505:: that people were intentionally using remains left by previous generations in their graves. The most typical way of burying their dead was in an oval shaped pit with grey fill. There were instances of darker soil from previous graves and burials that cut into other ones. This could be because of the want for the dead to be connected to their ancestors in the afterlife. By being dug into a previous grave, they can remain with their loved ones forever. The darker soil from other graves can be an indication that they were of higher status. It can also mean that this grave is not to be
38:
31:
509:
any further (see Burial 316 and 317). Disturbing previous graves at
Zvejneiki was done more often than not. This could be in part due to the fact that they did not build permanent buildings. By incorporating their dead, or the past, into their burials, they were making it as permanent as it could be.
218:
since the nineteenth century. However, it was first explored archaeologically through excavations led by
Francis Zagorskis between 1964 and 1978. Before the discovery of a human skull in 1964, the site was used primarily for quarrying gravel. Archaeologists estimate that the site originally contained
603:
The most well-known is the double burial of 316 and 317. Archaeologists have determined it to be one female (on the left) and one male (on the right). Their grave was dug into five older burials on the site. They were then covered with a darker, older soil which would have been from an ancestors’
258:
DNA analysis shows that the people from
Zvejnieki appear to have maintained genetic continuity from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic and likely adopted Neolithic practices through cultural diffusion, as the populations showed little genetic affinity for the Anatolian farmers that migrated to large
678:
Burial 325 is of a male that was 30 to 35 years old. This double burial was a primary deposit, and there were no artifacts found with them in the grave. While there is no obvious reason to think they were deposited at the same time, there has been no disturbances after placement. There was also
222:
The cemetery contains 330 recorded burials, with roughly equal numbers of male and females. About one third of the burials are children. The principal grave goods are animal tooth pendants, occurring in both adult and child graves. A smaller number of male and female graves contain hunting and
650:
This double burial was of young children, neither of the genders were determined though. Burial 319 was around five years old, and Burial 320 was around two and a half years old. Eleven tooth pendants were found around them, and they were covered in ochre.
565:
This person was found in the first excavation but could not be completed. Before they got back to it, it was looted. From the first excavation they determined that it contained four individuals, three adults and one child. There were also
254:
of six adult individuals buried at
Zvejnieki. DNA analysis showed that Burial 121, which was previously thought to be female, was actually male, and that Burials 221 and 137, which were previously thought to male, were actually female.
578:
This person was a 33 to 37 years old woman. They found a full skeleton that was placed on its back. She was a primary deposit, and the space was filled. There were a few animal bones found, but these may have just been a coincidence.
259:
parts of Europe during the
Neolithic. However, a late Neolithic individual from Zvejnieki, Burial 137, appears to show some genetic affinity for the Caucasus hunter-gathers typified by an ancient DNA sample from
1013:
Larsson, L., Stutz, L.N., Zagorska, I., Bērziņš, V. and Ceriņa, A., 2017. New
Aspects of the Mesolithic-Neolithic Cemeteries and settlement at Zvejnieki, Northern Latvia. Acta Archaeologica, 88(1), pp.57-93.
517:
appear in some, as well as what was once clothing in a few. Some graves have multiple individuals within them, but it is still hard to say whether they were related or just buried together.
675:
This burial also consists of two individuals but is not as lavish as the previous. Burial 323 is of a child around the age of four. The sex cannot be determined for this young individual.
667:
This individual was between 35 and 40 years old, and a female. This burial was a primary deposit, but there have been disturbances from secondary burials around and on top of it.
642:
This burial only yielded a forearm and hand, and so no age or gender has been determined. They think that this might have been disturbed when
Burials 316 and 317 were dug.
513:
The most recent burials are listed here with what is known about them. Due to looting that has taken place, many do not have confirmations on what gender or age they were.
687:
This burial has two individuals, but they were believed to be immature. 324a was a newborn and 324b was between two and three years old. Neither have a determined sex.
695:
This burial does not have a determined age or gender. They have determined that it was a primary deposit, and most likely was disturbed by the building of a house.
604:
grave nearby, roughly 20 to 100 meters away. The darker soil may have been an indication of higher status or a way to show the grave should no longer be disturbed.
622:
The male, Burial 317, was 25 to 30 years old. He shows signs of being wrapped tightly when buried. His bones had limited movement, and are compressed.1 Around his
630:
which they believe could be from a clay mask that was painted. This individual was lying on top of a stone that was 15 cm. It was situated under his
595:
There was no gender or age determined for this person. While they know that the individual was placed on their back, the remains were not well preserved.
457:
In 2018, Mathieson et al. published an analysis of a large number of individuals buried at the
Zvejnieki burial ground from ca. 7500 BC to 2700 BC. The
900:
Jones, Eppie R.; Zarina, Gunita; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Lightfoot, Emma; Nigst, Philip R.; Manica, Andrea; Pinhasi, Ron; Bradley, Daniel G. (2017).
