Józef Piłsudski - Knowledge

9762: 2328: 1350: 2398: 9741: 2909: 1293: 10804: 1420: 810:. During his stay, another inmate insulted a guard and refused to apologize; Piłsudski and other political prisoners were beaten by the guards for their defiance and Piłsudski lost two teeth. He took part in a subsequent hunger strike until the authorities reinstated political prisoners' privileges that had been suspended after the incident. For his involvement, he was sentenced in 1888 to six months' imprisonment. He had to spend the first night of his incarceration in 40-degree-below-zero Siberian cold; this led to an illness that nearly killed him and health problems that would plague him throughout life. 2276: 2067: 541: 1710:, there was unrest on all Polish borders. Regarding Poland's future frontiers, Piłsudski said: "All that we can gain in the west depends on the Entente—on the extent to which it may wish to squeeze Germany." The situation was different in the east, of which Piłsudski said that "there are doors that open and close, and it depends on who forces them open and how far." In the east, Polish forces clashed with Ukrainian forces in the Polish–Ukrainian War, and Piłsudski's first orders as Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, on 12 November 1918, were to provide support for the 9910: 410: 56: 9761: 9734: 1695: 869: 9748: 1406: 1220: 2016: 9755: 9838: 1810: 2723:, Protestant, Jewish, and Islamic organizations expressed condolences, praising Piłsudski for his policies of religious tolerance. His death was a shock to members of the Jewish minority amongst which he was respected for his lack of prejudice and vocal opposition to the Endecja. Mainstream organizations of ethnic minorities similarly expressed their support for his policies of ethnic tolerance, though he was still criticized by Ukrainian, German, Lithuanian activists and Jewish supporters of the 2692: 1996: 1734: 2787: 2197: 1311:, in which the Polish Legions delayed a Russian offensive at a cost of over 2,000 casualties, Piłsudski demanded that the Central Powers issue a guarantee of independence for Poland. He supported that demand with his own proffered resignation and that of many of the Legions' officers. On 5 November 1916 the Central Powers proclaimed the independence of Poland, hoping to increase the number of Polish troops that could be sent to the 9769: 9721: 1520: 2389:

Polish-Soviet War led him to over-estimate the importance of cavalry, and to neglect the development of armor and air forces. His supporters, on the other hand, contend that, particularly from the late 1920s, he supported the development of these military branches. Modern historians concluded that the limitations on Poland's military modernization in this period was less doctrinal than financial.

2614: 2850:, incited widespread protests that included calls for Sapieha's removal, setting off a series of clashes between the representatives of the Polish Catholic Church and the Polish government in what has come to be known as "konflikt wawelski" ("Wawel conflict"). Despite heavy and protracted criticism, Sapieha never allowed Piłsudski's coffin to be transferred back to St. Leonard's Crypt. 1726:. They objected to Polish control of Ukraine, which was crucial for Piłsudski's Intermarium project. This contrasted with the Bolsheviks, who proclaimed the partitions of Poland null and void. Piłsudski speculated that Poland would be better off with the Bolsheviks, alienated from the Western powers, than with a restored Russian Empire. By ignoring the strong pressures from the 986:, travelled to Japan and argued against Piłsudski's plan, discouraging the Japanese government from supporting a Polish revolution because he thought it was doomed to fail. The Japanese offered Piłsudski much less than he hoped; he received Japan's help in purchasing weapons and ammunition for the PPS and their combat organisation, and the Japanese declined the Legion proposal. 665: 819:, groups of people who have resettled to Siberia. He was allowed to work in an occupation of his choosing and tutored local children in mathematics and foreign languages (he knew French, German and Lithuanian in addition to Russian and his native Polish; he would later learn English). Local officials decided that, as a Polish noble, he was not entitled to the 10- 2363:. Many Jews saw Piłsudski as their only hope for restraining antisemitic currents in Poland and for maintaining public order; he was seen as a guarantor of stability and a friend of the Jewish people, who voted for him and actively participated in his political bloc. Piłsudski's death in 1935 brought a deterioration in the quality of life of Poland's Jews. 2970: 1881:"), comprising the most determined, battle-hardened Polish units that were commanded by Piłsudski. Their task was to spearhead a lightning northward offensive, from the Vistula-Wieprz triangle south of Warsaw, through a weak spot that had been identified by Polish intelligence between the Soviet Western and Southwestern 2385:. The government did not yield to calls for antisemitic measures, but the Jews (8.6% of Poland's population) grew discontented for economic reasons that were connected with the Depression. By the end of Piłsudski's life, his government's relations with national minorities were increasingly problematic. 2551:

that it must be Poland's policy to maintain neutral relations with Germany, keep up the Polish alliance with France and improve relations with the United Kingdom. The two non-aggression pacts were intended to strengthen Poland's position in the eyes of its allies and neighbors. Piłsudski was probably

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Piłsudski had no plans for major reforms; he quickly distanced himself from the most radical of his left-wing supporters and declared that his coup was to be a "revolution without revolutionary consequences". His goals were to stabilize the country, reduce the influence of political parties (which he

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Piłsudski's plan was criticized as "amateurish" by high-ranking army officers and military experts, quick to point out Piłsudski's lack of formal military education. However, the desperate situation of the Polish forces persuaded other commanders to support it. When a copy of the plan was acquired by

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Piłsudski set about organizing a Polish army out of Polish veterans of the German, Russian, and Austrian armies. Much of former Russian Poland had been destroyed in the war, and systematic looting by the Germans had reduced the region's wealth by at least 10%. A British diplomat who visited Warsaw in

1967:, Piłsudski said that he "could not help but regard them as brothers". In parliament, Piłsudski once said: "I cannot not reach out to Kaunas. .. I cannot disregard those brothers who consider the day of our triumph a day of shock and mourning." On 25 September 1921, when Piłsudski visited Lwów (now 1158:). By 1914, they increased to 12,000 men. In 1914, while giving a lecture in Paris, Piłsudski declared, "Only the sword now carries any weight in the balance for the destiny of a nation", arguing that Polish independence can only be achieved through military struggle against the partitioning powers. 703:

that was contested between Lithuania and Poland throughout the interwar period. From 1922 until 1939, the village was in the Second Polish Republic. During World War II, the village suffered Soviet and German occupations. The estate was part of the dowry brought by his mother, Maria, a member of the

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throughout its existence. Poland had one of the lowest taxation rates in Europe, with 9.3% of taxes as a distribution of national income. Piłsudski's regime was also heavily dependent on foreign investments and economies, with 45.4% of Polish equity capital controlled by foreign corporations. After

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in 1934. Little evidence has, however, been found in French or Polish diplomatic archives that such a proposal for preventive war was ever actually advanced. Critics of Poland's pact with Germany accused Piłsudski of underestimating Hitler's aggressiveness, and giving Germany time to re-arm. Hitler

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of Piłsudski. The final funeral procession in Krakow on 18 May, with an estimated 300,000 participants and official representatives from 16 foreign states, constituted the largest public funeral in Poland's history. Separate funeral ceremonies were held for the burial of his brain, which Piłsudski

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In the military sphere, Piłsudski was praised for his plan at the Battle of Warsaw in 1920, but was criticized for subsequently concentrating on personnel management and neglecting modernization of military strategy and equipment. According to his detractors, his experiences in World War I and the

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regime (1926–1939), at times employing authoritarian methods, sought to curb perceived corruption and incompetence of the parliament rule, and in Piłsudski's words, restore "moral health" to public life (hence the name of his faction, "Sanation", which could be understood as "moral purification").

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along the border with Germany, and construction of the Maginot line began in 1930. The Maginot line was a tacit French admission that Germany would be rearming beyond the limits set by the Treaty of Versailles in the near-future and that France intended to pursue a defensive strategy. At the time

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Piłsudski anticipated a coming European war and the need to organize the leadership of a future Polish army. He wanted to secure Poland's independence from the three empires that partitioned Poland out of political existence in the late 18th century. In 1906 Piłsudski, with the connivance of the

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In the early 1900s, almost all parties in Russian Poland and Lithuania took a conciliatory position toward the Russian Empire and aimed at negotiating within it a limited autonomy for Poland. Piłsudski's PPS was the only political force prepared to fight the Empire for Polish independence and to

2090:, who had originally wanted to kill Piłsudski but had changed his target, influenced by National Democrat anti-Narutowicz propaganda. For Piłsudski, that was a major shock; he started to doubt that Poland could function as a democracy and supported a government led by a strong leader. He became 1012:

attacked a demonstration, and in reprisal, during a demonstration on 13 November, Piłsudski's paramilitary opened fire on Russian police and military. Initially concentrating their attention on spies and informers, in March 1905 the paramilitary began using bombs to assassinate selected Russian

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and foreign minister of a new government, that Poland was recognized in the West. Two separate governments were claiming to be Poland's legitimate government: Piłsudski's in Warsaw and Dmowski's in Paris. To ensure that Poland had a single government and to avert civil war, Paderewski met with

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for the training of paramilitary units. In 1906 alone, the 800-strong paramilitaries, operating in five-man teams in Congress Poland, killed 336 Russian officials; in subsequent years, the number of their casualties declined, and the paramilitaries' numbers increased to some 2,000 in 1908. The

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to facilitate negotiations for independence. Piłsudski and his supporters in the Revolutionary Faction continued to plot a revolution against Tsarist Russia to secure Polish independence. By 1909, his faction was the majority in the PPS, and Piłsudski remained an important PPS leader until the

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were based on the assumption of a French offensive into the north German plain from their bases in the Rhineland. The French pullout from the Rhineland and a shift to a defensive strategy as epitomized by the Magniot line completely upset the entire basis of Polish foreign and defense policy.

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terrorist attacks and government pacifications, caused government relations with the national minorities to deteriorate. Unrest among national minorities was also related to foreign policy. Troubles followed repressions in the largely-Ukrainian eastern Galicia, where nearly 1,800 persons were

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was to strike north from outside Warsaw, cutting off Soviet forces that sought to envelop the Polish capital from that direction. The most important role of the plan was assigned to a relatively small, approximately 20,000-man, newly assembled "Reserve Army" (also known as the "Strike Group",

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described Piłsudski as very deliberate in his decision-making: Piłsudski collected all available pertinent information, then took his time weighing it before arriving at a final decision. He held long working hours, and maintained a simple lifestyle, eating plain meals alone at an inexpensive

2573:'s government introduced economic reforms with more government interventions with an increase in tax revenues and public spending after Piłsudski's death. These interventionist policies saw Poland's economy recover from the recession until the USSR and the German invasion of Poland in 1939. 1235:

had evacuated in the hope of breaking through to Warsaw and sparking a nationwide revolution. Using his limited forces in those early days, he backed his orders with the sanction of a fictitious "National Government in Warsaw", and he bent and stretched Austrian orders to the utmost, taking

2135:'s proposal that the military should be supervised by civilians as an attempt to politicize the army, and on 28 June, he resigned his last political appointment. The same day, the Sejm's left-wing deputies voted for a resolution, thanking him for his work. Piłsudski went into retirement in 3200:

Józef Klemens Piłsudski was commonly referred to without his middle name, as "Józef Piłsudski". A few English sources translate his first name as "Joseph", but this is not the common practice. As a young man, he belonged to underground organizations and used various pseudonyms, including

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A recurring fear of Piłsudski was that France would reach an agreement with Germany at the expense of Poland. In 1929, the French agreed to pull out of the Rhineland in 1930, five years earlier than what the Treaty of Versailles called. The same year, the French announced plans for the

2962:"Józef Piłsudski will remain, in our nation's memory, the founder of its independence and the victorious leader who fended off a foreign assault that threatened the whole of Europe and its civilization. Józef Piłsudski served his country well and has entered our history forever." 2167:

parties. In 1925, after several governments had resigned in short order and the political scene was becoming increasingly chaotic, Piłsudski became more and more critical of the government and eventually issued statements demanding the resignation of the Witos cabinet. When the

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fueled public unrest, and the government was unable to find a quick solution to the mounting unemployment and economic crisis. Piłsudski's allies and supporters repeatedly asked him to return to politics, and he began to create a new power base, centred on former members of the

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Piłsudski and the first Polish government were distrusted in the West because he had co-operated with the Central Powers from 1914 to 1917 and because the governments of Daszyński and Moraczewski were primarily socialist. It was not until January 1919, when pianist and composer

1844:, offering to be the scapegoat if the military solution failed, but Witos refused to accept his resignation. The Entente pressured Poland to surrender and enter into negotiations with the Bolsheviks. Piłsudski, however, was a staunch advocate of continuing the fight. 1095:

paramilitaries also held up Russian currency transports that were leaving Polish territories. On the night of 26/27 September 1908, they robbed a Russian mail train that was carrying tax revenues from Warsaw to Saint Petersburg. Piłsudski, who took part in this

896:. A pretext of regular family life made them less suspect. Also, Russian law protected a wife from prosecution for the illegal activities of her husband. The marriage deteriorated when, several years later, Piłsudski began an affair with a younger socialist, 865:. In 1895, he became a PPS leader, promoting the position that doctrinal issues were of minor importance and socialist ideology should be merged with nationalist ideology because this combination offered the greatest chance of restoring Polish independence. 1172:

At a meeting in Paris in 1914, Piłsudski presciently declared that for Poland to regain independence in the impending war, Russia must be beaten by the Central Powers (the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires) and the latter powers must in turn be beaten by

2244:). Popular support and an effective propaganda apparatus allowed Piłsudski to maintain his authoritarian powers, which could not be overruled either by the president, who was appointed by Piłsudski, or by the Sejm. The powers of the Sejm were curtailed by 1717:

Piłsudski was aware that the Bolsheviks would not ally with an independent Poland and predicted that war with them was inevitable. He viewed their advance west as a major problem, but he also considered the Bolsheviks less dangerous for Poland than their

1029:. In early 1905 he ordered the PPS to launch a general strike there; it involved some 400,000 workers and lasted two months until it was broken by the Russian authorities. In June 1905, Piłsudski sent paramilitary aid to an uprising in Łódź, later called 2355:" with a "state-assimilation" policy: citizens were judged not by their ethnicity but by their loyalty to the state. Widely recognized for his opposition to the National Democrats' anti-Semitic policies, he extended his policy of "state-assimilation" to 4822:, p. 699. "Within weeks of Brusilov's appointment, 14,000 officers had joined the army to fight the Poles, thousands of civilians had volunteered for war-work, and well over 100,000 deserters had returned to the Red Army on the Western Front". 1236:

initiatives, moving forward, and establishing Polish institutions in liberated towns, whereas the Austrians saw his forces as good only for scouting or for supporting main Austrian formations. On 12 August 1914 Piłsudski's forces took the town of

1044:. The decision, and his resolve to try to win Polish independence through revolution, caused tensions within the PPS, and in November 1906, the party fractured over Piłsudski's leadership. His faction came to be called the "Old Faction" or " 1536:

restaurant. Though he was popular with much of the Polish public, his reputation as a loner (the result of many years' underground work) and as a man who distrusted almost everyone led to strained relations with other Polish politicians.

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repeatedly suggested a German-Polish alliance against the Soviet Union, but Piłsudski declined, instead seeking precious time to prepare for a potential war with either Germany or the Soviet Union. Just before his death, Piłsudski told

2460:, Poland) by improving Franco-German relations to such extent that France would dissolve its alliances in eastern Europe. Piłsudski aimed to maintain good relations with the Soviet Union and Germany, and relations with Germany and the 1511:

January 1919 reported: "I have nowhere seen anything like the evidence of extreme poverty and wretchedness that meet one's eye at almost every turn." In addition, the country had to unify the disparate systems of law, economics, and

542: 1660:, it was around 1920 that Piłsudski came to realize the infeasibility of that version of his Intermarium project. Instead of a Central and Eastern European alliance, there soon appeared a series of border conflicts, including the 6204: 2889:, who remained President. Although Rydz-Śmigły reconciled with the President in 1938, the ruling group remained divided into the "President's Men", mostly civilians (the "Castle Group", after the President's official residence, 2287:

Piłsudski became increasingly disillusioned with democracy in Poland. His intemperate public utterances (he called the Sejm a "prostitute") and his sending of 90 armed officers into the Sejm building in response to an impending

7092: 1592:, although Piłsudski proclaimed his intention to eventually relinquish his powers to the parliament. "Provisional" was struck from his title, and Piłsudski held the office of the Chief of State until 9 December 1922, after 2127:

parties, contained right-wing enemies of Piłsudski. He held them responsible for Narutowicz's death and declared that it was impossible to work with them. On 30 May 1923, Piłsudski resigned as Chief of the General Staff.

1652:. Piłsudski's plan met with opposition from most of the prospective member states, which refused to relinquish their independence, as well as the Allied powers, who thought it to be too bold a change to the existing 1099:

near Vilnius, used the obtained funds to finance his secret military organization. The funds totaled 200,812 rubles was a fortune for the time and equaled the paramilitaries' entire takes of the two preceding years.

1913:) to express his disapproval of Piłsudski's "Ukrainian adventure". Stroński's phrase was adopted as praise for Piłsudski by some patriotically- or piously minded Poles, who were unaware of Stroński's ironic intent. 7002:

Ujma, Martyna (2016). "Od nadziei do rozczarowania - Józef Piłsudski w międzywojennej literaturze (na wybranych przykładach)". In Krywoszeja, Igor; Morawiec, Norbert; Terszak, Rafał; Częstochowa, Oddział (eds.).

1920:. Later, some supporters of Piłsudski would seek to portray him as the sole author of the Polish strategy, while his opponents would try to minimize his role. On the other hand, in the West, the role of General 6595:

grupa pułkowników, zespół wywodzących się z wojska najbliższych współpracowników Marszałka, takich jak płk Sławek czy płk Prystor; ich koncepcje różniły się wyraźnie od stanowiska zajmowanego przez prezydenta.

2428:, he sought support for Poland in alliances with western powers, such as France and Britain, and with friendly neighbors such as Romania and Hungary. A supporter of the Franco-Polish Military Alliance and the 1515:

in the former German, Austrian, and Russian sectors of Poland. There were nine legal systems, five currencies, and 66 types of rail systems (with 165 models of locomotives), each needing to be consolidated.

