Zoo - Knowledge

4898: 912:, exotic reptiles, and many others are in danger of dying out. Many of today's zoos hope to stop or slow the decline of many endangered species and see their primary purpose as breeding endangered species in captivity and reintroducing them into the wild. Modern zoos also aim to help teach visitors the importance of animal conservation, often through letting visitors witness the animals firsthand. Some critics, and the majority of animal rights activists, say that zoos, no matter their intentions, or how noble these intentions, are immoral and serve as nothing but to fulfill human leisure at the expense of the animals (an opinion that has spread over the years). However, zoo advocates argue that their efforts make a difference in wildlife conservation and education. 38: 558: 2239:(AZA), which originated in the U.S. To achieve accreditation, a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZA's standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited. 1959:. Today, many zoos are improving enclosures by including tactile and sensory features in the habitat that allow animals to encourage natural behaviors. These additions can prove to be effective in improving the lives of animals in captivity. The tactile and sensory features will vary depending on the species of animal. There are animals that are injured in the wild and are unable to survive on their own, but in the zoos they can live out the rest of their lives healthy and happy (McGaffin). In recent years, some zoos have chosen to move out some larger animals because they do not have the space available to provide an adequate enclosure for them (Lemonic, McDowell, and Bjerklie 50). 1323: 2187:

implementation of such policies. London Zoo, for example, stopped feeding live vertebrates in the 20th century, long before the Animal Welfare Act. Despite being illegal in China, some zoos have been found to still feed live vertebrates to their predators. In some parks like Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village, live chickens and other livestock were found to be thrown into the enclosures of tigers and other predators. In Guilin, in south-east China, live cows and pigs are thrown to tigers to amuse visitors. Other Chinese parks like Shenzhen Safari Park have already stopped this practice after facing heavy criticism.

692: 1078: 4306: 147: 1581: 1447:. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, and in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century. When studying behaviour of captive animals, several things should however be taken into account before drawing conclusions about wild populations. Including that captive populations are often smaller than wild ones and that the space available to each animal is often less than in the wild. 2196: 836: 1462:(off-site conservation) may therefore provide a suitable alternative. Off-site conservation relies on zoos, national parks, or other care facilities to support the rehabilitation of the animals and their populations. Zoos benefit conservation by providing suitable habitats and care to endangered animals. When properly regulated, they present a safe, clean environment for the animals to increase populations sizes. A study on amphibian conservation and zoos addressed these problems by writing, 5538: 2264: 1911: 2252:

1981, which came into effect in 1984. A zoo is defined as any "establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition to which members of the public have access, with or without charge for admission, seven or more days in any period of twelve consecutive months", excluding circuses and pet shops. The Act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed, and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitable environment in which they can express most normal behavior.

2133: 1206: 921: 1551: 656: 5560: 5549: 1363:(whether through contraceptives or isolation), but further study is needed on the subject. Sale of surplus animals from zoos was once common and in some cases animals have ended up in substandard facilities. In recent decades the practice of selling animals from certified zoos has declined. A large number of animals are culled each year in zoos, but this is controversial. A highly publicized culling as part of population management was that of 1314:. Animal exchanges between facilities are usually made voluntarily, based on a model of cooperation for conservation. Loaned animals usually remain the property of the original park, and any offspring yielded by loaned animals are usually divided between the lending and holding institutions. For decades the capture of wild animals or purchasing of animals has been broadly considered unethical and has not been practiced by reputable zoos. 711: 1141: 2002:. Whilst these types of behaviors can be a sign of bad welfare and stress, this is not necessarily the case. Other measurements or behavioral research is advised before determining whether an animal performing stereotypical behavior is living in bad welfare or not. Examples of stereotypical behaviors are pacing, head-bobbing, obsessive grooming and feather-plucking A study examining data collected over four decades found that 1395: 462: 549:. Major cities in Europe set up zoos in the 19th century, usually using London and Paris as models. The transition was made from princely menageries designed to entertain high society with strange novelties into public zoological gardens. The new goal was to educate the entire population with information along modern scientific lines. Zoos were supported by local commercial or scientific societies. 229: 1008: 683:. His zoo was a radical departure from the layout of the zoo that had been established in 1828. It was the first zoo to use open enclosures surrounded by moats, rather than barred cages, to better approximate animals' natural environments. He also set up mixed-species exhibits and based the layout on the different organizing principle of geography, as opposed to taxonomy. 1175:, particularly in remote locations. They are often small, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of 1454:, but many conservation programs are underfunded and under-represented. Conservation programs can struggle to fight bigger issues like habitat loss and illness. It often takes a lot of funding and long time periods to rebuild degraded habitats, both of which are scarce in conservation efforts. The current state of conservation programs cannot rely solely 1368:

countries have been open about culling, the controversy of the subject and pressure from the public has resulted in others being closed. This stands in contrast to most zoos publicly announcing animal births. Furthermore, while many zoos are willing to cull smaller and/or low-profile animals, fewer are willing to do it with larger high-profile species.

1491:. In Africa, conservation is handled by the African Preservation Program (APP); in the U.S. and Canada by Species Survival Plans; in Australasia, by the Australasian Species Management Program; in Europe, by the European Endangered Species Program; and in Japan, South Asia, and South East Asia, by the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the 619:. What set the London zoo apart from its predecessors was its focus on society at large. The zoo was established in the middle of a city for the public, and its layout was designed to cater for the large London population. The London zoo was widely copied as the archetype of the public city zoo. In 1853, the Zoo opened the world's first 3074: 1975:. This often involves housing the animals in naturalistic enclosures that allow the animals to express more of their natural behaviours, such as roaming and foraging. Whilst many zoos have been working hard on this change, in some zoos, some enclosures still remain barren concrete enclosures or other minimally enriched cages. 580:, coupled with the tremendous expansion in the urbanization of London, led to a heightened demand for a greater variety of public forms of entertainment to be made available. The need for public entertainment, as well as the requirements of scholarly research, came together in the founding of the first modern zoos. 1442:

and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom." It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the United States, the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Philadelphia Zoo focuses on

1376:

Many animals breed readily in captivity. Zoos frequently are forced to intentionally limit captive breeding because of a lack of natural wild habitat in which to reintroduce animals. This highlights the importance of in situ conservation, or preservation of natural spaces, in addition to the utility

1362:

Contraception can be an effective way to limit a population's breeding. However it may also have health repercussions and can be difficult or even impossible to reverse in some animals. Additionally, some species may lose their reproductive capability entirely if prevented from breeding for a period

1486:

The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional perspective, and there are regional programmes all over the world for the

1307:

By 2000 most animals being displayed in zoos were the offspring of other zoo animals. This trend, however was and still is somewhat species-specific. When animals are transferred between zoos, they usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to acclimatize to their new enclosures which are

1190:

filed a lawsuit against the Iowa-based roadside Cricket Hollow Zoo for violating the Endangered Species Act by failing to provide proper care for its animals. Since filing the lawsuit, ALDF has obtained records from investigations conducted by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services;

2081:

Some critics and many animal rights activists argue that zoo animals are treated as voyeuristic objects, rather than living creatures, and often suffer due to the transition from being free and wild to captivity. Ever since imports of wild-caught animals can became more regulated by organizations

1978:

Sometimes animals are unable to perform certain behaviors in zoos, like seasonal migration or traveling over large distances. Whether these behaviors are necessary for good welfare however is unclear. Some behaviors are seen as essential for an animal's welfare whilst others are not. It is however

2251:

introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos, making it a statutory requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and requiring all member states to set up systems for their licensing and inspection. Zoos are regulated in the UK by the Zoo Licensing Act of

