" 29213:. University of St Andrews. 29163:. University of St Andrews. 29078:. University of St Andrews. 28921:. University of St Andrews. 28859:. University of St Andrews. 28809:. University of St Andrews. 28756:UK public library membership 28645:. University of St Andrews. 28620:. University of St Andrews. 28516:. University of St Andrews. 28437:. University of St Andrews. 28408:10.1007/978-1-4020-2987-5_19 28322:. University of St Andrews. 28256:. University of St Andrews. 27969:UK public library membership 27915:. University of St Andrews. 27874:UK public library membership 27797:UK public library membership 27753:UK public library membership 27650:. University of St Andrews. 27619:"Friedrich William Herschel" 27513:. University of St Andrews. 27456:. University of St Andrews. 27257:UK public library membership 27155:UK public library membership 27086:UK public library membership 27042:UK public library membership 26953:. University of St Andrews. 26937:UK public library membership 26744:. University of St Andrews. 26728:UK public library membership 26683:UK public library membership 26639:UK public library membership 26595:UK public library membership 26551:UK public library membership 26507:UK public library membership 26462:UK public library membership 26413:UK public library membership 17216:; 293 years ago 17175:The Copley Medal awarded to 14024:|1970 ||{{sortname|Alexander 12689:|1948 ||{{sortname|Archibald 9037:||{{sortname|August Wilhelm| 8732:au calcul des machines a feu 7914:|1852 ||{{sortname|Alexander 5106:|Cooper|}}||"For his Papers 2141:||{{sortname|George|Edwards| 275:| name = Copley Medal 194:Image of Gregory Winter 2024 18:Browse history interactively 7: 34693:Awards of the Royal Society 33836:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 32188:John Theophilus Desaguliers 32148:John Theophilus Desaguliers 32140:John Theophilus Desaguliers 31888:Newton Advanced Fellowships 31885:Senior Research Fellowships 31872:Fellow of the Royal Society 31851:Rutherford Memorial Lecture 31397:"Recent award winners 2010" 30797:. In Abraham, E. P. (ed.). 30056:10.1126/science.78.2035.598 29940:"William Bragg – Biography" 28297:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002 26982:Manchester University Press 26863:Royal College of Physicians 26481:. In Bevan, Michael (ed.). 26381:Ben-Chaim, Michael (2004). 25773: 23255:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 18085:"On account of his curious 17747:John Theophilus Desaguliers 17606:John Theophilus Desaguliers 17555:John Theophilus Desaguliers 17323:John Theophilus Desaguliers 14479:|1981 ||{{sortname|Peter D. 14187:|1974 ||{{sortname|W. V. D. 13858:|1966 ||{{sortname|William 13252:|1956 ||{{sortname|Patrick| 10300:||{{sortname|Joseph|Lister| 9870:||{{sortname|George|Stokes| 8273:||{{sortname|Wilhelm Eduard 7532:/books?id=Cv2OdFwpk-kC& 7497:/books?id=Cv2OdFwpk-kC& 4481:|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19244 2475:/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ& 2430:pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq 2428:/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ& 2126:George Edwards|publisher=]| 10: 34724: 34688:Awards established in 1731 34277:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 33331:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 33307:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 31805:Royal Society Africa Prize 31256:Materials Research Society 30791:MacFarlane, R. G. (2004). 30114:"C.T.R.Wilson – Biography" 29136:"Adam Sedgwick Collection" 28777:Cambridge University Press 28769:Brock, William H. (2002). 28668:"Chambers Search Chambers" 28580:Henry Foster copley medal. 28225:"Early Breeding in Europe" 27486:Trinity College, Cambridge 27376:Philosophical Transactions 27275:Philosophical Transactions 27270:Hamilton, William (1770). 25795:List of mathematics awards 24620:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 21653:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 21569:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 17447: 17336: 15625:B12 15303:|Charles Frank (physicist) 15038:|1992 ||{{sortname|George| 14295:B12 14274:|1976 ||{{sortname|Dorothy 13905:|1967 ||{{sortname|Bernard 13101:|1953 ||{{sortname|Albert| 12579:||{{sortname|Edgar|Adrian| 12360:|1943 ||{{sortname|Joseph| 6811:|1833 ||''No Award''||—||— 6637:|1830 ||''No Award''||—||— 6601:|1829 ||''No Award''||—||— 6565:|1828 ||''No Award''||—||— 5944:|1819 ||''No Award''||—||— 5816:|1816 ||''No Award''||—||— 5640:|1812 ||''No Award''||—||— 5532:|1810 ||''No Award''||—||— 5048:|Edward Howard (scientist) 4880:|1797 ||''No Award''||—||— 4706:|1793 ||''No Award''||—||— 4512:|1790 ||''No Award''||—||— 4396:|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2553 4226:|1786 ||''No Award''||—||— 3840:|1779 ||''No Award''||—||— 3616:|1774 ||''No Award''||—||— 3054:|1765 ||''No Award''||—||— 2974:|1763 ||''No Award''||—||— 2938:|1762 ||''No Award''||—||— 2902:|1761 ||''No Award''||—||— 2603:|1756 ||''No Award''||—||— 2010:James Bradley|publisher=]| 1068:|1735 ||''No Award''||—||— 953:|1733 ||''No Award''||—||— 804:" class="unsortable"|Notes 793:" class="unsortable"|Notes 34456: 34007: 33772:Charles Scott Sherrington 33764:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 33558: 33109: 32692: 32311: 32118: 32064:Blackett Memorial Lecture 32001: 31945: 31907: 31864: 31818: 31772: 31335:"Obituary: John A. Pople" 31084:"Chandrasekhar biography" 30579:(4181): 1023–1030. 1949. 29970:The Astrophysical Journal 27344:10.1017/S0007087405007600 27102:. Engineering Timelines. 26245:10.1163/18253911-03402006 26224:Higgitt, Rebekah (2019). 25898:"The Copley Medal (1731)" 25332: 23030:Charles Scott Sherrington 23002:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 17453: 17450: 17267: 17262: 17258: 17246: 17242: 17228: 17210: 17202: 17192: 17184: 17168: 17163: 17143: 17132: 17121: 17110: 17099: 17088: 17077: 17066: 17055: 17044: 17033: 17022: 17004: 16984: 16966: 16962: 16944: 16940: 16922: 16918: 16900: 16896: 16878: 16874: 16856: 16833: 16822: 16811: 16800: 16789: 16778: 16774: 16756: 16752: 16734: 16730: 16712: 16689: 16678: 16674: 16656: 16640: 16629: 16617:{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} 16611: 16607: 16589: 16573: 16562: 16544: 16540: 16522: 16518: 16500: 16496: 16478: 16474: 16456: 16377: 16366: 16355: 16344: 16333: 16322: 16311: 16300: 16289: 16278: 16267: 16256: 16245: 16234: 16223: 16212: 16201: 16190: 16179: 16168: 16157: 16146: 16135: 16124: 16113: 16102: 16091: 16080: 16069: 16058: 16047: 16036: 16025: 16014: 16003: 15895:|2006||{{sortname|Stephen 15807:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15711:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15556:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15489:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 15393:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15238:Society|access-date=April 15095:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 15064:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14999:|1991 ||{{sortname|Sydney 14974:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14943:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14917:|1990 ||{{sortname|Abdus| 14825:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14672:|1985 ||{{sortname|Aaron| 14628:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14533:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 14194:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 14148:|1973 ||{{sortname|Andrew 13789:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13750:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13652:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13621:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13548:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13500:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13493:|1960 ||{{sortname|Harold 13445:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13389:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13321:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 13295:|1957 ||{{sortname|Howard 13208:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13201:|1955 ||{{sortname|Ronald 13149:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 13041:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12993:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12962:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12911:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12880:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12772:|1949 ||{{sortname|George 12747:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12716:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12636:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12603:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12568:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12497:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12489:|1945 ||{{sortname|Oswald 12438:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12374:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12308:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12243:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 12115:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12063:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 12007:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11875:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11842:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11811:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11675:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11585:The Astrophysical Journal 11508:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11456:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11364:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 11331:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11296:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 11157:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 11073:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 11025:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10901:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10788:||{{sortname|Joseph John| 10729:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10681:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10637:|1911 ||{{sortname|George 10289:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 10232:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 10143:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 10055:|1897 ||{{sortname|Albert 9967:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9915:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 9859:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9851:|1893 ||{{sortname|George 9732:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9680:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9560:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9428:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9380:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9296:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9248:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 9211:Boussingault|publisher=]| 9195:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 9191:Boussingault|publisher=]| 9026:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 8893:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8814:]||{{sortname|Julius|von 8585:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8537:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8444:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 8387:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 8262:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 8054:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7944:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7862:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7806:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7718:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 7629:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7621:|1846 ||{{sortname|Urbain 7513:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7400:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 7352:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7317: 7306: 7295: 7284: 7280: 7262: 7241:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7202:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 7148: 7137: 7126: 7115: 7111: 7093: 7066: 7055: 7044: 7033: 7029: 7011: 6984: 6970: 6851:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 6772: 6758: 6739:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 6682:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 6534: 6523: 6512: 6501: 6497: 6479: 6430:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 6387: 6373: 6354:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 6302:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 6212:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 6177: 6166: 6155: 6144: 6140: 6122: 5860:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 5768:=2009-02-05}}</ref> 5716:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 5488:=2009-01-30}}</ref> 5368:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5284:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5230:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5176:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 5119:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5102:|1801 ||{{sortname|Astley 5077:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5054:=2009-02-03}}</ref> 5002:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4967: 4956: 4945: 4934: 4930: 4912: 4836:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4788:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4681:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 4650:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 4599: 4588: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4544: 4487:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4453:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4402:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4372:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4290:=2009-02-08}}</ref> 4182:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4134:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 4105:||<ref name="nla"/> 4099: 4085: 3977:=2009-02-07}}</ref> 3900:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3796:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3712:=2009-02-07}}</ref> 3660:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3564:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3525:on different kinds of Air 3488: 3470: 3402:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3325:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3294:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3223:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 3181: 3170: 3161: 3150: 3139: 3128: 3119: 3108: 3104: 3086: 2877:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2846:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2775:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2742:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 2711:=2009-02-15}}</ref> 2658:||{{sortname|Lord Charles 2578:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2547:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2448:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2364:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2335:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2304:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 2130:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1991:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1861:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1734:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1670:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1622:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1591:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1507:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1476:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1392:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1361:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1313:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1282:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1163:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1043:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 1012:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 853:=2009-01-29}}</ref> 771: 671: 660: 651: 640: 631: 619: 614:==Prestige of the medal== 608: 599: 587: 578: 566: 557: 545: 534: 525: 514: 510: 494: 490: 471: 455: 435: 412: 401: 390: 379: 368: 357: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 291: 280: 269: 258: 254: 235: 231: 213: 208: 205: 143: 83: 34101:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 33780:Charles Algernon Parsons 32621:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn 31368:Florida State University 30402:"Taylor_Geoffrey summay" 29964:Hale, George E. (1935). 28881:Morselli, Mario (1984). 28701:University of St Andrews 28565:The Gentleman's Magazine 27623:Florida State University 26818:Florida State University 26696:Schaffer, Simon (2004). 26193:University of St Andrews 25785:List of chemistry awards 24003:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 23058:Charles Algernon Parsons 22469:Albert Abraham Michelson 19336:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn 17456: 17444: 15934:|2007||{{sortname|Robert 15437:|1997 ||{{sortname|Hugh| 15385:|1996 ||{{sortname|Alan| 15346:|1995 ||{{sortname|Frank 15120:|1993 ||{{sortname|James 14497:|<ref name="od2"/> 14436:|1980 ||{{sortname|Derek 13765:Chapman|Sydney Chapman ( 13723:Chapman|Sydney Chapman ( 13677:|1963 ||{{sortname|Paul| 13074:|last1=Kragh |first1=H. 12936:|1951 ||{{sortname|David 12541:|1946 ||{{sortname|Edgar 12018:||{{sortname|Henry|Dale| 8644:||{{sortname|Karl Ernst| 6935:|1836 ||{{sortname|Jöns 1984:James Bradley|publisher= 487:== List of recipients == 181:Extended confirmed users 116:Extended confirmed users 34357:Frederick Charles Frank 34069:John Edensor Littlewood 33275:Julius Robert von Mayer 32942:Antoine César Becquerel 32770:Benjamin Collins Brodie 31846:Rosalind Franklin Award 30266:(3710): 750–752. 1940. 29770:. Biochemical Journal. 29400:"Neumann_Franz summary" 29047:"BjS: Academic Lineage" 29022:University of Edinburgh 28464:University of Minnesota 28278:Buchanan, W.W. (2003). 