743:. Ruksana Nanji and Homi Dhalla while discussing archaeological evidence for 'The Landing of Zoroastrians at Sanjan', conclude that the most likely date for the migration at the start of the middle phase of their chronology, namely the early-to-mid-eighth century. Nevertheless, they express their general skepticism about the Qissa-i Sanjan account. Scholar Andre Wink has theorized that Zoroastrian immigrants to India, both before and after the Muslim conquest of Iran, were primarily merchants, since evidence suggests it was only some time after their arrival that religious experts and priests were sent for to join them. He argues that the competition over trade routes with Muslims may also have contributed to their immigration.
27:
988:
553:
141:
1796:
Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Ayub, Qasim; Rai, Niraj; Prakash, Satya; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Tamang, Rakesh; Firasat, Sadaf; Reidla, Maere; Karmin, Monika; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Reddy, Alla G.; Parik, Jüri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Dalal, Kurush; Khaliq, Shagufta;
720:
The
Zoroastrians moved to India in successive migrations in the Islamic period. The initial migration following the conquest has been characterized as a religious persecution by invading Muslims. According to the account, the Zoroastrians suffered at their hands and in order to protect themselves and
725:
and finally to India. This generally accepted narrative of migration emphasises Muslim persecution while identifying Parsis as religious refugees. Recently, scholars have questioned this explanation of
Iranian origins. There is a scarcity of sources about the migration. Historians are forced to rely
763:
Rajah who addresses certain conditions for it: they would explain their religion, promise not to proselytise, adopt
Gujarati speech and dress, surrender their weapons and only conduct their rituals after nightfall. During this period, Zoroastrian traders faced execution outside India, including in
762:
added a coin to the milk, saying like the coin, no one would be able to see that they were there but they would enrich the milk nonetheless. In another version, he added sugar instead and claimed that like it, they would sweeten lands of Sanjan. In both of them their settlement is approved by the
716:
in 652, bringing an end to the
Sasanian dynasty and with it Zoroastrianism's history as the official religion of Iran. While losing their religion and script along with some Sasanian historiographical literature, the language and culture essentially survived. Between the seventh and thirteenth
758:, summoned them and demanded to know how they would not be a burden on or a threat to the local communities. Replying to their request of practising their religion and till the land, he showed them a jug full of milk, saying Sanjan like it was full. In one version, a
618:
774:
The immigration of
Zoroastrians to India continued, and by 1477 they had lost all contact with Persia. Not until three hundred years had passed would they come into contact. Zoroastrians also played a notable role during the
641:, who now represent India's oldest Zoroastrian community. Later waves of Zoroastrian immigration to India took place over the following centuries, with a spike in the number of these refugees occurring during the
1647:
962:, and on the results of the Indian census of 1981, which counted over 71,630 Zoroastrians. Independent estimates are that there are at least 100,000 Zoroastrians in India. Parsis' mother tongue is Gujarati.
664:. Today, India is home to the largest Zoroastrian population in the world, and despite their overall low population number, Indian Zoroastrians have had a significant impact on India's
660:
The comparatively liberal atmosphere of India and the protection provided by historical Indian kingdoms to their
Zoroastrian subjects enabled the religion to flourish outside of the
717:
century, political and social pressures resulted in ascendancy of
Iranian Muslim over the Zoroastrians. With the conquests, Iranians gradually lost their predominant religion.
657:. Though Zoroastrian, the Parsis and the Iranis are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from each other due to their inception in separate periods of migration.
1257:
The
Zoroastrian Myth of Migration from Iran and Settlement in the Indian Diaspora: Text, Translation and Analysis of the 16th Century Qesse-ye Sanjān 'The Story of Sanjan
1639:
1683:
965:
The
Zoroastrian community in India remains one of the most recognized groups, playing a part in various commercial sectors such as industry, movies, and politics.