2015:

in the form of swaying back and forth, trunk swaying or route tracing. This has been observed in 54% of individuals in UK zoos. However it has been shown that modern facilities and modern husbandry can greatly decrease or even entirely remove abnormal behaviors. A study of a group of elephants in

1367:

at Copenhagen Zoo in 2014. The zoo argued that his genes already were well-represented in captivity, making the giraffe unsuitable for future breeding. There were offers to adopt him and an online petition to save him had many thousand signatories, but the culling proceeded. Although zoos in some

2186:

In some countries, feeding live vertebrates to zoo animals is illegal under most circumstances. The UK Animal Welfare Act of 2006, for example, states that prey must be killed for feeding, unless this threatens the health of the predator. Some zoos had already adopted such practices prior to the

2040:

The influence on a zoological environment on animal's longevity is not straightforward. A study of 50 mammal species found that 84% of them lived longer in zoos than they would in the wild on average. On the other hand, some research claims that elephants in Japanese zoos would live shorter than

1983:

in zoos covered similar or higher walking distances then sedentary wild populations. Migration in the wild can also be related to food scarcity or other unfavorable environmental problems. However a proper zoo enclosure never runs out of food or water, and in case of unfavorable temperatures or

1527:

In modern, well-regulated zoos, breeding is controlled to maintain a self-sustaining, global captive population. This is not the case in some less well-regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Overall "stock turnover" of animals during a year in a select group of poor zoos was reported as

1026:

animals are often housed in buildings with a reversed light-dark cycle, i.e. only dim white or red lights are on during the day so the animals are active during visitor hours, and brighter lights on at night when the animals sleep. Special climate conditions may be created for animals living in

639:

and opened to the Nova Scotia public in 1847. It was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. By the early 1860s, the zoo grounds covered 40 hectares with many fine flowers and ornamental trees, picnic areas, statues, walking paths, The Glass House (which contained a

2020:

showed that the older wild-caught animals displayed many stereotypical behaviors. These elephants had spent part of their lives either in a circus or in other substandard enclosures. On the other hand, the elephants born in the modern facilities that had lived in a herd their whole life barely

1954:

The welfare of zoo animals varies widely. Many zoos work to improve their animal enclosures and make it fit the animals' needs, but constraints such as size and expense can complicate this. The type of enclosure and the husbandry are of great importance in determining the welfare of animals.

2112:. The results showed that zoos spend on average ten times less than visitors expect on conservation. It also emerged that three-quarters of visitors would expect at least one-fifth of the animals in a zoo to be endangered. The actual figure, according to the Born Free Foundation, is 10%. 2041:

their wild counterparts at just 17 years. This has been refuted by other studies however. Such studies might not yet fully represent recent improvements in husbandry. For example, studies show that captive-bred elephants already have a lower mortality risk then wild-caught ones.

2096:

chance of being released back into the wild ... Eventually, the only animals on display would be a few ancient holdovers from the old menageries, animals in active conservation breeding programs and perhaps a few rescues. Such zoos might even be merged with sanctuaries."

827:, opened in 1882 based on European models. In World War II it was used to teach the Japanese people about the lands recently conquered by the Army. In 1943, fearing American bombing attacks, the government ordered the zoo to euthanize dangerous animals that might escape. 515:, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The planning about a space for the conservation and observation of animals was expressed in connection with the political construction of republican citizenship. 1962:

An issue with animal welfare in zoos is that best animal husbandry practices are often not completely known, especially for species that are only kept in a small number of zoos. To solve this organizations like EAZA and AZA have begun to develop husbandry manuals.

1955:

Substandard enclosures can lead to decreased lifespans, caused by factors as human diseases, unsafe materials in the cages and possible escape attempts (Bendow 382). However, when zoos take time to think about the animal's welfare, zoos can become a place of

806:

By 2020, the United States featured 230 accredited zoos and aquariums across 45 states, accommodating 800,000 animals, and 6,000 species out of which about 1,000 are endangered. The zoos provide 208,000 jobs, and with an annual budget of $ 230 million for

196:

park" or "bio park". Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century. The term "bio park" was first coined and developed by the

2082:

like CITES and national laws, zoos have started sustaining their populations via breeding. This change started around the 1970s. Many corporations in the form of breeding programs have been set up since, for both common and endangered species.

1258:, and containing additional entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park contains more entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as stage shows, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Some examples are 339:

is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to Greece. The Roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena, the latter faring notoriously poorly. The 19th-century historian

1528:

20%-25% with 75% of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first 20 months. The authors of the report stated that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate was the reason for the "massive scale of importations."

2021:

displayed any stereotypical behaviors at all. The life history of an animal is thus extremely important when analyzing the causes of stereotypical behavior, as this can be a historical relict instead of a result of present-day husbandry.

791:, opened July 1, 1874, earning its motto "America's First Zoo." The Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens in Chicago and the Cincinnati Zoo opened in 1875. In the 1930s, federal relief programs provided financial aid to most local zoos. The 3449: 2068:

have entered zoos outside the traditional tsetse zone in infected animals imported and added to their collections. Whether these can be controlled depends on several factors: Vale 1998 found that the technique used in placing

1342:

Especially in large animals, a limited number of spaces are available in zoos. As a consequence, various management tools are used to preserve the space for the genetically most important individuals and to reduce the risk of

640:

greenhouse with an aviary, aquarium, and museum of stuffed animals and birds), a pond, a bridge over a waterfall, an artificial lake with a fountain, a wood-ornamented greenhouse, a forest area, and enclosures and buildings.

977:

named Dohong, and a parrot. The exhibit was intended as an example of the "missing link" between the orangutan and white man. It triggered protests from the city's clergymen, but the public reportedly flocked to see Benga.

505:. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765. In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the 1531:

One 2-year study indicated that of 19,361 mammals that left accredited zoos in the U.S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38%) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms.

4348:

Lahdenperä M, Mar KU, Courtiol A, Lummaa V. Differences in age-specific mortality between wild-caught and captive-born Asian elephants . Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3023. Published 2018 Aug 7. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05515-8

2010:

can display stereotypical behaviors in many older exhibits. However they also noted that in more modern naturalistic exhibits, these behaviors could completely disappear. Elephants have also been recorded displaying

3509: 1159:(e.g. Paris in 1859, Hamburg in 1864, Berlin in 1869, and Brighton in 1872) and the United States (e.g. Boston in 1859, Washington in 1873, San Francisco Woodward's Garden in 1873, and the New York Aquarium at 3314: 434:

in the 16th century. During the 18th century, the price of admission was three half-pence, or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions. The animals were moved to the London Zoo when it opened.

795:

and similar New Deal government agencies helped greatly in the construction, renovation, and expansion of zoos when the Great Depression severely reduced local budgets. It was "a new deal for animals."

4390: 4260:

Vleugels. E. (2016). Onderzoek naar stereotyp, agressief en dominant gedrag en locatiegebruik bij een groep Aziatische olifanten gehuisvest in Planckendael, UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT DIERGENEESKUNDE

3291: 1519:

for more than a century. Some zoos may provide information to visitors on wild animals visiting or living in the zoo, or encourage them by directing them to specific feeding or breeding platforms.

3846: 3695:

Brady, Leanna; Young, Richard; Goetz, Matthias; Dawson, Jeff (October 2017). "Increasing zoo's conservation potential through understanding barriers to holding globally threatened amphibians".