28046:. Aim25. Archived from 28013:"Edward Charles Howard" 27371:Raper, Matthew (1771). 26107:Clark, Gregory (2017). 26065:10.1073/pnas.1800485115 24895:Frederick Charles Frank 23924:Frank Macfarlane Burnet 23896:John Edensor Littlewood 20457:Antoine César Becquerel 19701:Benjamin Collins Brodie 14522:|1982 ||{{sortname|John 14039:||{{sortname|Alexander 13814:|1965 ||{{sortname|Alan 10857:<ref name="od2"/> 9187:|1878 ||{{sortname|Jean 8860:||{{sortname|Friedrich| 7955:||{{sortname|Alexander| 7444:|1843 ||{{sortname|Jean 4278:HemOnc Today|publisher= 385:| caption2 = Reverse 82: 33908:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 33692:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 33347:James Joseph Sylvester 33163:Michel Eugène Chevreul 33123:Alexander von Humboldt 32706:William Hyde Wollaston 32070:Claude Bernard Lecture 31194:10.1093/ref:odnb/77183 31150:10.1093/ref:odnb/64072 31002:10.1093/ref:odnb/33888 30958:10.1093/ref:odnb/32367 30917:"Sir Hans Adolf Krebs" 30809:10.1093/ref:odnb/33182 30714:10.1093/ref:odnb/31032 30669:10.1093/ref:odnb/34256 30625:10.1093/ref:odnb/30912 30541:10.1093/ref:odnb/31230 30472:10.1093/ref:odnb/30753 30086:10.1093/ref:odnb/33642 29862:10.1093/ref:odnb/33977 28919:"Le Verrier biography" 27955:10.1093/ref:odnb/12595 27860:10.1093/ref:odnb/27255 27783:10.1093/ref:odnb/19244 27243:10.1093/ref:odnb/30007 27141:10.1093/ref:odnb/29641 27028:10.1093/ref:odnb/14319 26923:10.1093/ref:odnb/22805 26714:10.1093/ref:odnb/28874 26625:10.1093/ref:odnb/18668 26581:10.1093/ref:odnb/47081 26537:10.1093/ref:odnb/11915 26475:Austin, P. B. (2004). 26399:10.1093/ref:odnb/11354 26294:10.1098/rsnr.1971.0008 26162:10.1098/rsnr.1992.0003 26006:10.1098/rsnr.2011.0045 25962:blogs.royalsociety.org 25800:List of physics awards 25790:List of geology awards 25780:List of biology awards 24117:William Lawrence Bragg 22749:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 21709:James Joseph Sylvester 21061:Michel Eugène Chevreul 20919:Alexander von Humboldt 19452:William Hyde Wollaston 18189:Lord Charles Cavendish 17428:Physiology or Medicine 15089:10.1093/ref:odnb/77183 14968:10.1093/ref:odnb/64072 13783:10.1093/ref:odnb/33888 13646:10.1093/ref:odnb/32367 13346:10.1093/ref:odnb/33182 13066:10.1093/ref:odnb/31032 12987:10.1093/ref:odnb/34256 12905:10.1093/ref:odnb/30912 12741:10.1093/ref:odnb/31230 12597:10.1093/ref:odnb/30753 11836:10.1093/ref:odnb/33642 11325:10.1093/ref:odnb/33977 11307:||{{sortname|Frederick 4675:10.1093/ref:odnb/27255 3319:10.1093/ref:odnb/30007 2871:10.1093/ref:odnb/29641 2572:10.1093/ref:odnb/14319 2329:10.1093/ref:odnb/22805 1695:10.1093/ref:odnb/28874 1501:10.1093/ref:odnb/18668 1386:10.1093/ref:odnb/47081 1307:10.1093/ref:odnb/11915 882:10.1093/ref:odnb/11354 666:== Medal recipients == 34229:Robert Burns Woodward 33716:Horace Tabberer Brown 33620:Alfred Russel Wallace 33451:George Gabriel Stokes 33355:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 33291:Hermann von Helmholtz 33259:Henri Victor Regnault 33139:Johannes Peter Müller 33131:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 32946:John Frederic Daniell 32818:Hans Christian Ørsted 32778:William Thomas Brande 32641:Edward Charles Howard 32196:Christopher Middleton 32047:Tercentenary Lectures 32042:Pilgrim Trust Lecture 31790:Michael Faraday Prize 31785:GlaxoSmithKline Prize 31529:. The Royal Society. 31424:. The Royal Society. 31399:. The Royal Society. 31228:. The Royal Society. 31226:Royal Society website 30919:. nobel-winners.com. 29966:"Sir Arthur Schuster" 29529:"Weierstrass summary" 28742:10.1093/ref:odnb/3645 27987:University of Warwick 27937:Coley, N. G. (2004). 27820:. The Royal Society. 27739:10.1093/ref:odnb/2553 27675:. Electric Scotland. 27454:"Maskelyne biography" 27072:10.1093/ref:odnb/7783 26669:10.1093/ref:odnb/1120 26493:10.1093/ref:odnb/1984 26448:10.1093/ref:odnb/7539 25987:Cahan, David (2012). 25871:. The Royal Society. 24456:Robert Burns Woodward 22833:Horace Tabberer Brown 22497:Alfred Russel Wallace 21737:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 21513:Hermann von Helmholtz 21397:Henri Victor Regnault 20976:Johannes Peter Müller 20947:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 20465:John Frederic Daniell 19938:Hans Christian Ørsted 19752:William Thomas Brande 19396:Edward Charles Howard 17775:Christopher Middleton 17410:Prestige of the medal 17377:John Sigismund Tanner 16839:{{Authority control}} 15571:19, 2004|publisher=]| 15232:website|publisher=The 11618:=1935ApJ....81...97H| 9514:Kekulé von|Stradonitz 8904:||{{sortname|Hermann| 7235:10.1093/ref:odnb/3645 6862:||{{sortname|Giovanni 3993:Herschel|publisher=]| 3973:Herschel|publisher=]| 3417:"||<ref>{{cite 2736:10.1093/ref:odnb/7783 1941:Philosophical Society 1616:10.1093/ref:odnb/1120 1188:10.1093/ref:odnb/1984 1037:10.1093/ref:odnb/7539 396:| precedence_label = 34626:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 34269:Rodney Robert Porter 33924:Edgar Douglas Adrian 33564:Josiah Willard Gibbs 33435:Stanislao Cannizzaro 33403:Joseph Dalton Hooker 33267:James Prescott Joule 33179:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 33058:Peter Andreas Hansen 32954:Carl Friedrich Gauss 32930:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 32906:Siméon Denis Poisson 32738:Thomas Andrew Knight 32067:Humphry Davy Lecture 31894:Industry Fellowships 31059:University of Sydney 30842:"Littlewood summary" 30341:Dunn, P. M. (2000). 30298:. Cardiology Journal 30231:. Nobel Foundation. 30204:"Bohr_Niels summary" 30181:. Nobel Foundation. 30116:. Nobel Foundation. 29942:. Nobel Foundation. 29892:. Nobel Foundation. 29272:Journal of Nutrition 29117:on December 16, 2005 28857:"MacCullagh summary" 28402:. pp. 417–432. 27319:Wood, Karen (2006). 26322:. 17 February 2017. 25682:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 24591:Rodney Robert Porter 22301:Josiah Willard Gibbs 22019:Stanislao Cannizzaro 21907:Joseph Dalton Hooker 21429:James Prescott Joule 21117:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 20863:Peter Andreas Hansen 20500:Carl Friedrich Gauss 20415:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 20308:Siméon Denis Poisson 19564:Thomas Andrew Knight 17331:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 16684:{{Commons category}} 16662:== External links == 14771:British biophysicist 14592:||{{sortname|Rodney 14119:||{{sortname|Nevill 12811:||{{sortname|George| 11568:1935ApJ....81...97H| 11375:||{{sortname|Charles 10074:||{{sortname|Albert| 9527:||{{sortname|August| 7640:||{{sortname|Urbain| 6822:||''No Award''||—||— 6648:||''No Award''||—||— 6612:||''No Award''||—||— 6576:||''No Award''||—||— 5955:||''No Award''||—||— 5827:||''No Award''||—||— 5651:||''No Award''||—||— 5543:||''No Award''||—||— 4891:||''No Award''||—||— 4717:||''No Award''||—||— 4523:||''No Award''||—||— 4237:||''No Award''||—||— 3851:||''No Award''||—||— 3627:||''No Award''||—||— 3065:||''No Award''||—||— 2985:||''No Award''||—||— 2949:||''No Award''||—||— 2913:||''No Award''||—||— 2614:||''No Award''||—||— 2239:McCormmach|1996|page 2152:|title=RCP Heritage 1079:||''No Award''||—||— 964:||''No Award''||—||— 34708:Silver-gilt objects 34650:Gregory Paul Winter 34181:Nevill Francis Mott 33796:William Henry Bragg 33628:George William Hill 33612:Albert A. Michelson 33507:Marcellin Berthelot 33499:John William Strutt 33483:Albert von Kölliker 33411:Thomas Henry Huxley 33395:Franz Ernst Neumann 33243:Karl Ernst von Baer 33155:Henri Milne-Edwards 33002:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 32922:William Snow Harris 32894:George Biddell Airy 31836:Leeuwenhoek Lecture 31677:"Medal winner 2023" 31577:"Copley Medal 2019" 31552:"Copley Medal 2018" 31502:"Copley Medal 2016" 31477:"Copley Medal 2015" 31281:"Lighthill summary" 30742:"Whittaker summary" 30585:1949Natur.164.1023. 30359:10.1136/fn.82.1.f75 30272:1940Natur.146..750. 30155:1941Natur.148Q..46. 30048:1933Sci....78R.598. 29982:1935ApJ....81...97H 29325:"Sylvester summary" 29211:"Helmholtz summary" 28254:"Troughton Summary" 27388:1771RSPT...61..462R 26774:McCormmach, Russell 26770:Jungnickel, Christa 26056:2018PNAS..11512608M 26040:(50): 12608–12615. 25968:on 18 February 2018 25908:on 15 December 2005 25758:Gregory Paul Winter 24283:Nevill Francis Mott 23115:William Henry Bragg 22665:Joseph John Thomson 22525:George William Hill 22273:Marcellin Berthelot 22188:Albert von Kölliker 21935:Thomas Henry Huxley 21879:Franz Ernst Neumann 21341:Karl Ernst von Baer 21032:Henri Milne-Edwards 20664:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 20387:William Snow Harris 20267:George Biddell Airy 17285:biological sciences 15206:|title=Copley Medal 14869:|1989 ||{{sortname| 14761:|1987 ||{{sortname| 14714:|1986 ||{{sortname| 13944:|1968 ||{{sortname| 13761:||{{sortname|Sydney 13140:|1954 ||{{sortname| 12628:|1947 ||{{sortname| 12430:|1944 ||{{sortname| 12257:|title=Thomas Lewis 10893:|1917 ||{{sortname| 10449:|1906 ||{{sortname| 10011:|1896 ||{{sortname| 9508:|1885 ||{{sortname| 5065:||{{sortname|Edward 2497:|isbn=9780719003707 1949:|isbn=9780871692207 1804:EUoLAAAAIAAJ&pg 374:| image2_size = 160 34610:John B. Goodenough 34397:John Maynard Smith 34149:Tadeusz Reichstein 33868:Thomas Hunt Morgan 33852:Henry Hallett Dale 33828:John Scott Haldane 33812:George Ellery Hale 33251:Charles Wheatstone 33050:Roderick Murchison 31109:"Atiyah biography" 30892:"Jeffreys summary" 30869:. nobelprize.org. 30696:Kragh, H. (2004). 30319:. nobelprize.org. 30149:(3741): 46. 1941. 30010:Franklin Institute 29554:"Rayleigh summary" 29375:"Thompson summary" 29300:"Clausius summary" 28983:10.1002/047001590X 28975:Wiley InterScience 28435:"Herschel summary" 26869:on October 5, 2007 26742:"Robins biography" 26103:Retail Price Index 25938:on 11 January 2008 25626:John B. Goodenough 25028:John Maynard Smith 24174:Tadeusz Reichstein 24088:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 23367:Thomas Hunt Morgan 23227:John Scott Haldane 23171:George Ellery Hale 21369:Charles Wheatstone 20834:Roderick Murchison 17367:In November 1736, 17343:Sir Godfrey Copley 16042:| rowspan=2 | 2010 15799:|2004||{{sortname| 13829:||{{sortname|Alan 13716:|1964 ||{{sortname 12020:Henry Hallett Dale 8250:|1859 ||{{sortname 6954:||{{sortname|Jöns 5139:)|publisher=Aim25| 5115:)|publisher=Aim25| 2641:|Charles|Cavendish 2639:|1757 ||{{sortname 2491:=1969|publisher=]| 2444:=1969|publisher=]| 2235:harvtxt|Jungnickel 1930:Russell McCormmach 1906:Christa Jungnickel 159: 94: 34660: 34659: 34602:Jeffrey I. Gordon 34586:Richard Henderson 34449:Copley Medallists 34415: 34414: 34253:Peter D. Mitchell 34165:Alexander R. Todd 34077:Macfarlane Burnet 34000:Copley Medallists 33966: 33965: 33732:Ernest Rutherford 33551:Copley Medallists 33517: 33516: 33323:James Dwight Dana 33102:Copley Medallists 33068: 33067: 33026:Urbain Le Verrier 32974:Justus von Liebig 32685:Copley Medallists 32651: 32650: 32589:Benjamin Thompson 32397:William Brownrigg 32357:Charles Cavendish 32333:Benjamin Franklin 32304:Copley Medallists 32270: 32269: 32111:Copley Medallists 32077: 32076: 32013:Esso Energy Award 31701:Copley Medal 2024 31451:Leicester Mercury 31206:(Subscription or 31162:(Subscription or 31014:(Subscription or 30970:(Subscription or 30826:(Subscription or 30726:(Subscription or 30681:(Subscription or 30637:(Subscription or 30594:10.1038/1641023a0 30553:(Subscription or 30484:(Subscription or 30098:(Subscription or 29874:(Subscription or 29796:"Larmour summary" 29450:"Newcomb summary" 29186:"Plucker summary" 29161:"Chasles summary" 28992:978-0-470-01617-6 28898:978-90-277-1624-8 28754:(Subscription or 28643:"Plana biography" 28618:"Poisson summary" 28417:978-1-4020-2979-0 27967:(Subscription or 27913:"Attwood summary" 27888:"Ramsden summary" 27872:(Subscription or 27795:(Subscription or 27751:(Subscription or 27255:(Subscription or 27153:(Subscription or 27084:(Subscription or 27040:(Subscription or 26935:(Subscription or 26726:(Subscription or 26681:(Subscription or 26637:(Subscription or 26593:(Subscription or 26549:(Subscription or 26505:(Subscription or 26460:(Subscription or 26411:(Subscription or 25831:The Royal Society 25771: 25770: 25598:Jeffrey I. Gordon 25542:Richard Henderson 25056:Alan R. Battersby 24535:Peter D. Mitchell 24231:Alexander R. Todd 22889:Ernest Rutherford 21625:James Dwight Dana 20750:Urbain Le Verrier 20571:Justus von Liebig 19172:Benjamin Thompson 18421:William Brownrigg 18078:Benjamin Franklin 17291: 17290: 17276:physical sciences 17268:Next (lower) 17179:in 1893 (obverse) 17146: 15619:||{{sortname|Alan 10914:Pierre Paul Émile 9206:||{{sortname|Jean 7459:||{{sortname|Jean 1894:Jungnickel|first1 1661:Oxford University 1154:Oxford University 319:| sponsor = ] 241:{{Featured list}} 145: 85: 65: 34715: 34653: 34645: 34637: 34629: 34621: 34613: 34605: 34597: 34589: 34581: 34573: 34565: 34557: 34549: 34541: 34529: 34521: 34513: 34505: 34497: 34489: 34481: 34473: 34465: 34442: 34435: 34428: 34419: 34418: 34408: 34400: 34392: 34384: 34376: 34368: 34360: 34352: 34344: 34336: 34328: 34320: 34312: 34304: 34296: 34288: 34280: 34272: 34264: 34256: 34248: 34240: 34232: 34224: 34221:Frederick Sanger 34216: 34208: 34200: 34192: 34184: 34176: 34168: 34160: 34152: 34144: 34136: 34128: 34120: 34112: 34104: 34096: 34088: 34080: 34072: 34064: 34056: 34053:Patrick Blackett 34048: 34040: 34032: 34024: 34016: 33993: 33986: 33979: 33970: 33969: 33959: 33951: 33948:George de Hevesy 33943: 33935: 33927: 33919: 33911: 33903: 33895: 33887: 33879: 33871: 33863: 33855: 33847: 33839: 33831: 33823: 33815: 33807: 33799: 33791: 33783: 33775: 33767: 33759: 33751: 33743: 33735: 33727: 33719: 33711: 33703: 33695: 33687: 33679: 33671: 33663: 33655: 33647: 33639: 33631: 33623: 33615: 33607: 33604:Élie Metchnikoff 33599: 33596:Dmitri Mendeleev 33591: 33583: 33575: 33567: 33544: 33537: 33530: 33521: 33520: 33510: 33502: 33494: 33486: 33478: 33470: 33467:Karl Weierstrass 33462: 33459:Edward Frankland 33454: 33446: 33438: 33430: 33422: 33414: 33406: 33398: 33390: 33382: 33374: 33366: 33358: 33350: 33342: 33334: 33326: 33318: 33310: 33302: 33294: 33286: 33283:Friedrich Wöhler 33278: 33270: 33262: 33254: 33246: 33238: 33230: 33222: 33214: 33206: 33198: 33190: 33182: 33174: 33166: 33158: 33150: 33142: 33134: 33126: 33118: 33095: 33088: 33081: 33072: 33071: 33061: 33053: 33045: 33042:John Couch Adams 33037: 33029: 33021: 33013: 33005: 32997: 32994:James MacCullagh 32989: 32981: 32969: 32961: 32949: 32937: 32925: 32917: 32909: 32897: 32889: 32877: 32869: 32857: 32849: 32841: 32838:William Buckland 32833: 32821: 32813: 32805: 32797: 32789: 32781: 32773: 32765: 32762:Edward Troughton 32757: 32749: 32741: 32733: 32725: 32722:Smithson Tennant 32717: 32714:Richard Chenevix 32709: 32701: 32678: 32671: 32664: 32655: 32654: 32644: 32636: 32628: 32625:Charles Hatchett 32616: 32608: 32600: 32597:Alessandro Volta 32592: 32584: 32581:Jean-André Deluc 32572: 32564: 32556: 32548: 32540: 32532: 32520: 32512: 32509:William Herschel 32504: 32496: 32488: 32480: 32472: 32464: 32456: 32453:Joseph Priestley 32448: 32440: 32437:William Hamilton 32432: 32424: 32416: 32408: 32392: 32384: 32376: 32368: 32360: 32352: 32344: 32336: 32328: 32320: 32297: 32290: 32283: 32274: 32273: 32263: 32255: 32247: 32239: 32231: 32223: 32215: 32207: 32204:Abraham Trembley 32199: 32191: 32183: 32180:Alexander Stuart 32175: 32167: 32159: 32151: 32143: 32135: 32127: 32104: 32097: 32090: 32081: 32080: 31983:Leverhulme Medal 31883:Leverhulme Trust 31841:Paterson Lecture 31759: 31752: 31745: 31736: 31735: 31731: 31729: 31727: 31703: 31698: 31692: 31691: 31689: 31688: 31673: 31667: 31666: 31664: 31663: 31648: 31642: 31641: 31639: 31638: 31623: 31617: 31616: 31614: 31613: 31598: 31592: 31591: 31589: 31588: 31573: 31567: 31566: 31564: 31563: 31548: 31542: 31541: 31539: 31538: 31523: 31517: 31516: 31514: 31513: 31498: 31492: 31491: 31489: 31488: 31473: 31467: 31466: 31464: 31462: 31443: 31437: 31436: 31434: 31433: 31418: 31412: 31411: 31409: 31408: 31392: 31383: 31382: 31380: 31379: 31364:"FSU highlights" 31360: 31354: 31353: 31351: 31350: 31331: 31325: 31324: 31322: 31321: 31302: 31296: 31295: 31293: 31292: 31277: 31271: 31270: 31268: 31267: 31258:. Archived from 31248: 31242: 31241: 31239: 31237: 31218: 31212: 31211: 31203: 31201: 31200: 31181: 31174: 31168: 31167: 31159: 31157: 31156: 31137: 31130: 31124: 31123: 31121: 31120: 31105: 31099: 31098: 31096: 31095: 31080: 31074: 31073: 31071: 31070: 31061:. Archived from 31051: 31045: 31044: 31042: 31041: 31026: 31020: 31019: 31011: 31009: 31008: 30989: 30982: 30976: 30975: 30967: 30965: 30964: 30945: 30938: 30932: 30931: 30929: 30928: 30913: 30907: 30906: 30904: 30903: 30888: 30882: 30881: 30879: 30878: 30863: 30857: 30856: 30854: 30853: 30838: 30832: 30831: 30823: 30821: 30820: 30796: 30788: 30782: 30781: 30779: 30778: 30767:"Fisher summary" 30763: 30757: 30756: 30754: 30753: 30738: 30732: 30731: 30723: 30721: 30720: 30701: 30693: 30687: 30686: 30678: 30676: 30675: 30656: 30649: 30643: 30642: 30634: 30632: 30631: 30612: 30605: 30599: 30598: 30596: 30565: 30559: 30558: 30550: 30548: 30547: 30528: 30521: 30515: 30514: 30512: 30511: 30496: 30490: 30489: 30481: 30479: 30478: 30459: 30452: 30446: 30445: 30443: 30442: 30423: 30417: 30416: 30414: 30413: 30398: 30392: 30391: 30389: 30388: 30370: 30338: 30332: 30331: 30329: 30328: 30313: 30307: 30306: 30304: 30303: 30292: 30286: 30285: 30283: 30281:10.1038/146750a0 30250: 30244: 30243: 30241: 30240: 30225: 30219: 30218: 30216: 30215: 30200: 30194: 30193: 30191: 30190: 30175: 30169: 30168: 30166: 30164:10.1038/148046a0 30135: 30129: 30128: 30126: 30125: 30110: 30104: 30103: 30095: 30093: 30092: 30073: 30066: 30060: 30059: 30031: 30025: 30024: 30022: 30021: 30012:. Archived from 30002: 29996: 29995: 29993: 29961: 29955: 29954: 29952: 29951: 29936: 29930: 29929: 29927: 29926: 29915:"Planck summary" 29911: 29905: 29904: 29902: 29901: 29886: 29880: 29879: 29871: 29869: 29868: 29849: 29842: 29836: 29835: 29833: 29832: 29817: 29811: 29810: 29808: 29807: 29792: 29786: 29785: 29783: 29782: 29776: 29769: 29761: 29755: 29754: 29752: 29751: 29736: 29730: 29729: 29727: 29726: 29720: 29713: 29705: 29699: 29698: 29696: 29695: 29680: 29674: 29673: 29671: 29670: 29655: 29594: 29593: 29591: 29590: 29575: 29569: 29568: 29566: 29565: 29550: 29544: 29543: 29541: 29540: 29525: 29519: 29518: 29516: 29515: 29496: 29490: 29489: 29487: 29486: 29475:"Stokes summary" 29471: 29465: 29464: 29462: 29461: 29446: 29440: 29439: 29437: 29436: 29425:"Salmon summary" 29421: 29415: 29414: 29412: 29411: 29396: 29390: 29389: 29387: 29386: 29371: 29365: 29364: 29362: 29361: 29350:"Cayley summary" 29346: 29340: 29339: 29337: 29336: 29321: 29315: 29314: 29312: 29311: 29296: 29290: 29289: 29287: 29286: 29280: 29269: 29261: 29255: 29254: 29249: 29248: 29232: 29226: 29225: 29223: 29222: 29207: 29201: 29200: 29198: 29197: 29182: 29176: 29175: 29173: 29172: 29157: 29151: 29150: 29148: 29147: 29132: 29126: 29125: 29123: 29122: 29116: 29110:. Archived from 29105: 29097: 29091: 29090: 29088: 29087: 29072: 29066: 29065: 29063: 29062: 29043: 29037: 29036: 29034: 29033: 29024:. Archived from 29014: 29008: 29007: 29005: 29004: 28965: 28959: 28958: 28956: 28955: 28940: 28934: 28933: 28931: 28930: 28915: 28909: 28908: 28906: 28905: 28878: 28872: 28871: 28869: 28868: 28853: 28847: 28846: 28844: 28843: 28828: 28822: 28821: 28819: 28818: 28803: 28797: 28796: 28794: 28793: 28766: 28760: 28759: 28751: 28749: 28748: 28729: 28722: 28716: 28715: 28713: 28712: 28693: 28687: 28686: 28684: 28683: 28664: 28658: 28657: 28655: 28654: 28639: 28633: 28632: 28630: 28629: 28614: 28608: 28607: 28605: 28604: 28589: 28583: 28582: 28577: 28576: 28560: 28554: 28553: 28551: 28550: 28535: 28529: 28528: 28526: 28525: 28510: 28504: 28503: 28501: 28500: 28485: 28479: 28478: 28476: 28475: 28456: 28450: 28449: 28447: 28446: 28431: 28422: 28421: 28391: 28385: 28384: 28382: 28381: 28366: 28360: 28359: 28357: 28356: 28341: 28335: 28334: 28332: 28331: 28316: 28310: 28309: 28299: 28275: 28269: 28268: 28266: 28265: 28250: 28244: 28243: 28241: 28240: 28220: 28214: 28213: 28211: 28210: 28195: 28140: 28139: 28137: 28136: 28120: 28114: 28113: 28111: 28110: 28094: 28088: 28087: 28085: 28084: 28075:. Archived from 28065: 28059: 28058: 28056: 28055: 28040: 28034: 28033: 28031: 28030: 28024: 28017: 28008: 28002: 28001: 27999: 27998: 27979: 27973: 27972: 27964: 27962: 27961: 27942: 27934: 27928: 27927: 27925: 27924: 27909: 27903: 27902: 27900: 27899: 27884: 27878: 27877: 27869: 27867: 27866: 27847: 27840: 27834: 27833: 27831: 27829: 27818:royalsociety.org 27810: 27801: 27800: 27792: 27790: 27789: 27770: 27763: 27757: 27756: 27748: 27746: 27745: 27726: 27719: 27713: 27712: 27710: 27709: 27700:. HemOnc Today. 