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while he concentrated on military and foreign affairs. His treatment of political opponents and their 1930 arrest and imprisonment was internationally condemned and the events damaged Poland's reputation.

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However, the authenticity of this quote is disputed. Piłsudski declined to support any party and did not form any political organization of his own; instead, he advocated creating a coalition government.

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in Kraków) supported Piłsudski. He established a coalition government that was predominantly socialist and introduced many reforms long proclaimed as necessary by the Polish Socialist Party, such as the

1259:, which he would lead into several victorious battles. He also secretly informed the British government in the fall of 1914 that his Legions would never fight against France or Britain, only Russia. 2552:

aware of the weakness of the pacts, stating: "Having these pacts, we are straddling two stools. This cannot last long. We have to know from which stool we will tumble first, and when that will be".

1493:"Comrades, I took the red tram of socialism to the stop called Independence, and that's where I got off. You may keep on to the final stop if you wish, but from now on let's address each other as ' 1392:, were released by the Germans from Magdeburg and soon placed on a train bound for the Polish capital, Warsaw – the collapsing Germans hoping that Piłsudski would create a force friendly to them. 1885:. That offensive would separate the Soviet Western Front from its reserves and disorganize its movements. Eventually, the gap between Sikorski's army and the "Strike Group" would close near the 10900: 10716: 2605:. Piłsudski and Aleksandra could not get married as Piłsudski's wife Maria refused to divorce him. It was only after Maria's death in 1921 that they were married, on 25 October the same year. 1274:"). Piłsudski enjoyed extreme respect and loyalty from his men, which would remain for years to come. The Polish Legions fought against Russia, at the side of the Central Powers, until 1917. 2215:(defence minister), a post he held for the rest of his life through eleven successive governments, two of which he headed from 1926 to 1928 and for a brief period in 1930. He also served as 1549:

Dmowski and Piłsudski and persuaded them to join forces, with Piłsudski acting as Provisional Chief of State and Commander-in-Chief, while Dmowski and Paderewski represented Poland at the

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began attacking German targets. Piłsudski's arrest greatly enhanced his reputation among Poles, many of whom began to see him as a leader willing to take on all the partitioning powers.

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in the summer of 1904, Piłsudski traveled to Tokyo, Japan, where he tried unsuccessfully to obtain that country's assistance for an uprising in Poland. He offered to supply Japan with

586:, Piłsudski believed in a multi-ethnic Poland—"a home of nations" including indigenous ethnic and religious minorities. Early in his political career, Piłsudski became a leader of the 10850: 2223:

blamed for corruption and inefficiency) and strengthen the army. His role in the Polish government over the subsequent years has been called a dictatorship or a "quasi-dictatorship".

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The Bolshevik leadership framed the Polish actions as an invasion, successfully generating popular support for their cause at home. The Soviets then launched a counter-offensive from

2814:. A series of postcards, stamps and postmarks were also released to commemorate the event. The nation-wide ceremonies were accompanied by extensive media coverage and reflected the 2292:

caused concern in contemporary and modern observers who have seen his actions as setting precedents for authoritarian responses to political challenges. He sought to transform the

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Artizov, Andrey; Usov, R.A. (1992). ""Я прошу записывать меньше: это не должно попадать в печать ...": Выступления В.И.Ленина на IX конференции РКП(б) 22 сентября 1920 г.".

1722:. The "White Russians", representatives of the old Russian Empire, were willing to accept limited independence for Poland, probably within borders similar to those of the former 3021: 2505:

was about to make an offer for a Franco-German alliance to the French Premier Édouard Herriot which would be at the expense of Poland. In response, Piłsudski sent the destroyer

2958:, Piłsudski once again came to be publicly acknowledged as a Polish national hero. On the sixtieth anniversary of his death on 12 May 1995, Poland's Sejm adopted a resolution: 966:

to support its war with Russia, and proposed the creation of a Polish Legion from Poles, conscripted into the Russian Army, who had been captured by Japan. He also suggested a

2188:. Piłsudski had hoped for a bloodless coup but the government had refused to surrender; 215 soldiers and 164 civilians had been killed, and over 900 persons had been wounded. 1342:, and in view of the worsening situation of the Central Powers, Piłsudski took an increasingly uncompromising stance by insisting that his men no longer be treated as "German 10930: 4097:

and his family – who had arrived in Kraków on 28 July 1914, exactly on the outbreak of World War I – in the first days of August took refuge in the Polish mountain resort of

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contended that the string of Bolshevik victories had been Piłsudski's fault and demanded that he resign; some even accused him of treason. On 19 July they failed to carry a

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Despite coming from a socialist background and initially implementing socialist reforms, Piłsudski's regime followed the conservative free-market economic tradition of the

730:, Józef was introduced by his mother Maria to Polish history and literature, which were suppressed by the Imperial authorities. His father, also named Józef, fought in the 11030: 11000: 9480: 2527:

in 1932. Critics of the pact state that it allowed Stalin to eliminate his socialist opponents, primarily in Ukraine. The pacts were supported by advocates of Piłsudski's

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On 31 May 1926, the Sejm elected Piłsudski president of the Republic, but Piłsudski refused the office due to the presidency's limited powers. Another of his old friends,

10895: 10709: 10920: 2359:. The years 1926 to 1935 and Piłsudski himself were favorably viewed by many Polish Jews whose situation improved especially under Piłsudski-appointed Prime Minister 6361: 2248:

that were introduced soon after the coup, on 2 August 1926. From 1926 to 1930, Piłsudski relied chiefly on propaganda to weaken the influence of opposition leaders.

4631: 1446:. Over 55,000 Germans peacefully departed Poland, leaving their weapons to the Poles. In the coming months, over 400,000 in total departed over Polish territories. 10880: 2304:. The adoption of a new Polish constitution in April 1935 was tailored by Piłsudski's supporters to his specifications, providing for a strong presidency; but the 2954:

in 1956, and historiography in Poland gradually moved away from a purely negative view of Piłsudski toward a more balanced and neutral assessment. After the 1991

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On 14 November 1918, Piłsudski was asked to supervise provisionally the running of the country. On 22 November he officially received, from the new government of

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intentionally, to prevent Piłsudski from waging war. This caused Piłsudski to decline to run for the office. In the run-up to the first presidential election, a

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Year 1920 and its Climax: Battle of Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920, with the Addition of Soviet Marshal Tukhachevski's March beyond the Vistula

1442:, he proclaimed an independent Polish state. That week, Piłsudski negotiated the evacuation of the German garrison from Warsaw and of other German troops from 11025: 10870: 2237: 1481:

The day after his arrival in Warsaw, he met with old colleagues from his time working with the underground resistance, who addressed him socialist-style as "

2637:, veterans of the wars of 1919–21 – and by his political collaborators from his service as Chief of State, and later, Prime Minister and Inspector-General. 843:), and helped organize their Lithuanian branch. Initially, he sided with the Socialists' more radical wing, but despite the socialist movement's ostensible 10915: 6789:

Modernism: The Creation of Nation-States: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770?1945: Texts and Commentaries, Volume III/1

2124: 1765:. The goal of the Polish-Ukrainian Treaty was to establish an independent Ukraine and independent Poland in alliance, resembling that once existing within 7253: 2715:; the Pope called himself a "personal friend" of Piłsudski. Notable appreciation for Piłsudski was expressed by Poland's ethnic and religious minorities. 771:, whose authorities had been informed of his political affiliation. On 22 March 1887, he was arrested by Tsarist authorities on a charge of plotting with 11005: 10980: 10170: 9185:

Hauser, Przemysław (1992). "Józef Piłsudski's Views on the Territorial Shape of the Polish State and His Endeavours to Put them into Effect, 1918–1921".

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wealthy Billewicz family. The Piłsudski family, although pauperized, cherished Polish patriotic traditions, and are characterized either as Polish or as

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Palace. The celebration of his life began spontaneously within half an hour of the announcement of his death. It was led by military personnel – former

9869: 6500: 3273: 1045: 4462: 4316: 1802:'s order of the day for 2 July 1920 read: "To the West! Over the corpse of White Poland lies the road to worldwide conflagration. March upon Vilnius, 6843: 990: 10803: 5171:

Pilsudskis seime kalbėjo; "Negaliu netiesti rankos Kaunui. .. negaliu nelaikyti broliais tų, kurie mūsų triumfo dieną laiko smūgio ir gedulo diena".

4289: 5161: 3144: 7695:(in Polish). Warsaw: Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii – Komisja Badań Dziejów Warszawy Instytutu Historii PAN: Oficyna Wydawnicza "Typografika". 2859:

I am not going to dictate to you what you write about my life and work. I only ask that you not make me out to be a 'whiner and sentimentalist.'

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during Piłsudski's tenure could, for the most part, be described as neutral. Under Piłsudski, Poland maintained good relations with neighboring

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The Twilight of French Eastern Alliances, 1926–1936: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from Locarno to the Remilitarization of the Rhineland

5766: 3307: 2444:. The Locarno treaties were intended by the British government to ensure a peaceful handover of the territories claimed by Germany such as the 2942:. For a decade after World War II, Piłsudski was either ignored or condemned by Poland's Communist government, along with the entire interwar 2644:

immediately attacked Piłsudski as a fascist and capitalist, though fascists themselves did not see him as one of them. Other opponents of the

10960: 5500: 5476: 5004: 3158: 2815: 1076:, and believed priority should be given to co-operation with Russian revolutionaries in toppling the tsarist regime and creating a socialist 642: 4101:. There Conrad opined – as Piłsudski had in Paris earlier in 1914 – that, for Poland to regain independence, Russia must be defeated by the 1346:" and be only used to fight Russia. Anticipating the Central Powers' defeat in the war, he did not wish to be allied with the losing side. 617:

Piłsudski was Poland's Chief of State from November 1918, when Poland regained its independence, until 1922. From 1919 to 1921 he commanded

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into the harbour of Danzig. Though the issue was ostensibly about access rights for the Polish Navy in Danzig, the real purpose of sending

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Oświadczenie Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 12 maja 1995 r. w sprawie uczczenia 60 rocznicy śmierci Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego.

2842:, Piłsudski's remains were transferred to the cathedral's Crypt under the Silver Bells. The decision, made by his long-standing adversary 2581:

Piłsudski's religious views are a matter of debate. He was baptised Roman Catholic on 15 December 1867 in the church of Powiewiórka (then

2251:

The culmination of his dictatorial and supralegal policies came in the 1930s, with the imprisonment and trial of political opponents (the

10990: 10860: 10845: 2267:, where some prisoners were brutally mistreated. After the BBWR's 1930 victory, Piłsudski allowed most internal matters to be decided by 2044: 1840:

in the council and this led to Dmowski's withdrawal from the council. On 12 August, Piłsudski tendered his resignation to Prime Minister

1653: 1349: 1178: 3411: 2885:. As the Polish government became increasingly authoritarian and conservative, the Rydz-Śmigły faction was opposed by the more moderate 10955: 3123:

and the fall of the Communist system. Jadwiga Piłsudska's daughter Joanna Jaraczewska returned to Poland in 1979. She married a Polish

3056:. In 2020, Piłsudski's manor house in Sulejówek opened as a museum as part of the celebrations of the one hundredth anniversary of the 1746: 1564:

Piłsudski often clashed with Dmowski for viewing the Poles as the dominant nationality in renascent Poland, and attempting to send the

1138:

for a future Polish Army. In 1910, two legal paramilitary organizations were created in the Austrian zone of Poland, one in Lwów (now

5435:"Aspekty prawne utworzenia obozu odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej i reakcje środowisk politycznych. Wybór materiałów i dokumentów 1" 5434: 3013: 610:

against Russia. In 1917, with Russia faring poorly in the war, he withdrew his support for the Central Powers, and was imprisoned in

782:; Piłsudski's main connection to the plot was the involvement of his brother Bronisław. Józef was sentenced to five years' exile in 9572: 9545: 7305: 3063:

Piłsudski has been a character in numerous works of fiction, a trend already visible during his lifetime, including the 1922 novel

2172:

coalition, which Piłsudski had strongly criticized, formed a new government, on 12–14 May 1926, Piłsudski returned to power in the

1673: 7467:

Cienciala, Anna M. (2011). "The Foreign Policy of Józef Pi£sudski and Józef Beck, 1926–1939: Misconceptions and Interpretations".

5404: 5084: 2585:

deanery). His godparents were Joseph and Constance Martsinkovsky Ragalskaya. On 15 July 1899, at the village of Paproć Duża, near

10925: 10905: 10865: 10163: 9386: 6981: 3163: 2489:

Poland signed the alliance with France in 1921, the French were occupying the Rhineland and Polish plans for a possible war with

927: 9397: 6891: 4245: 3631: 10950: 9862: 6861: 6431:"Adolf Hitler attending memorial service of the Polish First Marshall Jozef Pilsudski in Berlin, 1935 – Rare Historical Photos" 4532: 2985: 2908: 2897:"), professional military officers and Piłsudski's old comrades-in-arms. Some of this political division would continue in the 2376: 1730:

to join the attack on Lenin's struggling Bolshevik government, Piłsudski probably saved it in the summer and the fall of 1919.

6501:"Crowds urge Poland to banish Archbishop; Pilsudski Legionnaires also Assail Catholic Church on the Removal of Marshal's Body" 5872: 2424:

Piłsudski sought to maintain his country's independence in the international arena. Assisted by his protégé, Foreign Minister

409: 11040: 10975: 10970: 10725: 9655: 9336: 9296: 9214: 9163: 9141: 9119: 9051: 9028: 9009: 8950: 8880: 8840: 8814: 8795: 8776: 8738: 8695: 8673: 8652: 8630: 8611: 8545: 8526: 8507: 8485: 8466: 8442: 8413: 8390: 8362: 8341: 8302: 8280: 8256: 8234: 8212: 8193: 8149: 8130: 8108: 8084: 8062: 8043: 8019: 7996: 7977: 7941: 7915: 7896: 7877: 7858: 7839: 7820: 7801: 7782: 7763: 7741: 7719: 7700: 7681: 7662: 7641: 7620: 7573: 7547: 7525: 7438: 7412: 7393: 7353: 7332: 7313: 7203: 7176: 7149: 7063:"Biały steampunk – dwa oblicza carskiej Rosji. "Lód" Jacka Dukaja i cykl opowiadań o doktorze Skórzewskim Andrzeja Pilipiuka" 7014: 6965: 6797: 6770: 6414: 6387: 5882: 5414: 4328: 4299: 4255: 4118: 4079: 3599: 3317: 2543: 2418: 2216: 2212: 576: 4437: 1951:

between Poland and Russia. Piłsudski called the treaty an "act of cowardice". The treaty and his secret approval of General

1438:

and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. Later that day, which would become

10581: 10446: 10077: 10031: 9414: 5204: 4121:, p. 464. Soon after the war, Conrad said of Piłsudski: "He was the only great man to emerge on the scene during the war." 2724: 1657: 1167: 963: 9909: 9740: 6747: 6447: 6094: 5156: 3245:

was commonplace, but around the turn of the last century it became much rarer in the wake of arising modern nationalisms.

10840: 9091: 8757: 7712:

Holocaust and Memory: The Experience of the Holocaust and Its Consequences: an Investigation Based on Personal Narratives

6461: 4639: 3857: 2119:, also of PSL Piast, became prime minister. The new government, an alliance among the centrist PSL Piast, the right-wing 2095: 2091: 1457:) of renascent Poland. Various Polish military organizations and provisional governments (the Regency Council in Warsaw; 1232: 1788:

in their struggles for power. The Soviets announced their plans to invade Western Europe; Soviet Communist theoretician

1561:, signed on 28 June 1919, formally established Poland as an independent and sovereign state in the international arena. 1205: 10995: 10156: 9040:

Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892–1914

8969: 4885: 3258: 3048:. There are statues of Piłsudski in many Polish cities; Warsaw, which has three in little more than a mile between the 2997: 2621:

By 1935, unbeknown to the public, Piłsudski had for several years been in declining health. On 12 May 1935, he died of

2561: 2036: 1766: 1649: 696: 583: 8495: 767:

revolutionary movement. In 1886, he was suspended for participating in student demonstrations. He was rejected by the

10890: 10401: 10223: 10179: 9886: 9855: 8931: 8564: 8323: 8171: 7598: 7372: 7233: 6588: 6314: 6293: 4831:

See Lenin's speech on 22 September 1920 at the 9th Conference of the Russian Communist Party. English translation in

4134: 2657: 2524: 1925: 1832:, chaired by Piłsudski, to provide expeditious decision-making as a temporary supplanting of the fractious Sejm. The 1829: 1323: 1292: 1057: 10773: 6813: 3249:, who calls him a "Polish-Lithuanian", notes that Piłsudski did not think in terms of 20th-century nationalisms and 10406: 9878: 9694: 9630: 2324:

structure would quickly fracture, returning Poland to the pre-Piłsudski era of parliamentary political contention.

2256: 3502: 1030: 563:

and exerted significant influence on shaping the country's foreign policy. Piłsudski is viewed as a father of the

10985: 10935: 9603: 6518: 3132: 3124: 2955: 2143:, presented to him by his former soldiers. There, he wrote a series of political and military memoirs, including 1984: 1256: 900:. Maria died in 1921; in October that year, Piłsudski married Aleksandra. By then, the couple had two daughters, 213: 6650:"The Polish Underground Resistance During the Second World War: A Study in Political Disunity During Occupation" 4105:(the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires), and the Central Powers must in turn be beaten by France and Britain. 2774:. In Berlin, a service for Piłsudski was ordered by Adolf Hitler. This was the only time that Hitler attended a 922:

underground printing press in Łódź. He feigned mental illness in May 1901 and escaped from a mental hospital at

9175: 8859: 8714: 7261: 6272: 2966:

Piłsudski continues to be viewed by most Poles as a providential figure in the country's 20th-century history.