1099:, also known as zoo parks and lion farms, allow visitors to drive through them and come in close proximity to the animals. Sometimes, visitors are able to feed animals through the car windows. 2957: 1308:

often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example, some species of penguins may require refrigerated enclosures. Guidelines on necessary care for such animals is published in the

753:, and was home to about 10,500 animals representing about 1,132 species (in terms of the number of animal species, it is the third largest in the world). In 2014 the Wrocław Zoo opened the 449:

a "house of animals" with a large collection of birds, mammals and reptiles in a garden tended by more than 600 employees. The garden was described by several Spanish conquerors, including

4984: 4302:

Tidière, M., Gaillard, JM., Berger, V. et al. Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals. Sci Rep 6, 36361 (2016).

3445: 4418: 1377:

of zoo captive breeding and reintroduction programs. In situ conservation and reintroduction programs are key elements to obtaining certification by reputable organisations such as the

4363: 4122:

Veasey, Jake & Waran, Natalie & Young, Robert. (1996). On Comparing the Behaviour of Zoo Housed Animals with Wild Conspecifics as a Welfare Indicator. Animal Welfare. 5. 13–24.

2073:

was important; and Green 1988, Torr 1994, Torr et al. 1995, and Torr et al. 1997 found the availability for specifically needed attractants for the specific job to also vary widely.

890:

soon said that conservation was its highest priority. In order to stress conservation issues, many large zoos stopped the practice of having animals perform tricks for visitors. The

2680:

in the years immediately after the establishment of the London Zoo, ... Britain had a number of these institutions when other countries did not have any or, at most, one such place

2580: 3996:"The Evolution of Zoos as Conservation Institutions: A Summary of the Transition from Menageries to Zoological Gardens and Parallel Improvement of Mammalian Welfare Management" 629:

was opened in 1831 by members of the medical profession interested in studying animals while they were alive and more particularly getting hold of them when they were dead.

2949: 4733: 2880: 2108:

conducted an independent survey of 1,000 members of the UK public who had visited a zoo in the previous five years, to gauge public understanding of zoos' contribution to

1482:

activities in a number of ways including maintaining genetically and demographically viable populations while threats are either better understood or mitigated in the wild

1220:

and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. To ensure the animals' health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby.

1110:

in 1931 which today (2014) covers 600 acres (2.4 km). Since the early 1970s, an 1,800 acre (7 km) park in the San Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured the

894:, for example, stopped its elephant show in 1969, and its chimpanzee show in 1983, acknowledging that the trainers had probably abused the animals to get them to perform. 430:, and in 1264, the animals were moved to the Bulwark, renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance of the Tower. It was opened to the public during the reign of 3501: 803:, founded in 1886, suffered neglect. By 1984 it was ranked among the ten worst zoos in the United States. Systematic reform by 2000 put it on the list of the ten best. 636: 3311: 3199: 4957: 1702: 3343: 1474:

conservation alone will not be enough, especially in light of current un-mitigatable threats that can impact populations very rapidly such as chytridiomycosis .

1047:, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have walk-through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, such as 3478: 2692: 4541: 3245: 769:. Housing over 10 thousand animals, the facility's breadth extends from housing insects such cockroaches to large mammals like elephants on an area of over 33 4882: 5042: 3288: 2830: 1434:

and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors. The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is "the advancement of

453:

in 1520. After the Aztec revolt against the Spanish rule, and during the subsequent battle for the city, Cortés reluctantly ordered the zoo to be destroyed.

5052:

Maddeaux, Sarah-Joy. (2014) "A 'delightful resort for persons of all ages, and more especially for the young': Children at Bristol Zoo Gardens, 1835–1940."

2857: 1492: 4323: 3836: 2668: 886:) leading the discussion. From then on, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in conservation programs, and the 5123:

Robinson, Michael H. (1987b). "Towards the Biopark: The Zoo That Is Not", American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, Annual Proceedings.

4094: 4962: 4236: 2980: 3223: 4981: 4179:

Mason, Georgia & Latham, N.R.. (2004). Can't stop, won't stop: Is stereotypy a reliable animal welfare indicator?. Animal Welfare. 13. 57–69.

2803: 1941: 161:, which was opened in 1828, was initially known as the "Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London", and it described itself as a 2143: 2217: 2213: 252:, which has a long history from the ancient world to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at 3607: 4189: 3357: 2739: 566: 1381:(AZA). Efforts to clone endangered species in the United States, Europe, and Asia are frequently embedded in zoos and zoological parks. 2573: 4824: 4566: 607:

two years later in 1828. At its founding, it was the world's first scientific zoo. Originally intended to be used as a collection for

2903: 1114:, run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. One of two state-supported zoo parks in North Carolina is the 2,000-acre (8.1 km) 4131:

Rowell, Z. E. (2014). Locomotion in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 2(4), 130–135.

5067:, Norton, Bryan G., Hutchins, Michael, Stevens, Elizabeth F. and Maple, Terry L. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 2555: 2392: 2365: 1512: 198: 182: 165:

or "zoological forest". The abbreviation "zoo" first appeared in print in the United Kingdom around 1847, when it was used for the

4801: 945:

Humans were occasionally displayed in cages at zoos along with non-human animals, to illustrate the differences between people of

4698: 3335: 2209: 512: 5135:

Woods, Abigail. (2018) "Doctors in the Zoo: Connecting Human and Animal Health in British Zoological Gardens, c. 1828–1890." In

4725: 4359: 2888: 5439: 4043: 3902: 2773: 2469: 2372:, Zoological Society of London and Princess Margareta Hohenzolern Duda move in Zoo withK kinga Tanajewska ( daughter,n 1981 ). 1993: 866:

emerged as a matter of public interest in the 1970s, a few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with

588:, England, opened in 1931. It allowed visitors to drive through the enclosures and come into close proximity with the animals. 1998:

Animals in zoos can exhibit behaviors that are abnormal in their frequency, intensity, or would not normally be part of their

5086: 5008: 3428: 1600: 1979:

shown that even in limited spaces, certain natural behaviors can still be performed. A study in 2014 for example found that

569:, was focused on providing scientific study and later educational exhibits to the public for entertainment and inspiration. 37: 4759: 4595: 3196: 4784: 1934: 3626: 1470:

threats, particularly habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, is of primary importance; for many amphibian species

5110: 2053:

had an elephant named Maggie. She was housed in a small, indoor enclosure because the outdoor temperature was too low.

4943: 4159: 5424: 5072: 4971: 4879: 4876: 4859: 4475:

Adler, Peter H.; Tuten, Holly C.; Nelder, Mark P. (2011-01-07). "Arthropods of Medicoveterinary Importance in Zoos".

4072: 3982: 3962: 3784: 3593: 3569: 3474: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 2696: 2387: 2236: 2229: 2173: 1378: 1348: 887: 812: 360:, chained together, rolled in fierce combat across the sand ... Four hundred bears were killed in a single day under 5039: 4533: 3272: 3249: 2502: 1788: 1503:

Besides conservation of captive species, large zoos may form a suitable environment for wild native animals such as

557: 414:

which reportedly included lions, leopards, and camels. The most prominent collection in medieval England was in the

5161: 4912: 4427: 4135: 2092:, suggested zoos "stopped breeding all their animals, with the possible exception of any endangered species with a 989:

in Brussels. These displays, while sometimes called "human zoos", usually did not take place in zoos or use cages.