27694: 27688: 27687: 27685: 27684: 27669: 27663: 27662: 27660: 27659: 27648:"Waring summary" 27644: 27638: 27637: 27635: 27634: 27615: 27609: 27608: 27606: 27605: 27586: 27575: 27574: 27572: 27571: 27532: 27526: 27525: 27523: 27522: 27511:"Hutton summary" 27507: 27501: 27500: 27498: 27497: 27488:. Archived from 27478: 27469: 27468: 27466: 27465: 27450: 27444: 27443: 27441: 27440: 27425: 27419: 27418: 27416: 27415: 27368: 27362: 27361: 27359: 27358: 27352: 27325: 27316: 27310: 27309: 27307: 27306: 27267: 27261: 27260: 27252: 27250: 27249: 27230: 27223: 27217: 27216: 27214: 27213: 27204:. Archived from 27194: 27188: 27187: 27185: 27184: 27165: 27159: 27158: 27150: 27148: 27147: 27128: 27121: 27115: 27114: 27112: 27111: 27096: 27090: 27089: 27081: 27079: 27078: 27059: 27052: 27046: 27045: 27037: 27035: 27034: 27015: 27008: 27002: 27001: 26999: 26998: 26972: 26966: 26965: 26963: 26962: 26947: 26941: 26940: 26932: 26930: 26929: 26910: 26903: 26897: 26887: 26878: 26877: 26875: 26874: 26865:. Archived from 26855: 26849: 26839: 26833: 26832: 26830: 26829: 26810: 26804: 26803: 26801: 26800: 26766: 26757: 26756: 26754: 26753: 26738: 26732: 26731: 26723: 26721: 26720: 26701: 26693: 26687: 26686: 26678: 26676: 26675: 26656: 26649: 26643: 26642: 26634: 26632: 26631: 26612: 26605: 26599: 26598: 26590: 26588: 26587: 26568: 26561: 26555: 26554: 26546: 26544: 26543: 26524: 26517: 26511: 26510: 26502: 26500: 26499: 26480: 26472: 26466: 26465: 26457: 26455: 26454: 26435: 26428: 26417: 26416: 26408: 26406: 26405: 26386: 26378: 26369: 26368: 26363: 26361: 26342: 26336: 26335: 26333: 26331: 26312: 26306: 26305: 26277: 26271: 26270: 26268: 26267: 26261: 26230: 26221: 26208: 26207: 26205: 26204: 26195:. Archived from 26185: 26174: 26173: 26145: 26126: 26125: 26123: 26121: 26099: 26088: 26087: 26077: 26067: 26049: 26025: 26019: 26018: 26008: 25984: 25978: 25977: 25975: 25973: 25954: 25948: 25947: 25945: 25943: 25932:royalsociety.org 25924: 25918: 25917: 25915: 25913: 25902:royalsociety.org 25894: 25885: 25884: 25882: 25880: 25869:royalsociety.org 25861: 25850: 25849: 25847: 25845: 25839: 25828: 25820: 25762: 25761: 25760: 25751: 25734: 25733: 25732: 25723: 25703: 25686: 25685: 25684: 25675: 25658: 25657: 25656: 25647: 25630: 25629: 25628: 25619: 25602: 25601: 25600: 25591: 25574: 25573: 25572: 25563: 25546: 25545: 25544: 25535: 25518: 25517: 25516: 25507: 25490: 25489: 25488: 25479: 25461: 25460: 25459: 25450: 25433: 25432: 25431: 25422: 25404: 25403: 25402: 25393: 25376: 25375: 25374: 25365: 25351: 25350: 25349: 25340: 25322: 25321: 25320: 25311: 25293: 25292: 25291: 25282: 25264: 25263: 25262: 25253: 25236: 25235: 25234: 25225: 25207: 25206: 25205: 25196: 25179: 25178: 25177: 25168: 25150: 25149: 25148: 25139: 25122: 25121: 25120: 25111: 25093: 25092: 25091: 25082: 25060: 25059: 25058: 25049: 25032: 25031: 25030: 25021: 25004: 25003: 25002: 24980: 24979: 24978: 24969: 24952: 24951: 24950: 24941: 24923: 24922: 24921: 24899: 24898: 24897: 24876: 24875: 24874: 24865: 24848: 24847: 24846: 24837: 24819: 24818: 24817: 24808: 24791: 24790: 24789: 24780: 24762: 24761: 24760: 24751: 24734: 24733: 24732: 24723: 24705: 24704: 24703: 24681: 24680: 24679: 24670: 24652: 24651: 24650: 24641: 24624: 24623: 24622: 24613: 24595: 24594: 24593: 24584: 24567: 24566: 24565: 24556: 24539: 24538: 24537: 24516: 24515: 24514: 24505: 24488: 24487: 24486: 24477: 24460: 24459: 24458: 24449: 24432: 24431: 24430: 24428:Frederick Sanger 24421: 24400: 24399: 24398: 24389: 24372: 24371: 24370: 24361: 24344: 24343: 24342: 24333: 24315: 24314: 24313: 24304: 24287: 24286: 24285: 24263: 24262: 24261: 24252: 24235: 24234: 24233: 24224: 24207: 24206: 24205: 24196: 24178: 24177: 24176: 24167: 24149: 24148: 24147: 24138: 24121: 24120: 24119: 24110: 24092: 24091: 24090: 24081: 24064: 24063: 24062: 24053: 24035: 24034: 24033: 24024: 24007: 24006: 24005: 23996: 23979: 23978: 23977: 23975:Hans Adolf Krebs 23968: 23951: 23950: 23949: 23928: 23927: 23926: 23917: 23900: 23899: 23898: 23889: 23872: 23871: 23870: 23861: 23843: 23842: 23841: 23839:Patrick Blackett 23832: 23815: 23814: 23813: 23804: 23787: 23786: 23785: 23776: 23758: 23757: 23756: 23747: 23730: 23729: 23728: 23719: 23702: 23701: 23700: 23691: 23674: 23673: 23672: 23663: 23646: 23645: 23644: 23642:George de Hevesy 23635: 23618: 23617: 23616: 23607: 23590: 23589: 23588: 23579: 23562: 23561: 23560: 23551: 23534: 23533: 23532: 23523: 23506: 23505: 23504: 23483: 23482: 23481: 23472: 23455: 23454: 23453: 23444: 23427: 23426: 23425: 23416: 23399: 23398: 23397: 23388: 23371: 23370: 23369: 23360: 23343: 23342: 23341: 23332: 23315: 23314: 23313: 23304: 23287: 23286: 23285: 23276: 23259: 23258: 23257: 23248: 23231: 23230: 23229: 23220: 23203: 23202: 23201: 23192: 23175: 23174: 23173: 23164: 23147: 23146: 23145: 23136: 23119: 23118: 23117: 23108: 23091: 23090: 23089: 23080: 23062: 23061: 23060: 23051: 23034: 23033: 23032: 23023: 23006: 23005: 23004: 22995: 22978: 22977: 22976: 22967: 22949: 22948: 22947: 22938: 22921: 22920: 22919: 22910: 22893: 22892: 22891: 22882: 22865: 22864: 22863: 22854: 22837: 22836: 22835: 22826: 22809: 22808: 22807: 22798: 22781: 22780: 22779: 22770: 22753: 22752: 22751: 22742: 22725: 22724: 22723: 22714: 22697: 22696: 22695: 22686: 22669: 22668: 22667: 22658: 22641: 22640: 22639: 22630: 22613: 22612: 22611: 22602: 22585: 22584: 22583: 22574: 22557: 22556: 22555: 22546: 22529: 22528: 22527: 22518: 22501: 22500: 22499: 22490: 22473: 22472: 22471: 22462: 22445: 22444: 22443: 22441:Élie Metchnikoff 22434: 22417: 22416: 22415: 22413:Dmitri Mendeleev 22406: 22389: 22388: 22387: 22378: 22361: 22360: 22359: 22350: 22333: 22332: 22331: 22322: 22305: 22304: 22303: 22294: 22277: 22276: 22275: 22266: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22238: 22221: 22220: 22219: 22210: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22181: 22163: 22162: 22161: 22152: 22135: 22134: 22133: 22131:Karl Weierstrass 22124: 22107: 22106: 22105: 22103:Edward Frankland 22096: 22079: 22078: 22077: 22068: 22051: 22050: 22049: 22040: 22023: 22022: 22021: 22012: 21995: 21994: 21993: 21984: 21967: 21966: 21965: 21956: 21939: 21938: 21937: 21928: 21911: 21910: 21909: 21900: 21883: 21882: 21881: 21872: 21855: 21854: 21853: 21844: 21826: 21825: 21824: 21815: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21787: 21770: 21769: 21768: 21759: 21741: 21740: 21739: 21730: 21713: 21712: 21711: 21702: 21685: 21684: 21683: 21674: 21657: 21656: 21655: 21646: 21629: 21628: 21627: 21618: 21601: 21600: 21599: 21590: 21573: 21572: 21571: 21562: 21545: 21544: 21543: 21534: 21517: 21516: 21515: 21506: 21489: 21488: 21487: 21485:Friedrich Wöhler 21478: 21461: 21460: 21459: 21457:Julius von Mayer 21450: 21433: 21432: 21431: 21422: 21401: 21400: 21399: 21390: 21373: 21372: 21371: 21362: 21345: 21344: 21343: 21334: 21317: 21316: 21315: 21306: 21289: 21288: 21287: 21278: 21261: 21260: 21259: 21250: 21233: 21232: 21231: 21222: 21205: 21204: 21203: 21194: 21177: 21176: 21175: 21166: 21149: 21148: 21147: 21138: 21121: 21120: 21119: 21110: 21093: 21092: 21091: 21082: 21065: 21064: 21063: 21054: 21036: 21035: 21034: 21025: 21008: 21007: 21006: 20997: 20980: 20979: 20978: 20969: 20951: 20950: 20949: 20940: 20923: 20922: 20921: 20912: 20895: 20894: 20893: 20884: 20867: 20866: 20865: 20856: 20838: 20837: 20836: 20827: 20810: 20809: 20808: 20806:John Couch Adams 20799: 20782: 20781: 20780: 20771: 20754: 20753: 20752: 20743: 20725: 20724: 20723: 20714: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20686: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20657: 20640: 20639: 20638: 20636:James MacCullagh 20629: 20612: 20611: 20610: 20601: 20575: 20574: 20573: 20564: 20558: 20541: 20540: 20539: 20530: 20504: 20503: 20502: 20493: 20487: 20461: 20460: 20459: 20450: 20444: 20419: 20418: 20417: 20408: 20391: 20390: 20389: 20380: 20363: 20362: 20361: 20352: 20329: 20305: 20304: 20303: 20294: 20288: 20271: 20270: 20269: 20260: 20237: 20214: 20191: 20165: 20164: 20163: 20154: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20126: 20102: 20101: 20100: 20091: 20085: 20068: 20067: 20066: 20057: 20039: 20038: 20037: 20028: 20011: 20010: 20009: 20007:William Buckland 20000: 19974: 19973: 19972: 19963: 19957: 19940: 19933: 19910: 19892: 19891: 19890: 19881: 19864: 19863: 19862: 19853: 19830: 19813: 19812: 19811: 19802: 19785: 19784: 19783: 19774: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19745: 19722: 19705: 19704: 19703: 19694: 19671: 19654: 19653: 19652: 19650:Edward Troughton 19643: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19614: 19596: 19595: 19594: 19585: 19568: 19567: 19566: 19557: 19540: 19539: 19538: 19529: 19512: 19511: 19510: 19508:Smithson Tennant 19501: 19484: 19483: 19482: 19480:Richard Chenevix 19473: 19456: 19455: 19454: 19445: 19428: 19427: 19426: 19417: 19400: 19399: 19398: 19377: 19376: 19375: 19366: 19344:Charles Hatchett 19340: 19339: 19338: 19329: 19323: 19300: 19283: 19282: 19281: 19272: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19244: 19227: 19226: 19225: 19223:Alessandro Volta 19216: 19193: 19176: 19175: 19174: 19165: 19143:Jean-André Deluc 19139: 19138: 19137: 19128: 19122: 19099: 19082: 19081: 19080: 19071: 19054: 19053: 19052: 19043: 19026: 19025: 19024: 19015: 18992: 18975: 18974: 18973: 18964: 18947: 18946: 18945: 18936: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18901: 18884: 18883: 18882: 18873: 18856: 18855: 18854: 18852:William Herschel 18845: 18828: 18827: 18826: 18817: 18794: 18777: 18776: 18775: 18766: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18737: 18720: 18719: 18718: 18709: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18681: 18658: 18641: 18640: 18639: 18630: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18609:Joseph Priestley 18602: 18584: 18583: 18582: 18573: 18556: 18555: 18554: 18552:William Hamilton 18545: 18527: 18526: 18525: 18516: 18499: 18498: 18497: 18488: 18471: 18470: 18469: 18460: 18425: 18424: 18423: 18414: 18391: 18374: 18373: 18372: 18363: 18340: 18317: 18294: 18277: 18276: 18275: 18266: 18249: 18248: 18247: 18238: 18221: 18220: 18219: 18210: 18193: 18192: 18191: 18182: 18159: 18142: 18141: 18140: 18131: 18114: 18113: 18112: 18103: 18082: 18081: 18080: 18071: 18049: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18021: 18004: 18003: 18002: 17993: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17965: 17948: 17947: 17946: 17937: 17920: 17919: 17918: 17909: 17892: 17891: 17890: 17881: 17864: 17863: 17862: 17853: 17836: 17835: 17834: 17825: 17807: 17806: 17805: 17803:Abraham Trembley 17796: 17779: 17778: 17777: 17768: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17740: 17723: 17722: 17721: 17719:Alexander Stuart 17712: 17695: 17694: 17693: 17684: 17666: 17665: 17664: 17655: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17627: 17610: 17609: 17608: 17599: 17576: 17559: 17558: 17557: 17548: 17525: 17508: 17507: 17506: 17497: 17480: 17479: 17478: 17469: 17442: 17441: 17438:Medal recipients 17396:Alessandro Volta 17251: 17238: 17237: 17224: 17222: 17217: 17173: 17161: 17160: 16595:== References == 15141:pr_05_jan_22.htm 15129:www.chemheritage 15058:University Press 14937:University Press 13744:University Press 13615:University Press 13315:University Press 13035:University Press 12956:University Press 12874:University Press 12710:University Press 12562:University Press 11805:University Press 11290:University Press 7528:://books.google. 7493:://books.google. 7196:University Press 3288:University Press 2840:University Press 2705:University Press 2663:name="cav1"/> 2647:name="cav1"/> 2541:University Press 2471:://books.google. 2424:://books.google. 2298:University Press 1936:=1996|publisher= 1850:=1996|publisher= 1585:University Press 1470:University Press 1355:University Press 1276:University Press 1006:University Press 195: 187: 177: 158: 153: 135: 130: 122: 112: 93: 66: 57: 56: 54: 49: 47: 39: 36: 21: 19: 34723: 34722: 34718: 34717: 34716: 34714: 34713: 34712: 34683:1731 in science 34663: 34662: 34661: 34656: 34648: 34640: 34632: 34624: 34616: 34608: 34600: 34592: 34584: 34576: 34568: 34560: 34552: 34544: 34532: 34524: 34516: 34508: 34502:Stephen Hawking 34500: 34492: 34484: 34476: 34468: 34460: 34452: 34446: 34416: 34411: 34403: 34395: 34389:James Lighthill 34387: 34379: 34371: 34363: 34355: 34349:James D. Watson 34347: 34339: 34331: 34323: 34315: 34307: 34299: 34291: 34283: 34275: 34267: 34259: 34251: 34243: 34235: 34227: 34219: 34213:Dorothy Hodgkin 34211: 34203: 34195: 34187: 34179: 34171: 34163: 34155: 34147: 34139: 34131: 34123: 34115: 34107: 34099: 34091: 34085:Harold Jeffreys 34083: 34075: 34067: 34059: 34051: 34043: 34037:E. T. Whittaker 34035: 34027: 34019: 34011: 34003: 33997: 33967: 33962: 33954: 33946: 33938: 33930: 33922: 33914: 33906: 33900:Joseph Barcroft 33898: 33892:Robert Robinson 33890: 33882: 33874: 33866: 33858: 33850: 33842: 33834: 33826: 33818: 33810: 33804:Arthur Schuster 33802: 33794: 33786: 33778: 33770: 33762: 33756:Albert Einstein 33754: 33746: 33738: 33730: 33722: 33714: 33708:William Bayliss 33706: 33700:Hendrik Lorentz 33698: 33690: 33682: 33674: 33666: 33658: 33650: 33642: 33634: 33626: 33618: 33610: 33602: 33594: 33588:William Crookes 33586: 33578: 33570: 33562: 33554: 33548: 33518: 33513: 33505: 33497: 33491:William Huggins 33489: 33481: 33473: 33465: 33457: 33449: 33441: 33433: 33425: 33417: 33409: 33401: 33393: 33385: 33377: 33371:William Thomson 33369: 33361: 33353: 33345: 33339:Rudolf Clausius 33337: 33329: 33321: 33313: 33305: 33297: 33289: 33281: 33273: 33265: 33257: 33249: 33241: 33233: 33225: 33217: 33209: 33201: 33193: 33185: 33177: 33169: 33161: 33153: 33145: 33137: 33129: 33121: 33113: 33105: 33099: 33069: 33064: 33056: 33048: 33040: 33032: 33024: 33018:Theodor Schwann 33016: 33010:Carlo Matteucci 33008: 33000: 32992: 32984: 32972: 32964: 32958:Michael Faraday 32952: 32940: 32934:Francis Kiernan 32928: 32920: 32912: 32902:Michael Faraday 32900: 32892: 32880: 32872: 32860: 32852: 32844: 32836: 32824: 32816: 32810:Robert Seppings 32808: 32800: 32792: 32784: 32776: 32768: 32760: 32752: 32744: 32736: 32728: 32720: 32712: 32704: 32696: 32688: 32682: 32652: 32647: 32639: 32631: 32619: 32611: 32603: 32595: 32587: 32575: 32567: 32561:Charles Blagden 32559: 32551: 32543: 32535: 32529:Thomas Hutchins 32523: 32515: 32507: 32499: 32491: 32483: 32475: 32469:Nevil Maskelyne 32467: 32459: 32451: 32443: 32435: 32427: 32419: 32411: 32405:Henry Cavendish 32395: 32387: 32381:Benjamin Wilson 32379: 32371: 32363: 32355: 32347: 32339: 32331: 32323: 32315: 32307: 32301: 32271: 32266: 32258: 32250: 32242: 32234: 32228:Benjamin Robins 32226: 32218: 32210: 32202: 32194: 32186: 32178: 32170: 32162: 32154: 32146: 32138: 32130: 32122: 32114: 32108: 32078: 32073: 32057:Microsoft Award 32052:Wilkins Lecture 32037:Philips Lecture 32027:Medawar Lecture 32002:Previous awards 31997: 31993:Sylvester Medal 31941: 31909: 31903: 31898:Dorothy Hodgkin 31860: 31831:Ferrier Lecture 31814: 31768: 31763: 31725: 31723: 31714: 31711: 31706: 31699: 31695: 31686: 31684: 31675: 31674: 31670: 31661: 31659: 31650: 31649: 31645: 31636: 31634: 31625: 31624: 31620: 31611: 31609: 31600: 31599: 31595: 31586: 31584: 31575: 31574: 31570: 31561: 31559: 31550: 31549: 31545: 31536: 31534: 31525: 31524: 31520: 31511: 31509: 31500: 31499: 31495: 31486: 31484: 31475: 31474: 31470: 31460: 31458: 31445: 31444: 31440: 31431: 31429: 31420: 31419: 31415: 31406: 31404: 31395: 31393: 31386: 31377: 31375: 31362: 31361: 31357: 31348: 31346: 31333: 31332: 31328: 31319: 31317: 31304: 31303: 31299: 31290: 31288: 31279: 31278: 31274: 31265: 31263: 31250: 31249: 31245: 31235: 31233: 31220: 31219: 31215: 31205: 31198: 31196: 31176: 31175: 31171: 31161: 31154: 31152: 31132: 31131: 31127: 31118: 31116: 31107: 31106: 31102: 31093: 31091: 31082: 31081: 31077: 31068: 31066: 31053: 31052: 31048: 31039: 31037: 31030:"Hodge summary" 31028: 31027: 31023: 31013: 31006: 31004: 30984: 30983: 30979: 30969: 30962: 30960: 30940: 30939: 30935: 30926: 30924: 30915: 30914: 30910: 30901: 30899: 30890: 30889: 30885: 30876: 30874: 30865: 30864: 30860: 30851: 30849: 30840: 30839: 30835: 30825: 30818: 30816: 30789: 30785: 30776: 30774: 30765: 30764: 30760: 30751: 30749: 30740: 30739: 30735: 30725: 30718: 30716: 30694: 30690: 30680: 30673: 30671: 30651: 30650: 30646: 30636: 30629: 30627: 30607: 30606: 30602: 30567: 30566: 30562: 30552: 30545: 30543: 30523: 30522: 30518: 30509: 30507: 