2771: 2260: 1798:, hoped for the resources to carry the campaign beyond Warsaw "straight to London and Paris". Soviet commander 1550: 1478:, to avoid major unrest. As head of state, Piłsudski believed he must remain separated from partisan politics. 978:

in Poland would distract Russia and asked for Japan to supply him with weapons. Although the Japanese diplomat

806:

While being transported in a prisoners' convoy to Siberia, Piłsudski was held for several weeks at a prison in

10825: 9329:

Legenda Piłsudskiego w Polskiej literaturze międzywojennej (Piłsudski's Legend in Polish Interwar Literature)

9043: 8382: 7870:

A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941

3222: 2630: 2156: 1385: 1248: 982:

supported the plan, the Japanese government, including Yamagata, was more skeptical. Piłsudski's arch-rival,

591: 449: 7433:] (in Polish). Kraków: Fundacja Centrum Dokumentacji Czynu Niepodległościowego – Księgarnia Akademicka. 11035: 10965: 10793: 9894: 3604: 2751: 2634: 2429: 2160: 1828:

On 1 July 1920, in view of the rapidly advancing Soviet offensive, Poland's parliament, the Sejm, formed a

1466: 1439: 1378: 1354: 1278: 1037:. On 22 December 1905, Piłsudski called for all Polish workers to rise up; the call went largely unheeded. 844: 10251: 9613: 5085:"Kontrowersje Wokół Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 Roku (Controversies surrounding the Battle of Warsaw in 1920)" 4321:

Spießer, Patrioten, Revolutionäre: Militärische Mobilisierung und gesellschaftliche Ordnung in der Neuzeit

1573: 1377:. The Polish units were disbanded and the men were incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Army, while the 1146:. With the permission of the Austrian officials, Piłsudski founded a series of "sporting clubs", then the 1033:. In Łódź, armed clashes broke out between Piłsudski's paramilitaries and gunmen loyal to Dmowski and his 10910: 10506: 10010: 9687: 9410: 6430: 3241:

Piłsudski sometimes spoke of being a Lithuanian of Polish culture. For several centuries, declaring both

2928: 2685: 2498: 2348: 2028: 1833: 1589: 1558: 1512: 1316: 1312: 1201: 1034: 630: 10213: 9990: 9366: 7031: 1773:

against the Russian forces in Ukraine and on 7 May 1920, with remarkably little fighting, they captured

10431: 10416: 10246: 10197: 9975: 9965: 9805: 4407: 3242: 3086: 2898: 2309: 1785: 1022: 31: 10626: 9944: 9507: 8981:

Z Drugą Rzeczpospolitą na plecach. Postać Józefa Piłsudskiego w prasie i propagandzie PRL do 1980 roku

8578:

A History of Modern Poland, from the Foundation of the State in the First World War to the Present Day

4054: 3169: 3032: 2894: 2791: 2661: 2268: 2108: 2086:

Two days later, on 16 December 1922, Narutowicz was shot dead by a right-wing painter and art critic,

1749:, and a series of escalating battles that resulted in the Poles advancing eastward, on 21 April 1920, 1308: 10261: 9151: 7729: 2989: 2641: 2185: 1964: 1665: 1489:) and asked for his support for their revolutionary policies. He refused it and supposedly answered: 1331: 1193: 507: 17: 10763: 10516: 10441: 10097: 5774: 2759: 2059:

Palace, Piłsudski officially transferred his powers as Chief of State to his friend Narutowicz; the

1956: 1669: 648:

Although some aspects of Piłsudski's administration, such as imprisoning his political opponents at

10945: 10694: 10202: 9899: 9447: 9202: 8683: 8029: 7518:

Kościuszko, We Are Here: American Pilots of the Kościuszko Squadron in Defense of Poland, 1919–1921

5430: 3068: 2890: 2622: 2343:

Piłsudski's regime began a period of national stabilization and of improvement in the situation of

2317: 2040: 1784:, and counterattacked in Ukraine, advancing into Poland in a drive toward Germany to encourage the 1711: 1707: 1661: 1545: 1532: 1435: 1419: 1104: 970:

directed at breaking up the Russian Empire, a goal that he later continued to pursue. Meeting with

931: 885: 857: 719: 692: 556: 502: 185: 161: 76: 6609:"Republic in Exile ͵ Political Life of Polish Emigration in United Kingdom After Second World War" 5509: 5485: 5014: 4871: 4593: 2381:

arrested. Tension also arose between the government and Poland's German minority, particularly in

2181: 10783: 10753: 10748: 10651: 10646: 10426: 10316: 9796: 9665: 9623: 8604:

Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923

8188:. Editing and emendations by Piotr Wróbel and Richard J. Kozicki. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. 3111:, 1928), as well as photos and caricatures. He has been reported to be quite fond of the latter. 3097:, directed by Andrzej Trzos-Rastawiecki. He was also the subject of paintings by artists such as 3057: 2870: 2098: 1906: 1898: 1873: 1818: 1754: 1135: 1116: 876:

On 15 July 1899, while an underground organizer, Piłsudski married a fellow socialist organizer,

779: 739: 626: 548: 10461: 10331: 10125: 10107: 10025: 9224: 3001: 2602: 2280: 967: 897: 360: 10788: 10596: 10326: 10291: 9918: 9814: 6929: 2943: 2831: 2665: 2520:

sent the desired message to the French and improved the Polish Navy's access rights to Danzig.

2120: 2055:; his election, opposed by the right-wing parties, caused public unrest. On 14 December at the 1936: 1916:

While Piłsudski had a major role in crafting the war strategy, he was aided by others, notably

836: 649: 587: 564: 433: 317: 305: 126: 10561: 10386: 10356: 10276: 9985: 8519:

National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine

7139: 6955: 6787: 6760: 6528: 6377: 6366:

R. J. Bullen, Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, A. B. Polonsky, Taylor & Francis, 1984, p. 138

5752: 5705: 5673: 5657: 5641: 5625: 5606: 5070: 4961: 4565: 3488: 3456: 2132: 1450: 111: 10768: 10281: 10241: 10062: 9189:(2). Dorosz, Janina (transl.). Poznań: Komisja Naukowa Zachodniej Agencji Prasowej: 235–249. 7588: 7422: 6726: 6404: 6190: 6174: 6146: 6078: 5959: 5925: 5807: 5791: 5736: 5689: 5574: 5556: 5463: 5051: 4731: 4676: 3472: 3419: 2708: 2402: 2313: 2289: 2087: 2079: 2020: 1837: 1770: 1689: 1541: 1252: 1174: 656:

figures in Polish 20th-century history and is widely regarded as a founder of modern Poland.

622: 512: 116: 10531: 10521: 10451: 10057: 2927:

After World War II, little of Piłsudski's political ideology influenced the policies of the

1147: 10835: 10830: 10758: 10546: 10306: 2847: 2778:

as a leader of the Third Reich and probably one of the last times when he was in a church.

2517: 2516:

was as a way to warn Herriot not to disadvantage Poland in a deal with Papen. The ensuring

2293: 2066: 1894: 1799: 1646: 1554: 1389: 1124: 768: 715: 141: 10207: 9067:

Return to the Newspapers: Józef Piłsudski in the Official and Underground Press, 1980–1989

5446: 2677: 1952: 905: 395: 8: 10728: 10551: 10481: 10087: 10067: 10042: 10000: 9514: 9456: 8640: 7610: 6899: 6111: 5813: 5122: 3213:" (the latter also being his family nickname). Later he was often affectionately called " 3128: 3120: 3090: 2878: 2843: 2542:

against Germany. Lack of French enthusiasm may have been a reason for Poland signing the

2453: 2347:, which formed about a third of the Second Republic's population. Piłsudski replaced the 2297: 2245: 1932: 1917: 1882: 1861: 1597: 1475: 1339: 1335: 1286: 1197: 1189: 998: 568: 177: 10778: 10566: 10271: 9640: 9306:

Wandycz, Piotr S. (1970). "Polish Federalism 1919–1920 and its Historical Antecedents".

7062: 6844:"De ce Batalionul 634 Infanterie din Piatra-Neamț se numește "Mareşal Józef Piłsudski"?" 6608: 3053: 2916: 2649: 1931:

In February 1921, Piłsudski visited Paris, where, in negotiations with French President

1753:

Piłsudski (as his rank had been since March 1920) signed a military alliance called the

1458: 676: 633:, Piłsudski retired from active politics. Three years later he returned to power in the 10671: 10591: 10571: 10476: 10436: 10381: 9933: 9497: 9466: 8910: 8824: 8348: 8290: 7930: 7908:

Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe

7562: 7504: 6677: 6232: 5095: 2902: 2820: 2653: 2465: 2320:. None of his followers could claim to be his legitimate heir, and after his death the 2305: 2115:(PSL Piast), another of Piłsudski's old colleagues, was elected the new president, and 2102: 2071: 2048: 2008: 1972: 1897:

thought it was a ruse and disregarded it. Days later, the Soviets were defeated in the

1864:

concentrated to the south for a counteroffensive. Afterwards, two armies under General

1593: 1581: 1565: 1431: 1241: 1213: 1150:, for cover to train a Polish military force. In 1912, Piłsudski (using the pseudonym " 959: 754: 641:

regime. He focused on military and foreign affairs until his death in 1935, developing

173: 10526: 10486: 10037: 10020: 9955: 9528: 8329: 8311: 4122: 4106: 3093:, over 300. Piłsudski's life was the subject of a 2001 Polish television documentary, 2886: 2590: 2570: 2208: 1415:, Warsaw, where Piłsudski stayed 13–29 November 1918, after his release from Magdeburg 901: 877: 390: 335: 206: 10536: 10496: 10301: 10236: 10119: 10113: 10052: 9823: 9710: 9332: 9315: 9292: 9275: 9258: 9232: 9210: 9190: 9159: 9137: 9115: 9047: 9024: 9005: 8965: 8946: 8927: 8914: 8876: 8870: 8855: 8836: 8810: 8791: 8772: 8753: 8734: 8710: 8691: 8669: 8663: 8648: 8626: 8607: 8587: 8576: 8560: 8541: 8522: 8503: 8481: 8462: 8456: 8438: 8409: 8400:

Pidlutskyi, Oleksa (2004). "Józef Piłsudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State".

8386: 8358: 8352: 8337: 8319: 8298: 8276: 8252: 8230: 8208: 8189: 8167: 8145: 8126: 8104: 8098: 8080: 8058: 8039: 8015: 7992: 7973: 7956: 7937: 7911: 7892: 7873: 7854: 7835: 7816: 7797: 7778: 7759: 7737: 7715: 7696: 7677: 7658: 7653: 7637: 7616: 7594: 7569: 7543: 7521: 7496: 7469: 7448: 7434: 7408: 7389: 7383: 7368: 7349: 7328: 7309: 7229: 7199: 7172: 7145: 7074: 7043: 7010: 6961: 6793: 6766: 6681: 6669: 6630: 6584: 6410: 6383: 6310: 6289: 6268: 6236: 6224: 5878: 5410: 5200: 4850: 4324: 4295: 4251: 4130: 4114: 4075: 3639: 3313: 3073: 3040: 3017: 2882: 2874: 2732: 2712: 2506: 2344: 2332: 2173: 2075: 1822: 1738: 1677: 1494: 1410: 1370: 1263: 634: 552: 484: 274: 136: 10391: 10102: 9747: 9733: 9350: 8999: 8623:

European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda, 1914–1918

8270: 6869: 6576: 4540: 4049: 2969: 2727:. On the international scene, Pope Pius XI held a special ceremony on 18 May in the 1603:

Piłsudski's major foreign policy initiative was a proposed federation (to be called

1056:"), while their opponents were known as the "Young Faction", "Moderate Faction" or " 723: 55: 10556: 10491: 10456: 10361: 10351: 10341: 10231: 10092: 9995: 9555: 9538: 8902: 8890: 8422: 8372: 8181: 7925: 7535: 7486: 7478: 7009:(in Polish). Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne. Oddział Częstochowa. pp. 61–76. 6661: 6620: 6216: 5089: 3098: 2947: 2747: 2716: 2566: 2441: 2367: 2360: 2336: 2231:

Piłsudski's coup entailed sweeping limitations on parliamentary government, as his

2039:

was held, in which Piłsudski endorsed two lists: the National-State Union, and the

1789: 1727: 1577: 1300: 1143: 971: 923: 731: 228: 43: 10396: 10376: 10366: 9754: 9582: 9565: 8707:

The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians'

8297:(Random House trade paperback ed.). New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. 8244: 7219: 4463:""Wysiadłem z czerwonego tramwaju...", czyli czego NIE powiedział Józef Piłsudski" 3609: 727: 10616: 10606: 10286: 10187: 9406: 9370: 9095: 8769:

Poland, 1918–1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic

8750:

Sketches from a Secret Warr: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine

8728: 8376: 8033: 7631: 7452: 7343: 7223: 7193: 7166: 7004: 6578: 6205:"National Heritage and Economic Policies in Free and Sovereign Poland after 1918" 3102: 2935: 2839: 2594: 2582: 2535: 2502: 2449: 2406: 2312:

until the end of the war and beyond. Piłsudski's government depended more on his

2301: 2043:, neither of which secured any seats in the Sejm. On 9 December 1922, the Polish 2000: 1959:

from the Lithuanians marked an end to this incarnation of Piłsudski's federalist

1723: 1608: 1343: 1327: 1228: 1026: 943: 935: 795: 759: 621:

in six wars that re-defined the country's borders. On the verge of defeat in the

607: 560: 535: 428: 121: 10666: 10621: 10471: 8906: 8077:

The Popular Front and Central Europe: The Dilemmas of French Impotence 1918–1940

3174: 3025: 2696: 1865: 10611: 10541: 10336: 10321: 10296: 9980: 9787: 8724: 8599: 6743: 4102: 3246: 2978: 2951: 2824: 2803: 2763: 2720: 2669: 2539: 2473: 2440:

pursued by the French and British governments, evident in their signing of the

2433: 2371: 2164: 2151: 2116: 1940: 1921: 1909:, a National Democrat Sejm deputy, coined the phrase "Miracle at the Vistula" ( 1841: 1758: 1719: 1471: 979: 912: 750: 700: 688: 599: 595: 547:; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the 131: 9837: 9088: 8478:

The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Pilsudski's Poland, 1926–1935

8227:

The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence

8014:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA–JR and Warsaw University. 6220: 5009: 2538:

in Germany in January 1933, Piłsudski is rumored to have proposed to France a

1680:

commented, "The war of giants has ended; the wars of the pygmies have begun."

1405: 10819: 10636: 10601: 9319: 9194: 9129: 8995: 8893:(1990). "Poland's Place in Europe in the Concepts of Piłsudski and Dmowski". 8730:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

8452: 8222: 8072: 7751: 7583: 7557: 7500: 7385:

Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the origins of Polish Communism

7078: 7047: 7032:""Okno na Barcza" (o powieści Juliusza Kadena-Bandrowskiego "Generał Barcz")" 6673: 6665: 6634: 6228: 4854: 4094: 2807: 2755: 2743: 2739: 2691: 2681: 2598: 2382: 1762: 1694: 1120: 1001:

against the Russian authorities. The PPS organized demonstrations, mainly in

983: 975: 820: 735: 10148: 9236: 4893: 2548: 2425: 2410: 2275: 1809: 10311: 10130: 10047: 9949: 9938: 9847: 9279: 8159: 6649: 3837: 2939: 2704: 2673: 2532: 2485: 2461: 2352: 2169: 1980: 1886: 1868:, facing Soviet frontal attack on Warsaw from the east, were to hold their 1366: 1096: 848: 743: 629:. In 1923, with a government dominated by his opponents, in particular the 146: 9063:

Powrót na łamy. Józef Piłsudski w prasie oficjalnej i podziemnej 1980–1989

8705:

Schuker, Stephen (1999). "The End of Versailles". In Gordon Martel (ed.).

8591: 7960: 6785: 6625: 3119:

Both daughters of Marshal Piłsudski returned to Poland in 1990, after the

2738:

headquarters, and dozens of messages of condolence arrived in Poland from

2136: 1983:, acting on behalf of Ukrainian-independence organizations, including the 1584:

against Piłsudski but failed. On 20 February 1919, Polish parliament (the

1244:, but Piłsudski found the residents less supportive than he had expected. 893: 868: 714:

Józef was not an especially diligent student when he attended the Russian

10676: 10656: 10641: 10631: 10466: 9021:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

8266: 8118: 8094: 6821: 5524: 5360: 3082: 2786: 2528: 2445: 2437: 2356: 2252: 1960: 1617: 1362: 1227:

Piłsudski's strategy was to send his forces north across the border into

1209: 939: 892:

s printing press was housed in their apartment first in Vilnius, then in

831:

In 1892 Piłsudski returned from exile and settled in Adomavas Manor near

708: 603: 590:. Believing Poland's independence would be won militarily, he formed the 497: 7508: 2203:

Palace, Warsaw, Piłsudski's official residence during his years in power

1761:. The treaty allowed both countries to conduct joint operations against 625:

in August 1920, his forces repelled the invading Soviet Russians at the

10661: 9262: 7540:

Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938

6762:

Germany, Poland and Postmemorial Relations: In Search of a Livable Past

5403:

Biskupski, M. B. B.; Pula, James S.; Wróbel, Piotr J. (15 April 2010).

2974: 2823:, and his heart, which was interred in his mother's grave at Vilnius's 2742:

across the world, including Germany's Adolf Hitler, the Soviet Union's

2668:) expressed condolences. The peasant parties split in their reactions ( 2586: 2032: 2023:, 3 July 1923, Piłsudski announces his retirement from active politics. 2015: 1995: 1889:

border, bringing about the destruction of the encircled Soviet forces.

1676:(beginning in 1918), and most notably the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21). 1622: 1184:

At the outbreak of war, on 3 August in Kraków Piłsudski formed a small

1041: 862: 791: 8962:

Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era 1650–1990

7491: 5569: 4071:

Polish and Irish Struggles for Self-Determination: Living near Dragons

1262:

Piłsudski decreed that Legions' personnel were to be addressed by the

9679: 7482: 7425:(2000). Grzywacz, Andrzej; Kwiecień, Marcin; Mazur, Grzegorz (eds.). 6264: 4890:

Polish Militaria Collector's Association in memory of Andrzej Zaremba

3250: 3107: 2775: 2477: 1769:. The Polish and Ukrainian Armies under Piłsudski's command launched 1626: 1374: 764: 705: 684: 611: 10724: 9768: 9246:

Joseph Pilsudski, the Memories of a Polish Revolutionary and soldier

9087:

This is only a small selection. See also National Library in Warsaw

5449:

on 25 March 2005 – via kamunikat / Belarusian history journal.