1669:
1086:
and when religious persecution of non-Muslims was rampant. The descendants of the immigrants of those times remain culturally and linguistically closer to the
1866:
1701:
581:
296:
1782:
1082:, most Iranis are immigrants who arrived on the subcontinent during the 19th and early 20th centuries, that is, when Iran was ruled by the
1111:
736:
written more than 200 years later. This is complicated by the fact that there were already
Zoroastrians in India in the Sasanian period.
1797:
Mehdi, Syed Qasim; Singh, Lalji; Metspalu, Mait; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Villems, Richard; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2017).
958:, there are 57,264 Parsis in India, and the 2014 figures indicate there are now 69,000. The previous figure of Zoroastrians in the
739:
Iranian Zoroastrians are known to have been trading with India for centuries before the dates calculated for arrival of Parsis per
642:
1126:
1859:
1558:
1441:
574:
503:
617:. Though it was once the majority and official religion of the Iranian nation, Zoroastrianism eventually shifted to the
2103:
1293:
1852:
1760:
1265:
1238:
1160:
2098:
567:
746:
Although historically unsubstantiated, the story of how Zoroastrians gained permission to step on the shores of
1329:
1121:
787:
in the sixteenth century. This added to the Parsi population and cemented their close association with Iran.
1982:
637:
in the post-Sasanian period, a large wave of Iranian migrants fled to India, where they became known as the
2077:
2057:
1977:
1910:
776:
681:
2072:
2062:
634:
533:
513:
2067:
1344:
1026:
2008:
701:
677:
622:
1965:
1181:
1902:
750:
continues to be critical to the self-identity of the group. Per the commonly told narrative, the
124:
1761:"Jains become sixth minority community - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis"
1557:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46.
1970:
605:
for thousands of years. Though it split into a separate branch, it shares a common origin with
251:
1255:
1960:
1281:
1228:
614:
538:
441:
705:
1948:
1138:
1087:
955:
493:
436:
31:
1724:
1702:"Biotech firm tries to unravel secret behind Parsi-Zoroastrian longevity - Indian Express"
1056:
The long presence of the Parsis in the Gujarat and Sindh areas of India is supported by a
8:
2052:
2013:
1953:
1935:
1345:
Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).
463:
1987:
1897:
1825:
1798:
1614:
1584:
1526:
1497:
1467:
1409:
1379:
1350:
1099:
779:
of India. There were also subsequent migrations, especially resulting from attempts of
768:
697:
626:
376:
306:
1892:
1875:
1830:
1325:
1308:"The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China" by Chiara Betta, p. 2
1289:
1261:
1234:
673:
598:
104:
1376:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2"
1925:
1915:
1884:
1820:
1810:
1747:
National & Regional Styles of Cookery: Proceedings : Oxford Symposium 1981
1042:
1006:
755:
669:
665:
610:
468:
291:
286:
1799:""Like sugar in milk": Reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population"
1406:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states"
1618:
1610:
1588:
1580:
1552:
1530:
1522:
1501:
1493:
1471:
1463:
1435:
1413:
1405:
1383:
1375:
1354:
1346:
1319:
1030:
661:
630:
557:
1060:
and it also distinguishes them from the smaller Zoroastrian Indian community of
1943:
1116:
740:
728:
594:
391:
386:
336:
276:
132:
112:
26:
1815:
1102:
dialect of the Zoroastrians of those provinces may be heard among the Iranis.
2092:
1083:
1073:
1061:
1057:
722:
654:
646:
508:
301:
206:
1141:- a comparison of both religions and exploring the origins of Zoroastrianism
1844:
1834:
1491:
993:
693:
396:
381:
341:
271:
266:
231:
650:
426:
281:
156:
80:
35:
2028:
2023:
1079:
784:
371:
261:
171:
1009:
literally means "Persian". Persian is the official language of modern
987:
619:
Indian subcontinent during the reign of the Chalukyas of Vatapi Badami
2018:
1920:
421:
416:
181:
161:
140:
63:
1550:
2033:
1670:"Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages"
959:
780:
721:
safeguard their religion, fled first to northern Iran, then to the
709:
606:
552:
326:
321:
226:
1207:
Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage
747:
446:
366:
346:
186:
76:
1029:, because of the absence of the "P / G / Zh / Ch" sounds in the
1684:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study"
1640:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study"
1404:
Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).