30500:"Hardy summary" 30498: 30497: 30493: 30483: 30476: 30474: 30454: 30453: 30449: 30440: 30438: 30425: 30424: 30420: 30411: 30409: 30400: 30399: 30395: 30386: 30384: 30339: 30335: 30326: 30324: 30315: 30314: 30310: 30301: 30299: 30294: 30293: 30289: 30252: 30251: 30247: 30238: 30236: 30227: 30226: 30222: 30213: 30211: 30202: 30201: 30197: 30188: 30186: 30177: 30176: 30172: 30137: 30136: 30132: 30123: 30121: 30112: 30111: 30107: 30097: 30090: 30088: 30068: 30067: 30063: 30033: 30032: 30028: 30019: 30017: 30004: 30003: 29999: 29962: 29958: 29949: 29947: 29938: 29937: 29933: 29924: 29922: 29913: 29912: 29908: 29899: 29897: 29888: 29887: 29883: 29873: 29866: 29864: 29844: 29843: 29839: 29830: 29828: 29819: 29818: 29814: 29805: 29803: 29794: 29793: 29789: 29780: 29778: 29774: 29767: 29763: 29762: 29758: 29749: 29747: 29738: 29737: 29733: 29724: 29722: 29718: 29711: 29707: 29706: 29702: 29693: 29691: 29684:"Klein summary" 29682: 29681: 29677: 29668: 29666: 29657: 29656: 29597: 29588: 29586: 29579:"Gibbs summary" 29577: 29576: 29572: 29563: 29561: 29552: 29551: 29547: 29538: 29536: 29527: 29526: 29522: 29513: 29511: 29498: 29497: 29493: 29484: 29482: 29473: 29472: 29468: 29459: 29457: 29448: 29447: 29443: 29434: 29432: 29423: 29422: 29418: 29409: 29407: 29398: 29397: 29393: 29384: 29382: 29373: 29372: 29368: 29359: 29357: 29348: 29347: 29343: 29334: 29332: 29323: 29322: 29318: 29309: 29307: 29298: 29297: 29293: 29284: 29282: 29278: 29267: 29263: 29262: 29258: 29246: 29244: 29234: 29233: 29229: 29220: 29218: 29209: 29208: 29204: 29195: 29193: 29184: 29183: 29179: 29170: 29168: 29159: 29158: 29154: 29145: 29143: 29142:on May 12, 2008 29134: 29133: 29129: 29120: 29118: 29114: 29103: 29099: 29098: 29094: 29085: 29083: 29076:"Weber summary" 29074: 29073: 29069: 29060: 29058: 29051:Yale University 29045: 29044: 29040: 29031: 29029: 29016: 29015: 29011: 29002: 29000: 28993: 28967: 28966: 28962: 28953: 28951: 28944:"Adams summary" 28942: 28941: 28937: 28928: 28926: 28917: 28916: 28912: 28903: 28901: 28899: 28879: 28875: 28866: 28864: 28855: 28854: 28850: 28841: 28839: 28832:"Ohm biography" 28830: 28829: 28825: 28816: 28814: 28807:"Sturm summary" 28805: 28804: 28800: 28791: 28789: 28787: 28767: 28763: 28753: 28746: 28744: 28724: 28723: 28719: 28710: 28708: 28697:"Gauss summary" 28695: 28694: 28690: 28681: 28679: 28672:Chambers Harrap 28666: 28665: 28661: 28652: 28650: 28641: 28640: 28636: 28627: 28625: 28616: 28615: 28611: 28602: 28600: 28591: 28590: 28586: 28574: 28572: 28562: 28561: 28557: 28548: 28546: 28545:on June 4, 2008 28537: 28536: 28532: 28523: 28521: 28514:"Arago summary" 28512: 28511: 28507: 28498: 28496: 28487: 28486: 28482: 28473: 28471: 28458: 28457: 28453: 28444: 28442: 28433: 28432: 28425: 28418: 28392: 28388: 28379: 28377: 28368: 28367: 28363: 28354: 28352: 28343: 28342: 28338: 28329: 28327: 28320:"Ivory summary" 28318: 28317: 28313: 28276: 28272: 28263: 28261: 28252: 28251: 28247: 28238: 28236: 28221: 28217: 28208: 28206: 28197: 28196: 28143: 28134: 28132: 28121: 28117: 28108: 28106: 28095: 28091: 28082: 28080: 28067: 28066: 28062: 28053: 28051: 28042: 28041: 28037: 28028: 28026: 28022: 28015: 28009: 28005: 27996: 27994: 27981: 27980: 27976: 27966: 27959: 27957: 27935: 27931: 27922: 27920: 27911: 27910: 27906: 27897: 27895: 27886: 27885: 27881: 27871: 27864: 27862: 27842: 27841: 27837: 27827: 27825: 27812: 27811: 27804: 27794: 27787: 27785: 27765: 27764: 27760: 27750: 27743: 27741: 27721: 27720: 27716: 27707: 27705: 27696: 27695: 27691: 27682: 27680: 27671: 27670: 27666: 27657: 27655: 27646: 27645: 27641: 27632: 27630: 27617: 27616: 27612: 27603: 27601: 27588: 27587: 27578: 27569: 27567: 27533: 27529: 27520: 27518: 27509: 27508: 27504: 27495: 27493: 27480: 27479: 27472: 27463: 27461: 27452: 27451: 27447: 27438: 27436: 27427: 27426: 27422: 27413: 27411: 27369: 27365: 27356: 27354: 27350: 27323: 27317: 27313: 27304: 27302: 27268: 27264: 27254: 27247: 27245: 27225: 27224: 27220: 27211: 27209: 27196: 27195: 27191: 27182: 27180: 27167: 27166: 27162: 27152: 27145: 27143: 27123: 27122: 27118: 27109: 27107: 27098: 27097: 27093: 27083: 27076: 27074: 27054: 27053: 27049: 27039: 27032: 27030: 27010: 27009: 27005: 26996: 26994: 26992: 26974: 26973: 26969: 26960: 26958: 26949: 26948: 26944: 26934: 26927: 26925: 26905: 26904: 26900: 26888: 26881: 26872: 26870: 26857: 26856: 26852: 26840: 26836: 26827: 26825: 26812: 26811: 26807: 26798: 26796: 26794: 26767: 26760: 26751: 26749: 26740: 26739: 26735: 26725: 26718: 26716: 26694: 26690: 26680: 26673: 26671: 26651: 26650: 26646: 26636: 26629: 26627: 26607: 26606: 26602: 26592: 26585: 26583: 26563: 26562: 26558: 26548: 26541: 26539: 26519: 26518: 26514: 26504: 26497: 26495: 26473: 26469: 26459: 26452: 26450: 26430: 26429: 26420: 26410: 26403: 26401: 26379: 26372: 26359: 26357: 26344: 26343: 26339: 26329: 26327: 26314: 26313: 26309: 26278: 26274: 26265: 26263: 26259: 26228: 26222: 26211: 26202: 26200: 26187: 26186: 26177: 26146: 26129: 26119: 26117: 26100: 26091: 26026: 26022: 25985: 25981: 25971: 25969: 25956: 25955: 25951: 25941: 25939: 25926: 25925: 25921: 25911: 25909: 25896: 25895: 25888: 25878: 25876: 25863: 25862: 25853: 25843: 25841: 25837: 25826: 25822: 25821: 25812: 25808: 25776: 25756: 25755: 25728: 25727: 25680: 25679: 25652: 25651: 25624: 25623: 25596: 25595: 25568: 25567: 25540: 25539: 25512: 25511: 25484: 25483: 25455: 25454: 25427: 25426: 25398: 25397: 25370: 25369: 25345: 25344: 25316: 25315: 25287: 25286: 25258: 25257: 25232:Stephen Hawking 25230: 25229: 25201: 25200: 25173: 25172: 25144: 25143: 25116: 25115: 25087: 25086: 25066: 25054: 25053: 25026: 25025: 25000:James Lighthill 24998: 24997: 24974: 24973: 24946: 24945: 24917: 24916: 24893: 24892: 24870: 24869: 24842: 24841: 24813: 24812: 24785: 24784: 24756: 24755: 24728: 24727: 24699: 24698: 24675: 24674: 24646: 24645: 24618: 24617: 24589: 24588: 24561: 24560: 24533: 24532: 24510: 24509: 24482: 24481: 24454: 24453: 24426: 24425: 24406: 24396:Dorothy Hodgkin 24394: 24393: 24366: 24365: 24338: 24337: 24309: 24308: 24281: 24280: 24257: 24256: 24229: 24228: 24201: 24200: 24172: 24171: 24143: 24142: 24115: 24114: 24086: 24085: 24058: 24057: 24029: 24028: 24001: 24000: 23973: 23972: 23947:Harold Jeffreys 23945: 23944: 23922: 23921: 23894: 23893: 23866: 23865: 23837: 23836: 23809: 23808: 23783:E. T. Whittaker 23781: 23780: 23752: 23751: 23724: 23723: 23696: 23695: 23668: 23667: 23640: 23639: 23612: 23611: 23584: 23583: 23556: 23555: 23528: 23527: 23500: 23499: 23479:Joseph Barcroft 23477: 23476: 23451:Robert Robinson 23449: 23448: 23421: 23420: 23393: 23392: 23365: 23364: 23337: 23336: 23309: 23308: 23281: 23280: 23253: 23252: 23225: 23224: 23197: 23196: 23169: 23168: 23143:Arthur Schuster 23141: 23140: 23113: 23112: 23085: 23084: 23056: 23055: 23028: 23027: 23000: 22999: 22974:Albert Einstein 22972: 22971: 22943: 22942: 22915: 22914: 22887: 22886: 22859: 22858: 22831: 22830: 22805:William Bayliss 22803: 22802: 22777:Hendrik Lorentz 22775: 22774: 22747: 22746: 22719: 22718: 22691: 22690: 22663: 22662: 22635: 22634: 22607: 22606: 22579: 22578: 22551: 22550: 22523: 22522: 22495: 22494: 22467: 22466: 22439: 22438: 22411: 22410: 22385:William Crookes 22383: 22382: 22355: 22354: 22327: 22326: 22299: 22298: 22271: 22270: 22243: 22242: 22217:William Huggins 22215: 22214: 22186: 22185: 22157: 22156: 22129: 22128: 22101: 22100: 22073: 22072: 22045: 22044: 22017: 22016: 21989: 21988: 21961: 21960: 21933: 21932: 21905: 21904: 21877: 21876: 21849: 21848: 21820: 21819: 21794:William Thomson 21792: 21791: 21764: 21763: 21735: 21734: 21707: 21706: 21681:Rudolf Clausius 21679: 21678: 21651: 21650: 21623: 21622: 21595: 21594: 21567: 21566: 21539: 21538: 21511: 21510: 21483: 21482: 21455: 21454: 21427: 21426: 21395: 21394: 21367: 21366: 21339: 21338: 21311: 21310: 21283: 21282: 21255: 21254: 21227: 21226: 21199: 21198: 21171: 21170: 21143: 21142: 21115: 21114: 21087: 21086: 21059: 21058: 21030: 21029: 21002: 21001: 20974: 20973: 20945: 20944: 20917: 20916: 20889: 20888: 20861: 20860: 20832: 20831: 20804: 20803: 20776: 20775: 20748: 20747: 20721:Theodor Schwann 20719: 20718: 20693:Carlo Matteucci 20691: 20690: 20662: 20661: 20634: 20633: 20606: 20605: 20569: 20568: 20559: 20535: 20534: 20508:Michael Faraday 20498: 20497: 20488: 20455: 20454: 20445: 20422:Francis Kiernan 20413: 20412: 20385: 20384: 20357: 20356: 20301:Michael Faraday 20299: 20298: 20289: 20265: 20264: 20159: 20158: 20131: 20130: 20096: 20095: 20086: 20062: 20061: 20033: 20032: 20005: 20004: 19968: 19967: 19958: 19888:Robert Seppings 19886: 19885: 19858: 19857: 19807: 19806: 19779: 19778: 19750: 19749: 19699: 19698: 19648: 19647: 19619: 19618: 19590: 19589: 19562: 19561: 19534: 19533: 19506: 19505: 19478: 19477: 19450: 19449: 19422: 19421: 19394: 19393: 19371: 19370: 19334: 19333: 19324: 19277: 19276: 19249: 19248: 19221: 19220: 19170: 19169: 19133: 19132: 19123: 19076: 19075: 19050:Charles Blagden 19048: 19047: 19020: 19019: 18969: 18968: 18941: 18940: 18915:Thomas Hutchins 18906: 18905: 18878: 18877: 18850: 18849: 18822: 18821: 18771: 18770: 18742: 18741: 18714: 18713: 18688:Nevil Maskelyne 18686: 18685: 18635: 18634: 18607: 18606: 18578: 18577: 18550: 18549: 18521: 18520: 18493: 18492: 18465: 18464: 18435:Henry Cavendish 18419: 18418: 18368: 18367: 18273:Benjamin Wilson 18271: 18270: 18243: 18242: 18215: 18214: 18187: 18186: 18136: 18135: 18108: 18107: 18076: 18075: 18026: 18025: 17998: 17997: 17970: 17969: 17942: 17941: 17914: 17913: 17888:Benjamin Robins 17886: 17885: 17858: 17857: 17830: 17829: 17801: 17800: 17773: 17772: 17745: 17744: 17717: 17716: 17689: 17688: 17660: 17659: 17632: 17631: 17604: 17603: 17553: 17552: 17502: 17501: 17474: 17473: 17440: 17412: 17339: 17327:Dorothy Hodgkin 17279: 17254: 17233: 17232: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17180: 17159: 17154: 17141: 17130: 17119: 17108: 17097: 17086: 17075: 17064: 17053: 17042: 17031: 17020: 17011: 17000: 16993: 16982: 16973: 16960: 16951: 16938: 16929: 16916: 16907: 16894: 16885: 16872: 16863: 16852: 16847: 16840: 16829: 16818: 16807: 16796: 16785: 16772: 16763: 16750: 16741: 16728: 16719: 16708: 16703: 16696: 16685: 16672: 16663: 16652: 16647: 16638: 16627: 16618: 16605: 16596: 16585: 16580: 16571: 16560: 16551: 16538: 16529: 16516: 16507: 16494: 16485: 16472: 16463: 16452: 16450: 16441: 16439: 16428: 16423: 16416: 16409: 16400: 16393: 16384: 16373: 16362: 16351: 16340: 16329: 16318: 16307: 16296: 16285: 16274: 16263: 16252: 16241: 16230: 16219: 16208: 16197: 16186: 16175: 16164: 16153: 16142: 16131: 16120: 16109: 16098: 16087: 16076: 16065: 16054: 16043: 16032: 16021: 16010: 15999: 15997: 15993: 15990: 15981: 15979: 15969: 15962: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15938: 15936: 15926: 15919: 15910: 15908: 15899: 15897: 15887: 15880: 15871: 15869: 15865: 15856: 15847: 15840: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15817: 15808: 15806: 15802: 15791: 15784: 15775: 15773: 15764: 15755: 15748: 15739: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15712: 15710: 15706: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15683: 15676: 15667: 15665: 15656: 15647: 15640: 15631: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15609: 15607: 15596: 15589: 15580: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15557: 15555: 15551: 15548: 15544: 15534: 15527: 15518: 15516: 15512: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15490: 15488: 15483: 15479: 15468: 15461: 15452: 15450: 15441: 15439: 15429: 15422: 15413: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15394: 15392: 15387: 15377: 15370: 15361: 15359: 15350: 15348: 15338: 15331: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15306: 15304: 15293: 15286: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15263: 15259: 15256: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15239: 15236: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15194: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15156: 15153: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15123: 15112: 15105: 15096: 15094: 15090: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15030: 15023: 15014: 15012: 15003: 15001: 14991: 14984: 14975: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14944: 14942: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14919: 14909: 14902: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14878: 14875: 14872: 14861: 14854: 14845: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14826: 14824: 14813: 14806: 14797: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14774: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14753: 14746: 14737: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14719: 14717: 14706: 14699: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14676: 14674: 14664: 14657: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14629: 14627: 14623: 14613: 14606: 14597: 14595: 14591: 14582: 14573: 14566: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14534: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14514: 14507: 14498: 14496: 14492: 14483: 14481: 14471: 14464: 14455: 14453: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438:Harold Richard 14428: 14421: 14412: 14410: 14401: 14392: 14385: 14376: 14374: 14365: 14363: 14353: 14346: 14337: 14335: 14326: 14324: 14314: 14307: 14298: 14296: 14292: 14283: 14281: 14277: 14266: 14259: 14250: 14248: 14239: 14230: 14223: 14214: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14179: 14172: 14163: 14161: 14152: 14150: 14140: 14133: 14124: 14122: 14118: 14109: 14100: 14093: 14084: 14082: 14073: 14064: 14057: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14029: 14027: 14016: 14009: 14000: 13998: 13989: 13980: 13973: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13949: 13947: 13936: 13929: 13920: 13918: 13909: 13907: 13897: 13890: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13850: 13843: 13834: 13832: 13828: 13819: 13817: 13806: 13799: 13790: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13751: 13749: 13745: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13708: 13701: 13692: 13690: 13681: 13679: 13669: 13662: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13587: 13580: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13552: 13551: 13547: 13536: 13529: 13520: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13485: 13478: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13425: 13418: 13409: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13390: 13388: 13383: 13373: 13366: 13357: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13287: 13280: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13256: 13254: 13244: 13237: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13193: 13186: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13150: 13148: 13143: 13132: 13125: 13116: 13114: 13105: 13103: 13093: 13086: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13010: 13003: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12928: 12921: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12849: 12842: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12814: 12810: 12801: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12764: 12757: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12717: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12681: 12674: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12652: 12648: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12620: 12613: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12569: 12567: 12563: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12533: 12526: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12481: 12474: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12448: 12439: 12437: 12433: 12432:Geoffrey Ingram 12422: 12415: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12345: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12321:organic chemist 12318: 12309: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12288: 12281: 12272: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12244: 12242: 12231: 12224: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12188: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12155: 12148: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12099: 12092: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12064: 12062: 12051: 12044: 12035: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11991: 11984: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11915: 11908: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11859: 11852: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11780: 11773: 11764: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11720: 11713: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11676: 11674: 11663: 11656: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11577:Arthur Schuster 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11548: 11541: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11492: 11485: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11457: 11455: 11444: 11437: 11428: 11426: 11417: 11408: 11401: 11392: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11348: 11341: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11265: 11258: 11249: 11247: 11238: 11229: 11222: 11213: 11211: 11202: 11193: 11186: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11158: 11156: 11145: 11138: 11129: 11127: 11118: 11109: 11102: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11074: 11072: 11061: 11054: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11026: 11024: 11013: 11006: 10997: 10995: 10986: 10977: 10970: 10961: 10959: 10950: 10941: 10934: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10885: 10878: 10869: 10867: 10858: 10856: 10845: 10838: 10829: 10827: 10818: 10809: 10802: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10778: 10776: 10765: 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1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:Christa|author1 1895: 1891: 1890:Cavendish|last1 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1770: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1639: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1560: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1445: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1330: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1251: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1132: 1125: 1116: 1114: 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Walker 34550: 34542: 34530: 34522: 34514: 34506: 34498: 34490: 34482: 34474: 34466: 34462:Jacques