3009: 2984:

Several military units have been named for Piłsudski, including the

2835: 2799: 2457: 1699: 1569: 1289:

agency and was designed to perform espionage and sabotage missions.

1091: 852: 664: 582:

Seeing himself as a descendant of the culture and traditions of the

11016:

Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I

8688:

Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989

7851:

The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution

7693:

Pożegnanie Marszałka: Antologia tekstów historycznych i literackich

7403:

Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Glaser, Elisabeth (1998).

7225:

Legends and mysteries of Cracow: from King Krak to Piotr Skrzynecki

7110: 6320: 6115: 4098: 3681: 3049: 2920: 2810:

toured Poland before the remains of Piłsudski were laid to rest at

2767: 2728: 2645: 2626: 2232: 2200: 2056: 1902: 1524: 1443: 1219: 1185: 832: 815: 673: 638: 9243: 9060: 8249:

Conceptions of National History: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 78

7691:

Drozdowski, Marian Marek; Szwankowska, Hanna (1995). "Przedmowa".

7195:

Kalendarium życia Józefa Piłsudskiego: 1867-1935. 1918-1926. TomII

7168:

Legiony Polskie 1914–1918: zarys historii militarnej i politycznej

6710: 6546: 6124:(in Polish) (48/2004, 1148). Agencja Wydawniczo-Reklamowa "Wprost" 4438:"Gdzie Piłsudski wysiadł z tramwaju, czyli historie poprzekręcane" 2703:

Condolences were officially expressed by senior clergy, including

1733: 699:

from 1569 to 1795. After World War I, the village was part of the

9720: 8557:

Wołyń: przewodnik krajoznawczo-historyczny po Ukrainie Zachodniej

7365:

Independence Day: Myth, Symbol, and the Creation of Modern Poland

6786:

Ahmet Ersoy; Maciej G¢rny; Vangelis Kechriotis (1 January 2010).

6577:

Andrzej Ajnenkiel; Andrzej Drzycimski; Janina Paradowska (1991).

2613: 2321: 2264: 2211:, was elected in his stead. Mościcki then appointed Piłsudski as 2196: 1979:), he was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt by 1948: 1944: 1901:, halting the Soviet advance in one of the worst defeats for the 1853: 1852:

Piłsudski's plan called for Polish forces to withdraw across the

1781: 1750: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1482: 1009: 1006: 807: 787: 783: 772: 680: 270: 7734:

The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941

1527:

Palace, Piłsudski's official residence during his years in power

10732: 8142:

Central European Security Concerns: Bridge, Buffer, Or Barrier?

7989:

Następca komendanta. Edward Śmigły-Rydz. Materiały do biografii

7889:

The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century

7775:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

7302:

Kościoły ewangelickie na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej

7191: 6260: 6120: 3724: 2735: 2597:

did not recognise divorces, she and Piłsudski had converted to

2501:

opened, Piłsudski heard reports that the new German chancellor

2469: 2414: 1869: 1857: 1794: 1638: 1462: 1315:

against Russia, thereby relieving German forces to bolster the

1237: 1077: 1002: 989:

In the fall of 1904, Piłsudski formed a paramilitary unit (the

294: 10901:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

7991:(in Polish). Pułtusk: Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna w Pułtusku. 7615:. Vol. 2 – 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press. 6746:

z dnia 24 maja 1995 r.). For Polish original online, see here

3149:

Piłsudski was awarded numerous honours, domestic and foreign.

3131:

in a political prison in 1983. Both were very involved in the

1519: 1103:

In 1908, Piłsudski transformed his paramilitary units into a "

861:(The Worker); he would also be one of its chief writers and a 567:, which was re-established in 1918, 123 years after the final 9363: 9180:(in Polish). Wrocław: Polska Akademia Nauk. pp. 311–324. 6044: 3071:. Later works in which he is featured include the 2007 novel 3005: 2811: 1806:, Warsaw!" and "onward to Berlin over the corpse of Poland!" 1803: 1612: 1040:

Piłsudski instructed the PPS to boycott the elections to the

8835:] (in Polish). Vol. 1–2. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo ALFA. 6379:

Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland 1919–1939

5767:"Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919–1934" 4317:"The Revival of Poland and Paramilitary Violence, 1918-1920" 3892: 2869:

On 13 May 1935, in accordance with Piłsudski's last wishes,

2236:

From 1928, the Sanation authorities were represented by the

1629:. In addition to Poland and Lithuania, it was to consist of 1572:, Poland). On 5 January 1919, some of Dmowski's supporters ( 9378: 8100:

A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End

7431:

A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz

6363:

Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History, 1880–1950

3257:

a Pole and a Lithuanian, and his homeland was the historic

3089:

lists over 500 publications related to Piłsudski; the U.S.

3016:, a New York City research center and museum on the modern 2601:. Pilsudski later returned to the Catholic Church to marry 1968: 1774: 1585: 1139: 776: 738:

policies. Young Józef profoundly disliked having to attend

734:

against Russian rule. The family resented the government's

9419: 7714:. Translated by Harris, Emma. Leicester University Press. 6957:

Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 4611: 4525: 4337: 3022:

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

2569:, the Polish economy crumbled and failed to recover until 2366:

During the 1930s, a combination of developments, from the

1943:, ending the Polish-Soviet War in March 1921, partitioned 1154:") became commander-in-chief of a Riflemen's Association ( 10851:

Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party members

9400: – Recording of short speech by Piłsudski from 1924 9364:

A site dedicated to Józef Piłsudski and the prewar Poland

8008:

Piłsudski na łamach i w opiniach prasy polskiej 1918–1989

7117: 6922:"Józef Piłsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw" 6570: 5965: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4291:

The Passing of the Hapsburg Monarchy, 1914-1918, Volume 2

3326: 3287: 1856:

River and to defend the bridgeheads at Warsaw and on the

594:. In 1914, he predicted a new major war would defeat the 8790:(in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 8057:(in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 7036:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

5989: 5384: 5197:

Historia Polski od 11 listopada 1918 do 17 września 1939

5139: 5137: 3858:"Córki Piłsudskiego - co wiemy o losach córek marszałka" 7405:

The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years

6982:"House and home: Piłsudski's old manor opens as museum" 6152: 6025: 6001: 5529:"Visions of the Past Are Competing for Votes in Poland" 3789: 1074:

Social Democrats of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

691:

and had been so since 1795. Before that, it was in the

9173:

Garlicki, Andrzej (1981). "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens".

8006:

Jabłonowski, Marek; Kossewska, Elżbieta, eds. (2005).

7710:

Engelking, Barbara (2001). Paulsson, Gunnar S. (ed.).

7276: 7185: 5825: 5261: 4967: 4654: 4323:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 286. 3511: 1142:, Ukraine), and one in Kraków, to conduct training in 8272:

The Last European War: September 1939 – December 1941

7690: 6349: 6326: 5134: 5029: 4984: 3904: 2873:

was named by Poland's president and government to be

2238:

Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government

1847: 1216:

between Austria-Hungary and Russia on 6 August 1914.

9244:

Piłsudski, Józef; Gillie, Darsie Rutherford (1931).

9072: 8986: 8433:

Piłsudski, Józef (1989). Urbankowski, Bohdan (ed.).

8005: 7756:

A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924

6960:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 872. 6480: 6462:"Piłsudski pośród królów - droga marszałka na Wawel" 6013: 5312: 4908: 4225: 4068:

Chimiak, Galia; Cierlik, Bożena (26 February 2020).

3105:(leaning on his sword, 1928; and astride his horse, 847:, he remained a Polish nationalist. In 1894, as its 606:

began in 1914, Piłsudski's Legions fought alongside

11031:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

11001:

Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords

8709:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 38–56. 8625:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 7986: 7240:

Piłsudski... bardzo lubił karykatury na swój temat.

6892:"Józef Piłsudski Institute of America Welcome Page" 6564: 6552: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5842: 5840: 5517: 5402: 5062: 5060: 3164:

List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s

2798:State funeral for Piłsudski was held in Warsaw and 1426:

improvised armored car, 1919, named after Piłsudski

1365:", when Piłsudski forbade Polish soldiers to swear 1090:Austrian authorities, founded a military school in 10931:People of the Polish May Coup (pro-Piłsudski side) 10896:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy 9257:. New York: Józef Piłsudski Institute of America. 9156:Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918–1922 8575: 7929: 7564:Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation 7561: 7228:. Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa. p. 193. 6792:. Central European University Press. p. 407. 6758: 6056: 5508: 5484: 4418: 4007: 4005: 3882: 3880: 3878: 2308:served Poland until World War II, and carried its 9347:Jozef Pilsudski: Founding Father of Modern Poland 9114:]. Warsaw: Państowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 8502:(in Polish). Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. 8354:Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 8052: 6953: 6818:PIBWL (Prywatny Instytut Badawczy Wojsk Lądowych) 6752: 6700: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 5852: 5562: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4294:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 505. 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4026: 4024: 3730: 3669: 3309:Liquid Nationalism and State Partitions in Europe 1223:Piłsudski and his staff in Kielce, 12 August 1914 991:Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party 911:In February 1900 Piłsudski was imprisoned at the 888:, the marriage was less romantic than pragmatic. 742:service and left school with an aversion for the 575:leader (1926–1935) of the Second Republic as the 10817: 9061:Żuławnik, Małgorzata; Żuławnik, Mariusz (2005). 8494: 8012:Piłsudski as Seen in the Polish Press, 1918–1989 7832:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 7322: 7164: 7141:Polish Postcommunist Cinema: From Pavement Level 6534: 5977: 5891: 5837: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5302: 5300: 5273: 5057: 4599: 4366: 4364: 3831: 3632:"Bronisław Piotr Piłsudski – Calendar of events" 3484: 2335:, commemorating 250th anniversary of victorious 1270:), and he was referred to as "the Commandant" (" 652:, are controversial, he remains one of the most 30:"Pilsudski" redirects here. For other uses, see 11021:Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 1st class 10881:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta 8243: 8164:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War 6779: 5951: 5949: 5936: 5934: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5695: 5679: 5493: 5372: 5285: 5213: 5066: 4376: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4002: 3875: 2802:between 15 and 18 May 1935, including official 1025:, Piłsudski played a leading role in events in 711:. Józef was the second son born to the family. 559:, he became an increasingly dominant figure in 11011:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland) 10856:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism 8852:France and the Origins of the Second World War 8665:East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars 8647:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 8500:Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864–1945 7568:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 7427:Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza 7421: 7402: 7325:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 7131: 6814:"Polish Armoured Train Nr. 51 ("I Marszałek")" 6694: 6332: 6164: 6050: 5781: 5617: 5615: 5546: 5469: 5194: 4932: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4589: 4533:"The Versailles Treaty 28 June 1919: Part III" 4349: 4213: 4201: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4140: 4067: 4036: 4021: 3953: 3941: 3898: 3813: 3659: 3657: 3274:Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction 2881:, and on 10 November 1936, he was elevated to 2436:, Piłsudski was disappointed by the policy of 2331:In 1933 Piłsudski pays homage at tomb of King 1373:of Germany, he was arrested and imprisoned at 1326:, created by the Central Powers, and acted as 1212:across the Russian border before the official 10710: 10178: 10164: 9863: 9695: 9631:Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Army 9136:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 9134:Heart of Europe, The Past in Poland's Present 8872:A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939 8295:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 7299: 7251: 7218: 7212: 7158: 7137: 6949: 6947: 6558: 6402: 6375: 5758: 5716: 5714: 5663: 5589: 5423: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5297: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5176: 5110: 5041: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4737: 4723: 4721: 4706: 4583: 4571: 4361: 4271: 4269: 4267: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3807: 3712: 3700: 3688: 1939:, which would be signed later that year. The 1430:On 11 November 1918, Piłsudski was appointed 1297:Portrait of Brigadier General Józef Piłsudski 687:). At his birth, the village was part of the 11026:Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave 10921:People from Švenčionys District Municipality 10871:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun 9877: 9201: 9150: 8586:. (1st American ed.). New York: Knopf. 8582:. Translated by J.R. Foster from the German 8053:Jędrzejewicz, Wacław; Cisek, Janusz (1994). 8028: 7987:Jabłonowski, Marek; Stawecki, Piotr (1998). 7936:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7905: 7252:Lachowicz, Teofil. Karkowska, Julita (ed.). 6647: 6396: 5946: 5931: 5910: 5797: 5726: 5647: 5631: 5453: 4951: 4920: 4861: 4749: 4694: 4617: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4388: 4152: 3990: 3843: 3825: 3801: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3675: 3528: 3526: 3434: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3332: 3293: 3221:" ("the Marshal"). His ex-soldiers from the 2648:regime were more civil; socialists (such as 2150:Meanwhile, Poland's economy was a shambles. 1247:On 27 August 1914 Piłsudski established the 89:22 November 1918 – 14 December 1922 10916:Members of the Provisional Council of State 8823: 8668:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 8584:Geschichte der polnischen Nation, 1916–1960 8336:, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, 7813:Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind 6540: 6369: 6110: 6062: 5983: 5904: 5870: 5858: 5742: 5612: 5378: 5342: 5330: 5306: 5291: 5279: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5182: 5116: 4978: 4945: 4914: 4877: 4840: 4813: 4797: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4712: 4700: 4605: 4555: 4513: 4424: 4394: 4355: 4319:. In Bergien, Rüdiger; Pröve, Ralf (eds.). 4231: 4219: 4207: 4164: 4158: 4146: 4113:, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, 4030: 3996: 3959: 3947: 3886: 3783: 3777: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3663: 3654: 3478: 3446: 3440: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 2176:, supported by the Polish Socialist Party, 1453:, the title of Provisional Chief of State ( 679:at their manorof Zułów near the village of 11006:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland) 10717: 10703: 10171: 10157: 9870: 9856: 9702: 9688: 9286: 8661: 8639: 8399: 7967: 7736:(3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Frank Cass. 7676:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 7633:Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland 7192:Wacław Jedrzejewicz; Janusz Cisek (1998). 6944: 6884: 6583:(in Polish). Wydawn. Sejmowe. p. 62. 6180: 6136: 5764: 5711: 5429: 5366: 4718: 4672: 4666: 4623: 4382: 4264: 4015: 3965: 3916: 3462: 3353: 3145:List of honours awarded to Józef Piłsudski 2806:and funeral processions in both cities. A 2300:; however, he opposed the introduction of 2007:) transfers his powers to President-elect 1588:) confirmed his office when it passed the 1384:On 8 November 1918, three days before the 672:Piłsudski was born 5 December 1867 to the 54: 9515:President-elect of the Republic of Poland 9407:Newspaper clippings about Józef Piłsudski 9252: 9223: 9105: 9037: 9018: 8926:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 8621:Roshwald, Aviel; Stites, Richard (2002). 8540:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 8432: 8289: 8186:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945 7829: 7709: 7490: 7466: 7447: 7362: 7341: 6732: 6716: 6624: 5995: 5822:, p. 407 (1982 ed. Columbia Univ. Press). 5720: 5685: 5621: 5390: 5131:, p. 399 (1982 ed. Columbia Univ. Press). 4836: 4825: 4688: 4682: 4577: 4519: 4507: 4492: 4370: 4195: 3795: 3771: 3760: 3532: 3523: 3305: 2996:"—"the First Marshal"), and the Romanian 1737:In March 1920, Piłsudski was made "First 1523:Statue of Piłsudski in front of Warsaw's 1084: 955:resort to violence to achieve that goal. 826: 645:that has survived into the 21st century. 9573:Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland 9546:Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland 9461:18 November 1918 – 9 December 1922 9457:Chief of State of the Republic of Poland 9269: 9172: 8994: 8766: 8598: 8554: 8347: 7815:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7791: 7772: 7728: 7671: 7323:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 7306:The Nicolaus Copernicus University Press 7198:. Oficyna wydawnicza RYTM. p. 337. 6926:Polish Ministry of Education and Science 6459: 6170: 5871:Zaloga, Steve; Madej, W. Victor (1990). 5846: 5787: 5771:Binghamton University History Department 5701: 5552: 5047: 5002: 4343: 4275: 3984: 3935: 3819: 3517: 3500: 3359: 3338: 3306:Bianchini, Stefano (29 September 2017). 2968: 2907: 2785: 2690: 2612: 2396: 2326: 2274: 2195: 2139:, outside Warsaw, at his country manor, 2065: 2014: 1994: 1963:plan. After Vilnius was occupied by the 1808: 1732: 1693: 1611:for "Between-Seas"), and known from the 1518: 1418: 1404: 1348: 1291: 1277:In August 1914 Piłsudski had set up the 1218: 867: 663: 9305: 9291:. New York: Columbia University Press. 9178:(Polski Słownik Biograficzny) vol. XXVI 9158:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 8978: 8921: 8889: 8833:Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist 8704: 8682: 8251:. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. 8117: 7891:. New York: Columbia University Press. 7453:"The Rebirth of Poland (lecture notes)" 7381: 6711:Żuławnik, Małgorzata & Mariusz 2005 6706: 6606: 6158: 6068: 6038: 5971: 5082: 4883: 4660: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3412:"History – Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935)" 3312:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 30. 2417:on 15 June 1934, five months after the 2263:for political prisoners in present-day 2259:and with the 1934 establishment of the 1568:to Poland through Danzig, Germany (now 1388:, Piłsudski and his colleague, Colonel 1134:main purpose was to train officers and 884:Koplewska. According to his biographer 350: 1899; died 1921) 14: 10981:Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War 10818: 9709: 9326: 9184: 9128: 8895:East European Politics & Societies 8785: 8747: 8723: 8516: 8265: 8221: 8202: 8180: 8158: 8071: 7924: 7650: 7629: 7607: 7582: 7282: 7060: 6954:Jonathan D. Smele (19 November 2015). 6854: 6806: 6524: 5955: 5940: 5921: 5831: 5819: 5803: 5732: 5669: 5602: 5523: 5409:. Ohio University Press. p. 145. 5406:The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy 5354: 5267: 5255: 5143: 5128: 5076: 5035: 4996: 4990: 4926: 4808: 4791: 4486: 4315:Wróbel, Piotr J. (15 September 2010). 4314: 4243: 3910: 3855: 3676:Landau, Rom; Dunlop, Geoffrey (1930). 3597: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3468: 3452: 2790:Funeral procession, 15 May 1935 along 2101:, quelled the unrest by instituting a 1990: 1872:positions while an army under General 1860:River while some 25% of the available 1747:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 1334:; as such, he was responsible for the 1115:), headed by three of his associates, 198:2 October 1926 – 27 June 1928 10886:Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari 10698: 10152: 9851: 9683: 9656:General Inspector of the Armed Forces 9423: 8868: 8849: 8475: 8451: 8371: 8247:; Björk, Ragnar; Molin, Karl (1994). 8093: 8055:Kalendarium Życia Józefa Piłsudskiego 7932:The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 7848: 7750: 7556: 7534: 7515: 6423: 6202: 6019: 6007: 5653: 5637: 5459: 4957: 4867: 4832: 4819: 4727: 4632:"Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw" 4561: 4250:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 20. 3624: 3159:Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality 3000:. Also named for Piłsudski have been 2830:In 1937, after a two-year display at 2217:General Inspector of the Armed Forces 1893:the Soviets, Western Front commander 1255:, and took personal command of their 1072:"). The "Young" sympathized with the 1016: 926:with the help of a Polish physician, 813:During his exile, Piłsudski met many 534: 10961:Polish Military Organisation members 9635:17 December 1922 – 9 June 1923 9379:Józef Piłsudski Institute of America 8959: 8940: 8829:Józef Piłsudski: Marzyciel i strateg 8620: 8573: 8357:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8318:, Cambridge University Press, 1984, 8229:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8139: 7950: 7886: 7867: 7810: 7118:"Library of Congress Online Catalog" 7029: 7001: 6914: 6896:Józef Piłsudski Institute of America 6722: 6486: 6443: 6186: 6142: 6104: 6098: 6084: 5748: 5318: 4839:. The speech was first published in 4629: 4129:, Cambridge University Press, 1984, 4011: 3856:Drążek, Aleksandra (8 August 2021). 3217:" ("Grandpa" or "the Old Man") and " 3014:Józef Piłsudski Institute of America 2725:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland 2672:voicing criticism of Piłsudski, but 2226: 1683: 1674:Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts 1395: 1168:History of Poland during World War I 10941:Polish exiles in the Russian Empire 10876:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 9550:2 October 1926 – 27 June 1928 8535: 6759:K. Kopp; J. Nizynska (7 May 2012). 6648:Pra ż mowska, Anita (1 July 2013). 6409:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 37. 6090: 4835:, pp. 181–182 and excerpts in 4288:May, Arthur J. (11 November 2016). 4287: 3538: 3052:Palace, Piłsudski's residence, and 2731:, a commemoration was conducted at 2660:(represented by Ignacy Paderewski, 2031:severely limited the powers of the 1361:In the aftermath of the July 1917 " 949: 536:[ˈjuzɛfˈklɛmɛnspiwˈsutskʲi] 24: 10991:Polish Socialist Party politicians 10861:Deaths from liver cancer in Poland 10846:Candidates for President of Poland 9660:27 August 1926 – 12 May 1935 9270:Reddaway, William Fiddian (1939). 9229:Pilsudski: A Biography by His Wife 9080: 8804: 7591:: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920 7006:Polsko-ukraińskie spotkania z Klio 6498: 6382:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 349. 6309:, Wroclaw – Warsaw – Kraków 2005, 6286:Jozef Pilsudski: Legends and Facts 6074: 5507:. 11 November 1929. Archived from 5195:Cat-Mackiewicz, Stanisław (2012). 3501:Reddaway, William Fiddian (1939). 3267: 3235: 3194: 2688:expressed a toned-down criticism. 2576: 2555: 2053:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" 1935:, he laid the foundations for the 1656:structure. According to historian 25: 11052: 10956:Polish legionnaires (World War I) 9357: 9349:(Harvard University Press, 2022) 8480:. Athens: Ohio University Press. 8458:Russia under the Bolshevik Regime 7363:Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2012). 7348:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 7342:Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2000). 7171:. Księg. Akademicka. p. 14. 6376:Joseph Marcus (18 October 2011). 6350:Drozdowski & Szwankowska 1995 6327:Drozdowski & Szwankowska 1995 5157:"Dialogas tarp lenkų ir lietuvių" 4074:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 3046:have their own "Piłsudski Street" 2544:German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact 2525:Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact 2419:German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact 2392: 2219:and Chairman of the War Council. 1926:French Military Mission to Poland 1830:Council for Defense of the Nation 1505: 1322:Piłsudski agreed to serve in the 1081:outbreak of the First World War. 801: 10802: 9908: 9836: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9719: 9391: – Book by Józef Piłsudski 9073:Jabłonowski & Kossewska 2005 8987:Jabłonowski & Kossewska 2005 8945:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 8854:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 8690:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 8205:The History of Poland Since 1863 7300:Alabrudzińska, Elżbieta (1999). 7245: 7085: 7054: 7023: 6995: 6974: 6866:Pedagogical University of Kraków 6836: 6688: 6641: 6600: 6468:(in Polish). Polish Press Agency 6453: 6437: 6355: 6299: 6278: 6249: 6243: 6196: 5877:. Hippocrene Books. p. 11. 5864: 5396: 5188: 5149: 5013:(in Polish) (32). Archived from 4539:. articles 87–93. Archived from 2257:1930 Polish legislative election 2191: 1400: 1340:Russian Revolution in early 1917 637:and became the strongman of the 408: 9604:Brigade I of the Polish Legions 9492:16 May 1926 – 12 May 1935 9314:(1). Boulder, Colorado: 25–39. 9106:Czubiński, Antoni, ed. (1988). 8606:. London; New York: Routledge. 8437:(in Polish). Warsaw: Kwadryga. 8378:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 7972:. Manchester University Press. 7327:. London; New York: Routledge. 6850:(in Romanian). 6 December 2021. 6613:Toruńskie Studia Międzynarodowe 6565:Jabłonowski & Stawecki 1998 6553:Jabłonowski & Stawecki 1998 6403:Aviva Woznica (11 April 2008). 5439:Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne 4917:, vol. 1, pp. 341–346, 357–358. 4455: 4430: 4400: 4308: 4281: 4237: 4234:, vol. 1, pp. 170–171, 180–182. 4088: 4061: 3849: 3494: 2956:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2063:was replaced by the President. 1985:Ukrainian Military Organization 1971:) for the opening of the first 1645:, somewhat in emulation of the 1285:), which served as a precursor 974:, he suggested that starting a 915:when Russian authorities found 746:, its empire, and its culture. 372: 347: 10926:People from Sventsyansky Uyezd 10906:Leaders who took power by coup 10866:Government ministers of Poland 10774:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski 9176:Polish Biographical Dictionary 9112:Józef Piłsudski and His Legend 9108:Józef Piłsudski i jego legenda 8922:Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (1988). 8521:. Cambridge University Press. 8207:. Cambridge University Press. 8103:. Cambridge University Press. 8079:. Cambridge University Press. 8038:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 7407:. Cambridge University Press. 6765:. Springer. pp. 120–121. 5483:. 7 April 1930. Archived from 5003:Frątczak, Sławomir Z. (2005). 3299: 3268: 3259:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3243:Lithuanian and Polish identity 3236: 3195: 3114: 2562:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2497:In June 1932, just before the 2413:, Polish Foreign minister, in 2261:Bereza Kartuska Detention Camp 1928:was, for a time, exaggerated. 1767:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1650:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1161: 1005:; on 28 October 1904, Russian 757:where he became involved with 697:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 584:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 13: 1: 10951:Polish independence activists 10224:Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) 9887:Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) 9044:University of Wisconsin Press 9038:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2004). 9019:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). 