1403:
1095:
1014:
759:
638:
498:
456:
451:
311:
256:
211:
92:
39:
1581:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables"
1496:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42.
982:
764:
751:
649:, whose persecution of Zoroastrians prompted many to flee to
602:
331:
316:
221:
216:
108:
1321:
The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City
1492:
Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).
1091:
1010:
713:
176:
166:
1440:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355.
1282:"Excarnation and the City: The Tower of Silence in Mumbai"
1230:
Pious Citizens: Reforming Zoroastrianism in India and Iran
1608:
1078:
Although the term 'Irani' is first attested during the
1544:
1347:"Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72"
973:
There are two major Zoroastrian communities in India.
1795:
1464:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables"
1523:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables"
1161:"The Zoroastrian World A 2012 Demographic Picture"
1317:
2090:
1226:
1049:(Papa + Kuchak = Papak), "Young Father", became
1783:"Govt grants minority status to Jain community"
1494:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables"
1288:. Brill Publishers. 15 April 2013. p. 75.
1286:Topographies of Faith: Religion in Urban Spaces
1632:
1427:
1233:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 25, 26.
796:Historical population of Zoroastrians in India
1860:
1551:United States Department of Commerce (1924).
1253:
1204:
809:
575:
16:Overview of the Zoroastrian populace in India
1874:
1200:
1198:
1112:List of countries by Zoroastrian population
1867:
1853:
1602:
1573:
1515:
1485:
1456:
1397:
1368:
582:
568:
139:
25:
1824:
1814:
1744:
1725:"Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism in India"
1338:
1195:
1554:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
986:
643:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
1260:. Brill Publishers. pp. 205, 206.
1127:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
1090:, in particular to the Zoroastrians of
2091:
1611:"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India"
1433:
732:written in 1599 by a Parsi Priest and
712:and Yazdgird was slain by a miller in
680:, and also played a major role in the
1848:
1227:Monica M. Ringer (13 December 2011).
1213:
1209:. Routledge. pp. 54–55, 136–137.
1152:
70:Regions with significant populations
1650:from the original on 6 January 2019
1254:Alan Williams (24 September 2009).
1158:
504:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
1609:India Census Commissioner (1941).
1318:Jesse S. Palsetia (January 2001).
804:
767:where many were killed during the
645:and again during the reign of the
14:
2115:
1132:
734:Qissah-ye Zartushtian-e Hindustan
653:, where they became known as the
1722:
1561:from the original on 13 May 2023
1064:, who are more recent arrivals.
696:came to power in Persia but the
551:
34:, the second-oldest Zoroastrian
1789:
1775:
1753:
1749:. Oxford Symposium. p. 71.
1738:
1716:
1694:
1676:
1662:
1444:from the original on 8 May 2023
790:
783:' to convert their subjects to
613:, having been derived from the
1311:
1302:
1274:
1247:
1174:
968:
1:
1184:. Parsi Khabar. 30 April 2006
1182:"Anglicisation of the Parsis"
1145:
1122:List of fire temples in India
1021:) is commonly referred to as
2078:Ministry of Minority Affairs
682:Indian independence movement
7:
1139:Zoroastrianism and Hinduism
1105:
635:persecution of Zoroastrians
534:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
514:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
2120:
1583:. 1931. pp. 513–519.
1071:
1045:'s first name, originally
980:
687:
2104:Zoroastrianism by country
2045:
1996:
1934:
1883:
1816:10.1186/s13059-017-1244-9
1324:. BRILL. pp. 26–35.