Miller 34457: 34454: 34453: 34451:(2001–present) 34445: 34444: 34437: 34430: 34422: 34413: 34412: 34410: 34409: 34405:Alan Battersby 34401: 34393: 34385: 34377: 34369: 34361: 34353: 34345: 34337: 34333:Sydney Brenner 34329: 34321: 34317:César Milstein 34313: 34309:Michael Atiyah 34305: 34297: 34293:Rudolf Peierls 34289: 34281: 34273: 34265: 34261:John Cornforth 34257: 34249: 34241: 34233: 34225: 34217: 34209: 34201: 34197:W. V. D. Hodge 34193: 34185: 34177: 34169: 34161: 34153: 34145: 34137: 34133:Lawrence Bragg 34129: 34121: 34117:Sydney Chapman 34113: 34105: 34097: 34089: 34081: 34073: 34065: 34057: 34049: 34041: 34033: 34029:Albert Kluyver 34025: 34017: 34008: 34005: 34004: 33996: 33995: 33988: 33981: 33973: 33964: 33963: 33961: 33960: 33956:James Chadwick 33952: 33944: 33940:Archibald Hill 33936: 33928: 33920: 33912: 33904: 33896: 33888: 33880: 33872: 33864: 33856: 33848: 33840: 33832: 33824: 33820:Theobald Smith 33816: 33808: 33800: 33792: 33784: 33776: 33768: 33760: 33752: 33744: 33736: 33728: 33720: 33712: 33704: 33696: 33688: 33680: 33672: 33664: 33656: 33648: 33640: 33636:Francis Galton 33632: 33624: 33616: 33608: 33600: 33592: 33584: 33576: 33568: 33559: 33556: 33555: 33547: 33546: 33539: 33532: 33524: 33515: 33514: 33512: 33511: 33503: 33495: 33487: 33479: 33475:Carl Gegenbaur 33471: 33463: 33455: 33447: 33443:Rudolf Virchow 33439: 33431: 33423: 33415: 33407: 33399: 33391: 33383: 33375: 33367: 33359: 33351: 33343: 33335: 33327: 33319: 33315:Claude Bernard 33311: 33303: 33295: 33287: 33279: 33271: 33263: 33255: 33247: 33239: 33235:Julius Plücker 33231: 33227:Michel Chasles 33223: 33219:Charles Darwin 33215: 33207: 33199: 33191: 33183: 33175: 33167: 33159: 33151: 33143: 33135: 33127: 33119: 33110: 33107: 33106: 33098: 33097: 33090: 33083: 33075: 33066: 33065: 33063: 33062: 33054: 33046: 33038: 33030: 33022: 33014: 33006: 32998: 32990: 32982: 32970: 32962: 32950: 32938: 32926: 32918: 32910: 32898: 32890: 32878: 32870: 32862:François Arago 32858: 32850: 32842: 32834: 32822: 32814: 32806: 32798: 32794:David Brewster 32790: 32782: 32774: 32766: 32758: 32750: 32742: 32734: 32726: 32718: 32710: 32702: 32693: 32690: 32689: 32681: 32680: 32673: 32666: 32658: 32649: 32648: 32646: 32645: 32637: 32629: 32617: 32609: 32601: 32593: 32585: 32573: 32569:William Morgan 32565: 32557: 32549: 32541: 32533: 32525:John Goodricke 32521: 32517:Richard Kirwan 32513: 32505: 32497: 32493:Charles Hutton 32489: 32481: 32473: 32465: 32457: 32449: 32441: 32433: 32429:William Hewson 32425: 32417: 32409: 32401:Edward Delaval 32393: 32385: 32377: 32369: 32361: 32353: 32345: 32337: 32329: 32321: 32312: 32309: 32308: 32300: 32299: 32292: 32285: 32277: 32268: 32267: 32265: 32264: 32260:George Edwards 32256: 32248: 32240: 32232: 32224: 32220:William Watson 32216: 32208: 32200: 32192: 32184: 32176: 32172:Stephen Hales 32168: 32160: 32152: 32144: 32136: 32128: 32119: 32116: 32115: 32107: 32106: 32099: 32092: 32084: 32075: 32074: 32072: 32071: 32068: 32065: 32062: 32059: 32054: 32049: 32044: 32039: 32034: 32029: 32024: 32019: 32017:Florey Lecture 32014: 32011: 32009:Bernal Lecture 32005: 32003: 31999: 31998: 31996: 31995: 31990: 31985: 31980: 31975: 31970: 31965: 31963:Buchanan Medal 31960: 31955: 31949: 31947: 31943: 31942: 31940: 31939: 31934: 31932:Croonian Medal 31929: 31927:Bakerian Medal 31924: 31913: 31911: 31905: 31904: 31902: 31901: 31895: 31892: 31889: 31886: 31881:Royal Society 31879: 31874: 31868: 31866: 31862: 31861: 31859: 31858: 31853: 31848: 31843: 31838: 31833: 31828: 31822: 31820: 31819:Prize lectures 31816: 31815: 31813: 31812: 31807: 31802: 31797: 31792: 31787: 31782: 31776: 31774: 31770: 31769: 31762: 31761: 31754: 31747: 31739: 31733: 31732: 31710: 31709:External links 31707: 31705: 31704: 31693: 31668: 31643: 31618: 31593: 31568: 31543: 31527:"Andrew Wiles" 31518: 31493: 31468: 31457:on 16 May 2015 31438: 31413: 31384: 31355: 31326: 31297: 31272: 31243: 31222:"Copley Medal" 31213: 31169: 31125: 31100: 31075: 31046: 31021: 30977: 30933: 30908: 30883: 30858: 30833: 30783: 30758: 30733: 30688: 30644: 30600: 30560: 30516: 30491: 30447: 30418: 30393: 30333: 30308: 30296:"Thomas Lewis" 30287: 30245: 30220: 30195: 30170: 30130: 30105: 30061: 30026: 29997: 29991:10.1086/143618 29956: 29931: 29906: 29881: 29837: 29821:"Lamb summary" 29812: 29787: 29756: 29731: 29700: 29675: 29595: 29570: 29545: 29520: 29491: 29466: 29441: 29416: 29391: 29366: 29341: 29316: 29291: 29256: 29227: 29202: 29177: 29152: 29127: 29092: 29067: 29038: 29009: 28991: 28960: 28935: 28910: 28897: 28873: 28848: 28823: 28798: 28785: 28761: 28717: 28688: 28659: 28634: 28609: 28593:"Airy summary" 28584: 28555: 28530: 28505: 28480: 28451: 28423: 28416: 28386: 28361: 28336: 28311: 28270: 28245: 28215: 28141: 28123:Griffith, WP. 28115: 28097:Griffith, WP. 28089: 28060: 28035: 28011:Sears, Derek. 28003: 27974: 27929: 27904: 27879: 27835: 27802: 27758: 27714: 27689: 27664: 27639: 27610: 27576: 27527: 27502: 27470: 27445: 27420: 27363: 27311: 27262: 27218: 27189: 27160: 27116: 27091: 27047: 27003: 26990: 26967: 26942: 26898: 26879: 26850: 26834: 26805: 26792: 26758: 26733: 26688: 26644: 26600: 26556: 26512: 26467: 26418: 26370: 26337: 26320:Yorkshire Post 26307: 26272: 26239:(2): 284–316. 26209: 26189:"Copley Medal" 26175: 26127: 26114:MeasuringWorth 26089: 26020: 25999:(2): 125–139. 25979: 25949: 25919: 25886: 25865:"Copley Medal" 25851: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25803: 25802: 25797: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25775: 25772: 25769: 25768: 25766: 25763: 25752: 25745: 25741: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25724: 25717: 25713: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25704: 25697: 25693: 25692: 25690: 25687: 25676: 25669: 25665: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25648: 25641: 25637: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25620: 25613: 25609: 25608: 25606: 25603: 25592: 25585: 25581: 25580: 25578: 25575: 25564: 25557: 25553: 25552: 25550: 25547: 25536: 25529: 25525: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25508: 25501: 25497: 25496: 25494: 25491: 25480: 25473: 25469: 25468: 25465: 25462: 25451: 25444: 25440: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25423: 25416: 25412: 25411: 25408: 25405: 25394: 25387: 25383: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25366: 25358: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25341: 25334: 25330: 25329: 25326: 25323: 25312: 25305: 25301: 25300: 25297: 25294: 25283: 25276: 25272: 25271: 25268: 25265: 25254: 25247: 25243: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25226: 25219: 25215: 25214: 25211: 25208: 25197: 25190: 25186: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25169: 25162: 25158: 25157: 25154: 25151: 25140: 25133: 25129: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25112: 25105: 25101: 25100: 25097: 25094: 25089:Jacques Miller 25083: 25076: 25072: 25071: 25068: 25064: 25061: 25050: 25043: 25039: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25022: 25015: 25011: 25010: 25008: 25005: 24994: 24992: 24988: 24987: 24984: 24981: 24970: 24963: 24959: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24942: 24935: 24931: 24930: 24927: 24924: 24913: 24911: 24907: 24906: 24903: 24900: 24889: 24887: 24883: 24882: 24880: 24877: 24866: 24859: 24855: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24838: 24831: 24827: 24826: 24823: 24820: 24815:Sydney Brenner 24809: 24802: 24798: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24781: 24774: 24770: 24769: 24766: 24763: 24758:César Milstein 24752: 24745: 24741: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24730:Michael Atiyah 24724: 24717: 24713: 24712: 24709: 24706: 24695: 24693: 24689: 24688: 24685: 24682: 24677:Rudolf Peierls 24671: 24664: 24660: 24659: 24656: 24653: 24642: 24635: 24631: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24614: 24607: 24603: 24602: 24599: 24596: 24585: 24578: 24574: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24563:John Cornforth 24557: 24550: 24546: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24529: 24527: 24523: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24506: 24499: 24495: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24478: 24471: 24467: 24466: 24464: 24461: 24450: 24443: 24439: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24422: 24415: 24411: 24410: 24408: 24404: 24401: 24390: 24383: 24379: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24362: 24355: 24351: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24340:W. V. D. Hodge 24334: 24327: 24323: 24322: 24319: 24316: 24305: 24298: 24294: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24277: 24275: 24271: 24270: 24267: 24264: 24253: 24246: 24242: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24225: 24218: 24214: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24197: 24190: 24186: 24185: 24182: 24179: 24168: 24161: 24157: 24156: 24153: 24150: 24139: 24132: 24128: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24111: 24104: 24100: 24099: 24096: 24093: 24082: 24075: 24071: 24070: 24068: 24065: 24060:Sydney Chapman 24054: 24047: 24043: 24042: 24039: 24036: 24025: 24018: 24014: 24013: 24011: 24008: 23997: 23990: 23986: 23985: 23983: 23980: 23969: 23962: 23958: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23941: 23939: 23935: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23918: 23911: 23907: 23906: 23904: 23901: 23890: 23883: 23879: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23862: 23855: 23851: 23850: 23847: 23844: 23833: 23826: 23822: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23805: 23798: 23794: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23777: 23770: 23766: 23765: 23762: 23759: 23754:Albert Kluyver 23748: 23741: 23737: 23736: 23734: 23731: 23720: 23713: 23709: 23708: 23706: 23703: 23692: 23685: 23681: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23670:James Chadwick 23664: 23657: 23653: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23636: 23629: 23625: 23624: 23622: 23619: 23614:Archibald Hill 23608: 23601: 23597: 23596: 23594: 23591: 23580: 23573: 23569: 23568: 23566: 23563: 23552: 23545: 23541: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23524: 23517: 23513: 23512: 23510: 23507: 23496: 23494: 23490: 23489: 23487: 23484: 23473: 23466: 23462: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23445: 23438: 23434: 23433: 23431: 23428: 23417: 23410: 23406: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23389: 23382: 23378: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23361: 23354: 23350: 23349: 23347: 23344: 23333: 23326: 23322: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23305: 23298: 23294: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23277: 23270: 23266: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23249: 23242: 23238: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23221: 23214: 23210: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23199:Theobald Smith 23193: 23186: 23182: 23181: 23179: 23176: 23165: 23158: 23154: 23153: 23151: 23148: 23137: 23130: 23126: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23109: 23102: 23098: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23081: 23074: 23070: 23069: 23066: 23063: 23052: 23045: 23041: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23024: 23017: 23013: 23012: 23010: 23007: 22996: 22989: 22985: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22968: 22961: 22957: 22956: 22953: 22950: 22939: 22932: 22928: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22911: 22904: 22900: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22883: 22876: 22872: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22855: 22848: 22844: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22827: 22820: 22816: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22799: 22792: 22788: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22771: 22764: 22760: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22743: 22736: 22732: 22731: 22729: 22726: 22715: 22708: 22704: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22687: 22680: 22676: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22659: 22652: 22648: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22631: 22624: 22620: 22619: 22617: 22614: 22603: 22596: 22592: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22575: 22568: 22564: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22553:Francis Galton 22547: 22540: 22536: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22519: 22512: 22508: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22491: 22484: 22480: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22463: 22456: 22452: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22435: 22428: 22424: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22407: 22400: 22396: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22379: 22372: 22368: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22351: 22344: 22340: 22339: 22337: 22334: 22323: 22316: 22312: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22295: 22288: 22284: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22267: 22260: 22256: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22239: 22232: 22228: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22211: 22204: 22200: 22199: 22196: 22193: 22182: 22175: 22171: 22170: 22167: 22164: 22159:Carl Gegenbaur 22153: 22146: 22142: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22125: 22118: 22114: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22097: 22090: 22086: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22069: 22062: 22058: 22057: 22055: 22052: 22047:Rudolf Virchow 22041: 22034: 22030: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22013: 22006: 22002: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21985: 21978: 21974: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21957: 21950: 21946: 21945: 21943: 21940: 21929: 21922: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21901: 21894: 21890: 21889: 21887: 21884: 21873: 21866: 21862: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21845: 21838: 21834: 21833: 21830: 21827: 21816: 21809: 21805: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21788: 21781: 21777: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21760: 21753: 21749: 21748: 21745: 21742: 21731: 21724: 21720: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21703: 21696: 21692: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21675: 21668: 21664: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21647: 21640: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21619: 21612: 21608: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21597:Claude Bernard 21591: 21584: 21580: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21563: 21556: 21552: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21535: 21528: 21524: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21507: 21500: 21496: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21479: 21472: 21468: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21451: 21444: 21440: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21423: 21416: 21412: 21411: 21409: 21402: 21391: 21384: 21380: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21363: 21356: 21352: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21335: 21328: 21324: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21313:Julius Plücker 21307: 21300: 21296: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21285:Michel Chasles 21279: 21272: 21268: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21257:Charles Darwin 21251: 21244: 21240: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21223: 21216: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21195: 21188: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21167: 21160: 21156: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21139: 21132: 21128: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21111: 21104: 21100: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21083: 21076: 21072: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21055: 21048: 21044: 21043: 21040: 21037: 21026: 21019: 21015: 21014: 21012: 21009: 20998: 20991: 20987: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20970: 20963: 20959: 20958: 20955: 20952: 20941: 20934: 20930: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20913: 20906: 20902: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20885: 20878: 20874: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20857: 20850: 20846: 20845: 20842: 20839: 20828: 20821: 20817: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20800: 20793: 20789: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20772: 20765: 20761: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20744: 20737: 20733: 20732: 20729: 20726: 20715: 20708: 20704: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20687: 20680: 20676: 20675: 20672: 20669: 20658: 20651: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20630: 20623: 20619: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20602: 20595: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20582: 20565: 20552: 20548: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20531: 20524: 20520: 20519: 20517: 20511: 20494: 20481: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20468: 20451: 20438: 20434: 20433: 20430: 20424: 20409: 20402: 20398: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20381: 20374: 20370: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20353: 20346: 20342: 20341: 20338: 20335: 20330: 20323: 20319: 20318: 20316: 20310: 20295: 20282: 20278: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20261: 20254: 20250: 20249: 20246: 20243: 20238: 20231: 20227: 20226: 20223: 20220: 20215: 20208: 20204: 20203: 20200: 20197: 20192: 20185: 20181: 20180: 20178: 20172: 20155: 20148: 20144: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20127: 20120: 20116: 20115: 20113: 20107: 20098:François Arago 20092: 20079: 20075: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20058: 20051: 20047: 20046: 20043: 20040: 20029: 20022: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20001: 19994: 19990: 19989: 19987: 19981: 19964: 19951: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19934: 19927: 19923: 19922: 19919: 19916: 19911: 19904: 19900: 19899: 19896: 19893: 19882: 19875: 19871: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19854: 19847: 19843: 19842: 19839: 19836: 19831: 19824: 