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Galicia gained a reputation as an oasis of toleration amidst the oppression of German and
Russian Poland. The Galician provincial Sejm acted as a semiautonomous parliamentary body, and Poles represented the region in the empire government in Vienna. In the late 1800s, the universities of Kraków and L'vov (Polish form Lwów) became the centers of Polish intellectual activity, and Kraków became the center of Polish art and thought. Even after the restoration of independence, many residents of southern Poland retained a touch of nostalgia for the days of the Habsburg Empire
189:) who, before reaching for Polish independence, wanted the Poles and all their territories to be placed under a single state, which at the time could be achieved only by the Russian Empire. Austrians also hoped that the organization would allow Poles to assist them militarily in the Austrian war with Russia. Pilsudski's plan was to first use the Austrian help to create the elite cadre for the future Polish military which would later fight Russia but not for the interests of the
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Poles suffered no religious persecution in predominantly
Catholic Austria, and Vienna counted on the Polish nobility as allies in the complex political calculus of its multinational realm. In return for loyalty, Austrian Poland, or Galicia, received considerable administrative and cultural autonomy.
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but for their own Polish state. Cooperation between Austro-Hungary, the most conservative regimes in Europe, which proved to be the most liberal of partitioned powers, and provided a great deal of autonomy and religious freedom to its Polish subjects, and
Pilsudski, a
116:, seen by Piłsudski's faction as Poland's worst enemy. The goal of Piłsudski and his followers was independence and liberation of Polish territories, and for that reason he became a temporary ally of the weakest of the partitioning powers,
245:)). It then become more autocratic, with Piłsudski (the Commandant) and his deputy, Sosnkowski (Chief of High Command) assuming most responsibilities and power. In 1914, ZWC had 7239 members, which would form the basis of the
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As the Austro-Hungary government preferred to have more control over the secret paramilitary organizations, two legal organizations, subordinated to ZWC were created in 1910 with the approval of officials in
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shook the politics of Europe and Piłsudski who expected that a greater war is coming reformed ZWC (also at that time, he became one of the creators of
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would first defeat Russia but that they, in turn, would be defeated by
England and France. His documented prediction, in the event, proved correct.
82:
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226:, both of them acted to prepare Poles to serve in the military. ZWC nonetheless remained active until 1914, when with the onset of the
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218:, who would be able to supervise those legal organizations to a much larger extent then the secret ZWC. Those two organizations were
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refused to supply funds for such an operation, Piłsudski himself took over its direction and partly funded it with money from the
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177:(World War I) loomed on the horizon, Austrian officials supported Polish organizations that favored an "
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organization appeared.... Its name was the "Union for Active
Resistance" and it was first formed in
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in 1908, Piłsudski decided to transform the Combat
Organization into a newer, larger formation. The
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Polish
Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo(text from Library of Congress
494:. Chapter "Józef Piłsudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State" available online in
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The
Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary
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under the direct leadership of one of Piłsudski's closest disciples...
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Komisja
Tymczasowa Skonfederowanych Stronnictw Niepodległościowych
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revolutionary, who was involved in the past in bank and postal
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Provisional
Commission of Confederated Independence Parties
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was led by Piłsudski, and below him was the Main Council (
342:"Józef Piłsudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State"
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received crucial support in the highest circles of the
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Establishments in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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for a future Polish army for likely hostilities with
532:Military units and formations established in 1908
83:Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party
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266:Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918 to 1939
434:Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939
542:Paramilitary organisations based in Poland
210:as means to achieve the political goals.
537:1908 establishments in the Russian Empire
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436:, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1979,
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394:, University of Chicago Press, 1976,
101:s main purpose was to prepare Polish
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264:Thus rendered in Richard M. Watt,
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527:Polish independence organisations
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93:After the extremely successful
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134:) and Association Department (
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247:Polish Legions in World War I
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224:Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie
59:Union for Active Resistance
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311:(in Russian and Ukrainian)
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85:in the Kingdom of Poland.
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455:The Second World War Bios
412:Poland: A Country Study.)
55:Union for Active Struggle
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158:centers outside Poland.
39:Union of Active Struggle
30:Not to be confused with
272:, a new type of Polish
32:Union of Armed Struggle
505:, February 3–9, 2001,
355:, February 3–9, 2001,
208:subversive destruction
179:Austro-Polish solution
114:partitioners of Poland
53:), also translated as
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464:Związek Walki Czynnej
81:, all members of the
47:Związek Walki Czynnej
18:Związek Walki Czynnej
480:Postati XX stolittia
344:available online in
318:Postati XX stolittia
282:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
161:From its inception,
144:Władysław Jaxa-Rożen
140:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
75:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
499:(the Mirror Weekly)
349:(the Mirror Weekly)
152:Zygmunt Bohuszewicz
112:, one of the three
373:2005-11-07 at the
362:2005-11-26 at the
220:Związek Strzelecki
191:Austrian Habsburgs
183:National Democrats
181:" and opposed the
79:Władysław Sikorski
476:Oleksa Pidlutskyi
432:Richard M. Watt,
386:Alan J P Taylor,
314:Oleksa Pidlutskyi
286:guerrilla warfare
16:(Redirected from
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468:PWN Encyclopedia
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235:First Balkan War
196:Polish Socialist
148:Stefan Dąbkowski
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375:Wayback Machine
364:Wayback Machine
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228:First World War
171:Imperial Russia
167:Austrian Empire
136:Wydział Związku
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449:External links
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511:in Ukrainian
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461:(in Polish)
338:2004-440333
288:. When the
132:Rada Główna
521:Categories
507:in Russian
427:References
357:in Russian
340:. Chapter
200:robberies
175:Great War
173:. As the
486:, 2004,
371:Archived
360:Archived
324:, 2004,
274:military
204:sabotage
156:Polonia
103:officer
89:History
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392:p. 117
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110:Russia
106:cadres
43:Polish
509:and
366:and
253:Notes
503:Kyiv
488:ISBN
484:Kyiv
438:ISBN
396:ISBN
353:Kyiv
334:LCCN
326:ISBN
322:Kyiv
278:Lwów
222:and
206:and
185:and
150:and
99:ZWC'
77:and
63:Lwów
57:and
37:The
290:PPS
163:ZWC
128:ZWC
65:by
51:ZWC
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241:(
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