1067:
1013:, which is also known as
947:
822:—
103:
98:
91:
86:
74:
69:
62:
57:
52:
47:
24:
1525:. 1921. pp. 39–44.
1466:. 1901. pp. 57–62.
976:
633:by 651 CE. Owing to the
287:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2099:Zoroastrianism in India
1378:. 1881. pp. 9–18.
1027:Arab invasion of Persia
623:Muslim conquest of Iran
1723:Team, Indo Vacations.
998:
601:, has been present in
252:Zoroastrian literature
1434:Frazer, R.W. (1897).
1025:, because, after the
990:
615:Indo-Iranian religion
539:Zoroastrian cosmology
489:Zoroastrians in India
245:Scripture and worship
1098:. Consequently, the
1088:Zoroastrians of Iran
956:2011 Census of India
494:Zoroastrians in Iran
360:Accounts and legends
32:Maneckji Seth Agiary
2058:Freedom of religion
2053:Secularism in India
1613:. pp. 97–101.
1205:Fereshteh Davaran.
797:
558:Religion portal
410:History and culture
21:
20:Indian Zoroastrians
2073:Religious thinkers
2063:Religious violence
2046:Policy and history
1785:. 20 January 2014.
1672:. 24 October 2017.
1408:. pp. 87–95.
1349:. pp. 50–54.
999:
795:
769:Guangzhou massacre
700:had already begun
627:Rashidun Caliphate
377:Book of Arda Viraf
307:Cypress of Kashmar
19:
2086:
2085:
2068:Religious harmony
1876:Religion in India
1763:. 21 January 2014
1646:. July 26, 2016.
1619:saoa.crl.28215532
1589:saoa.crl.25793234
1531:saoa.crl.25394121
1502:saoa.crl.25393779
1472:saoa.crl.25352838
1414:saoa.crl.25318666
1384:saoa.crl.25057654
1355:saoa.crl.25057647
1159:Rivetna, Roshan.
954:According to the
952:
951:
777:freedom movements
592:
591:
118:
117:
2111:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1043:Babak Khorramdin
1017:. The language (
1007:Persian language
811:
806:
798:
794:
723:island of Hormuz
698:Arab/Muslim army
625:, which saw the
621:in light of the
611:Indian religions
599:Iranian religion
584:
577:
570:
556:
555:
292:Adur Burzen-Mihr
143:
120:
119:
48:Total population
29:
22:
18:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2041:
1992:
1930:
1879:
1873:
1843:
1842:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1745:Alan Davidson.
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1690:. 26 July 2016.
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1135:
1108:
1076:
1070:
1031:Arabic language
985:
979:
971:
793:
726:exclusively on
702:invading Persia
690:
662:Iranian plateau
631:Sasanian Empire
588:
550:
545:
544:
543:
528:
520:
519:
518:
483:
475:
474:
473:
432:
431:
411:
403:
402:
401:
387:Story of Sanjan
361:
353:
352:
351:
246:
238:
237:
236:
201:
200:Divine entities
193:
192:
191:
151:
43:
38:in the city of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Zoroastrianism
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1803:Genome Biology
1788:
1774:
1752:
1737:
1715:
1693:
1675:
1661:
1631:
1601:
1572:
1543:
1514:
1484:
1455:
1426:
1396:
1367:
1337:
1330:
1310:
1301:
1295:978-9004249073
1294:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1212:
1194:
1173:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:External links
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Indo-Sasanians
1114:
1107:
1104:
1072:Main article:
1069:
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981:Main article:
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792:
789:
741:Qissa-i Sanjan
729:Qissa-i Sanjan
704:. The Muslims
689:
686:
595:Zoroastrianism
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589:
587:
586:
579:
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2038:Meena ethnic
2003:
1983:Baháʼí Faith
1961:Christianity
1806:
1802:
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1755:
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1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1696:
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1652:. Retrieved
1643:
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1604:
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1505:. Retrieved
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1475:. Retrieved
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
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1387:. Retrieved
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791:Demographics
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745:
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733:
727:
719:
694:Yazdgird III
691:
659:
655:Irani people
639:Parsi people
593:
488:
397:Frashokereti
342:The Rivayats
297:Adur Farnbag
282:Fire Temples
272:Yenghe hatam
267:Ahuna Vairya
232:Angra Mainyu
1997:Other paths
1966:Catholicism
1949:Sunni Islam
1903:South India
1767:20 November
1730:20 November
1708:20 November
969:Communities
692:By 632 CE,
427:Khurramites
177:Persia/Iran
162:Zarathustra
157:Ahura Mazda
81:Maharashtra
64:Zarathustra
36:fire temple
2093:Categories
2029:Sanamahism
2024:Donyi-Polo
2014:Irreligion
1954:Shia Islam
1809:(1): 110.