671:

In German states leading roles came Berlin (1841), Frankfurt (1856), and Hamburg (1863). In 1907, the entrepreneur

427: 392:, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, even crocodiles and serpents were employed to give novelty to the spectacle. 5096: 3071: 2826: 2714: 2853: 1795: 1657: 17: 3828: 5419: 5189: 5130: 2304: 1927: 811:. They attract over 200 million visits a year and have special programs for schools. They are organized by the 5507: 3876: 2314: 2115:

In light of these findings and ongoing animal welfare concerns, in 2017, Responsible Travel became the first

1692: 883: 792: 494: 341: 206: 4976:

Hochadel, Oliver. "Watching Exotic Animals Next Door: 'Scientific' Observations at the Zoo (ca. 1870–1910)."

4327: 5150: 5021: 2743: 2606:

Mensch, Tier und Zoo – der Tiergarten Schönbrunn im internationalen Vergleich vom 18. Jahrhundert bis heute

1825: 1766: 1674: 1107: 632: 592: 4414:"The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: A review" 4102: 3038: 2064:

have invaded zoos that have been established in the tsetse zone. More concerning, tsetse-borne species of

985:, with the practice continuing in Belgium at least to as late as 1958 in a "Congolese village" display at 4895: 4477: 1287: 962: 782: 526: 202: 122:, which was opened for scientific study in 1828, and to the public in 1847. The first modern zoo was the 4229: 2988: 1155:

was opened at the London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental

5404: 5392: 4486: 3220: 2225: 2049:

Climatic conditions can make it difficult to keep some animals in zoos in some locations. For example,

1310: 1267: 1063:. Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods that the animals might snatch. 696: 169:, but it was not until some 20 years later that the shortened form became popular in the rhyming song " 4617: 2795: 2632: 1732: 1610: 1508: 1187: 1111: 1085: 982: 119: 2220:. Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the 1554:

Bear cages, one square meter in size, in Dalian zoo, Port Arthur, Liaoning Province, China, in 1997.

1422:, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily for the 1322: 537:

Until the early 19th century, the function of the zoo was often to symbolize royal power, like King

5434: 5409: 3814: 2911: 2278: 1878: 1605: 1355:. Zoos have several different ways of managing the animal populations, such as moves between zoos, 1283: 1210: 1332: 486: 5595: 5397: 5387: 3768: 3604: 1259: 1119: 998: 950: 660: 480: 4271: 4193: 3174:

Masci, David. "Zoos in the 21st Century." CQ Researcher 28 Apr. 2000: 353–76. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

5590: 5429: 5371: 3420: 2221: 2012: 1972: 1650: 1635: 1562: 1356: 981:

Humans were also displayed at various events, especially colonial expositions such as the 1931

523: 431: 411: 292: 88: 4649: 691: 295:

created zoological and botanical gardens in the 11th century BCE. In the 2nd century BCE, the

5497: 5477: 5414: 5117: 4916: 4907:

Conway, William (1995). "The conservation park: A new zoo synthesis for a changed world", in

3757: 3728: 2299: 1749: 1712: 1707: 1545: 1247: 871: 808: 616: 3412: 2747: 1347:. Management of animal populations is typically through international organizations such as 5366: 5361: 5351: 4821: 4562: 3704: 2644: 2291: 2283: 2109: 2105: 1830: 1580: 1423: 546: 467: 423: 178: 73: 31: 502: 8: 1667: 1291: 897: 336: 193: 3708: 3546: 2648: 2552: 2382: 2362: 1077: 5564: 5517: 5467: 5356: 5270: 5182: 4997: 4805: 4791:, Michigan State University College of Law, Animal Legal & Historical Center, 2004. 4494: 4457: 3994:

Beer, Haley N.; Shrader, Trenton C.; Schmidt, Ty B.; Yates, Dustin T. (December 2023).

3720: 3021:

Francis Desiderio, "Raising the Bars: The Transformation of Atlanta's Zoo, 1889-2000."

2101: 2088: 1773: 1615: 1541: 1488: 1399: 1239: 1216:

A petting zoo, also called petting farms or children's zoos, features a combination of

1180: 1115: 750: 723: 676: 507: 450: 407: 170: 123: 42: 3475:"Marius The Giraffe Was Not Alone: Zoos in Europe Kill 5,000 Healthy Animals Annually" 2915: 2208:

In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the

1761: 493:, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of Emperor 5487: 5225: 5162:

The Bartlett Society: Devoted to studying yesterday's methods of keeping wild animals

5082: 5068: 5004: 4967: 4872: 4855: 4625: 4506: 4498: 4449: 4441: 4279: 4017: 3978: 3958: 3677: 3589: 3565: 3424: 3413: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 2660: 2025: 1630: 1327: 1229: 1019: 1002: 936: 419: 328: 146: 5109:

Reichenbach, Herman (2002). "Lost Menageries: Why and How Zoos Disappear (Part 1)",

4461: 4035: 3898: 3724: 2769: 2617:

Pierre Serna, "The republican menagerie: animal politics in the French Revolution."

2466: 307:

or the Garden of Intelligence. Other well-known collectors of animals included King

5600: 5346: 5220: 4490: 4431: 4007: 3953:

Norton, Bryan G.; Hutchins, Michael; Stevens, Elizabeth F.; Maple, Terry L. (ed.):

3712: 3667: 3659: 2656: 2652: 1873: 1697: 1516: 1364: 1275: 940: 788: 612: 604: 596: 300: 296: 4781: 2235:

Additionally, zoos in several countries may choose to pursue accreditation by the

1012: 5492: 5472: 5245: 5230: 5202: 5046: 4988: 4902: 4886: 4828: 4788: 4310: 4139: 3772: 3761: 3732: 3630: 3611: 3318: 3295: 3276: 3227: 3203: 3078: 3042: 2952:[Counting great at the zoo in Wrocław. See how many animals live in it]. 2559: 2473: 2369: 1956: 1217: 1152: 1135: 848: 762: 742: 620: 573: 415: 312: 241: 233: 209:

and re branded the zoos under its jurisdiction as "wildlife conservation parks".

5167: 4755: 4587: 253: 5542: 5462: 5305: 4214:

Derr, Mark. "Big Beasts, Tight Space and a Call for Change in Journal Report,"

3927:. No Voice Unheard, 2007, p. 21; Baratay, Eric and Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth. 2269: 2248: 1980: 1971:

Many modern zoos attempt to improve animal welfare by providing more space and

1915: 1845: 1805: 1662: 1595: 1431: 1263: 1235: 875: 867: 840: 731: 672: 581: 288: 127: 5057: 4436: 4413: 3837:"Smithsonian's mystery of the black-crowned night herons solved by satellites" 3716: 1550: 835: 738: 719: 5585: 5579: 5553: 5457: 5265: 5175: 4862: 4629: 4502: 4445: 4283: 4021: 3623: 3502:"Copenhagen Zoo kills 'surplus' young giraffe Marius despite online petition" 2770:"The Role of Architectural Design in Promoting the Social Objectives of Zoos" 2664: 2151: 2116: 1868: 1625: 1570: 1450:

Conservation programs all over the world fight to protect species from going

1419: 1279: 1172: 1145: 1103: 1018:

Zoo animals live in enclosures that often attempt to replicate their natural

958: 644: 135: 4940:

A Different Nature: The Paradoxical World of Zoos and Their Uncertain Future

2195: 5537: 5341: 5290: 5280: 5250: 4673: 4510: 4453: 4151: 3841: 3681: 2263: 2017: 1910: 1885: 1783: 1754: 1251: 1160: 727: 585: 446: 442: 372:

fought with bulls and elephants. In a single day, at the dedication of the

320: 268: 174: 5036:

Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens

4995:

Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2004).

4386: 4064: 1205: 1191:

these records show that the zoo is also violating the Animal Welfare Act.