19820: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19809:David Brewster 19803: 19796: 19792: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19775: 19768: 19764: 19763: 19760: 19757: 19746: 19739: 19735: 19734: 19731: 19728: 19723: 19716: 19712: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19695: 19688: 19684: 19683: 19680: 19677: 19672: 19665: 19661: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19644: 19637: 19633: 19632: 19629: 19626: 19615: 19608: 19604: 19603: 19600: 19597: 19586: 19579: 19575: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19558: 19551: 19547: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19530: 19523: 19519: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19502: 19495: 19491: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19474: 19467: 19463: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19446: 19439: 19435: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19418: 19411: 19407: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19390: 19388: 19384: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19367: 19360: 19356: 19355: 19353: 19347: 19330: 19317: 19313: 19312: 19309: 19306: 19301: 19294: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19273: 19266: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19245: 19238: 19234: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19217: 19210: 19206: 19205: 19202: 19199: 19194: 19187: 19183: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19166: 19159: 19155: 19154: 19152: 19146: 19129: 19116: 19112: 19111: 19108: 19105: 19100: 19093: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19078:William Morgan 19072: 19065: 19061: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19044: 19037: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19016: 19009: 19005: 19004: 19001: 18998: 18993: 18986: 18982: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18965: 18958: 18954: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18937: 18930: 18926: 18925: 18923: 18917: 18908:John Goodricke 18902: 18895: 18891: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18880:Richard Kirwan 18874: 18867: 18863: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18846: 18839: 18835: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18818: 18811: 18807: 18806: 18803: 18800: 18795: 18788: 18784: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18773:Charles Hutton 18767: 18760: 18756: 18755: 18752: 18749: 18738: 18731: 18727: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18710: 18703: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18682: 18675: 18671: 18670: 18667: 18664: 18659: 18652: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18631: 18624: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18603: 18596: 18592: 18591: 18588: 18585: 18574: 18567: 18563: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18546: 18539: 18535: 18534: 18531: 18528: 18523:William Hewson 18517: 18510: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18489: 18482: 18478: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18461: 18454: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18438: 18429:Edward Delaval 18415: 18408: 18404: 18403: 18400: 18397: 18392: 18385: 18381: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18364: 18357: 18353: 18352: 18349: 18346: 18341: 18334: 18330: 18329: 18326: 18323: 18318: 18311: 18307: 18306: 18303: 18300: 18295: 18288: 18284: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18267: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18239: 18232: 18228: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18211: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18183: 18176: 18172: 18171: 18168: 18165: 18160: 18153: 18149: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18132: 18125: 18121: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18104: 18097: 18093: 18092: 18090: 18083: 18072: 18065: 18061: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18050: 18043: 18039: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18022: 18015: 18011: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18000:George Edwards 17994: 17987: 17983: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17966: 17959: 17955: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17938: 17931: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17910: 17903: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17882: 17875: 17871: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17860:William Watson 17854: 17847: 17843: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17826: 17819: 17815: 17814: 17811: 17808: 17797: 17790: 17786: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17769: 17762: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17741: 17734: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17713: 17706: 17702: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17685: 17678: 17674: 17673: 17670: 17667: 17656: 17649: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17628: 17621: 17617: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17600: 17593: 17589: 17588: 17585: 17582: 17577: 17570: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17549: 17542: 17538: 17537: 17534: 17531: 17526: 17519: 17515: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17498: 17491: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17470: 17463: 17459: 17458: 17455: 17452: 17449: 17446: 17439: 17436: 17411: 17408: 17338: 17335: 17289: 17288: 17281:Croonian Medal 17272:Bakerian Medal 17269: 17265: 17264: 17260: 17259: 17256: 17255: 17252: 17244: 17243: 17240: 17239: 17230: 17226: 17225: 17212: 17208: 17207: 17206:United Kingdom 17204: 17200: 17199: 17194: 17190: 17189: 17186: 17182: 17181: 17174: 17166: 17165: 17157: 17152: 17150: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16842: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16698: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16604:'''Specific''' 16603: 16601: 16598: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16545: 16542: 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2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499:}}</ref> 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2387:}}</ref> 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2244:}}</ref> 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222:}}</ref> 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170:}}</ref> 2167: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156:George Edwards 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143:dab=naturalist 2142: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2114: 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218: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 198: 197: 184: 179: 178: 163: 142: 119: 114: 113: 98: 67: 61: 59: 41: 33: 27: 23: 22: 14: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 34720: 34709: 34706: 34704: 34701: 34699: 34696: 34694: 34691: 34689: 34686: 34684: 34681: 34679: 34676: 34674: 34671: 34670: 34668: 34651: 34647: 34643: 34639: 34635: 34631: 34627: 34623: 34619: 34615: 34611: 34607: 34603: 34599: 34595: 34591: 34587: 34583: 34579: 34575: 34571: 34570:Alec Jeffreys 34567: 34563: 34559: 34555: 34551: 34547: 34543: 34539: 34538:Tomas Lindahl 34535: 34531: 34527: 34523: 34519: 34518:Roger Penrose 34515: 34511: 34507: 34503: 34499: 34495: 34491: 34487: 34483: 34479: 34475: 34471: 34467: 34463: 34459: 34458: 34455: 34450: 34443: 34438: 34436: 34431: 34429: 34424: 34423: 34420: 34406: 34402: 34398: 34394: 34390: 34386: 34382: 34378: 34374: 34373:Alan Cottrell 34370: 34366: 34362: 34358: 34354: 34350: 34346: 34342: 34341:George Porter 34338: 34334: 34330: 34326: 34322: 34318: 34314: 34310: 34306: 34302: 34298: 34294: 34290: 34286: 34282: 34278: 34274: 34270: 34266: 34262: 34258: 34254: 34250: 34246: 34242: 34238: 34234: 34230: 34226: 34222: 34218: 34214: 34210: 34206: 34205:Francis Crick 34202: 34198: 34194: 34190: 34189:Andrew Huxley 34186: 34182: 34178: 34174: 34170: 34166: 34162: 34158: 34157:Peter Medawar 34154: 34150: 34146: 34142: 34138: 34134: 34130: 34126: 34122: 34118: 34114: 34110: 34106: 34102: 34098: 34094: 34090: 34086: 34082: 34078: 34074: 34070: 34066: 34062: 34061:Howard Florey 34058: 34054: 34050: 34046: 34045:Ronald Fisher 34042: 34038: 34034: 34030: 34026: 34022: 34018: 34014: 34010: 34009: 34006: 34001: 33994: 33989: 33987: 33982: 33980: 33975: 33974: 33971: 33957: 33953: 33949: 33945: 33941: 33937: 33933: 33929: 33925: 33921: 33917: 33913: 33909: 33905: 33901: 33897: 33893: 33889: 33885: 33881: 33877: 33876:Paul Langevin 33873: 33869: 33865: 33861: 33857: 33853: 33849: 33845: 33841: 33837: 33833: 33829: 33825: 33821: 33817: 33813: 33809: 33805: 33801: 33797: 33793: 33789: 33785: 33781: 33777: 33773: 33769: 33765: 33761: 33757: 33753: 33749: 33745: 33741: 33737: 33733: 33729: 33725: 33724:Joseph Larmor 33721: 33717: 33713: 33709: 33705: 33701: 33697: 33693: 33689: 33685: 33681: 33677: 33673: 33669: 33668:J. J. Thomson 33665: 33661: 33660:Ray Lankester 33657: 33653: 33649: 33645: 33644:George Darwin 33641: 33637: 33633: 33629: 33625: 33621: 33617: 33613: 33609: 33605: 33601: 33597: 33593: 33589: 33585: 33581: 33577: 33573: 33572:Joseph Lister 33569: 33565: 33561: 33560: 33557: 33552: 33545: 33540: 33538: 33533: 33531: 33526: 33525: 33522: 33508: 33504: 33500: 33496: 33492: 33488: 33484: 33480: 33476: 33472: 33468: 33464: 33460: 33456: 33452: 33448: 33444: 33440: 33436: 33432: 33428: 33427:Simon Newcomb 33424: 33420: 33419:George Salmon 33416: 33412: 33408: 33404: 33400: 33396: 33392: 33388: 33384: 33380: 33376: 33372: 33368: 33364: 33363:Arthur Cayley 33360: 33356: 33352: 33348: 33344: 33340: 33336: 33332: 33328: 33324: 33320: 33316: 33312: 33308: 33304: 33300: 33299:Louis Pasteur 33296: 33292: 33288: 33284: 33280: 33276: 33272: 33268: 33264: 33260: 33256: 33252: 33248: 33244: 33240: 33236: 33232: 33228: 33224: 33220: 33216: 33212: 33211:Adam Sedgwick 33208: 33204: 33203:Thomas Graham 33200: 33196: 33195:Louis Agassiz 33192: 33188: 33187:Robert Bunsen 33184: 33180: 33176: 33172: 33171:Charles Lyell 33168: 33164: 33160: 33156: 33152: 33148: 33147:Léon Foucault 33144: 33140: 33136: 33132: 33128: 33124: 33120: 33116: 33112: 33111: 33108: 33103: 33096: 33091: 33089: 33084: 33082: 33077: 33076: 33073: 33059: 33055: 33051: 33047: 33043: 33039: 33035: 33034:John Herschel 33031: 33027: 33023: 33019: 33015: 33011: 33007: 33003: 32999: 32995: 32991: 32987: 32983: 32979: 32975: 32971: 32967: 32963: 32959: 32955: 32951: 32947: 32943: 32939: 32935: 32931: 32927: 32923: 32919: 32915: 32911: 32907: 32903: 32899: 32895: 32891: 32887: 32883: 32882:William Prout 32879: 32875: 32871: 32867: 32863: 32859: 32855: 32854:John Brinkley 32851: 32847: 32843: 32839: 32835: 32831: 32830:John Herschel 32827: 32826:Edward Sabine 32823: 32819: 32815: 32811: 32807: 32803: 32799: 32795: 32791: 32787: 32783: 32779: 32775: 32771: 32767: 32763: 32759: 32755: 32754:William Henry 32751: 32747: 32743: 32739: 32735: 32731: 32727: 32723: 32719: 32715: 32711: 32707: 32703: 32699: 32698:Astley Cooper 32695: 32694: 32691: 32686: 32679: 32674: 32672: 32667: 32665: 32660: 32659: 32656: 32642: 32638: 32634: 32630: 32626: 32622: 32618: 32614: 32613:George Atwood 32610: 32606: 32605:Jesse Ramsden 32602: 32598: 32594: 32590: 32586: 32582: 32578: 32577:James Rennell 32574: 32570: 32566: 32562: 32558: 32554: 32550: 32546: 32542: 32538: 32537:Edward Waring 32534: 32530: 32526: 32522: 32518: 32514: 32510: 32506: 32502: 32498: 32494: 32490: 32486: 32482: 32478: 32474: 32470: 32466: 32462: 32458: 32454: 32450: 32446: 32445:Matthew Raper 32442: 32438: 32434: 32430: 32426: 32422: 32418: 32414: 32410: 32406: 32402: 32398: 32394: 32390: 32386: 32382: 32378: 32374: 32370: 32366: 32362: 32358: 32354: 32350: 32346: 32342: 32341:William Lewis 32338: 32334: 32330: 32326: 32322: 32318: 32314: 32313: 32310: 32305: 32298: 32293: 32291: 32286: 32284: 32279: 32278: 32275: 32261: 32257: 32253: 32252:John Harrison 32249: 32245: 32244:James Bradley 32241: 32237: 32233: 32229: 32225: 32221: 32217: 32213: 32209: 32205: 32201: 32197: 32193: 32189: 32185: 32181: 32177: 32173: 32169: 32165: 32161: 32157: 32156:John Belchier 32153: 32149: 32145: 32141: 32137: 32133: 32129: 32125: 32121: 32120: 32117: 32112: 32105: 32100: 32098: 32093: 32091: 32086: 32085: 32082: 32069: 32066: 32063: 32060: 32058: 32055: 32053: 32050: 32048: 32045: 32043: 32040: 32038: 32035: 32033: 32030: 32028: 32025: 32023: 32020: 32018: 32015: 32012: 32010: 32007: 32006: 32004: 32000: 31994: 31991: 31989: 31988:Rumford Medal 31986: 31984: 31981: 31979: 31976: 31974: 31971: 31969: 31966: 31964: 31961: 31959: 31956: 31954: 31951: 31950: 31948: 31944: 31938: 31935: 31933: 31930: 31928: 31925: 31922: 31918: 31915: 31914: 31912: 31906: 31899: 31896: 31893: 31890: 31887: 31884: 31880: 31878: 31875: 31873: 31870: 31869: 31867: 31863: 31857: 31854: 31852: 31849: 31847: 31844: 31842: 31839: 31837: 31834: 31832: 31829: 31827: 31826:Crick Lecture 31824: 31823: 31821: 31817: 31811: 31808: 31806: 31803: 31801: 31800:Mullard Award 31798: 31796: 31793: 31791: 31788: 31786: 31783: 31781: 31778: 31777: 31775: 31771: 31767: 31760: 31755: 31753: 31748: 31746: 31741: 31740: 31737: 31721: 31717: 31713: 31712: 31702: 31697: 31682: 31678: 31672: 31657: 31653: 31647: 31632: 31628: 31622: 31607: 31603: 31597: 31582: 31578: 31572: 31557: 31553: 31547: 31532: 31528: 31522: 31507: 31503: 31497: 31482: 31478: 31472: 31456: 31452: 31448: 31442: 31427: 31423: 31422:"John Walker" 31417: 31402: 31398: 31391: 31389: 31373: 31369: 31365: 31359: 31344: 31340: 31336: 31330: 31315: 31311: 31307: 31301: 31287:on 2013-11-13 31286: 31282: 31276: 31262:on 2020-05-23 31261: 31257: 31253: 31247: 31231: 31227: 31223: 31217: 31209: 31195: 31191: 31187: 31186: 31180: 31173: 31165: 31151: 31147: 31143: 31142: 31136: 31129: 31114: 31110: 31104: 31089: 31085: 31079: 31065:on 2007-09-21 31064: 31060: 31056: 31050: 31036:on 2012-12-30 31035: 31031: 31025: 31017: 31003: 30999: 30995: 30994: 30988: 30981: 30973: 30959: 30955: 30951: 30950: 30944: 30937: 30922: 30918: 30912: 30898:on 2013-06-21 30897: 30893: 30887: 30872: 30868: 30862: 30848:on 1998-04-19 30847: 30843: 30837: 30829: 30814: 30810: 30806: 30802: 30801: 30795: 30787: 30773:on 2013-11-02 30772: 30768: 30762: 30748:on 2013-06-21 30747: 30743: 30737: 30729: 30715: 30711: 30707: 30706: 30700: 30692: 30684: 30670: 30666: 30662: 30661: 30655: 30648: 30640: 30626: 30622: 30618: 30617: 30611: 30604: 30595: 30590: 30586: 30582: 30578: 30574: 30570: 30564: 30556: 30542: 30538: 30534: 30533: 30527: 30520: 30506:on 1998-04-19 30505: 30501: 30495: 30487: 30473: 30469: 30465: 30464: 30458: 30451: 30436: 30432: 30428: 30422: 30407: 30403: 30397: 30382: 30378: 30374: 30369: 30364: 30360: 30356: 30352: 30348: 30344: 30337: 30322: 30318: 30312: 30297: 30291: 30282: 30277: 30273: 30269: 30265: 30261: 30260: 30255: 30249: 30234: 30230: 30224: 30209: 30205: 30199: 30184: 30180: 30174: 30165: 30160: 30156: 30152: 30148: 30144: 30140: 30134: 30119: 30115: 30109: 30101: 30087: 30083: 30079: 30078: 30072: 30065: 30057: 30053: 30049: 30045: 30041: 30037: 30030: 30016:on 2008-12-30 30015: 30011: 30007: 30001: 29992: 29987: 29983: 29979: 29975: 29971: 29967: 29960: 29945: 29941: 29935: 29921:on 2013-07-09 29920: 29916: 29910: 29895: 29891: 29885: 29877: 29863: 29859: 29855: 29854: 29848: 29841: 29827:on 1998-12-03 29826: 29822: 29816: 29802:on 2013-07-20 29801: 29797: 29791: 29773: 29766: 29760: 29745: 29741: 29735: 29717: 29710: 29704: 29690:on 2013-06-05 29689: 29685: 29679: 29664: 29660: 29654: 29652: 29650: 29648: 29646: 29644: 29642: 29640: 29638: 29636: 29634: 29632: 29630: 29628: 29626: 29624: 29622: 29620: 29618: 29616: 29614: 29612: 29610: 29608: 29606: 29604: 29602: 29600: 29584: 29580: 29574: 29560:on 2013-11-12 29559: 29555: 29549: 29534: 29530: 29524: 29509: 29505: 29501: 29495: 29481:on 2013-10-28 29480: 29476: 29470: 29456:on 1998-04-19 29455: 29451: 29445: 29430: 29426: 29420: 29406:on 2012-08-05 29405: 29401: 29395: 29380: 29376: 29370: 29356:on 2013-07-21 29355: 29351: 29345: 29330: 29326: 29320: 29305: 29301: 29295: 29277: 29273: 29266: 29260: 29253: 29243: 29239: 29238: 29231: 29216: 29212: 29206: 29192:on 2013-06-05 29191: 29187: 29181: 29166: 29162: 29156: 29141: 29137: 29131: 29113: 29109: 29102: 29096: 29081: 29077: 29071: 29056: 29052: 29048: 29042: 29028:on 2008-02-23 29027: 29023: 29019: 29013: 28998: 28994: 28988: 28984: 28980: 28976: 28972: 28971: 28964: 28950:on 2013-11-12 28949: 28945: 28939: 28924: 28920: 28914: 28900: 28894: 28890: 28886: 28885: 28877: 28862: 28858: 28852: 28838:on 2013-11-05 28837: 28833: 28827: 28812: 28808: 28802: 28788: 28786:9780521524735 28782: 28778: 28774: 28773: 28765: 28757: 28743: 28739: 28735: 28734: 28728: 28721: 28706: 28702: 28698: 28692: 28677: 28673: 28669: 28663: 28648: 28644: 28638: 28623: 28619: 28613: 28599:on 2013-08-23 28598: 28594: 28588: 28581: 28571: 28567: 28566: 28559: 28544: 28540: 28534: 28519: 28515: 28509: 28494: 28490: 28484: 28469: 28465: 28461: 28455: 28440: 28436: 28430: 28428: 28419: 28413: 28409: 28405: 28401: 28397: 28390: 28375: 28371: 28365: 28351:on 2008-11-04 28350: 28346: 28340: 28325: 28321: 28315: 28307: 28303: 28298: 28293: 28289: 28285: 28281: 28274: 28259: 28255: 28249: 28234: 28230: 28226: 28219: 28204: 28200: 28194: 28192: 28190: 28188: 28186: 28184: 28182: 28180: 28178: 28176: 28174: 28172: 28170: 28168: 28166: 28164: 28162: 28160: 28158: 28156: 28154: 28152: 28150: 28148: 28146: 28131:on 2013-04-20 28130: 28126: 28119: 28105:on 2013-04-19 28104: 28100: 28093: 28079:on 2009-04-08 28078: 28074: 28070: 28064: 28050:on 2011-06-06 28049: 28045: 28039: 28025:on 2009-03-20 28021: 28014: 28007: 27992: 27988: 27984: 27978: 27970: 27956: 27952: 27948: 27947: 27941: 27933: 27918: 27914: 27908: 27894:on 2013-04-04 27893: 27889: 27883: 27875: 27861: 27857: 27853: 27852: 27846: 27839: 27823: 27819: 27815: 27809: 27807: 27798: 27784: 27780: 27776: 27775: 27769: 27762: 27754: 27740: 27736: 27732: 27731: 27725: 27718: 27703: 27699: 27693: 27678: 27674: 27673:"William Roy" 27668: 27653: 27649: 27643: 27628: 27624: 27620: 27614: 27599: 27595: 27591: 27585: 27583: 27581: 27565: 27561: 27557: 27553: 27549: 27545: 27541: 27538: 27531: 27516: 27512: 27506: 27492:on 2008-12-05 27491: 27487: 27483: 27477: 27475: 27459: 27455: 27449: 27434: 27430: 27424: 27409: 27405: 27401: 27397: 27393: 27389: 27385: 27381: 27377: 27374: 27367: 27349: 27345: 27341: 27337: 27333: 27329: 27322: 27315: 27300: 27296: 27292: 27288: 27284: 27280: 27276: 27273: 27266: 27258: 27244: 27240: 27236: 27235: 27229: 27222: 27208:on 2013-11-12 27207: 27203: 27199: 27193: 27178: 27174: 27170: 27164: 27156: 27142: 27138: 27134: 27133: 27127: 27120: 27105: 27101: 27095: 27087: 27073: 27069: 27065: 27064: 27058: 27051: 27043: 27029: 27025: 27021: 27020: 27014: 27007: 26993: 26991:9780719003707 26987: 26983: 26979: 26978: 26971: 26956: 26952: 26946: 26938: 26924: 26920: 26916: 26915: 26909: 26902: 26895: 26891: 26886: 26884: 26868: 26864: 26860: 26854: 26847: 26843: 26838: 26823: 26819: 26815: 26809: 26795: 26793:9780871692207 26789: 26785: 26781: 26780: 26775: 26771: 26765: 26763: 26747: 26743: 26737: 26729: 26715: 26711: 26707: 26706: 26700: 26692: 26684: 26670: 26666: 26662: 26661: 26655: 26648: 26640: 26626: 26622: 26618: 26617: 26611: 26604: 26596: 26582: 26578: 26574: 26573: 26567: 26560: 26552: 26538: 26534: 26530: 26529: 26523: 26516: 26508: 26494: 26490: 26486: 26485: 26479: 26471: 26463: 26449: 26445: 26441: 26440: 26434: 26427: 26425: 26423: 26414: 26400: 26396: 26392: 26391: 26385: 26377: 26375: 26367: 26355: 26351: 26347: 26341: 26325: 26321: 26317: 26311: 26303: 26299: 26295: 26291: 26288:(1): 81–105. 