525:
This was a secondary burial. The individual had been disturbed, and there is no conclusion on gender or age. Only the skull and upper part of the
69:
615:
that were near the knees as well as other places. The collection she was buried with makes her one of the richest amber graves in the
1097:
611:
pendants that went from the upper part of her body to just above the knees, two amber rings that were near her jaw, and 40 bone
537:
This burial had been disturbed, and there is no conclusion on what gender or age the individual was. Only lower limbs and the
1022:
Larsson, L., 2010. A double grave with amber and bone adornments at
Zvejnieki in Northern Latvia. Archaeologia Baltica, (13).
723:
This burial was found while excavating Burial 323-325. They concluded that this grave was dug into while depositing 323-325.
30:
703:
This individual was a male between the ages of 20 and 25. It was a filled-in burial and no artifacts were found with him.
841:
223:
fishing equipment, including harpoons, spears, arrowheads and fish-hooks. The earliest burials are dated to the Middle
251:
787:"The persistent presence of the dead: recent excavations at the hunter-gatherer cemetery at Zvejnieki (Latvia)"
659:
This individual was between 16 and 17 years old, but the gender is undetermined. It was a primary deposition.
1107:
607:
The female, Burial 316, was 36 to 40 years old. She was found with a plethora of grave goods. She had 120
490:
486:
482:
587:
This person was over 35 years old, and a female. This was a primary deposit, and the space was filled.
1102:
506:
238:
have been identified close to the cemetery: Zvejnieki I (Neolithic) and
Zvejnieki II (Mesolithic).
679:
little movement of the bones for Burial 325 which could indicate that it was wrapped or covered.
902:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers"
514:
462:
747:
1050:
913:
478:
8:
434:
172:
159:
1054:
917:
752:
1071:
1032:
942:
901:
814:
1076:
947:
929:
869:
837:
818:
806:
742:
477:, every individual successfully analysed (both male and female) carried subclades of
470:
466:
406:
155:
1066:
1058:
1037:
937:
921:
798:
502:
235:
1046:
260:
711:
This individual has no confirmed sex or age, but from their fully erupted third
737:
204:
57:
925:
834:
Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective
802:
1091:
933:
810:
786:
616:
526:
329:
301:
215:
151:
147:
84:
71:
1080:
951:
631:
247:
196:
1062:
224:
180:
133:
554:
550:
549:
This burial had been greatly disturbed but with the placement of the
228:
184:
176:
137:
874:
Before Farming: The Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
469:
and various subclades of it (particularly I2a1a1), and one carrying
732:
188:
870:"Stone Age hunter–fisher–gatherers at Zvejnieki, northern Latvia"
623:
200:
712:
538:
208:
192:
627:
612:
608:
567:
474:
458:
899:
557:
from the left hand they know that it was a primary burial.
785:
Stutz, Liv Nilsson; Larsson, Lars; Zagorska, Ilga (2015).
868:
Eriksson, Gunilla; Lõugas, Lembi; Zagorska, Ilga (2003).
570:
artifacts found, but it is unclear what their use was.
227:, 8th millennium BCE, but they continue throughout the
867:
715:
we know that it is an adult. It was a primary burial.
958:
784:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
1089:
831:
246:In 2017, researchers successfully extracted the
765:
37:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
880:
501:The burials at Zvejnieki include evidence for
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
1033:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"
832:Schulting, Rick J.; Fibiger, Linda (2012).
461:of 15 males was extracted, with 8 carrying
970:
231:, extending over at least four millennia.
1070:
1030:
964:
941:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
553:, as well as help from the presence of
1090:
670:
645:
598:
1031:Mathieson, Iain (February 21, 2018).
850:
825:
16:Stone Age cemetery in northern Lativa
13:
241:
14:
1119:
626:, they found a large presence of
743:Khvalynsk § Archaeogenetics
36:
29:
1098:Archaeological sites in Latvia
1016:
753:Samara culture § Genetics
214:The site had been known among
1:
758:
738:Motala § Archaeogenetics
718:
706:
698:
690:
682:
662:
654:
637:
590:
582:
573:
560:
544:
532:
520:
7:
726:
481:(particularly subclades of
10:
1124:
836:. OUP Oxford. p. 38.
496:
926:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060
803:10.1017/S0003598X00049838
203:on the northern shore of
143:
129:
121:
113:
108:
100:
63:
53:
24:
199:. It is located along a
234:Two sites representing
169:Zvejnieki burial ground
175:consisting of a large
748:Iron Gates Mesolithic
1108:Corded Ware culture
1063:10.1038/nature25778
1055:2018Natur.555..197M
918:2017CBio...27..576J
671:Burials 323 and 325
646:Burials 319 and 320
599:Burials 316 and 317
435:Corded Ware culture
173:archaeological site
160:Corded Ware culture
81: /
45:Shown within Latvia
21:
797:(338): 1016–1029.
473:. With regards to
463:haplogroup R1b1a1a
371:Jones et al, 2017
346:Jones et al, 2017
318:Jones et al, 2017
219:over 400 burials.