1091:

Some zoos keep animals in larger, outdoor enclosures, confining them with

1022:

or behavioral patterns, for the benefit of both the animals and visitors.

5315: 5310: 5300: 5260: 5255: 5093:

The Nature of the Beasts: Empire and Exhibition at the Tokyo Imperial Zoo

3269: 3221:"From human zoos to colonial apotheoses: the era of exhibiting the Other" 3068:

The Nature of the Beasts: Empire and Exhibition at the Tokyo Imperial Zoo

2950:"Wielkie liczenie w zoo we Wrocławiu. Zobacz, ile zwierząt w nim mieszka" 2494: 2339: 2309: 2083: 2065: 1800: 1739: 1407: 1200: 1096: 1072: 986: 920: 891: 800: 396: 345: 335:. By the 4th century BCE, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states; 240:'s royal menagerie for several centuries (picture from the 15th century, 166: 4132: 4012: 3995: 3562:

Cloning Wild Life: Zoos, Captivity, and the Future of Endangered Animals

2142:

deal primarily with China and the United Kingdom and do not represent a

749:) is the oldest zoo in Poland, opened in 1865 when the city was part of 655: 5482: 5295: 5285: 3672: 2710: 2319: 2070: 2061: 2050: 2003: 1850: 1744: 1722: 1451: 1439: 1344: 909: 765:, comprehensively presenting selected ecosystems from the continent of 758: 754: 715: 626: 600: 400: 389: 272: 177:. The term "zoological park" was used for more expansive facilities in 158: 150: 69: 4650:"Are zoos as good for wildlife as they make out? | Responsible Travel" 3663: 700: 5502: 5275: 3646:

Rowden, Lewis J.; Rose, Paul E. (2016). "A global survey of banteng (

1895: 1840: 1444: 1271: 1023: 974: 966: 954: 932: 924: 901: 879: 664: 542: 538: 519: 498: 471: 373: 332: 316: 249: 223: 186: 162: 4303: 5320: 5240: 5206: 5029:

All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors, and Biodiversity, 1850–1950

2155: 1999: 1890: 1727: 1717: 1620: 1243: 1123: 1052: 852: 824: 710: 361: 276: 5065:

Ethics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation

3955:

Ethics on the Ark. Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation

3925:

Thought to exist in the wild: awakening from the nightmare of zoos

3868: 1122:

in Melbourne, Australia, displays animals living in an artificial

522:, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of 5522: 5512: 2007: 1835: 1435: 1427: 1394: 1176: 1140: 1081: 1040: 905: 863: 856: 770: 680: 608: 577: 324: 308: 284: 237: 131: 84: 4563:"About The Zoological Society - Zoological Society of Milwaukee" 4065:"Animal Care Manuals | Association of Zoos & Aquariums" 461: 5235: 5156: 4227: 3279:, website about Canadian roadside zoos, accessed June 18, 2009. 3035: 2032:, in attempting to stop animals from exhibiting the behaviors. 2029: 1415: 1336: 1156: 1060: 1056: 1036: 1032: 1027:

extreme environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for

946: 766: 704: 490: 381: 280: 189:

in New York, which opened in 1847, 1891 and 1899 respectively.

65: 4272:"Even the Gorillas and Bears in Our Zoos Are Hooked on Prozac" 3940:

Goldston, Linda. February 11, 1999, cited in Scully, Matthew.

3358:"- APHIS Inspection Report of Cricket Hollow Zoo, May 21 2014" 2854:"Halifax's first zoo is well-kept secret of Fairmount history" 611:, it was opened to the public in 1847. The Zoo was located in 5116:

Robinson, Michael H. (1987a). "Beyond the zoo: The biopark",

1504: 1255: 1048: 970: 900:

has yet to cease all over the world and many species such as

438: 377: 369: 257: 138:

alone, zoos are visited by over 181 million people annually.

109: 103: 97: 91: 3792: 3160:

Political Animals: Public Art in American Zoos and Aquariums

1238:

and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes.

192:

Relatively new terms for zoos in the late 20th century are "

5063:

Maple, Terry (1995). "Toward a Responsible Zoo Agenda", in

4924:

American zoos during the depression: a new deal for animals

3586:

Last Animals in the Zoo: How Mass Extinction Can Be Stopped

3219:

Blanchard, Pascal; Bancel, Nicolas; and Lemaire, Sandrine.

3055:

The Animal Game: Searching for Wildness at the American Zoo

3010:

American zoos during the depression: a new deal for animals

2633:"'Zoo proliferation'—The first British Zoos from 1831–1840" 1411: 1352: 1092: 1044: 1028: 615:—then undergoing development at the hands of the architect 385: 365: 357: 353: 228: 3410: 4412:

Mbaya, A. W.; Aliyu, M. M.; Ibrahim, U. I. (2009-04-02).

2119:

to stop promoting holidays that include visits to a zoo.

1007: 973:, displayed in a cage with the chimpanzees, then with an 4994: 4324:"Wild elephants live longer than their zoo counterparts" 4228:

Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (10 November 2008).

3806: 1317: 3993: 2525:

History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne

2443:

Robinson 1987a, pp. 10–17; Robinson 1987b, pp. 678–682.

927:, who was featured as a human exhibit in New York, 1906 565:

The modern zoo that emerged in the 19th century in the

561:

Annual report of the Zoological Society of London, 1836

426:

received a wedding gift in 1235 of three leopards from

5153:

Zoos, aquariums, animal sanctuaries and wildlife parks

5105:

Herpetological History of the Zoo & Aquarium World

4852:

The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century

4831:, Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. 4534:"Where do our animals come from and where do they go?" 3975:

Reading Zoos. Representations of Animals and Captivity

3807:"European Association of Zoos and Aquaria » EAZA" 3765: 3754: 3246:"N.C. Zoo, bucking a trend, sets an attendance record" 2571: 2541:

The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century

1359:, sale of excess animals and euthanization (culling). 485:

The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the

4911:, Wemmer, Christen M. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution 4844:

Baratay, Eric, and Elizabeth Hardouin-Fugier. (2002)

4758:. Sunday Morning Post, Hong Kong. November 29, 1999. 4360:"Alaska's lone zoo elephant heats up national debate" 3745:

African Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquaria

3694: 3446:"What happens when zoo contraceptives work too well?" 1498: 87:, the study of animals. The term is derived from the 4931:

Zoos of the World: The Story of Animals in Captivity

4618:"Opinion | Modern Zoos Are Not Worth the Moral Cost" 4351: 3929:

Zoo: A History of the Zoological Gardens of the West

3650:) housing and husbandry: Banteng Husbandry Survey". 3170: 3168: 2259: 1984:

weather animals are provided with (indoor) shelter.