26287: 26283: 26276: 26258: 26254: 26250: 26246: 26242: 26238: 26234: 26227: 26220: 26218: 26216: 26214: 26199:on 2013-05-05 26198: 26194: 26190: 26184: 26182: 26180: 26171: 26167: 26163: 26159: 26155: 26151: 26144: 26142: 26140: 26138: 26136: 26134: 26132: 26116: 26115: 26110: 26104: 26098: 26096: 26094: 26085: 26081: 26076: 26071: 26066: 26061: 26057: 26053: 26048: 26043: 26039: 26035: 26031: 26024: 26016: 26012: 26007: 26002: 25998: 25994: 25990: 25983: 25967: 25963: 25959: 25953: 25937: 25933: 25929: 25923: 25907: 25903: 25899: 25893: 25891: 25874: 25870: 25866: 25860: 25858: 25856: 25836: 25832: 25825: 25819: 25817: 25815: 25810: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25786: 25783: 25781: 25778: 25777: 25767: 25764: 25759: 25753: 25750: 25746: 25743: 25742: 25739: 25736: 25731: 25725: 25722: 25718: 25715: 25714: 25711: 25708: 25705: 25702: 25698: 25695: 25694: 25691: 25688: 25683: 25677: 25674: 25670: 25667: 25666: 25663: 25660: 25655: 25649: 25646: 25642: 25639: 25638: 25635: 25632: 25627: 25621: 25618: 25614: 25611: 25610: 25607: 25604: 25599: 25593: 25590: 25586: 25583: 25582: 25579: 25576: 25571: 25565: 25562: 25558: 25555: 25554: 25551: 25548: 25543: 25537: 25534: 25530: 25527: 25526: 25523: 25520: 25515: 25509: 25506: 25502: 25499: 25498: 25495: 25492: 25487: 25486:Alec Jeffreys 25481: 25478: 25474: 25471: 25470: 25466: 25463: 25458: 25452: 25449: 25445: 25442: 25441: 25438: 25435: 25430: 25424: 25421: 25417: 25414: 25413: 25409: 25406: 25401: 25395: 25392: 25388: 25385: 25384: 25381: 25378: 25373: 25372:Tomas Lindahl 25367: 25364: 25360: 25359: 25356: 25353: 25348: 25342: 25339: 25335: 25331: 25327: 25324: 25319: 25313: 25310: 25306: 25303: 25302: 25298: 25295: 25290: 25289:Roger Penrose 25284: 25281: 25277: 25274: 25273: 25269: 25266: 25261: 25255: 25252: 25248: 25245: 25244: 25241: 25238: 25233: 25227: 25224: 25220: 25217: 25216: 25212: 25209: 25204: 25198: 25195: 25191: 25188: 25187: 25184: 25181: 25176: 25170: 25167: 25163: 25160: 25159: 25155: 25152: 25147: 25141: 25138: 25134: 25131: 25130: 25127: 25124: 25119: 25113: 25110: 25106: 25103: 25102: 25098: 25095: 25090: 25084: 25081: 25077: 25074: 25073: 25069: 25062: 25057: 25051: 25048: 25044: 25041: 25040: 25037: 25034: 25029: 25023: 25020: 25016: 25013: 25012: 25009: 25006: 25001: 24995: 24993: 24990: 24989: 24985: 24982: 24977: 24971: 24968: 24964: 24961: 24960: 24957: 24954: 24949: 24948:Alan Cottrell 24943: 24940: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24928: 24925: 24920: 24914: 24912: 24909: 24908: 24904: 24901: 24896: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24884: 24881: 24878: 24873: 24867: 24864: 24860: 24857: 24856: 24853: 24850: 24845: 24844:George Porter 24839: 24836: 24832: 24829: 24828: 24824: 24821: 24816: 24810: 24807: 24803: 24800: 24799: 24796: 24793: 24788: 24782: 24779: 24775: 24772: 24771: 24767: 24764: 24759: 24753: 24750: 24746: 24743: 24742: 24739: 24736: 24731: 24725: 24722: 24718: 24715: 24714: 24710: 24707: 24702: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24690: 24686: 24683: 24678: 24672: 24669: 24665: 24662: 24661: 24657: 24654: 24649: 24643: 24640: 24636: 24633: 24632: 24629: 24626: 24621: 24615: 24612: 24608: 24605: 24604: 24600: 24597: 24592: 24586: 24583: 24579: 24576: 24575: 24572: 24569: 24564: 24558: 24555: 24551: 24548: 24547: 24544: 24541: 24536: 24530: 24528: 24525: 24524: 24521: 24518: 24513: 24507: 24504: 24500: 24497: 24496: 24493: 24490: 24485: 24479: 24476: 24472: 24469: 24468: 24465: 24462: 24457: 24451: 24448: 24444: 24441: 24440: 24437: 24434: 24429: 24423: 24420: 24416: 24413: 24412: 24409: 24402: 24397: 24391: 24388: 24384: 24381: 24380: 24377: 24374: 24369: 24368:Francis Crick 24363: 24360: 24356: 24353: 24352: 24349: 24346: 24341: 24335: 24332: 24328: 24325: 24324: 24320: 24317: 24312: 24311:Andrew Huxley 24306: 24303: 24299: 24296: 24295: 24292: 24289: 24284: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24272: 24268: 24265: 24260: 24254: 24251: 24247: 24244: 24243: 24240: 24237: 24232: 24226: 24223: 24219: 24216: 24215: 24212: 24209: 24204: 24203:Peter Medawar 24198: 24195: 24191: 24188: 24187: 24183: 24180: 24175: 24169: 24166: 24162: 24159: 24158: 24154: 24151: 24146: 24140: 24137: 24133: 24130: 24129: 24126: 24123: 24118: 24112: 24109: 24105: 24102: 24101: 24097: 24094: 24089: 24083: 24080: 24076: 24073: 24072: 24069: 24066: 24061: 24055: 24052: 24048: 24045: 24044: 24040: 24037: 24032: 24026: 24023: 24019: 24016: 24015: 24012: 24009: 24004: 23998: 23995: 23991: 23988: 23987: 23984: 23981: 23976: 23970: 23967: 23963: 23960: 23959: 23956: 23953: 23948: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23936: 23933: 23930: 23925: 23919: 23916: 23912: 23909: 23908: 23905: 23902: 23897: 23891: 23888: 23884: 23881: 23880: 23877: 23874: 23869: 23868:Howard Florey 23863: 23860: 23856: 23853: 23852: 23848: 23845: 23840: 23834: 23831: 23827: 23824: 23823: 23820: 23817: 23812: 23811:Ronald Fisher 23806: 23803: 23799: 23796: 23795: 23792: 23789: 23784: 23778: 23775: 23771: 23768: 23767: 23763: 23760: 23755: 23749: 23746: 23742: 23739: 23738: 23735: 23732: 23727: 23721: 23718: 23714: 23711: 23710: 23707: 23704: 23699: 23693: 23690: 23686: 23683: 23682: 23679: 23676: 23671: 23665: 23662: 23658: 23655: 23654: 23651: 23648: 23643: 23637: 23634: 23630: 23627: 23626: 23623: 23620: 23615: 23609: 23606: 23602: 23599: 23598: 23595: 23592: 23587: 23581: 23578: 23574: 23571: 23570: 23567: 23564: 23559: 23553: 23550: 23546: 23543: 23542: 23539: 23536: 23531: 23525: 23522: 23518: 23515: 23514: 23511: 23508: 23503: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23491: 23488: 23485: 23480: 23474: 23471: 23467: 23464: 23463: 23460: 23457: 23452: 23446: 23443: 23439: 23436: 23435: 23432: 23429: 23424: 23418: 23415: 23411: 23408: 23407: 23404: 23401: 23396: 23395:Paul Langevin 23390: 23387: 23383: 23380: 23379: 23376: 23373: 23368: 23362: 23359: 23355: 23352: 23351: 23348: 23345: 23340: 23334: 23331: 23327: 23324: 23323: 23320: 23317: 23312: 23306: 23303: 23299: 23296: 23295: 23292: 23289: 23284: 23278: 23275: 23271: 23268: 23267: 23264: 23261: 23256: 23250: 23247: 23243: 23240: 23239: 23236: 23233: 23228: 23222: 23219: 23215: 23212: 23211: 23208: 23205: 23200: 23194: 23191: 23187: 23184: 23183: 23180: 23177: 23172: 23166: 23163: 23159: 23156: 23155: 23152: 23149: 23144: 23138: 23135: 23131: 23128: 23127: 23124: 23121: 23116: 23110: 23107: 23103: 23100: 23099: 23096: 23093: 23088: 23082: 23079: 23075: 23072: 23071: 23067: 23064: 23059: 23053: 23050: 23046: 23043: 23042: 23039: 23036: 23031: 23025: 23022: 23018: 23015: 23014: 23011: 23008: 23003: 22997: 22994: 22990: 22987: 22986: 22983: 22980: 22975: 22969: 22966: 22962: 22959: 22958: 22954: 22951: 22946: 22940: 22937: 22933: 22930: 22929: 22926: 22923: 22918: 22912: 22909: 22905: 22902: 22901: 22898: 22895: 22890: 22884: 22881: 22877: 22874: 22873: 22870: 22867: 22862: 22861:Joseph Larmor 22856: 22853: 22849: 22846: 22845: 22842: 22839: 22834: 22828: 22825: 22821: 22818: 22817: 22814: 22811: 22806: 22800: 22797: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22786: 22783: 22778: 22772: 22769: 22765: 22762: 22761: 22758: 22755: 22750: 22744: 22741: 22737: 22734: 22733: 22730: 22727: 22722: 22716: 22713: 22709: 22706: 22705: 22702: 22699: 22694: 22688: 22685: 22681: 22678: 22677: 22674: 22671: 22666: 22660: 22657: 22653: 22650: 22649: 22646: 22643: 22638: 22637:Ray Lankester 22632: 22629: 22625: 22622: 22621: 22618: 22615: 22610: 22604: 22601: 22597: 22594: 22593: 22590: 22587: 22582: 22581:George Darwin 22576: 22573: 22569: 22566: 22565: 22562: 22559: 22554: 22548: 22545: 22541: 22538: 22537: 22534: 22531: 22526: 22520: 22517: 22513: 22510: 22509: 22506: 22503: 22498: 22492: 22489: 22485: 22482: 22481: 22478: 22475: 22470: 22464: 22461: 22457: 22454: 22453: 22450: 22447: 22442: 22436: 22433: 22429: 22426: 22425: 22422: 22419: 22414: 22408: 22405: 22401: 22398: 22397: 22394: 22391: 22386: 22380: 22377: 22373: 22370: 22369: 22366: 22363: 22358: 22352: 22349: 22345: 22342: 22341: 22338: 22335: 22330: 22329:Joseph Lister 22324: 22321: 22317: 22314: 22313: 22310: 22307: 22302: 22296: 22293: 22289: 22286: 22285: 22282: 22279: 22274: 22268: 22265: 22261: 22258: 22257: 22254: 22251: 22246: 22245:Lord Rayleigh 22240: 22237: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22226: 22223: 22218: 22212: 22209: 22205: 22202: 22201: 22197: 22194: 22189: 22183: 22180: 22176: 22173: 22172: 22168: 22165: 22160: 22154: 22151: 22147: 22144: 22143: 22140: 22137: 22132: 22126: 22123: 22119: 22116: 22115: 22112: 22109: 22104: 22098: 22095: 22091: 22088: 22087: 22084: 22081: 22076: 22075:George Stokes 22070: 22067: 22063: 22060: 22059: 22056: 22053: 22048: 22042: 22039: 22035: 22032: 22031: 22028: 22025: 22020: 22014: 22011: 22007: 22004: 22003: 22000: 21997: 21992: 21991:Simon Newcomb 21986: 21983: 21979: 21976: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21964: 21963:George Salmon 21958: 21955: 21951: 21948: 21947: 21944: 21941: 21936: 21930: 21927: 21923: 21920: 21919: 21916: 21913: 21908: 21902: 21899: 21895: 21892: 21891: 21888: 21885: 21880: 21874: 21871: 21867: 21864: 21863: 21860: 21857: 21852: 21851:August Kekulé 21846: 21843: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21831: 21828: 21823: 21817: 21814: 21810: 21807: 21806: 21803: 21800: 21795: 21789: 21786: 21782: 21779: 21778: 21775: 21772: 21767: 21766:Arthur Cayley 21761: 21758: 21754: 21751: 21750: 21746: 21743: 21738: 21732: 21729: 21725: 21722: 21721: 21718: 21715: 21710: 21704: 21701: 21697: 21694: 21693: 21690: 21687: 21682: 21676: 21673: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21662: 21659: 21654: 21648: 21645: 21641: 21638: 21637: 21634: 21631: 21626: 21620: 21617: 21613: 21610: 21609: 21606: 21603: 21598: 21592: 21589: 21585: 21582: 21581: 21578: 21575: 21570: 21564: 21561: 21557: 21554: 21553: 21550: 21547: 21542: 21541:Louis Pasteur 21536: 21533: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21522: 21519: 21514: 21508: 21505: 21501: 21498: 21497: 21494: 21491: 21486: 21480: 21477: 21473: 21470: 21469: 21466: 21463: 21458: 21452: 21449: 21445: 21442: 21441: 21438: 21435: 21430: 21424: 21421: 21417: 21414: 21413: 21410: 21407: 21403: 21398: 21392: 21389: 21385: 21382: 21381: 21378: 21375: 21370: 21364: 21361: 21357: 21354: 21353: 21350: 21347: 21342: 21336: 21333: 21329: 21326: 21325: 21322: 21319: 21314: 21308: 21305: 21301: 21298: 21297: 21294: 21291: 21286: 21280: 21277: 21273: 21270: 21269: 21266: 21263: 21258: 21252: 21249: 21245: 21242: 21241: 21238: 21235: 21230: 21229:Adam Sedgwick 21224: 21221: 21217: 21214: 21213: 21210: 21207: 21202: 21201:Thomas Graham 21196: 21193: 21189: 21186: 21185: 21182: 21179: 21174: 21173:Louis Agassiz 21168: 21165: 21161: 21158: 21157: 21154: 21151: 21146: 21145:Robert Bunsen 21140: 21137: 21133: 21130: 21129: 21126: 21123: 21118: 21112: 21109: 21105: 21102: 21101: 21098: 21095: 21090: 21089:Charles Lyell 21084: 21081: 21077: 21074: 21073: 21070: 21067: 21062: 21056: 21053: 21049: 21046: 21045: 21041: 21038: 21033: 21027: 21024: 21020: 21017: 21016: 21013: 21010: 21005: 21004:Léon Foucault 20999: 20996: 20992: 20989: 20988: 20985: 20982: 20977: 20971: 20968: 20964: 20961: 20960: 20956: 20953: 20948: 20942: 20939: 20935: 20932: 20931: 20928: 20925: 20920: 20914: 20911: 20907: 20904: 20903: 20900: 20897: 20892: 20886: 20883: 20879: 20876: 20875: 20872: 20869: 20864: 20858: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20847: 20843: 20840: 20835: 20829: 20826: 20822: 20819: 20818: 20815: 20812: 20807: 20801: 20798: 20794: 20791: 20790: 20787: 20784: 20779: 20778:John Herschel 20773: 20770: 20766: 20763: 20762: 20759: 20756: 20751: 20745: 20742: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20730: 20727: 20722: 20716: 20713: 20709: 20706: 20705: 20702: 20699: 20694: 20688: 20685: 20681: 20678: 20677: 20673: 20670: 20665: 20659: 20656: 20652: 20649: 20648: 20645: 20642: 20637: 20631: 20628: 20624: 20621: 20620: 20617: 20614: 20609: 20603: 20600: 20596: 20593: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20583: 20581: 20580: 20572: 20566: 20563: 20557: 20553: 20550: 20549: 20546: 20543: 20538: 20532: 20529: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20512: 20510: 20509: 20501: 20495: 20492: 20486: 20482: 20479: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20469: 20467: 20466: 20458: 20452: 20449: 20443: 20439: 20436: 20435: 20431: 20429: 20425: 20423: 20416: 20410: 20407: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20396: 20393: 20388: 20382: 20379: 20375: 20372: 20371: 20368: 20365: 20360: 20354: 20351: 20347: 20344: 20343: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20328: 20324: 20321: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20311: 20309: 20302: 20296: 20293: 20287: 20283: 20280: 20279: 20276: 20273: 20268: 20262: 20259: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20236: 20232: 20229: 20228: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20213: 20209: 20206: 20205: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20190: 20186: 20183: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20173: 20171: 20170: 20162: 20161:William Prout 20156: 20153: 20149: 20146: 20145: 20142: 20139: 20134: 20128: 20125: 20121: 20118: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20108: 20106: 20099: 20093: 20090: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20076: 20073: 20070: 20065: 20064:John Brinkley 20059: 20056: 20052: 20049: 20048: 20044: 20041: 20036: 20030: 20027: 20023: 20020: 20019: 20016: 20013: 20008: 20002: 19999: 19995: 19992: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19982: 19980: 19979: 19978:John Herschel 19971: 19970:Edward Sabine 19965: 19962: 19956: 19952: 19949: 19948: 19945: 19942: 19939: 19935: 19932: 19928: 19925: 19924: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19901: 19897: 19894: 19889: 19883: 19880: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19869: 19866: 19861: 19855: 19852: 19848: 19845: 19844: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19829: 19825: 19822: 19821: 19818: 19815: 19810: 19804: 19801: 19797: 19794: 19793: 19790: 19787: 19782: 19776: 19773: 19769: 19766: 19765: 19761: 19758: 19753: 19747: 19744: 19740: 19737: 19736: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19721: 19717: 19714: 19713: 19710: 19707: 19702: 19696: 19693: 19689: 19686: 19685: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19670: 19666: 19663: 19662: 19659: 19656: 19651: 19645: 19642: 19638: 19635: 19634: 19630: 19627: 19622: 19621:William Henry 19616: 19613: 19609: 19606: 19605: 19601: 19598: 19593: 19587: 19584: 19580: 19577: 19576: 19573: 19570: 19565: 19559: 19556: 19552: 19549: 19548: 19545: 19542: 19537: 19531: 19528: 19524: 19521: 19520: 19517: 19514: 19509: 19503: 19500: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19489: 19486: 19481: 19475: 19472: 19468: 19465: 19464: 19461: 19458: 19453: 19447: 19444: 19440: 19437: 19436: 19433: 19430: 19425: 19424:Astley Cooper 19419: 19416: 19412: 19409: 19408: 19405: 19402: 19397: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19385: 19382: 19379: 19374: 19368: 19365: 19361: 19358: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19348: 19346: 19345: 19337: 19331: 19328: 19322: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19291: 19288: 19285: 19280: 19279:George Atwood 19274: 19271: 19267: 19264: 19263: 19260: 19257: 19252: 19251:Jesse Ramsden 19246: 19243: 19239: 19236: 19235: 19232: 19229: 19224: 19218: 19215: 19211: 19208: 19207: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19192: 19188: 19185: 19184: 19181: 19178: 19173: 19167: 19164: 19160: 19157: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19136: 19135:James Rennell 19130: 19127: 19121: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19098: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19087: 19084: 19079: 19073: 19070: 19066: 19063: 19062: 19059: 19056: 19051: 19045: 19042: 19038: 19035: 19034: 19031: 19028: 19023: 19017: 19014: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18984: 18983: 18980: 18977: 18972: 18966: 18963: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18952: 18949: 18944: 18943:Edward Waring 18938: 18935: 18931: 18928: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18918: 18916: 18909: 18903: 18900: 18896: 18893: 18892: 18889: 18886: 18881: 18875: 18872: 18868: 18865: 18864: 18861: 18858: 18853: 18847: 18844: 18840: 18837: 18836: 18833: 18830: 18825: 18819: 18816: 18812: 18809: 18808: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18793: 18789: 18786: 18785: 18782: 18779: 18774: 18768: 18765: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18753: 18750: 18745: 18739: 18736: 18732: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18722: 18717: 18711: 18708: 18704: 18701: 18700: 18697: 18694: 18689: 18683: 18680: 18676: 18673: 18672: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18657: 18653: 18650: 18649: 18646: 18643: 18638: 18632: 18629: 18625: 18622: 18621: 18618: 18615: 18610: 18604: 18601: 18597: 18594: 18593: 18589: 18586: 18581: 18580:Matthew Raper 18575: 18572: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18561: 18558: 18553: 18547: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18532: 18529: 18524: 18518: 18515: 18511: 18508: 18507: 18504: 18501: 18496: 18490: 18487: 18483: 18480: 18479: 18476: 18473: 18468: 18462: 18459: 18455: 