8809:. Munich: Hunter Publishing. 8383:University of Wisconsin Press 7834:. London; New York: Longman. 7811:Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. (1991). 6499:To, Wireless (26 June 1937). 6209:Contemporary European History 6097:. The author gives a source: 4244:Thomas, Nigel (31 May 2018). 3731:Jędrzejewicz & Cisek 1994 3280: 2986:1st Legions Infantry Division 2946:. This began to change after 2893:), and the "Marshal's Men" (" 2131:Piłsudski criticized General 2113:Polish People's Party "Piast" 1353:Piłsudski with leadership of 659: 61: 11041:20th-century Polish nobility 10976:Polish people of World War I 10971:19th-century Polish nobility 9577:15 August – 4 December 1930 9488:Minister of Military Affairs 9443:None (Independence regained) 9327:Wójcik, Włodzimierz (1987). 9209:. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo LTW. 9023:. Rutgers University Press. 8786:Suleja, Włodzimierz (2004). 8035:Pilsudski: A Life For Poland 7955:. New York: Scott and More. 7953:Pilsudski: Builder of Poland 7906:Hetherington, Peter (2012). 7777:. Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press. 7773:Flannery, Edward H. (2005). 7674:The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler 7520:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 7388:. East European Monographs. 6862:"Kopiec Józefa Piłsudskiego" 6466:dzieje.pl Portal Historyczny 3605:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN 3485:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 2635:Polish Military Organization 2213:Minister of Military Affairs 2161:Polish Military Organization 2096:Minister of Military Affairs 1474:, free school education and 1467:Polish Liquidation Committee 1455:Tymczasowy Naczelnik Państwa 1379:Polish Military Organization 1355:Polish Military Organisation 1279:Polish Military Organisation 997:) aiming to create an armed 823:pension received by others. 577:Minister of Military Affairs 571:in 1795, and was considered 27:Polish statesman (1867–1935) 7: 9424: 9411:20th Century Press Archives 9287:Rothschild, Joseph (1967). 8979:Władyka, Władysław (2005). 8907:10.1177/0888325490004003004 8875:. Oxford University Press. 8767:Stachura, Peter D. (2004). 8662:Rothschild, Joseph (1990). 8555:Rąkowski, Grzegorz (2005). 8536:Quester, George H. (2000). 8496:Pobóg-Malinowski, Władysław 8406:Figures of the 20th century 7968:Hyde-Price, Adrian (2001). 7794:Józef Piłsudski – 1867–1935 7657:. New York: HarperCollins. 7636:. Oxford University Press. 7542:. Oxford University Press. 7367:. Oxford University Press. 7260:(in Polish). Archived from 7144:. Peter Lang. p. 122. 6868:(in Polish). Archived from 6460:Kowalski, Waldemar (2017). 6203:Dadak, Casimir (May 2012). 5765:Cieplinski, Feigue (2002). 5094:(in Polish). Archived from 4427:, vol. 1, pp. 256, 277–278. 4408:"Dream of the Polish Eagle" 3608:(in Polish). Archived from 3152: 1668:(1919–1920, culminating in 1590:Little Constitution of 1919 1559:Little Treaty of Versailles 1283:Polska Organizacja Wojskowa 1206:Władysław Belina-Prażmowski 855:socialist newspaper called 653: 10: 11057: 10841:Burials at Wawel Cathedral 10417:Polish government-in-exile 9966:Polish government-in-exile 9481:Juliusz Tarnawa-Malczewski 9152:Dziewanowski, Marian Kamil 8316:Conrad under Familial Eyes 8123:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis 7970:Germany and European Order 7910:. Houston: Pingora Press. 7792:Garlicki, Andrzej (1995). 7292: 7097:National Library Of Poland 6654:European History Quarterly 6284:Adviser Daria and Thomas, 6257:Józef Piłsudski: 1867–1935 6116:"Ostatnia wojna marszałka" 4127:Conrad under Familial Eyes 3142: 3138: 2923:tributes throughout Poland 2899:Polish government-in-exile 2781: 2092:Chief of the General Staff 2029:Constitution of March 1921 1786:Communist Party of Germany 1687: 1165: 1023:Russian Revolution of 1905 775:socialists to assassinate 749:In 1885 Piłsudski started 718:. Along with his brothers 695:, an integral part of the 32:Pilsudski (disambiguation) 29: 10996:Prime ministers of Poland 10800: 10739: 10726:General Inspectors of the 10685: 10580: 10505: 10415: 10260: 10222: 10186: 10180:Prime ministers of Poland 10139: 10076: 10009: 9964: 9917: 9906: 9885: 9834: 9726: 9717: 9662: 9653: 9647: 9637: 9628: 9620: 9614:Marian Żegota-Januszajtis 9610: 9600: 9594: 9589: 9579: 9570: 9562: 9552: 9543: 9535: 9525: 9512: 9504: 9494: 9485: 9477: 9471:President of the Republic 9463: 9454: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9253:Piłsudski, Józef (1972). 9207:Józef Piłsudski 1867–1935 8941:Watt, Richard M. (1979). 8752:. Yale University Press. 8733:. Yale University Press. 8645:Historia Polski 1914–1991 8275:. Yale University Press. 8140:Kipp, Jacob, ed. (1993). 8125:. New York: W.W. Norton. 7849:Grant, Thomas D. (1999). 7672:Davidson, Eugene (2004). 7165:Wacława Milewska (1998). 6221:10.1017/S0960777312000112 5874:The Polish Campaign, 1939 3678:Pilsudski, Hero of Poland 3600:"Piłsudski Józef Klemens" 3225:also referred to him as " 2853: 2680:being supportive), while 2642:Communist Party of Poland 2472:, but were strained with 2246:constitutional amendments 2186:Communist Party of Poland 1596:was elected as the first 1574:Marian Januszajtis-Żegota 1440:Poland's Independence Day 1332:Polish Regency government 1324:Regency Kingdom of Poland 1188:military unit called the 1181:, and the United States. 930:, and others. He fled to 835:. In 1893, he joined the 521: 490: 480: 463: 442: 421: 416: 404: 383: 324: 311: 301: 284: 253: 248: 244: 234: 222: 212: 202: 191: 184: 167: 155: 93: 82: 75: 71: 53: 41: 10891:Heads of state of Poland 10507:Polish People's Republic 10011:Polish People's Republic 9879:Heads of state of Poland 9231:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 8748:Snyder, Timothy (2007). 8426:, 5, 3–9 February 2001, 8144:. Portland OR: F. Cass. 7951:Humphrey, Grace (1936). 7830:Goldstein, Erik (2002). 7651:Davies, Norman (1998) . 7630:Davies, Norman (1986) . 7608:Davies, Norman (2005) . 7382:Blobaum, Robert (1984). 6666:10.1177/0265691413490495 6607:Dworski, Michał (2018). 5501:"Pilsudski v. Daszynski" 3253:; he considered himself 3185: 3069:Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski 2998:634th Infantry Battalion 2929:Polish People's Republic 2821:Stefan Batory University 2819:had willed for study to 2608: 2430:Polish–Romanian alliance 2318:rational-legal authority 2041:State Unity in the Kresy 1848:"Miracle at the Vistula" 1708:aftermath of World War I 1553:. Articles 87–93 of the 1546:Prime Minister of Poland 1434:of Polish forces by the 1136:noncommissioned officers 1105:Union of Active Struggle 942:in London, staying with 693:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 557:aftermath of World War I 186:Prime Minister of Poland 77:Chief of State of Poland 9945:Stanisław Wojciechowski 9508:Stanisław Wojciechowski 9382:(in English and Polish) 9308:East European Quarterly 9289:Pilsudski's Coup d'État 9004:. London: John Murray. 8805:Torbus, Tomasz (1999). 8408:]. Kyiv: Triada-A. 8166:. The Scarecrow Press. 7061:Ryrych, Tomasz (2019). 4886:"Battle of Warsaw 1920" 4412:Warfare History Network 4055:Encyclopædia Britannica 3507:. Routledge. p. 5. 3135:between 1979 and 1989. 3004:, one of four-man-made 2792:Krakowskie Przedmieście 2662:Stanisław Wojciechowski 2603:Aleksandra Szczerbińska 2279:Piłsudski, second wife 2163:and some left-wing and 2109:Stanisław Wojciechowski 1965:Central Lithuanian Army 1712:Polish struggle in Lviv 1309:Battle of Kostiuchnówka 1307:In mid-1916, after the 958:On the outbreak of the 898:Aleksandra Szczerbińska 740:Russian Orthodox Church 528:Józef Klemens Piłsudski 361:Aleksandra Szczerbińska 258:Józef Klemens Piłsudski 10986:Polish Roman Catholics 10936:Polish anti-communists 10789:Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko 10764:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski 10098:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 9369:17 August 2015 at the 9187:Polish Western Affairs 8850:Young, Robert (1996). 8203:Leslie, R. F. (1983). 7868:Hehn, Paul N. (2005). 7516:Cisek, Janusz (2002). 7423:Charaszkiewicz, Edmund 7138:Ewa Mazierska (2007). 6543:, vol. 1, pp. 133–141. 6065:, vol. 2, pp. 317–326. 5986:, vol. 1, pp. 538–540. 5907:, vol. 1, pp. 539–540. 5861:, vol. 2, pp. 330–337. 5381:, vol. 1, pp. 528–539. 5294:, vol. 1, pp. 490–491. 5282:, vol. 1, pp. 489–490. 5222:, vol. 1, pp. 487–488. 4981:, vol. 1, pp. 346–441 4948:, vol. 1, pp. 341–346. 4608:, vol. 1, pp. 499–501. 4358:, vol. 1, pp. 251–252. 4247:Polish Legions 1914–19 4222:, vol. 1, pp. 178–179. 4210:, vol. 1, pp. 174–175. 4149:, vol. 1, pp. 171–122. 4033:, vol. 1, pp. 121–122. 3962:, vol. 1, pp. 117–118. 3950:, vol. 1, pp. 113–116. 3889:, vol. 1, pp. 109–111. 3846:, pp. 27–8 (1982 ed.). 3229:" ("the Commandant"). 2981: 2977:of Józef Piłsudski by 2964: 2944:Second Polish Republic 2924: 2867: 2795: 2760:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 2700: 2699:coin showing Piłsudski 2618: 2421: 2340: 2284: 2204: 2121:Popular National Union 2083: 2078:. At right is General 2070:Piłsudski on Warsaw's 2037:parliamentary election 2024: 2012: 1937:Franco-Polish alliance 1825: 1771:a successful offensive 1757:with Ukrainian leader 1742: 1703: 1621:, stretching from the 1551:Paris Peace Conference 1528: 1499: 1427: 1416: 1358: 1304: 1224: 1194:Riflemen's Association 1148:Riflemen's Association 1085:Prelude to World War I 928:Władysław Mazurkiewicz 873: 837:Polish Socialist Party 827:Polish Socialist Party 763:, part of the Russian 669: 588:Polish Socialist Party 565:Second Polish Republic 551:(1918–1922) and first 434:Second Polish Republic 318:Polish Socialist Party 277:, Russian Empire 10402:Zyndram-Kościałkowski 9976:Władysław Raczkiewicz 9815:Konstanty Rokossowski 9806:Michał Rola-Żymierski 9519:(did not take office) 9345:Zimmerman, Joshua D. 9274:. London: Routledge. 9225:Piłsudska, Aleksandra 9094:11 April 2021 at the 8869:Vital, David (1999). 8517:Prizel, Ilya (1998). 8435:Myśli, mowy i rozkazy 8334:Joseph Conrad: A Life 7887:Held, Joseph (1992). 7613:: A History of Poland 7589:White Eagle, Red Star 7345:The History of Poland 7093:"Piłsudski (keyword)" 7030:Goss, Łukasz (2008). 6626:10.12775/TSM.2017.008 5777:on 18 September 2002. 5575:Columbia Encyclopedia 5527:(12 September 1993). 5369:, p. 53, section 5.1. 5083:Szczepański, Janusz. 4884:Lawrynowicz, Witold. 4111:Joseph Conrad: A Life 3832:Pobóg-Malinowski 1990 3598:Chojnowski, Andrzej. 3044:. Many Polish cities 2990:armoured train No. 51 2972: 2960: 2911: 2891:Warsaw's Royal Castle 2864:Józef Piłsudski, 1908 2857: 2789: 2770:, and Britain's King 2709:August Cardinal Hlond 2694: 2616: 2593:, a divorcée. As the 2403:Hans-Adolf von Moltke 2400: 2330: 2314:charismatic authority 2290:vote of no-confidence 2278: 2199: 2088:Eligiusz Niewiadomski 2080:Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer 2069: 2018: 1998: 1838:vote of no-confidence 1812: 1736: 1697: 1666:Polish–Lithuanian War 1542:Ignacy Jan Paderewski 1522: 1491: 1422: 1408: 1352: 1295: 1266:-inspired "Citizen" ( 1253:Austro-Hungarian Army 1222: 1109:Związek Walki Czynnej 1046:Revolutionary Faction 871: 732:January 1863 Uprising 667: 643:a cult of personality 508:Polish–Lithuanian War 464:Years of service 117:Ignacy Jan Paderewski 10759:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 10126:Bronisław Komorowski 10108:Bronisław Komorowski 10026:Franciszek Trąbalski 9523:elected 31 May 1926 9248:. Faber & Faber. 9203:Jędrzejewicz, Wacław 8960:Wein, Berel (1990). 8641:Roszkowski, Wojciech 8402:Postati XX stolittia 8030:Jędrzejewicz, Wacław 7304:(in Polish). Toruń: 6932:on 23 September 2005 6709:, pp. 285–311; 6114:(28 November 2004). 6112:Baliszewski, Dariusz 5431:Śleszyński, Wojciech 5067:Lönnroth et al. 1994 4843:Istoricheskii Arkhiv 4580:, pp. 211, 214. 3721:, vol. 1, pp. 74–77. 3709:, vol. 1, pp. 68–69. 3697:, vol. 1, pp. 62–66. 3642:on 21 September 2021 3443:, vol. 1, pp. 13–15. 3024:; a passenger ship, 2895:Piłsudski's colonels 2848:Archbishop of Krakow 2294:parliamentary system 2255:) on the eve of the 1895:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1800:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1662:Polish–Ukrainian War 1555:Treaty of Versailles 1390:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 1330:in the newly formed 1251:, formed within the 1192:from members of the 1125:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 968:"Promethean" project 878:Maria Juszkiewiczowa 769:University of Dorpat 716:Gymnasium in Vilnius 668:Piłsudski, schoolboy 555:(from 1920). In the 503:Polish–Ukrainian War 11036:Sanacja politicians 10966:Polish nationalists 10088:Wojciech Jaruzelski 10068:Wojciech Jaruzelski 10043:Aleksander Zawadzki 10001:Ryszard Kaczorowski 9986:Stanisław Ostrowski 9895:Provisional Council 8964:. Shaar / Mesorah. 8825:Urbankowski, Bohdan 8807:Nelles Guide Poland 8574:Roos, Hans (1966). 8476:Plach, Eva (2006). 8461:. New York: Knopf. 8349:Paulsson, Gunnar S. 8291:MacMillan, Margaret 7853:. London: Praeger. 7758:. London: Pimlico. 7593:. London: Pimlico. 6695:Charaszkiewicz 2000 6406:Fire Unextinguished 6051:Charaszkiewicz 2000 4590:Boemeke et al. 1998 4543:on 14 February 2008 4522:, pp. 213–214. 3899:Charaszkiewicz 2000 3422:on 13 February 2006 3166: – 7 June 1926 3133:Solidarity movement 3129:Janusz Onyszkiewicz 3121:Revolutions of 1989 3095:Marszałek Piłsudski 3091:Library of Congress 3067:(General Barcz) by 3038:; and a racehorse, 3035:Komendant Piłsudski 2913:Statue of Piłsudski 2879:Polish Armed Forces 2832:St. Leonard's Crypt 2752:Victor Emmanuel III 2658:Christian Democrats 2499:Lausanne Conference 2454:Free City of Danzig 2401:German ambassador, 2353:ethnic-assimilation 2310:Government in Exile 2298:presidential system 2133:Stanisław Szeptycki 2094:and, together with 1991:Retirement and coup 1933:Alexandre Millerand 1918:Tadeusz Rozwadowski 1670:Żeligowski's Mutiny 1598:president of Poland 1533:Wacław Jędrzejewicz 1451:Jędrzej Moraczewski 1336:Polnische Wehrmacht 1287:Polish intelligence 1198:Polish Rifle Squads 1190:First Cadre Company 1066:Frakcja Umiarkowana 1054:Frakcja Rewolucyjna 999:resistance movement 886:Wacław Jędrzejewicz 569:partition of Poland 112:Jędrzej Moraczewski 10911:Marshals of Poland 10784:Stanisław Kopański 10754:Władysław Sikorski 10749:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 10582:Republic of Poland 10262:Republic of Poland 10078:Republic of Poland 10058:Józef Cyrankiewicz 10032:Władysław Kowalski 9934:Gabriel Narutowicz 9919:Republic of Poland 9797:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 9711:Marshals of Poland 9666:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 9624:Władysław Sikorski 9602:Commandant of the 9498:Tadeusz Kasprzycki 9467:Gabriel Narutowicz 9436:Political offices 7449:Cienciala, Anna M. 7254:"Droga na szczyty" 7067:Creatio Fantastica 6848:ziarpiatraneamt.ro 6505:The New York Times 6433:. 3 December 2013. 6255:Andrzej Garlicki, 5533:The New York Times 5513:on 15 August 2009. 5098:on 2 December 2007 4896:on 18 January 2012 4630:Szymczak, Robert. 4537:The Avalon Project 4467:Kurier Historyczny 4346:, pp. 109–11. 3808:Alabrudzińska 1999 3276:from 1906 to 1909 2982: 2925: 2903:invasion of Poland 2871:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 2796: 2766:, Japan's Emperor 2701: 2686:National Democrats 2654:Tomasz Arciszewski 2619: 2523:Poland signed the 2422: 2349:National Democrats 2341: 2306:April Constitution 2285: 2205: 2125:Christian Democrat 2103:state of emergency 2099:Władysław Sikorski 2084: 2072:Poniatowski Bridge 2049:Gabriel Narutowicz 2025: 2013: 1973:Eastern Trade Fair 1957:capture of Vilnius 1907:Stanisław Stroński 1874:Władysław Sikorski 1834:National Democrats 1826: 1819:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 1743: 1704: 1594:Gabriel Narutowicz 1529: 1432:Commander-in-Chief 1428: 1417: 1359: 1305: 1242:Kielce Governorate 1225: 1214:declaration of war 1156:Związek Strzelecki 1117:Władysław Sikorski 1035:National Democrats 1017:Russian Revolution 960:Russo-Japanese War 874: 851:, he published an 755:Kharkov University 670: 631:National Democrats 174:Gabriel Narutowicz 10811: 10810: 10692: 10691: 10242:Kanty Steczkowski 10146: 10145: 10120:Grzegorz Schetyna 10114:Bogdan Borusewicz 10053:Marian Spychalski 9845: 9844: 9831: 9830: 9824:Marian Spychalski 9677: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9663:Succeeded by 9638:Succeeded by 9611:Succeeded by 9590:Military offices 9580:Succeeded by 9553:Succeeded by 9526:Succeeded by 9520: 9495:Succeeded by 9472: 9464:Succeeded by 9451: 9338:978-83-216-0533-3 9331:. Warsaw: Śląsk. 9298:978-0-231-02984-1 9272:Marshal Pilsudski 9216:978-83-88736-25-4 9165:978-0-8179-1791-3 9143:978-0-19-280126-5 9121:978-83-01-07819-5 9053:978-0-299-19464-2 9030:978-0-8135-3158-8 9011:978-0-531-15069-6 8952:978-0-671-22625-1 8891:Wandycz, Piotr S. 8882:978-0-19-821980-4 8842:978-83-7001-914-3 8816:978-3-88618-088-2 8797:978-83-04-04706-8 8778:978-0-415-34358-9 8740:978-0-300-10586-5 8697:978-0-333-77475-5 8675:978-0-295-95357-1 8654:978-83-01-11014-7 8632:978-0-521-01324-6 8613:978-0-415-24229-5 8547:978-0-7658-0022-0 8528:978-0-521-57697-0 8509:978-83-03-03163-1 8487:978-0-8214-1695-2 8468:978-0-394-50242-7 8444:978-83-85082-01-9 8415:978-966-8290-01-5 8392:978-0-299-14874-4 8373:Payne, Stanley G. 8364:978-0-300-09546-3 8342:978-1-57113-347-2 8304:978-0-375-76052-5 8282:978-0-300-08915-8 8258:978-3-11-013504-6 8236:978-0-300-06078-2 8214:978-0-521-27501-9 8195:978-0-313-26007-0 8182:Lerski, Jerzy Jan 8151:978-0-7146-4545-2 8132:978-0-393-32252-1 8110:978-0-521-31198-4 8086:978-0-521-52242-7 8064:978-83-04-04114-1 8045:978-0-87052-747-0 8021:978-83-89964-44-1 7998:978-83-909208-0-1 7979:978-0-7190-5428-0 7943:978-0-520-02528-8 7926:Hildebrand, Klaus 7917:978-0-9836563-1-9 7898:978-0-231-07697-5 7879:978-0-8264-1761-9 7860:978-0-275-96350-7 7841:978-0-582-31145-9 7822:978-0-226-30098-6 7803:978-1-85928-018-8 7784:978-0-8091-4324-5 7765:978-0-7126-7327-3 7743:978-0-7146-5178-1 7721:978-0-7185-0159-4 7702:978-83-86417-18-6 7683:978-0-8262-1529-1 7664:978-0-06-097468-8 7654:Europe: A History 7643:978-0-19-285152-9 7622:978-0-19-925340-1 7575:978-0-7914-0018-0 7549:978-0-19-502697-9 7536:Cohen, Stephen F. 7527:978-0-7864-1240-2 7470:The Polish Review 7440:978-83-7188-449-8 7414:978-0-521-62132-8 7395:978-0-88033-046-6 7355:978-0-313-30571-9 7334:978-0-415-16111-4 7315:978-83-231-1087-3 7205:978-83-86678-97-6 7178:978-83-7188-228-9 7151:978-3-03910-529-8 7016:978-83-947379-1-7 6967:978-1-4422-5281-3 6799:978-963-7326-61-5 6772:978-1-137-05205-6 6580:Prezydenci Polski 6416:978-1-4691-0600-7 6389:978-3-11-083868-8 6305:Suleja Vladimir, 5884:978-0-87052-013-6 5416:978-0-8214-4309-5 5345:, vol. 1, p. 515. 5333:, vol. 1, p. 502. 5309:, vol. 1, p. 490. 5246:, vol. 1, p. 489. 5234:, vol. 1, p. 488. 5185:, vol. 1, p. 485. 5165:(in Lithuanian). 5119:, vol. 1, p. 484. 4758:, vol. 1, p. 291. 4703:, vol. 1, p. 281. 4642:on 7 October 2007 4618:Jędrzejewicz 1990 4397:, vol. 1, p. 253. 4330:978-3-86234-113-9 4301:978-1-5128-0753-0 4257:978-1-4728-2543-8 4161:, vol. 1, p. 168. 4119:978-1-57113-347-2 4081:978-1-5275-4764-3 3999:, vol. 1, p. 131. 3862:kronikidziejow.pl 3844:Jędrzejewicz 1990 3684:. pp. 30–32. 3504:Marshal Pilsudski 3333:Hetherington 2012 3319:978-1-78643-661-0 3294:Hetherington 2012 3018:history of Poland 3002:Piłsudski's Mound 2901:after the German 2883:Marshal of Poland 2875:Inspector General 2733:League of Nations 2713:Primate of Poland 2678:Stanisław Thugutt 2666:Władysław Grabski 2633:, members of the 2531:programme. After 2476:, and worse with 2345:ethnic minorities 2333:John III Sobieski 2283:, daughters, 1928 2227:Internal politics 2147:(The Year 1920). 2045:National Assembly 1953:Lucjan Żeligowski 1879:Grupa Uderzeniowa 1823:Polish-Soviet War 1739:Marshal of Poland 1690:Polish–Soviet War 1684:Polish–Soviet War 1678:Winston Churchill 1461:'s government in 1396:Rebuilding Poland 1371:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1264:French Revolution 1231:into an area the 1200:. That same day, 1013:police officers. 