1654:3 November
1331:9004121145
1188:2020-03-05
1168:Fezana.org
1146:References
1080:Mughal era
785:Shia Islam
629:annex the
609:and other
447:Initiation
262:Ashem Vohu
172:Vohu Manah
87:Scriptures
75:Primarily
2019:Bathouism
2009:Tribalism
1988:Ahmadiyya
1936:Abrahamic
1921:Ayyavazhi
1688:The Hindu
1644:The Hindu
1001:The word
482:Adherents
442:Festivals
422:Mazdakism
417:Zurvanism
372:Bundahišn
182:Faravahar
99:Languages
2034:Sarnaism
1911:Buddhism
1893:Hinduism
1835:28615043
1648:Archived
1559:Archived
1442:Archived
1106:See also
960:diaspora
948:Sources:
781:Safavids
710:Nahavand
708:them at
706:defeated
678:military
674:politics
607:Hinduism
464:Marriage
437:Calendar
327:Visperad
322:Vendidad
227:Fravashi
125:a series
123:Part of
105:Gujarati
1978:Judaism
1926:Sikhism
1916:Jainism
1826:5470188
1037:became
1005:in the
896:114,890
885:109,752
874:101,778
863:100,096
810:±% p.a.
748:Gujarat
688:History
670:culture
666:economy
367:Dēnkard
347:Ab-Zohr
212:Yazatas
187:Avestan
113:English
77:Gujarat
58:Founder
1898:Punjab
1885:Indian
1878:topics
1833:
1823:
1624:20 May
1617:
1594:20 May
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1536:20 May
1529:
1507:20 May
1500:
1477:20 May
1470:
1419:20 May
1412:
1389:20 May
1382:
1360:20 May
1353:
1328:
1292:
1264:
1237:
1096:Kerman
1084:Qajars
1068:Iranis
1062:Iranis
1015:Persia
943:−1.93%
940:57,264
932:−0.14%
929:69,601
921:−2.39%
918:71,630
910:−0.76%
907:91,266
899:+0.46%
888:+0.76%
877:+0.17%
866:+0.61%
855:+0.47%
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844:+0.52%
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833:+2.32%
830:85,397
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509:Iranis
499:Parsis
469:Burial
457:Sedreh
452:Kushti
332:Yashts
312:Gathas
257:Avesta
222:Daevas
217:Ahuras
111:, and
93:Avesta
42:, 2009
40:Mumbai
1944:Islam
1615:JSTOR
1585:JSTOR
1565:8 May
1527:JSTOR
1498:JSTOR
1468:JSTOR
1448:8 May
1410:JSTOR
1380:JSTOR
1351:JSTOR
1164:(PDF)
1051:Babak
1047:Papak
1039:Farsi
1035:Parsi
1023:Farsi
1019:Parsi
1003:Parsi
994:Parsi
983:Parsi
977:Parsi
937:2011
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915:1981
904:1971
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871:1921
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765:China
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317:Yasna
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1831:PMID
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1732:2016
1710:2016
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1567:2023
1538:2024
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