18452: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18439: 18437: 18436: 18432: 18430: 18422: 18416: 18413: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18390: 18386: 18383: 18382: 18379: 18376: 18371: 18365: 18362: 18358: 18355: 18354: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18339: 18335: 18332: 18331: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18316: 18312: 18309: 18308: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18293: 18289: 18286: 18285: 18282: 18279: 18274: 18268: 18265: 18261: 18258: 18257: 18254: 18251: 18246: 18240: 18237: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18226: 18223: 18218: 18212: 18209: 18205: 18202: 18201: 18198: 18195: 18190: 18184: 18181: 18177: 18174: 18173: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18158: 18154: 18151: 18150: 18147: 18144: 18139: 18133: 18130: 18126: 18123: 18122: 18119: 18116: 18111: 18110:William Lewis 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18091: 18088: 18084: 18079: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18048: 18044: 18041: 18040: 18037: 18034: 18029: 18023: 18020: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18009: 18006: 18001: 17995: 17992: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17981: 17978: 17973: 17972:John Harrison 17967: 17964: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17953: 17950: 17945: 17944:James Bradley 17939: 17936: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17925: 17922: 17917: 17911: 17908: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17897: 17894: 17889: 17883: 17880: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17869: 17866: 17861: 17855: 17852: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17841: 17838: 17833: 17827: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17812: 17809: 17804: 17798: 17795: 17791: 17788: 17787: 17784: 17781: 17776: 17770: 17767: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17756: 17753: 17748: 17742: 17739: 17735: 17732: 17731: 17728: 17725: 17720: 17714: 17711: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17700: 17697: 17692: 17691:Stephen Hales 17686: 17683: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17671: 17668: 17663: 17657: 17654: 17650: 17647: 17646: 17643: 17640: 17635: 17634:John Belchier 17629: 17626: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17615: 17612: 17607: 17601: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17590: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17564: 17561: 17556: 17550: 17547: 17543: 17540: 17539: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17517: 17516: 17513: 17510: 17505: 17499: 17496: 17492: 17489: 17488: 17485: 17482: 17477: 17471: 17468: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17443: 17435: 17433: 17429: 17425: 17421: 17417: 17407: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17393: 17389: 17384: 17382: 17378: 17374: 17373:John Belchier 17370: 17369:Martin Folkes 17365: 17362: 17359: 17355: 17352: 17348: 17345:, the MP for 17344: 17334: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17308: 17304: 17300: 17299:Royal Society 17296: 17286: 17282: 17277: 17273: 17270: 17266: 17261: 17257: 17250: 17245: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17227: 17213: 17211:First awarded 17209: 17205: 17201: 17198: 17197:Royal Society 17195: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17178: 17177:George Stokes 17172: 17167: 17162: 17156: 17148: 17138: 17135: 17127: 17124: 17116: 17113: 17105: 17102: 17094: 17091: 17083: 17080: 17072: 17069: 17061: 17058: 17050: 17047: 17039: 17036: 17028: 17025: 17017: 17014: 17008: 17003: 16997: 16990: 16987: 16979: 16976: 16970: 16965: 16957: 16954: 16948: 16943: 16935: 16932: 16926: 16921: 16913: 16910: 16904: 16899: 16891: 16888: 16882: 16877: 16869: 16866: 16860: 16855: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16843: 16837: 16832: 16826: 16821: 16815: 16810: 16804: 16799: 16793: 16788: 16782: 16777: 16769: 16766: 16760: 16755: 16747: 16744: 16738: 16733: 16725: 16722: 16716: 16711: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16693: 16688: 16682: 16677: 16669: 16666: 16660: 16655: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16637:{{Reflist|2}} 16635: 16632: 16624: 16621: 16615: 16610: 16602: 16599: 16593: 16588: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16576: 16568: 16565: 16557: 16554: 16548: 16543: 16535: 16532: 16526: 16521: 16513: 16510: 16504: 16499: 16493:'''General''' 16491: 16488: 16482: 16477: 16469: 16466: 16460: 16455: 16445: 16434: 16431: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16413: 16411: 16406: 16404: 16403: 16397: 16395: 16390: 16388: 16387: 16381: 16376: 16370: 16365: 16359: 16354: 16348: 16343: 16337: 16332: 16326: 16321: 16315: 16310: 16304: 16299: 16293: 16288: 16282: 16277: 16271: 16266: 16260: 16255: 16249: 16244: 16238: 16233: 16227: 16222: 16216: 16211: 16205: 16200: 16194: 16189: 16183: 16178: 16172: 16167: 16161: 16156: 16150: 16145: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16123: 16117: 16112: 16106: 16101: 16095: 16090: 16084: 16079: 16073: 16068: 16062: 16057: 16051: 16046: 16040: 16035: 16029: 16024: 16018: 16013: 16007: 16002: 15985: 15975: 15972: 15966: 15964: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15942: 15932: 15929: 15923: 15921: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15903: 15893: 15890: 15884: 15882: 15877: 15875: 15874: 15860: 15853: 15850: 15844: 15842: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15818:||{{sortname| 15812: 15797: 15794: 15788: 15786: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15768: 15761: 15758: 15752: 15750: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15716: 15689: 15686: 15680: 15678: 15673: 15671: 15670: 15660: 15653: 15650: 15644: 15642: 15637: 15635: 15634: 15613: 15602: 15599: 15593: 15591: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15561: 15552:|publisher=]| 15540: 15537: 15531: 15529: 15524: 15522: 15521: 15494: 15474: 15471: 15465: 15463: 15458: 15456: 15455: 15445: 15435: 15432: 15426: 15424: 15419: 15417: 15416: 15398: 15383: 15380: 15374: 15372: 15367: 15365: 15364: 15354: 15344: 15341: 15335: 15333: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15316:||{{sortname| 15310: 15299: 15296: 15290: 15288: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15198: 15118: 15115: 15109: 15107: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15069: 15036: 15033: 15027: 15025: 15020: 15018: 15017: 15007: 14997: 14994: 14988: 14986: 14981: 14979: 14978: 14948: 14915: 14912: 14906: 14904: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14888:||{{sortname| 14882: 14867: 14864: 14858: 14856: 14851: 14849: 14848: 14830: 14819: 14816: 14810: 14808: 14803: 14801: 14800: 14784:||{{sortname| 14778: 14759: 14756: 14750: 14748: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14729:||{{sortname| 14723: 14712: 14709: 14703: 14701: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14680: 14670: 14667: 14661: 14659: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14633: 14619: 14616: 14610: 14608: 14603: 14601: 14600: 14586: 14579: 14576: 14570: 14568: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14538: 14520: 14517: 14511: 14509: 14504: 14502: 14501: 14487: 14477: 14474: 14468: 14466: 14461: 14459: 14458: 14448: 14434: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14405: 14398: 14395: 14389: 14387: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14369: 14359: 14356: 14350: 14348: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14330: 14320: 14317: 14311: 14309: 14304: 14302: 14301: 14287: 14272: 14269: 14263: 14261: 14256: 14254: 14253: 14243: 14236: 14233: 14227: 14225: 14220: 14218: 14217: 14199: 14185: 14182: 14176: 14174: 14169: 14167: 14166: 14156: 14146: 14143: 14137: 14135: 14130: 14128: 14127: 14113: 14106: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14077: 14070: 14067: 14061: 14059: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14033: 14022: 14019: 14013: 14011: 14006: 14004: 14003: 13993: 13986: 13983: 13977: 13975: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13959:||{{sortname| 13953: 13942: 13939: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13923: 13913: 13903: 13900: 13894: 13892: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13870: 13856: 13853: 13847: 13845: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13823: 13812: 13809: 13803: 13801: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13767:mathematician 13755: 13714: 13711: 13705: 13703: 13698: 13696: 13695: 13685: 13675: 13672: 13666: 13664: 13659: 13657: 13656: 13626: 13593: 13590: 13584: 13582: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13556: 13542: 13539: 13533: 13531: 13526: 13524: 13523: 13505: 13491: 13488: 13482: 13480: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13450: 13431: 13428: 13422: 13420: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13394: 13379: 13376: 13370: 13368: 13363: 13361: 13360: 13326: 13293: 13290: 13284: 13282: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13260: 13250: 13247: 13241: 13239: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13213: 13199: 13196: 13190: 13188: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13160:||{{sortname| 13154: 13138: 13135: 13129: 13127: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13109: 13099: 13096: 13090: 13088: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13046: 13016: 13013: 13007: 13005: 13000: 12998: 12997: 12967: 12934: 12931: 12925: 12923: 12918: 12916: 12915: 12885: 12855: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12805: 12770: 12767: 12761: 12759: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12721: 12687: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12649:||{{sortname| 12646: 12641: 12626: 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Taylor 23423:Thomas Lewis 23283:Arthur Evans 22357:Eduard Suess 21405: 20891:Richard Owen 20585: 20577: 20537:Robert Brown 20514: 20505: 20471: 20463: 20427: 20332: 20313: 20240: 20217: 20194: 20175: 20169:Henry Foster 20167: 20110: 20105:Peter Barlow 19984: 19976: 19913: 19833: 19725: 19674: 19592:Everard Home 19536:Humphry Davy 19373:John Hellins 19350: 19342: 19303: 19196: 19149: 19141: 19102: 18995: 18920: 18824:Samuel Vince 18797: 18661: 18495:Peter Woulfe 18444: 18441: 18433: 18427: 18394: 18343: 18320: 18297: 18245:John Smeaton 18217:John Dollond 18162: 17916:Gowin Knight 17662:James Valoue 17579: 17528: 17504:Stephen Gray 17476:Stephen Gray 17430:, and 14 in 17413: 17392:Joseph Banks 17385: 17366: 17354:Abraham Hill 17340: 17314:Commonwealth 17311: 17303:Stephen Gray 17295:Copley Medal 17294: 17292: 17235:Copley Medal 17193:Sponsored by 17164:Copley Medal 17155: 16471:{{refbegin}} 15703:The Observer 15569:1920 – April 15248:archive-date 15218:copley-medal 15210:royalsociety 15208:|url=http:// 15167:Othmer Medal 14877:response"||— 11692:|publisher=] 10076:von Kölliker 8992:google.co.uk 8404:|publisher=] 7464:elements"||— 7448:elements"||— 6099:4020-2979-0 5998:SpringerLink 5613:access=free 4282:HemOnc Today 3919:Manuscripts 3880:Manuscripts 3436:date=2006 | 2213:google.co.uk 2159:|publisher=] 2061:google.co.uk 1926:author2-link 1808:PA71&lpg 34642:Martin Rees 34618:Alan Fersht 34578:Peter Higgs 34486:Harry Kroto 34478:John Gurdon 34381:Hugh Huxley 34325:Abdus Salam 34109:Paul Fildes 34002:(1951–2000) 33932:G. 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26752:2009-01-29 26730:required.) 26719:2009-01-29 26685:required.) 26674:2009-01-29 26641:required.) 26630:2009-01-29 26597:required.) 26586:2009-01-29 26553:required.) 26542:2009-01-29 26509:required.) 26498:2009-01-29 26464:required.) 26453:2009-01-29 26415:required.) 26404:2009-01-29 26266:2023-08-27 26203:2009-02-04 26047:1808.09412 25942:5 February 25912:5 February 25879:19 October 25806:References 25457:Andre Geim 25260:Robert May 25203:Paul Nurse 25118:John Pople 24701:Robin Hill 24648:Aaron Klug 24484:Max Perutz 23726:Paul Dirac 23339:Niels Bohr 23311:Henry Dale 23087:Max Planck 18744:John Mudge 18716:James Cook 18637:John Walsh 18467:John Ellis 17454:Rationale 17381:Royal Mint 17351:bequeathed 17263:Precedence 16718:{{RoySoc}} 16671:{{RoySoc}} 16626:{{refend}} 16438:References 15805:accessdate 15709:accessdate 15554:accessdate 15547:1920–April 15487:accessdate 15391:accessdate 15318:Frederick 15179:accessdate 15164:to receive 15062:accessdate 14941:accessdate 14823:accessdate 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30813:Archived 30435:Archived 30406:Archived 30381:Archived 30377:10634847 30321:Archived 30233:Archived 30208:Archived 30183:Archived 30118:Archived 29944:Archived 29894:Archived 29772:Archived 29744:Archived 29716:Archived 29663:Archived 29583:Archived 29533:Archived 29508:Archived 29429:Archived 29379:Archived 29329:Archived 29304:Archived 29276:Archived 29215:Archived 29165:Archived 29080:Archived 29055:Archived 28997:Archived 28977:. 2005. 28923:Archived 28889:Springer 28861:Archived 28811:Archived 28705:Archived 28676:Archived 28647:Archived 28622:Archived 28518:Archived 28493:Archived 28468:Archived 28439:Archived 28374:Archived 28324:Archived 28306:12709547 28258:Archived 28233:Archived 28203:Archived 27991:Archived 27917:Archived 27822:Archived 27702:Archived 27677:Archived 27652:Archived 27627:Archived 27598:Archived 27564:Archived 27515:Archived 27458:Archived 27433:Archived 27408:Archived 27348:Archived 27299:Archived 27281:: 1–19. 27177:Archived 27104:Archived 26984:. 1969. 26955:Archived 26822:Archived 26776:(1996). 26746:Archived 26354:Archived 26324:Archived 26302:73380022 26257:Archived 26084:30530666 25873:Archived 25844:30 March 25835:Archived 25833:. 2024. 25774:See also 20333:No Award 20241:No Award 20218:No Award 20195:No Award 19914:No Award 19834:No Award 19726:No Award 19675:No Award 19304:No Award 19197:No Award 19103:No Award 18996:No Award 18798:No Award 18662:No Award 18395:No Award 18344:No Award 18321:No Award 18298:No Award 18163:No Award 17580:No Award 17529:No Award 17426:, 21 in 16449:See also 15549:19, 2004 15509:Andrews| 15485:Andrews| 15252:December 13862:Lawrence 13168:Andrews| 13145:Andrews| 12820:=Nature| 12788:=Nature| 12543:Douglas 11962:=Nature| 11935:=Nature| 10775:Thompson 10248:Andrews| 10159:Andrews| 10061:Kolliker 8996:books?id 8909:Andrews| 8812:|1871 || 8797:|1871 || 8278:Andrews| 8258:Andrews| 7594:Pflanzen 7579:Bflanzen 7217:botanist 6941:Bezelius 6735:Andrews| 6350:Andrews| 6054:]|doi=10 5996:/|title= 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10956:|1918 10908:|1917 10864:|1916 10824:|1915 10784:|1914 10736:|1913 10688:|1912 10648:|1911 10639:Howard 10608:|1910 10572:|1909 10536:|1908 10500:|1907 10460:|1906 10420:|1905 10384:|1904 10348:|1903 10296:|1902 10239:|1901 10199:|1900 10150:|1899 10110:|1898 10070:|1897 10022:|1896 9974:|1895 9922:|1894 9866:|1893 9822:|1892 9786:|1891 9687:|1889 9647:|1888 9611:|1887 9567:|1886 9529:Kekulé 9523:|1885 9512:August 9479:|1884 9435:|1883 9387:|1882 9347:|1881 9303:|1880 9255:|1879 9202:|1878 9158:|1877 9122:|1876 9075:copley 9063:|quote 9033:|1875 9014:copley 8949:|1874 8900:|1873 8862:Wöhler 8856:|1872 8768:|1870 8720:|1869 8680:|1868 8640:|1867 8592:|1866 8544:|1865 8504:|1864 8451:|1863 8394:|1862 8354:|1861 8318:|1860 8269:|1859 8221:|1858 8181:|1857 8141:|1856 8105:|1855 8061:|1854 8021:|1853 7977:Baron 7951:|1852 7936:Baron 7869:|1851 7813:|1850 7769:|1849 7725:|1848 7685:|1847 7636:|1846 7588:|1845 7520:|1844 7503:source 7455:|1843 7407:|1842 7359:|1841 7229:=2004| 7209:|1839 7193:Oxford 7187:=2004| 6950:|1836 6906:|1835 6858:|1834 6818:|1833 6746:|1832 6689:|1831 6644:|1830 6608:|1829 6572:|1828 6437:|1826 6361:|1825 6309:|1824 6263:|1823 6219:|1822 6072:Ørsted 6040:|1820 5951:|1819 5915:|1818 5867:|1817 5823:|1816 5775:|1815 5723:|1814 5683:|1813 5647:|1812 5591:|1811 5539:|1810 5495:|1809 5455:|1808 5419:|1807 5375:|1806 5335:|1805 5291:|1804 5237:|1803 5183:|1802 5126:|1801 5104:Paston 5061:|1800 5009:|1799 4887:|1797 4843:|1796 4795:|1795 4752:|1794 4713:|1793 4669:=2004| 4657:|1792 4638:=2004| 4519:|1790 4460:|1789 4441:Oxford 4379:|1788 4360:Oxford 4297:|1787 4233:|1786 4189:|1785 4141:|1784 4073:|1783 4033:|1782 3984:|1781 3907:|1780 3847:|1779 3803:|1778 3763:|1777 3719:|1776 3667:|1775 3623:|1774 3571:|1773 3519:|1772 3409:|1770 3361:|1769 3313:=2004| 3301:|1768 3285:Oxford 3279:=2004| 3230:|1767 3061:|1765 3021:|1764 2981:|1763 2945:|1762 2909:|1761 2865:=2004| 2853:|1760 2837:Oxford 2831:=2004| 2782:|1759 2730:=2004| 2718:|1758 2702:Oxford 2696:=2004| 2654:|1757 2610:|1756 2566:=2004| 2554:|1755 2538:Oxford 2532:=2004| 2455:|1754 2434:source 2371:|1753 2323:=2004| 2295:Oxford 2289:=2004| 2229:|1751 2137:|1750 2077:|1749 1998:|1748 1910:first2 1868:|1747 1741:|1746 1689:=2004| 1677:|1745 1655:=2004| 1610:=2004| 1598:|1744 1582:Oxford 1576:=2004| 1539:|1743 1495:=2004| 1483:|1742 1467:Oxford 1461:=2004| 1424:|1741 1380:=2004| 1368:|1740 1352:Oxford 1346:=2004| 1301:=2004| 1289:|1739 1273:Oxford 1267:=2004| 1230:|1738 1182:=2004| 1170:|1737 1148:=2004| 1111:|1736 1075:|1735 1031:=2004| 1019:|1734 1003:Oxford 997:=2004| 960:|1733 924:|1732 876:=2004| 860:|1731 841:=2004| 713:"|Year 121:66,457 64:Inline 46:Visual 29775:(PDF) 29768:(PDF) 29719:(PDF) 29712:(PDF) 29279:(PDF) 29268:(PDF) 29115:(PDF) 29104:(PDF) 28023:(PDF) 28016:(PDF) 27556:JSTOR 27400:JSTOR 27351:(PDF) 27324:(PDF) 27291:JSTOR 27202:Aim25 26298:S2CID 26260:(PDF) 26249:S2CID 26229:(PDF) 26166:S2CID 26120:7 May 26042:arXiv 26011:S2CID 25838:(PDF) 25827:(PDF) 25333:2010 17451:Name 17445:Year 17158:Award 15987:|2008 15944:|2007 15905:|2006 15862:|2005 15820:Harry 15814:|2004 15770:|2003 15718:|2002 15662:|2001 15615:|2000 15235:Royal 15226:Royal 15212:.org/ 15158:James 15149:Press 15145:title 15133:press 15131:.org/ 14890:César 14871:Cesar 14790:Robin 14786:Robin 14043:Todd| 12798:02-15 12185:02-15 11945:02-05 11597:02-05 11570:title 11377:Scott 10895:Emile 10451:Elias 9078:medal 9047:https 9045:|url= 9018:medal 8988:books 8982:|url= 7542:PA129 7526:https 7495:co.uk 7121:and ] 6956:Jacob 6937:Jakob 6087:last1 6083:2007 5582:02-05 4447:Press 4366:Press 3970:start 3114:] and 2469:https 2467:|url= 2426:co.uk 2420:|url= 2209:books 2057:books 1918:last2 1878:https 1876:|url= 1852:DIANE 1840:first 1824:title 1788:books 1782:|url= 1664:Press 1157:Press 742:Image 646:{{-}} 188:edits 186:3,264 123:edits 34536:and 31728:2016 31463:2014 31238:2013 30373:PMID 28987:ISBN 28893:ISBN 28781:ISBN 28412:ISBN 28302:PMID 27830:2015 27548:ISSN 27392:ISSN 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