19:
455:
454:
451:Jones etal, 2017
423:Jones etal, 2017
407:Comb Ware culture
395:Jones etal, 2017
165:
164:
156:Comb Ware culture
85:57.776°N 25.226°E
1115:
1103:Stone Age Latvia
1084:
1074:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
968:
962:
956:
955:
945:
897:
878:
877:
865:
848:
847:
829:
823:
822:
782:
541:were preserved.
503:secondary burial
266:
265:
96:
95:
93:
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82:
79:
78:
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40:
39:
33:
22:
18:
1123:
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1116:
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1088:
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1047:Nature Research
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1021:
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906:Current Biology
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601:
593:
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499:
261:Satsurblia Cave
244:
242:Archaeogenetics
195:and associated
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12:
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5:
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1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1086:
1085:
1025:
1024:
1015:
969:
965:Mathieson 2018
957:
912:(4): 576–582.
879:
849:
843:978-0199573066
842:
824:
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543:
534:
531:
522:
519:
498:
495:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:5,039-4,626 BP
437:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:6,179-5,750 BP
409:
404:
401:
397:
396:
393:
391:
388:
385:
384:6,201-5,926 BP
382:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:7,252-6,802 BP
357:
355:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
334:7,791-7,586 BP
332:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:8,417-8,199 BP
304:
299:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
243:
240:
216:archaeologists
205:Lake Burtnieks
191:with over 400
163:
162:
145:
141:
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131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
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106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
90:57.776; 25.226
65:
61:
60:
58:Lake Burtnieks
55:
51:
50:
44:
35:
34:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1120:
1109:
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629:
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605:
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588:
580:
571:
569:
558:
556:
552:
542:
540:
530:
529:was present.
528:
527:thoracic cage
518:
516:
511:
508:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:, 6 carrying
464:
460:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
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367:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:R1b1a1a-P297*
342:
339:
336:
333:
331:
330:Narva culture
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
303:
302:Kunda culture
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
286:
283:
280:
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274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
157:
153:
152:Narva culture
149:
148:Kunda culture
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:Burial ground
103:
99:
94:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
32:
23:
1042:
1036:
1018:
960:
909:
905:
873:
833:
827:
794:
790:
722:
710:
702:
694:
686:
677:
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666:
658:
649:
641:
621:
606:
602:
594:
586:
577:
564:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
479:haplogroup U
456:
257:
252:petrous bone
245:
233:
221:
213:
207:in northern
168:
166:
1049:: 197–203.
632:pelvic bone
248:ancient DNA
236:settlements
197:grave goods
88: /
64:Coordinates
1092:Categories
759:References
719:Burial 330
707:Burial 329
699:Burial 328
691:Burial 326
683:Burial 324
663:Burial 322
655:Burial 321
638:Burial 318
591:Burial 315
583:Burial 314
574:Burial 313
561:Burial 312
545:Burial 311
533:Burial 310
521:Burial 309
354:Mesolithic
326:Mesolithic
298:Mesolithic
225:Mesolithic
181:Mesolithic
134:Mesolithic
76:25°13′34″E
73:57°46′34″N
934:0960-9822
819:162667451
811:0003-598X
791:Antiquity
555:phalanges
551:vertebrae
515:Artifacts
507:disturbed
431:Neolithic
403:Neolithic
379:Neolithic
250:from the
229:Stone Age
185:Neolithic
177:Stone Age
138:Neolithic
122:Abandoned
20:Zvejnieki
1081:29466330
1045:(7695).
952:28162894
733:Deriivka
727:See also
269:Burial #
189:cemetery
144:Cultures
54:Location
1072:6091220
1051:Bibcode
943:5321670
914:Bibcode
624:cranium
497:Burials
290:Source
275:Culture
201:drumlin
193:burials
130:Periods
125:2600 BC
117:7500 BC
114:Founded
109:History
1079:
1069:
1038:Nature
950:
940:
932:
840:
817:
809:
713:molars
619:area.
617:Baltic
539:pelvis
281:Gender
278:Dating
272:Period
209:Latvia
179:(i.e.
171:is an
815:S2CID
628:ochre
613:beads
609:amber
568:flint
475:mtDNA
459:Y-DNA
368:R1b1b
365:U5a2d
312:U5a1c
287:Y-DNA
284:mtDNA
1077:PMID
948:PMID
930:ISSN
838:ISBN
807:ISSN
489:and
471:Q1a2
467:I2a1
445:U5a1
390:U4a1
340:U2e1
183:and
167:The
101:Type
1067:PMC
1059:doi
1043:555
938:PMC
922:doi
799:doi
493:).
428:137
400:221
376:124
351:121
295:313
1094::
1075:.
1065:.
1057:.
1041:.
1035:.
972:^
946:.
936:.
928:.
920:.
910:27
908:.
904:.
882:^
872:.
852:^
813:.
805:.
795:87
793:.
789:.
767:^
634:.
491:U5
487:U4
485:,
483:U2
448:NA
420:NA
417:U4
323:93
315:NA
263:.
211:.
187:)
158:,
154:,
150:,
136:/
1083:.
1061::
1053::
967:.
954:.
924::
916::
876:.
846:.
821:.
801::
442:♀
414:♀
387:♂
362:♂
337:♂
309:♀
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