623:Polish–Soviet War 553:Marshal of Poland 525: 524: 513:Polish–Soviet War 485:Marshal of Poland 275:Vilna Governorate 137:Antoni Ponikowski 127:Władysław Grabski 16:(Redirected from 11048: 10806: 10779:Stefan Dembiński 10769:Władysław Anders 10719: 10712: 10705: 10696: 10695: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10063:Henryk Jabłoński 9996:Kazimierz Sabbat 9991:Edward Raczyński 9912: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9849: 9848: 9840: 9771: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9681: 9680: 9648:Preceded by 9641:Stanisław Haller 9621:Preceded by 9595:Preceded by 9563:Preceded by 9556:Kazimierz Bartel 9539:Kazimierz Bartel 9536:Preceded by 9518: 9505:Preceded by 9478:Preceded by 9470: 9445: 9441:Preceded by 9433: 9432: 9421: 9420: 9403: 9398:Historical media 9394: 9383: 9375: 9342: 9323: 9302: 9283: 9266: 9249: 9240: 9220: 9198: 9181: 9169: 9147: 9125: 9070: 9057: 9034: 9015: 8984: 8975: 8956: 8937: 8918: 8886: 8865: 8846: 8820: 8801: 8782: 8763: 8744: 8720: 8701: 8679: 8658: 8636: 8617: 8595: 8581: 8570: 8551: 8538:Nuclear Monopoly 8532: 8513: 8491: 8472: 8448: 8428:available online 8423:Dzerkalo Tyzhnia 8419: 8396: 8368: 8330:Najder, Zdzisław 8312:Najder, Zdzisław 8308: 8286: 8262: 8240: 8218: 8199: 8177: 8155: 8136: 8114: 8090: 8068: 8049: 8025: 8002: 7983: 7964: 7947: 7935: 7921: 7902: 7883: 7864: 7845: 7826: 7807: 7788: 7769: 7747: 7725: 7706: 7687: 7668: 7647: 7626: 7611:God's Playground 7604: 7579: 7567: 7553: 7531: 7512: 7494: 7483:10.2307/41549951 7477:(1/2): 111–151. 7463: 7461: 7459: 7444: 7418: 7399: 7378: 7359: 7338: 7319: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7027: 7021: 7020: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6951: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6928:. Archived from 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6898:. Archived from 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6820:. Archived from 6810: 6804: 6803: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6756: 6750: 6736: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6541:Urbankowski 1997 6538: 6532: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6457: 6451: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6373: 6367: 6359: 6353: 6352:, pp. 9–11. 6347: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6297: 6282: 6276: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6200: 6194: 6184: 6178: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6108: 6102: 6088: 6082: 6072: 6066: 6063:Urbankowski 1997 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6010:, p. 19-21. 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5984:Urbankowski 1997 5981: 5975: 5974:, p. 48-49. 5969: 5963: 5953: 5944: 5938: 5929: 5919: 5908: 5905:Urbankowski 1997 5902: 5889: 5888: 5868: 5862: 5859:Urbankowski 1997 5856: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5801: 5795: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5773:. Archived from 5762: 5756: 5746: 5740: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5683: 5677: 5667: 5661: 5651: 5645: 5635: 5629: 5619: 5610: 5600: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5489:on 17 July 2010. 5488: 5477:"Pilsudski Bros" 5473: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5445:. 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Archived from 4881: 4875: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4782:, vol. 2, p. 92. 4780:Urbankowski 1997 4777: 4771: 4770:, vol. 2, p. 45. 4768:Urbankowski 1997 4765: 4759: 4756:Urbankowski 1997 4753: 4747: 4746:, vol. 2, p. 83. 4744:Urbankowski 1997 4741: 4735: 4725: 4716: 4715:, vol. 2, p. 90. 4713:Urbankowski 1997 4710: 4704: 4701:Urbankowski 1997 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638:. Archived from 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4606:Urbankowski 1997 4603: 4597: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4434: 4428: 4425:Urbankowski 1997 4422: 4416: 4415: 4404: 4398: 4395:Urbankowski 1997 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4359: 4356:Urbankowski 1997 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4235: 4232:Urbankowski 1997 4229: 4223: 4220:Urbankowski 1997 4217: 4211: 4208:Urbankowski 1997 4205: 4199: 4193: 4162: 4159:Urbankowski 1997 4156: 4150: 4147:Urbankowski 1997 4144: 4138: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4065: 4059: 4047: 4034: 4031:Urbankowski 1997 4028: 4019: 4009: 4000: 3997:Urbankowski 1997 3994: 3988: 3982: 3963: 3960:Urbankowski 1997 3957: 3951: 3948:Urbankowski 1997 3945: 3939: 3933: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3887:Urbankowski 1997 3884: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3786:, vol. 1, p. 93. 3784:Urbankowski 1997 3781: 3775: 3769: 3758: 3757:, vol. 1, p. 88. 3755:Urbankowski 1997 3752: 3746: 3745:, vol. 1, p. 71. 3743:Urbankowski 1997 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3719:Urbankowski 1997 3716: 3710: 3707:Urbankowski 1997 3704: 3698: 3695:Urbankowski 1997 3692: 3686: 3685: 3673: 3667: 3666:, vol. 1, p. 50. 3664:Urbankowski 1997 3661: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3638:. Archived from 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3595: 3536: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3498: 3492: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3460: 3450: 3444: 3441:Urbankowski 1997 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3418:. Archived from 3408: 3357: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3272: 3240: 3199: 3099:Jacek Malczewski 3087:National Library 3058:Battle of Warsaw 3054:Piłsudski Square 2948:de-Stalinization 2917:Piłsudski Square 2865: 2816:personality cult 2794:Street in Warsaw 2748:Benito Mussolini 2717:Eastern Orthodox 2650:Ignacy Daszyński 2591:Maria Juskiewicz 2567:Great Depression 2442:Locarno Treaties 2368:Great Depression 2361:Kazimierz Bartel 2337:Battle of Vienna 1899:Battle of Warsaw 1790:Nikolai Bukharin 1755:Treaty of Warsaw 1728:Entente Cordiale 1654:balance-of-power 1578:Eustachy Sapieha 1476:women's suffrage 1459:Ignacy Daszyński 1411:Ulica Mokotowska 1301:Jacek Malczewski 1144:military science 1133: 972:Yamagata Aritomo 950:Armed resistance 946:and his family. 938:, and thence to 924:Saint Petersburg 921: 845:internationalism 683:(now Zalavas in 677:Piłsudski family 627:Battle of Warsaw 614:by the Germans. 546: 545: 544: 538: 533: 417:Military service 412: 376: 374: 351: 349: 291: 280: 267: 265: 249:Personal details 240:Kazimierz Bartel 237: 229:Kazimierz Bartel 225: 218:Kazimierz Bartel 196: 170: 158: 106: 96: 87: 66: 63: 58: 39: 38: 21: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11045: 10946:Polish generals 10826:Józef Piłsudski 10816: 10815: 10812: 10807: 10798: 10744:Józef Piłsudski 10735: 10723: 10693: 10688: 10681: 10584: 10576: 10517:Osóbka-Morawski 10509: 10501: 10419: 10411: 10264: 10256: 10218: 10190: 10188:Duchy of Warsaw 10182: 10177: 10147: 10142: 10135: 10080: 10072: 10038:Bolesław Bierut 10021:Bolesław Bierut 10013: 10005: 9968: 9960: 9956:Ignacy Mościcki 9929:Józef Piłsudski 9921: 9913: 9904: 9900:Regency Council 9881: 9876: 9846: 9841: 9832: 9827: 9818: 9809: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9779:Józef Piłsudski 9724: 9713: 9708: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9659: 9651: 9643: 9634: 9626: 9616: 9607: 9598: 9585: 9576: 9568: 9558: 9549: 9541: 9531: 9529:Ignacy Mościcki 9522: 9517: 9510: 9500: 9491: 9483: 9473: 9469: 9460: 9452: 9448:Regency Council 9444: 9426: 9401: 9392: 9381: 9373: 9371:Wayback Machine 9360: 9355: 9339: 9299: 9217: 9166: 9144: 9122: 9096:Wayback Machine 9083: 9081:Further reading 9078: 9054: 9031: 9012: 8972: 8953: 8934: 8883: 8862: 8843: 8817: 8798: 8788:Józef Piłsudski 8779: 8760: 8759:978-030012599-3 8741: 8725:Snyder, Timothy 8717: 8698: 8684:Sanford, George 8676: 8655: 8633: 8614: 8600:Roshwald, Aviel 8567: 8548: 8529: 8510: 8488: 8469: 8445: 8416: 8393: 8365: 8305: 8283: 8259: 8237: 8215: 8196: 8174: 8152: 8133: 8111: 8087: 8065: 8046: 8022: 7999: 7980: 7944: 7918: 7899: 7880: 7861: 7842: 7823: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7744: 7722: 7703: 7684: 7665: 7644: 7623: 7601: 7576: 7550: 7528: 7457: 7455: 7441: 7415: 7396: 7375: 7356: 7335: 7316: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7264:on 23 July 2011 7250: 7246: 7236: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7059: 7055: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6952: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6902:on 15 June 2006 6890: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6738:Translation of 6737: 6733: 6721: 6717: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6646: 6642: 6619:(10): 101–110. 6605: 6601: 6591: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6458: 6454: 6442: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6356: 6348: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6307:Jozef Pilsudski 6304: 6300: 6288:, Warsaw 1987, 6283: 6279: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6201: 6197: 6185: 6181: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5932: 5920: 5911: 5903: 5892: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5802: 5798: 5786: 5782: 5763: 5759: 5747: 5743: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5712: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5680: 5668: 5664: 5652: 5648: 5636: 5632: 5620: 5613: 5601: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5522: 5518: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5367:Roszkowski 1992 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5199:. Universitas. 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5081: 5077: 5065: 5058: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5005:"Cud nad Wisłą" 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4968: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4673:Hyde-Price 2001 4671: 4667: 4663:, pp. 5–6. 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4414:. October 2010. 4406: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4383:Rothschild 1990 4381: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4123:Zdzisław Najder 4107:Zdzisław Najder 4093: 4089: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4050:Józef Piłsudski 4048: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4016:Rothschild 1990 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3596: 3539: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3360: 3354:Pidlutskyi 2004 3352: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3188: 3155: 3147: 3141: 3117: 3103:Wojciech Kossak 2887:Ignacy Mościcki 2866: 2863: 2856: 2840:Wawel Cathedral 2784: 2617:Piłsudski, 1935 2611: 2595:Catholic Church 2579: 2577:Religious views 2571:Ignacy Mościcki 2558: 2556:Economic policy 2503:Franz von Papen 2450:Polish Corridor 2407:Joseph Goebbels 2395: 2302:totalitarianism 2229: 2209:Ignacy Mościcki 2194: 2001:Belweder Palace 1993: 1977:Targi Wschodnie 1850: 1821:, 1920, during 1724:Congress Poland 1720:White opponents 1692: 1686: 1664:(1918–19), the 1508: 1436:Regency Council 1403: 1398: 1344:colonial troops 1328:minister of war 1170: 1164: 1131: 1087: 1027:Congress Poland 1019: 952: 944:Leon Wasilewski 936:Austria-Hungary 934:, then part of 919: 872:Piłsudski, 1899 829: 804: 760:Narodnaya Volya 751:medical studies 662: 650:Bereza Kartuska 608:Austria-Hungary 561:Polish politics 540: 539: 531: 517: 476: 459: 438: 429:Austria-Hungary 400: 379: 378: 375: 1921) 370: 366: 363: 353: 345: 341: 338: 336:Maria Koplewska 313: 312:Other political 302:Political party 293: 289: 279:(now Lithuania) 278: 269: 268:5 December 1867 263: 261: 260: 259: 235: 223: 207:Ignacy Mościcki 197: 192: 168: 162:Regency Council 156: 151: 142:Artur Śliwiński 122:Leopold Skulski 108: 107: 102: 94: 88: 83: 67: 64: 49: 48:Józef Piłsudski 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11054: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10809: 10808: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10794:Bronisław Duch 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10722: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10699: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10586: 10585:(1990–present) 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10442:Bór-Komorowski 10439: 10434: 10429: 10423: 10421: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10268: 10266: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10228: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10184: 10183: 10176: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10103:Lech Kaczyński 10100: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10081:(1990–present) 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9981:August Zaleski 9978: 9972: 9970: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9915: 9914: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9875: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9852: 9843: 9842: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9821: 9819: 9812: 9810: 9803: 9801: 9794: 9792: 9788:Ferdinand Foch 9785: 9783: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9727: 9725: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9707: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9636: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9609: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9578: 9569: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9551: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9524: 9511: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9493: 9484: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9465: 9462: 9453: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9418: 9417: 9404: 9395: 9384: 9376: 9359: 9358:External links 9356: 9354: 9353: 9343: 9337: 9324: 9303: 9297: 9284: 9267: 9250: 9241: 9221: 9215: 9199: 9182: 9170: 9164: 9148: 9142: 9130:Davies, Norman 9126: 9120: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9058: 9052: 9035: 9029: 9016: 9010: 9001:The Polish Way 8996:Zamoyski, Adam 8991: 8990: 8976: 8971:0-89906-498-1- 8970: 8957: 8951: 8938: 8932: 8919: 8901:(3): 451–468. 8887: 8881: 8866: 8860: 8847: 8841: 8821: 8815: 8802: 8796: 8783: 8777: 8764: 8758: 8745: 8739: 8721: 8715: 8702: 8696: 8680: 8674: 8659: 8653: 8637: 8631: 8618: 8612: 8596: 8571: 8565: 8552: 8546: 8533: 8527: 8514: 8508: 8492: 8486: 8473: 8467: 8453:Pipes, Richard 8449: 8443: 8430: 8420:(Reprinted in 8414: 8397: 8391: 8369: 8363: 8345: 8327: 8309: 8303: 8287: 8281: 8263: 8257: 8245:Lönnroth, Erik 8241: 8235: 8223:Lieven, Anatol 8219: 8213: 8200: 8194: 8178: 8172: 8156: 8150: 8137: 8131: 8115: 8109: 8091: 8085: 8073:Jordan, Nicole 8069: 8063: 8050: 8044: 8026: 8020: 8003: 7997: 7984: 7978: 7965: 7948: 7942: 7922: 7916: 7903: 7897: 7884: 7878: 7865: 7859: 7846: 7840: 7827: 7821: 7808: 7802: 7789: 7783: 7770: 7764: 7752:Figes, Orlando 7748: 7742: 7730:Erickson, John 7726: 7720: 7707: 7701: 7688: 7682: 7669: 7663: 7648: 7642: 7627: 7621: 7605: 7599: 7584:Davies, Norman 7580: 7574: 7558:Cohen, Yohanan 7554: 7548: 7532: 7526: 7513: 7464: 7445: 7439: 7419: 7413: 7400: 7394: 7379: 7373: 7360: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7320: 7314: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285:, p. 139. 7275: 7244: 7234: 7211: 7204: 7184: 7177: 7157: 7150: 7130: 7109: 7084: 7053: 7022: 7015: 6994: 6973: 6966: 6943: 6913: 6883: 6872:on 7 July 2007 6853: 6835: 6805: 6798: 6778: 6771: 6751: 6731: 6715: 6699: 6687: 6660:(3): 464–488. 6640: 6599: 6589: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6517: 6491: 6489:, p. 338. 6479: 6452: 6436: 6422: 6415: 6395: 6388: 6368: 6354: 6331: 6319: 6298: 6277: 6248: 6242: 6215:(2): 193–214. 6195: 6179: 6163: 6161:, p. 237. 6151: 6135: 6103: 6083: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6041:, p. 237. 6024: 6012: 6000: 5996:Goldstein 2002 5988: 5976: 5964: 5945: 5930: 5909: 5890: 5883: 5863: 5851: 5849:, p. 178. 5836: 5834:, p. 182. 5824: 5812: 5796: 5780: 5757: 5741: 5725: 5721:Zimmerman 2003 5710: 5694: 5686:Engelking 2001 5678: 5662: 5646: 5630: 5622:Zimmerman 2004 5611: 5588: 5561: 5545: 5516: 5492: 5468: 5452: 5422: 5415: 5395: 5391:Biskupski 2012 5383: 5371: 5359: 5357:, p. 343. 5347: 5335: 5323: 5321:, p. 210. 5311: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5270:, p. 140. 5260: 5258:, p. 300. 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5205: 5187: 5175: 5148: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5075: 5056: 5040: 5038:, p. 935. 5028: 5017:on 10 May 2017 4995: 4993:, p. 197. 4983: 4966: 4950: 4931: 4929:, p. 265. 4919: 4907: 4876: 4860: 4845:(in Russian). 4837:Cienciala 2002 4824: 4812: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4691:, p. 211. 4689:MacMillan 2003 4681: 4665: 4653: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4582: 4578:MacMillan 2003 4570: 4554: 4524: 4520:MacMillan 2003 4512: 4510:, p. 210. 4508:MacMillan 2003 4491: 4489:, p. 202. 4479: 4454: 4429: 4417: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4371:Biskupski 2000 4360: 4348: 4336: 4329: 4307: 4300: 4280: 4278:, p. 333. 4263: 4256: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4196:Cienciala 2002 4163: 4151: 4139: 4103:Central Powers 4087: 4080: 4060: 4035: 4020: 4014:, p. 14; 4001: 3989: 3987:, p. 332. 3964: 3952: 3940: 3938:, p. 330. 3915: 3913:, p. 285. 3903: 3891: 3874: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3796:Piłsudski 1989 3788: 3776: 3774:, p. 209. 3772:MacMillan 2003 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3668: 3653: 3623: 3537: 3535:, p. 208. 3533:MacMillan 2003 3522: 3510: 3493: 3477: 3461: 3445: 3433: 3358: 3337: 3325: 3318: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3247:Timothy Snyder 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3143:Main article: 3140: 3137: 3116: 3113: 2979:Jerzy Szwajcer 2952:Polish October 2861: 2855: 2852: 2825:Rasos Cemetery 2783: 2780: 2764:Wilhelm Miklas 2740:heads of state 2721:Greek Orthodox 2670:Wincenty Witos 2610: 2607: 2578: 2575: 2557: 2554: 2540:preventive war 2474:Czechoslovakia 2468:, Hungary and 2434:Little Entente 2432:, part of the 2394: 2393:Foreign policy 2391: 2372:vicious spiral 2228: 2225: 2193: 2190: 2165:intelligentsia 2157:Polish Legions 2152:Hyperinflation 2117:Wincenty Witos 1992: 1989: 1941:Treaty of Riga 1922:Maxime Weygand 1849: 1846: 1842:Wincenty Witos 1759:Symon Petliura 1688:Main article: 1685: 1682: 1658:George Sanford 1513:administration 1507: 1506:First policies 1504: 1472:eight-hour day 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1249:Polish Legions 1229:Russian Poland 1202:a cavalry unit 1166:Main article: 1163: 1160: 1086: 1083: 1018: 1015: 980:Hayashi Tadasu 951: 948: 913:Warsaw Citadel 828: 825: 803: 802:Siberian exile 800: 701:Vilnius Region 689:Russian Empire 661: 658: 600:Central Powers 596:Russian Empire 592:Polish Legions 549:Chief of State 523: 522: 519: 518: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 494: 492: 488: 487: 482: 478: 477: 475: 474: 471: 467: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 452: 450:Polish Legions 446: 444: 443:Branch/service 440: 439: 437: 436: 431: 425: 423: 419: 418: 414: 413: 406: 402: 401: 399: 398: 393: 387: 385: 381: 380: 368: 364: 359: 358: 357: 356: 343: 339: 334: 333: 332: 331: 328: 326: 322: 321: 315: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 292:(aged 67) 286: 282: 281: 257: 255: 251: 250: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 226: 220: 219: 216: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 189: 188: 182: 181: 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Wincenty Witos 129: 124: 119: 114: 101: 100: 99: 97: 95:Prime Minister 91: 90: 80: 79: 73: 72: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11053: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10814: 10805: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10720: 10715: 10713: 10708: 10706: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10684: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10647:Marcinkiewicz 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10167: 10162: 10160: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9868: 9866: 9861: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9839: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9698: 9693: 9691: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9667: 9658: 9657: 9646: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9625: 9619: 9615: 9606: 9605: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9583:Walery Sławek 9575: 9574: 9567: 9566:Walery Sławek 9561: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9540: 9534: 9530: 9521: 9516: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9490: 9489: 9482: 9476: 9468: 9459: 9458: 9449: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9422: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9380: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9352: 9351:online review 9348: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9085: 9084: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8933:9780691635255 8929: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8771:. Routledge. 