1493:

South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation

4966:, Conan, Michel (ed.), Dumbarton Oaks, Washington. 3549:. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. 2022. 4996: 4909:The Ark Evolving: Zoos and Aquariums in Transition 4893:Through the Lion Gate: A History of the Berlin Zoo 2574:"El parque zoológico de Moctezuma en Tenochtitlán" 5197: 5139:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018), pp. 27–69. 4411: 3165: 2467:http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/egypt.html 2199:WPA 1937 poster promoting visits to American zoos 730:can be viewed from this 18 meter long underwater 5577: 4952:Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West 4474: 4468: 4405: 3944:. St. Martin's Griffin, 2004 (paperback), p. 64. 3535:. Smithsonian Institution USA. pp. 599–607. 2901: 248:The predecessor of the zoological garden is the 5128:Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo 4720: 4718: 4221: 2937:Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo 2703: 1402:illustrates the dimension of an open-range zoo. 4699:"Hot topic: is it time for zoos to be banned?" 3641: 3639: 3624:"World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy" 2734: 2732: 2695:. Zoological Society of London. Archived from 410:kept a collection of animals at his palace in 403:that was given to him by the Abbasid caliph. 5183: 5079:Zoo Buildings. Construction and Design Manual 5054:Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 4922:Donahue, Jesse C., and Erik K. Trump. (2014) 4182: 3559: 3364: 3183:Bradford, Phillips Verner and Blume, Harvey. 2425:Hyson 2000, p. 29; Hyson 2003, pp. 1356–1357. 2218:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 2140:The examples and perspective in this section 1935: 643:The first zoological garden in Australia was 4748: 4715: 4387:"Alaska's only elephant heads to California" 3499: 3091:Public Properties: Museums in Imperial Japan 2825:Stewart, Herbert Leslie (29 December 2017). 1778: 1495:, and the South East Asian Zoo Association. 1389: 1297: 1234:An animal theme park is a combination of an 949:and non-European origin. In September 1906, 4999:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 4958:Jungle of Eden: The Design of American Zoos 4208: 4152:"How and Why Animals Migrate - NatureWorks" 4000:Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3636: 3197:"Man and Monkey Show Disapproved by Clergy" 3114:; Hoage, R. J. Deiss and William A. (ed.): 2729: 303:kept a 1,500-acre (6.1 km) zoo called 5190: 5176: 5157:Zoological Gardens keeping Asian Elephants 5137:Animals and the Shaping of Modern Medicine 4963:Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture 4326:. National Geographic News. Archived from 3891: 3766:Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3645: 3633:, World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. 2535: 2533: 2461:World's First Zoo - Hierakonpolis, Egypt, 2416:Blunt 1976; Reichenbach 2002, pp. 151–163. 2158:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1966: 1942: 1928: 4846:History of Zoological Gardens in the West 4817: 4815: 4696: 4435: 4384: 4092: 4086: 4011: 3923:Jensen, Derrick and Tweedy-Holmes Karen. 3671: 3036:Association of Zoos & Aquariums, 2020 2412: 2410: 2174:Learn how and when to remove this message 1535: 5111:International Zoo News Vol.49/3 (No.316) 4726:"Live-Feeding Prey to Captive Predators" 4321: 4315: 4230:"Defra Final Report on Elephant Welfare" 3443: 3419:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 3370:"Zoo: Procurement and care of animals," 3190: 2851: 2793: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2340:"Zoo | Animals & Facts | Britannica" 2194: 1549: 1393: 1321: 1204: 1139: 1118:in Asheboro. The 500-acre (2.0 km) 1106:in Bedfordshire, England, opened by the 1076: 1006: 957:in New York—with the agreement of 919: 834: 709: 690: 654: 556: 460: 380:, five thousand animals perished. Under 227: 145: 36: 4378: 4357: 3469: 3467: 2824: 2685: 2530: 1371: 299:Tanki had a "house of deer" built, and 267:menagerie. The exotic animals included 14: 5578: 5091:Miller, Ian Jared, and Harriet Ritvo. 5003:. Vol. 3: O–Z, Index. Routledge. 4812: 4774: 4615: 3785:"AquaZoos - Educational Writing Group" 3512:from the original on February 10, 2014 3481:from the original on November 22, 2016 3477:. Huffington Post. February 27, 2014. 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3382: 3380: 3333: 3243: 2527:. Vol. 1, Longmans, 1869, pp. 280–282. 2407: 1994:List of abnormal behaviours in animals 726:, where sharks, rays, and other large 68:are kept within enclosures for public 5171: 4869:Zooland: The Institution of Captivity 4782:"Overview of the Laws Affecting Zoos" 4736:from the original on January 30, 2021 4242:from the original on 24 November 2014 4133:https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v2i4.50 3905:from the original on 10 December 2014 3834: 3755:American Zoo and Aquarium Association 3530: 3066:Ian Jared Miller, and Harriet Ritvo, 3008:Jesse C. Donahue, and Erik K. Trump, 2878: 2806:from the original on January 16, 2013 2630: 2505:from the original on 20 February 2019 2478: 2044: 1987: 1318:Space constraints and surplus animals 1302: 1223: 4393:from the original on 30 January 2016 4366:from the original on 30 January 2016 4269: 3879:from the original on 4 February 2015 3464: 2852:McGregor, Phlis (4 September 2015). 2717:from the original on 19 January 2016 2572:Martín del Campo y Sánchez, Rafael. 2126: 2104:and anti-captive animal charity the 1458:(on-site conservation) plans alone, 1406:The position of most modern zoos in 898:Mass destruction of wildlife habitat 456: 4950:Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth. (2004) 4385:Pemberton, Mary (11 January 2007). 4190:"Are Zoos good or bad for animals?" 3452:from the original on August 6, 2016 3411:Kleiman, Thompson and Baer (2010). 3395: 3377: 3312:House panel told of abuses by zoos. 2586:from the original on 10 August 2017 2543:. Hamish Hamilton, 1976, pp. 15–17. 1171:Roadside zoos are found throughout 830: 418:, created as early as 1204 by King 217: 24: 4993:Hyson, Jeffrey (2003). "Zoos," in 4837: 4762:from the original on July 28, 2011 4538:Zoological Society of London (ZSL) 4495:10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144741 4419:Veterinary Research Communications 4358:Kershaw, Sarah (10 January 2005). 3248:. Newsobserver.com. Archived from 2902:Rene S. Ebersole (November 2001). 2860:from the original on 18 April 2017 2395:from the original on 7 August 2016 2356: 2203: 2076: 1522: 1499:Positive impacts on local wildlife 1095:and fences, rather than in cages. 823:Japan's first modern zoo, Tokyo's 25: 5612: 5144: 4304:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36361 3500:Johnston, I. (February 9, 2014). 3057:(Harvard University Press, 2016). 2978: 2553:"Big cats prowled London's tower" 2388:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2237:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2230:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 2100:In 2017, activist travel company 1507:to live in or visit. A colony of 1379:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 915: 813:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 761:devoted solely to exhibiting the 552: 532: 5559: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5536: 4913:Conservation and Research Center 4802:"AZA Accreditation Introduction" 4794: 4690: 3849:from the original on 1 June 2016 3391:. Autumn 2016 (94). EAZA: 32–33. 3158:Donahue, Jesse and Trump, Erik. 2960:from the original on May 6, 2017 2833:from the original on 7 June 2021 2262: 2131: 1909: 1579: 1384: 1166: 825:Ueno Imperial Zoological Gardens 776: 679:in Stellingen, now a quarter of 428:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 201:in the late 1980s. In 1993, the 5034:Kisling, Vernon N., ed. (2001) 4666: 4642: 4609: 4598:from the original on 2021-01-26 4580: 4569:from the original on 2021-10-28 4555: 4544:from the original on 2020-11-02 4526: 4517: 4342: 4296: 4263: 4254: 4173: 4162:from the original on 2020-08-10 4144: 4125: 4116: 4075:from the original on 2021-01-25 4057: 4046:from the original on 2021-01-26 4028: 3987: 3967: 3947: 3934: 3917: 3861: 3817:from the original on 2021-01-25 3799: 3777: 3748: 3739: 3688: 3617: 3598: 3578: 3564:. NYU Press. p. 3 and 14. 3553: 3539: 3524: 3493: 3437: 3350: 3336:"Animal Abandonment is a Crime" 3327: 3304: 3282: 3263: 3237: 3213: 3185:Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo 3177: 3162:. Lexington Books, 2007, p. 79. 3152: 3096: 3083: 3060: 3047: 3028: 3015: 3002: 2972: 2956:(in Polish). January 19, 2016. 2942: 2929: 2895: 2872: 2845: 2818: 2794:Costello, John (June 9, 2011). 2787: 2776:from the original on 2013-04-12 2762: 2671:from the original on 2021-10-28 2624: 2611: 2598: 2565: 2546: 2517: 2214:Environmental Protection Agency 2122: 2086:, writing an opinion piece for 2056: 1194: 199:National Zoo in Washington D.C. 114:, 'study of'. The abbreviation 5018:The International Zoo Yearbook 3614:, John Regan Associates, 2004. 3444:Hunn, D. (February 16, 2014). 3289:Roadside zoo animals starving. 3244:Ferral, Katelyn (2010-07-15). 3102:See Kisling, Vernon N. (ed.): 2981:"A trip to Wroclaw Afrykarium" 2879:Punch, Terry (May–June 2006). 2829:. Dalhousie University Press. 2657:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2014.05.002 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2375: 2332: 2305:Index of conservation articles 1511:has regularly summered at the 1398:The African plains exhibit at 1066: 747:Ogród Zoologiczny we Wrocławiu 470:menagerie during the reign of 13: 1: 5031:(Princeton University Press). 5020:, annual since 1959 from the 4980:(June 2011) 24#2 pp 183–214. 4871:, Stanford University Press. 4322:Mott, M. (11 December 2008). 3835:Akpan, Nsikan (12 May 2015). 3697:Biodiversity and Conservation 2562:, BBC News, October 24, 2005. 2190: 884:Wildlife Conservation Society 793:Works Progress Administration 663:wildlife and theme park near 261: 207:Wildlife Conservation Society 5022:Zoological Society of London 4822:"The Zoo Licensing Act 1981" 3533:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 3334:Elwood, Ian (8 April 2014). 2713:. Today in Science History. 2693:"Introducing the Modern Zoo" 2035: 1108:Zoological Society of London 908:, tropical birds, primates, 878:, and William Conway of the 593:Zoological Society of London 141: 110: 98: 7: 5508:Zoo emergency response team 4854:, Hamish Hamilton, London. 4616:Marris, Emma (2021-06-11). 4478:Annual Review of Entomology 2315:Zoo emergency response team 2255: 2154:, discuss the issue on the 1288:Six Flags Discovery Kingdom 963:New York Zoological Society 445:had in his capital city of 313:Kingdom of Israel and Judah 203:New York Zoological Society 102:, 'animal', and the suffix 41:Sea lion and keeper at the 10: 5617: 5081:. DOM publishers, Berlin. 5027:Kohler, Robert E. (2006). 4095:"Zoos in the 21st century" 3957:. Washington, D.C., 1995. 3901:. Tiergarten Schoenbrunn. 3187:. St. Martins Press, 1992. 2363:"Landmarks in ZSL History" 1991: 1539: 1509:black-crowned night herons 1478:programmes can complement 1311:International Zoo Yearbook 1227: 1198: 1133: 1129: 1102:The first safari park was 1070: 996: 930: 787:In the United States, the 780: 697:Silesian Zoological Garden 650: 572:A growing fascination for 497:, to serve as an imperial 478: 221: 212: 104: 92: 29: 27:Collection of wild animals 5531: 5450: 5425:Former zoos and aquariums 5380: 5334: 5213: 5120:Magazine, Vol. 62, No. 6. 5077:Meuser, Natascha (2019). 4654:www.responsibletravel.com 4437:10.1007/s11259-009-9214-7 4235:. University of Bristol. 3931:. Reaktion, London. 2002. 3717:10.1007/s10531-017-1384-y 3547:"Reintroduction Programs" 3531:Ralls, Katherine (2001). 3415:Wild Mammals in Captivity 3340:Animal Legal Defense Fund 2841:– via Google Books. 2631:Brown, Tim (2014-01-01). 2452:Conway 1995, pp. 259–276. 2242: 2210:Department of Agriculture 1693:Animal–industrial complex 1443:the study of comparative 1390:Conservation and research 1298:Zoo population management 1188:Animal Legal Defense Fund 1112:San Diego Zoo Safari Park 1086:West Midlands Safari Park 983:Paris Colonial Exposition 686: 633:Downs' Zoological Gardens 348:, first held in 366 BCE: 120:London Zoological Gardens 64:) is a facility in which 5126:Rothfels, Nigel. (2008) 5103:Murphy, James B. (2007) 4956:Hyson, Jeffrey (2000). " 4867:Braverman, Irus (2012). 4697:@NatGeoUK (2017-05-31). 4588:"PROGRAMMES » EAZA" 4101:: 353–76. Archived from 4036:"PROGRAMMES » EAZA" 3610:August 23, 2006, at the 3104:Zoo and Aquarium History 2912:National Audubon Society 2326: 2279:List of zoo associations 2013:stereotypical behaviours 1284:North Yorkshire, England 1211:Berlin Zoological Garden 888:American Zoo Association 818: 783:Barnum's American Museum 722:shows the depths of the 714:The largest tank of the 511:in Paris was founded by 205:changed its name to the 4850:Blunt, Wilfrid (1976). 3372:Encyclopædia Britannica 3226:April 18, 2008, at the 3138:; and Hancocks, David. 3116:New Worlds, New Animals 2608:(Vienna: Böhlau, 2008). 2499:Encyclopædia Britannica 1973:behavioural enrichments 1967:Behavioural restriction 1268:Disney's Animal Kingdom 1260:Busch Gardens Tampa Bay 1120:Werribee Open Range Zoo 999:List of zoos by country 992: 845:Panthera tigris altaica 661:Erlebnispark Tripsdrill 595:was founded in 1826 by 513:Jacques-Henri Bernardin 481:List of zoos by country 173:" by music-hall artist 5372:Species reintroduction 4929:Fisher, James. (1967) 3560:Carrie Friese (2013). 3448:. St. Louis Dispatch. 3387:"Population Q&A". 3070:(2013) pp. 4, 99–105. 2827:"The Dalhousie Review" 2637:Der Zoologische Garten 2383:"Visitor Demographics" 2222:Endangered Species Act 2200: 2000:behavioural repertoire 1555: 1536:Animal welfare in zoos 1484: 1403: 1339: 1213: 1148: 1088: 1015: 928: 859: 746: 734: 707: 668: 562: 524:Kazan State University 476: 399:had an elephant named 394: 293:Middle Assyrian Empire 245: 154: 118:was first used of the 45: 5498:Wildlife conservation 5478:Behavioral enrichment 5118:Defenders of Wildlife 4917:Front Royal, Virginia 3275:May 10, 2008, at the 3210:, September 10, 1906. 3126:; Hanson, Elizabeth. 2796:"The great zoo's who" 2621:28.2 (2014): 188–206. 2300:Conservation movement 2198: 1992:Further information: 1553: 1546:Behavioral enrichment 1540:Further information: 1464: 1397: 1333:Tiergarten Schönbrunn 1325: 1208: 1143: 1134:Further information: 1080: 1010: 997:Further information: 931:Further information: 923: 838: 809:wildlife conservation 713: 694: 659:"Wild" horses in the 658: 560: 487:Tiergarten Schönbrunn 479:Further information: 464: 388:, tigers, elephants, 350: 231: 222:Further information: 149: 40: 5468:Animals in captivity 5367:In situ conservation 5362:Ex situ conservation 5352:Conservation biology 4891:Bruce, Gary. (2017) 4827:May 4, 2008, at the 4808:on November 2, 2007. 4732:. October 17, 2014. 3795:on February 2, 2007. 3605:"Manifesto for Zoos" 2891:on 28 February 2017. 2463:Archaeology Magazine 2152:improve this section 2106:Born Free Foundation 2024:Some zoos have used 2006:, lions, tigers and 1831:Animal protectionism 1372:Breeding and cloning 1328:Rhinoceros unicornis 599:and established the 179:Halifax, Nova Scotia 32:Zoo (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 5565:Category: Aquariums 5420:Conservation topics 5056:7.1 (2014): 87–106 4756:"Ferocity training" 4703:National Geographic 4678:www.bornfree.org.uk 4362:. Chicago Tribune. 