8770: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8572: 8568: 8566:83-89188-32-5 8562: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8324:0-521-25082-X 8321: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8173:0-8108-4927-5 8169: 8165: 8161: 8160:Kowner, Rotem 8157: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7872:. Continuum. 7871: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796:. Routledge. 7795: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7602: 7600:9780712606943 7596: 7592: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7566: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7374:9780199658817 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7284: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7258:Nowy Dziennik 7255: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7235:9788389599070 7231: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7220:Anna Szałapak 7215: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7161: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7134: 7119: 7113: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7073:(1): 97–114. 7072: 7069:(in Polish). 7068: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7007: 6998: 6983: 6977: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6948: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6824:on 7 May 2018 6823: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6755: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6723:Roshwald 2002 6719: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6592: 6590:9788370590000 6586: 6582: 6581: 6573: 6567:, p. 14. 6566: 6561: 6555:, p. 13. 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6445: 6444:Humphrey 1936 6440: 6432: 6426: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6365: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6315:83-04-04706-3 6312: 6308: 6302: 6295: 6294:83-203-1967-6 6291: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6172: 6171:Davidson 2004 6167: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6053:, p. 64. 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6022:, p. 21. 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5998:, p. 29. 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5943:, p. 30. 5942: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5847:Garlicki 1995 5843: 5841: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5789: 5788:Paulsson 2003 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5723:, p. 19. 5722: 5717: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5702:Flannery 2005 5698: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5554: 5553:Stachura 2004 5549: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5441:(in Polish). 5440: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5393:, p. 46. 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5146:, p. 70. 5145: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5048:Erickson 2001 5044: 5037: 5032: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4636:TheHistoryNet 4633: 4626: 4620:, p. 93. 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4385:, p. 45. 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4344:Rąkowski 2005 4340: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4277: 4276:Zamoyski 1987 4272: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4135:0-521-25082-X 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095:Joseph Conrad 4091: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4018:, p. 45. 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3985:Zamoyski 1987 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3936:Zamoyski 1987 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3901:, p. 56. 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3822:, p. 63. 3821: 3820:Garlicki 1995 3816: 3810:, p. 99. 3809: 3804: 3798:, p. 12. 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 13. 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3612:on 3 May 2008 3611: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3520:, p. 36. 3519: 3518:Roshwald 2001 3514: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3335:, p. 95. 3334: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3296:, p. 92. 3295: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3170:List of Poles 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3065:Generał Barcz 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3031:; a gunboat, 3030: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2973:Contemporary 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2919:—one of many 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:funeral train 2805: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Albert Lebrun 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744:Joseph Stalin 2741: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2682:Roman Dmowski 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2599:Protestantism 2596: 2592: 2589:, he married 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536:came to power 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2518:Danzig crisis 2515: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405:, Piłsudski, 2404: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2383:Upper Silesia 2379: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2192:In government 2189: 2187: 2183: 2182:Peasant Party 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2076:May 1926 coup 2073: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2021:Hotel Bristol 2017: 2010: 2006: 2003:, Piłsudski ( 2002: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1911:Cud nad Wisłą 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1887:East Prussian 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1792:, writing in 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:Soviet Russia 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1698:Piłsudski in 1696: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647:pre-partition 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:"Międzymorze" 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1401:Head of state 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1317:Western Front 1314: 1313:Eastern Front 1310: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1257:First Brigade 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:Marian Kukiel 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 984:Roman Dmowski 981: 977: 976:guerrilla war 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 870: 866: 864: 860: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 824: 822: 818: 817: 811: 809: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:Alexander III 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 761: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 736:Russification 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 707: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 675: 666: 657: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:Polish forces 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 543: 537: 529: 520: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 493: 489: 486: 483: 479: 472: 469: 468: 466: 462: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 445: 441: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 424: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 386: 382: 362: 355: 354: 337: 330: 329: 327: 323: 319: 316: 310: 307: 304: 300: 296: 287: 283: 276: 272: 256: 252: 247: 243: 239: 233: 230: 227: 221: 217: 215: 211: 208: 205: 201: 195: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 166: 163: 160: 154: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 105: 98: 92: 86: 81: 78: 74: 70: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10813: 10743: 10729:Armed Forces 10532:Cyrankiewicz 10522:Cyrankiewicz 10452:Odzierzyński 10387:Jędrzejewicz 10371: 10346: 10232:Kucharzewski 10131:Andrzej Duda 10048:Edward Ochab 9950:Maciej Rataj 9939:Maciej Rataj 9928: 9822: 9813: 9804: 9795: 9786: 9778: 9777: 9654: 9629: 9601: 9571: 9544: 9513: 9486: 9455: 9446:(eventually 9387: 9346: 9328: 9311: 9307: 9288: 9271: 9254: 9245: 9228: 9206: 9186: 9174: 9155: 9133: 9111: 9107: 9086: 9066: 9062: 9039: 9020: 9000: 8980: 8961: 8943:Bitter Glory 8942: 8923: 8898: 8894: 8871: 8851: 8832: 8828: 8806: 8787: 8768: 8749: 8729: 8706: 8687: 8664: 8644: 8622: 8603: 8583: 8577: 8556: 8537: 8518: 8499: 8477: 8457: 8434: 8421: 8405: 8401: 8377: 8353: 8333: 8315: 8294: 8271: 8267:Lukacs, John 8248: 8226: 8204: 8185: 8163: 8141: 8122: 8119:Kershaw, Ian 8099: 8095:Kenez, Peter 8076: 8054: 8034: 8011: 8007: 7988: 7969: 7952: 7931: 7907: 7888: 7869: 7850: 7831: 7812: 7793: 7774: 7755: 7733: 7711: 7692: 7673: 7652: 7632: 7609: 7587: 7563: 7539: 7517: 7474: 7468: 7456:. 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Retrieved 6119: 6106: 6091:Quester 2000 6086: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6039:Wandycz 1988 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5972:Schuker 1999 5967: 5873: 5866: 5854: 5827: 5815: 5799: 5783: 5775:the original 5770: 5760: 5744: 5728: 5697: 5681: 5665: 5649: 5633: 5579:. Retrieved 5573: 5564: 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5532: 5525:Perlez, Jane 5519: 5510:the original 5504: 5495: 5486:the original 5480: 5471: 5455: 5447:the original 5442: 5438: 5425: 5405: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5196: 5190: 5178: 5170: 5169:(50). 1957. 5166: 5160: 5151: 5124: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5096:the original 5088: 5078: 5043: 5031: 5019:. Retrieved 5015:the original 5008: 4998: 4986: 4953: 4922: 4910: 4898:. Retrieved 4894:the original 4889: 4879: 4863: 4846: 4842: 4827: 4815: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4668: 4661:Sanford 2002 4656: 4644:. Retrieved 4640:the original 4635: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4585: 4573: 4557: 4545:. 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Retrieved 3420:the original 3415: 3328: 3308: 3301: 3289: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3254: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3178: 3175:Piłsudskiite 3148: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3078: 3072: 3064: 3062: 3039: 3034: 3027: 2993: 2983: 2965: 2961: 2940:Soviet Union 2932: 2926: 2915:on Warsaw's 2868: 2858: 2844:Adam Sapieha 2829: 2797: 2762:, Austria's 2705:Pope Pius XI 2702: 2695:Silver 1935 2674:Maciej Rataj 2639: 2631:Legionnaires 2625:at Warsaw's 2623:liver cancer 2620: 2580: 2559: 2533:Adolf Hitler 2522: 2513: 2508: 2496: 2490: 2486:Maginot Line 2482: 2462:Soviet Union 2423: 2387: 2375: 2365: 2342: 2286: 2269:his colonels 2253:Brest trials 2250: 2241: 2230: 2221: 2206: 2170:Chjeno-Piast 2149: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2107: 2085: 2060: 2026: 2019:At Warsaw's 2004: 1981:Stepan Fedak 1976: 1930: 1915: 1910: 1891: 1878: 1866:Józef Haller 1851: 1827: 1814: 1793: 1779: 1744: 1716: 1705: 1616: 1604: 1602: 1580:) attempted 1563: 1538: 1530: 1509: 1500: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1454: 1448: 1429: 1423: 1409: 1383: 1360: 1338:. After the 1321: 1306: 1296: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1246: 1233:Russian Army 1226: 1208:was sent to 1183: 1171: 1155: 1151: 1128: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1097:Bezdany raid 1088: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1020: 994: 988: 964:intelligence 957: 953: 916: 910: 889: 881: 875: 856: 849:chief editor 840: 830: 814: 812: 805: 758: 748: 744:Russian Tsar 713: 671: 647: 616: 581: 572: 527: 526: 491:Battles/wars 314:affiliations 290:(1935-05-12) 236:Succeeded by 193: 169:Succeeded by 147:Julian Nowak 103: 84: 65: 1920s 36: 10836:1935 deaths 10831:1867 births 10627:Cimoszewicz 10537:Jaroszewicz 10510:(1944–1989) 10482:Muchniewski 10447:Tomaszewski 10437:Arciszewski 10432:Mikołajczyk 10420:(1939–1990) 10407:Składkowski 10277:Moraczewski 10265:(1918–1939) 10208:Poniatowski 10198:Małachowski 10191:(1807–1813) 10093:Lech Wałęsa 10014:(1944–1989) 9969:(1939–1990) 9922:(1918–1939) 9402:(in Polish) 9393:(in Polish) 9374:(in Polish) 7283:Davies 1986 7123:20 December 6525:Lerski 1996 6510:14 December 6075:Torbus 1999 5956:Jordan 2002 5941:Lukacs 2001 5922:Prizel 1998 5832:Leslie 1983 5820:Davies 2005 5804:Snyder 2007 5733:Prizel 1998 5670:Lieven 1994 5603:Snyder 2004 5581:29 December 5355:Suleja 2004 5268:Davies 1986 5256:Suleja 2004 5144:Snyder 2004 5129:Davies 2005 5090:Mówią Wieki 5036:Davies 1998 4991:Davies 2003 4962:pp. 140–141 4927:Suleja 2004 4809:Davies 2003 4794:, pp. 95ff. 4792:Davies 2003 4487:Suleja 2004 4442:histmag.org 3911:Kowner 2006 3867:6 September 3469:Davies 2005 3453:Lerski 1996 3251:ethnicities 3115:Descendants 3101:(1916) and 3085:. Poland's 3083:Jacek Dukaj 2994:I Marszałek 2754:, France's 2446:Sudetenland 2438:appeasement 2357:Polish Jews 2027:The Polish 1961:Intermarium 1618:Intermarium 1531:Biographer 1363:oath crisis 1210:reconnoitre 1162:World War I 1021:During the 940:Leytonstone 853:underground 786:, first at 709:Lithuanians 654:influential 604:World War I 498:World War I 455:Polish Army 320:(1893–1918) 306:Independent 288:12 May 1935 224:Preceded by 157:Preceded by 10820:Categories 10672:Morawiecki 10592:Mazowiecki 10572:Mazowiecki 10552:Jaruzelski 10497:Szczepanik 10462:Mackiewicz 10457:Hryniewski 10302:Ponikowski 10282:Paderewski 10252:Wróblewski 10247:Świeżyński 10237:Ponikowski 10203:Gutakowski 9608:1914–1916 9263:B0006EIT3A 8861:0312161867 8716:0415163250 8559:. Rewasz. 7492:1808/10043 7102:15 January 6317:, pp. 290. 6296:, p. 132.] 6273:8307017157 6020:Young 1996 6008:Young 1996 5654:Payne 1995 5638:Vital 1999 5538:15 January 5460:Cohen 1989 5102:15 January 4958:Cisek 2002 4900:5 November 4868:Cohen 1980 4833:Pipes 1993 4820:Figes 1996 4728:Kenez 1999 4646:10 October 4562:Grant 1999 4547:15 January 3616:15 January 3416:Poland.gov 3281:References 3207:Mieczysław 3179:Piłsudczyk 3125:Solidarity 2975:caricature 2746:, Italy's 2583:Sventsiany 2549:Józef Beck 2529:Promethean 2452:, and the 2426:Józef Beck 2411:Józef Beck 2281:Aleksandra 2184:, and the 2178:Liberation 2033:presidency 2009:Narutowicz 1870:entrenched 1813:Piłsudski 1745:After the 1623:Baltic Sea 1465:; and the 1152:Mieczysław 1042:First Duma 863:typesetter 794:, then at 792:Lena River 660:Early life 422:Allegiance 264:1867-12-05 60:Piłsudski 10652:Kaczyński 10602:Olszewski 10547:Pińkowski 10392:Kozłowski 10372:Piłsudski 10357:Świtalski 10347:Piłsudski 10332:Skrzyński 10307:Śliwiński 10272:Daszyński 9320:0012-8449 9195:0032-3039 9132:(2001) . 8915:144503092 8032:(1990) . 7586:(2003) . 7501:0032-2970 7079:2300-2514 7048:2353-1908 6987:16 August 6682:220737108 6674:0265-6914 6635:2391-7601 6487:Watt 1979 6472:7 January 6265:Czytelnik 6237:161683968 6229:1469-2171 6187:Kipp 1993 6143:Hehn 2005 6099:Watt 1979 5749:Wein 1990 5319:Watt 1979 4855:0869-6322 4137:, p. 239. 4012:Roos 1966 3227:Komendant 3219:Marszałek 3127:activist 3108:Kasztanka 3041:Pilsudski 3033:ORP 3028:Piłsudski 2936:satellite 2905:in 1939. 2776:Holy Mass 2750:and King 2478:Lithuania 2141:"Milusin" 2137:Sulejówek 2061:Naczelnik 1862:divisions 1627:Black Sea 1566:Blue Army 1487:Towarzysz 1424:Piłsudski 1386:Armistice 1375:Magdeburg 1272:Komendant 1031:June Days 890:Robotnik' 765:Narodniks 720:Bronisław 706:Polonized 685:Lithuania 612:Magdeburg 473:1926–1935 470:1914–1923 405:Signature 203:President 194:In office 178:President 85:In office 18:Pilsudski 10612:Suchocka 10597:Bielecki 10567:Kiszczak 10562:Rakowski 10487:Urbański 10427:Sikorski 10317:Sikorski 9367:Archived 9237:65700731 9227:(1941). 9205:(1989). 9154:(1969). 9092:Archived 8998:(1987). 8827:(1997). 8727:(2004). 8686:(2002). 8643:(1992). 8602:(2001). 8498:(1990). 8455:(1993). 8375:(1995). 8351:(2003). 8293:(2003). 8269:(2001). 8225:(1994). 8184:(1996). 8162:(2006). 8121:(2001). 8097:(1999). 8075:(2002). 7928:(1973). 7754:(1996). 7732:(2001). 7560:(1989). 7538:(1980). 7509:41549951 7451:(2002). 7222:(2005). 6267:, 1988, 6128:24 March 5570:"Poland" 5433:(2003). 5162:Į Laisvę 4472:16 March 4447:16 March 4099:Zakopane 3682:Jarrolds 3426:23 April 3153:See also 3050:Belweder 3026:MS 2950:and the 2933:de facto 2921:statuary 2862:— 2772:George V 2768:Hirohito 2729:Holy See 2697:10-złoty 2646:Sanation 2627:Belweder 2456:(modern 2322:Sanation 2316:than on 2233:Sanation 2201:Belweder 2174:May Coup 2145:Rok 1920 2057:Belweder 2047:elected 1903:Red Army 1557:and the 1525:Belweder 1444:Ober Ost 1268:Obywatel 917:Robotnik 858:Robotnik 833:Teneniai 816:Sybiraks 639:Sanation 635:May Coup 602:. After 598:and the 573:de facto 384:Children 297:, Poland 104:See list 10687:*Acting 10557:Messner 10542:Babiuch 10477:Zawisza 10382:Prystor 10327:Grabski 10292:Grabski 10287:Skulski 10214:Potocki 10141:*Acting 9425:Offices 9413:of the 9409:in the 9280:1704492 7293:Sources 7268:24 July 5021:26 June 4052:at the 3646:2 March 3223:Legions 3215:Dziadek 3209:" and " 3139:Honours 2938:of the 2877:of the 2846:, then 2782:Funeral 2514:Wircher 2466:Romania 2370:to the 2296:into a 2265:Biaroza 2074:during 1949:Ukraine 1945:Belarus 1924:of the 1854:Vistula 1782:Belarus 1751:Marshal 1706:In the 1702:in 1919 1643:Estonia 1635:Belarus 1631:Ukraine 1625:to the 1544:became 1495:Mister' 1483:Comrade 1367:loyalty 1179:Britain 1010:cavalry 1007:Cossack 995:bojówki 932:Galicia 906:Jadwiga 808:Irkutsk 790:on the 788:Kirensk 784:Siberia 773:Vilnius 532:Polish: 396:Jadwiga 377: 369: 365: 352: 344: 340: 325:Spouses 44:Marshal 10733:Poland 10667:Szydło 10662:Kopacz 10637:Miller 10622:Oleksy 10617:Pawlak 10607:Pawlak 10527:Bierut 10492:Sabbat 10397:Sławek 10377:Sławek 10367:Sławek 10362:Bartel 10352:Bartel 10342:Bartel 9388:Bibuła 9335: 9318: 9295: 9278: 9261: 9235: 9213: 9193: 9162: 9140: 9118: 9069:]. 9050: 9027: 9008: 8968: 8949: 8930: 8913: 8879: 8858: 8839: 8813: 8794: 8775: 8756: 8737: 8713: 8694: 8672: 8651: 8629: 8610: 8592:396836 8590: 8563: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8484: 8465: 8441: 8412: 8389: 8361: 8340: 8322: 8301: 8279: 8255: 8233: 8211: 8192: 8170: 8148: 8129: 8107: 8083: 8061: 8042: 8018: 7995: 7976: 7961:775309 7959: 7940: 7914: 7895: 7876: 7857: 7838: 7819: 7800: 7781: 7762: 7740: 7718: 7699: 7680: 7661: 7640: 7619: 7597: 7572: 7546: 7524: 7507: 7499: 7458:2 June 7437: 7411: 7392: 7371: 7352: 7331: 7312: 7232: 7202: 7175: 7148: 7077: 7046: 7013: 6964: 6936:30 May 6906:26 May 6828:30 May 6796: 6769: 6680: 6672: 6633: 6587: 6529:p. 525 6448:p. 295 6413: 6386: 6313: 6292: 6271: 6261:Warsaw 6235: 6227: 6121:Wprost 5881: 5753:p. 292 5706:p. 200 5674:p. 163 5658:p. 141 5642:p. 788 5626:p. 166 5607:p. 144 5413: 5203: 5092:online 5071:p. 230 4872:p. 101 4853: 4594:p. 314 4566:p. 114 4327: 4298: 4254: 4133: 4117: 4078: 3489:p. 186 3457:p. 439 3316: 3203:Wiktor 3020:; the 3012:; the 3010:Kraków 3006:mounds 2854:Legacy 2836:Kraków 2804:masses 2800:Kraków 2736:Geneva 2656:) and 2509:Wicher 2470:Latvia 2458:Gdańsk 2448:, the 2415:Warsaw 2180:, the 2159:, the 1883:Fronts 1858:Wieprz 1815:(left) 1795:Pravda 1700:Poznań 1639:Latvia 1609:Polish 1582:a coup 1570:Gdańsk 1463:Lublin 1357:, 1917 1303:, 1916 1238:Kielce 1204:under 1175:France 1132:'s 1127:. 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