4013:10.3390/jzbg4040046 3869:"Birdworld Animals" 3709:2017BiCon..26.2735B 3703:(11): 2736 (or 2). 3118:, Washington 1996. 3106:, Boca Raton 2001. 2954:wroclaw.wyborcza.pl 2885:Saltscapes Magazine 2750:on 28 February 2008 2649:2014DZGar..83...17B 1292:Vallejo, California 1250:are more elaborate 1240:Marine mammal parks 667:in Southern Germany 474:in the 17th century 337:Alexander the Great 72:and often bred for 5543:Animals portal 5518:Zoological society 5405:Animal sanctuaries 5357:Endangered species 5271:Marine mammal park 5045:2016-01-25 at the 4987:2021-08-17 at the 4978:Science in Context 4926:(McFarland, 2014). 4901:2021-10-28 at the 4885:2021-04-11 at the 4787:2012-06-24 at the 4674:"ZOOS AND AQUARIA" 4622:The New York Times 4309:2021-10-28 at the 4270:Braitman, Laurel. 4218:, October 2, 2003. 4216:The New York Times 4196:on 30 October 2013 4138:2021-10-28 at the 4093:Masci, D. (2000). 3977:. New York, 1998. 3771:2010-07-28 at the 3760:2011-02-22 at the 3629:2007-02-16 at the 3317:2016-03-12 at the 3294:2016-03-12 at the 3208:The New York Times 3202:2016-05-08 at the 3140:A Different Nature 3130:, Princeton 2002. 3128:Animal Attractions 3077:2021-10-28 at the 3053:Daniel E. Bender, 3041:2020-11-12 at the 3025:18.4 (2000): 8–64. 3012:(McFarland, 2014). 2558:2010-12-03 at the 2472:2010-07-12 at the 2434:Maple 1995, p. 25. 2368:2020-08-15 at the 2344:www.britannica.com 2226:Animal Welfare Act 2201: 2102:Responsible Travel 2089:The New York Times 2045:Climate conditions 2026:psychoactive drugs 1988:Abnormal behaviour 1916:Animals portal 1556: 1542:Captivity (animal) 1489:endangered species 1466:Whilst addressing 1404: 1400:North Carolina Zoo 1340: 1303:Sources of animals 1224:Animal theme parks 1214: 1149: 1116:North Carolina Zoo 1089: 1016: 953:, director of the 929: 860: 757:, the only themed 735: 724:Mozambique Channel 708: 677:Tierpark Hagenbeck 669: 563: 508:Jardin des Plantes 477: 408:Henry I of England 246: 171:Walking in the Zoo 155: 124:Tierpark Hagenbeck 46: 43:Welsh Mountain Zoo 5573: 5572: 5488:Immersion exhibit 5226:Animal theme park 5113:, April–May 2002. 5087:978-3-86922-680-4 5010:978-0-415-93735-1 4938:Hancocks, David. 4933:, popular history 3664:10.1002/zoo.21329 3430:978-0-226-44009-5 3310:Dixon, Jennifer. 3270:Guzoo Animal Farm 3142:, Berkeley 2001. 2800:Irish Independent 2501:. 24 March 2017. 2184: 2183: 2176: 1952: 1951: 1796:Companion animals 1432:research purposes 1430:, as well as for 1365:a healthy giraffe 1230:Animal theme park 1186:In June 2014 the 1144:Sea lions at the 1003:Immersion exhibit 937:Scientific racism 874:, George Rabb of 503:Schönbrunn Palace 457:Enlightenment era 81:zoological garden 56:; also called an 54:zoological garden 16:(Redirected from 5608: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5435:Zoo associations 5410:Butterfly houses 5347:Captive breeding 5221:Animal sanctuary 5192: 5185: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5014: 5002: 4832: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4804:. Archived from 4798: 4792: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4439: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4319: 4313: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4234: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4192:. Archived from 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4148: 4142: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4015: 3991: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3791:. Archived from 3781: 3775: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3675: 3643: 3634: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3418: 3408: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3346:on 29 June 2017. 3342:. Archived from 3331: 3325: 3308: 3302: 3299:Free Lance-Star. 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3241: 3235: 3217: 3211: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3100: 3094: 3093:(Duke UP, 2014). 3087: 3081: 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2987:. Archived from 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2946: 2940: 2935:Nigel Rothfels, 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2914:. Archived from 2908:Audubon Magazine 2899: 2893: 2892: 2887:. Archived from 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2746:. Archived from 2736: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2550: 2544: 2539:Blunt, Wilfred. 2537: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2491: 2476: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2379: 2373: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2336: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2135: 2134: 2127: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1914: 1913: 1874:Environmentalism 1601:Around the world 1583: 1573: 1558: 1557: 1517:Washington, D.C. 1487:conservation of 1276:Orlando, Florida 1218:domestic animals 1209:Petting farm in 1011:Monkey islands, 951:William Hornaday 941:Social Darwinism 831:Environmentalism 789:Philadelphia Zoo 609:scientific study 597:Stamford Raffles 301:King Wen of Zhou 266: 263: 218:Royal menageries 183:Washington, D.C. 113: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 21: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5535: 5527: 5493:Nocturnal house 5473:Animal training 5446: 5376: 5330: 5246:Butterfly house 5209: 5196: 5164:, download page 5147: 5142: 5047:Wayback Machine 5011: 4989:Wayback Machine 4903:Wayback Machine 4887:Wayback Machine 4840: 4838:Further reading 4835: 4829:Wayback Machine 4820: 4813: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4789:Wayback Machine 4780:Grech, Kali S. 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4632: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4473: 4469: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4320: 4316: 4311:Wayback Machine 4301: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4140:Wayback Machine 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4029: 3992: 3988: 3973:Malmud, Randy. 3972: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3773:Wayback Machine 3762:Wayback Machine 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3693: 3689: 3644: 3637: 3631:Wayback Machine 3622: 3618: 3612:Wayback Machine 3603: 3599: 3588:, London 1991. 3583: 3579: 3572: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3506:The Independent 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3409: 3396: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3332: 3328: 3319:Wayback Machine 3309: 3305: 3296:Wayback Machine 3287: 3283: 3277:Wayback Machine 3268: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3242: 3238: 3228:Wayback Machine 3218: 3214: 3204:Wayback Machine 3195: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3079:Wayback Machine 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3043:Wayback Machine 3033: 3029: 3023:Atlanta History 3020: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2979:Isler, Danuta. 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2900: 2896: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2740:"ZSL's History" 2738: 2737: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2674: 2672: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2604:M.G. Ash, ed., 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2560:Wayback Machine 2551: 2547: 2538: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2479: 2474:Wayback Machine 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2370:Wayback Machine 2361: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2245: 2206: 2193: 2180: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2079: 2077:Moral criticism 2059: 2047: 2038: 1996: 1990: 1981:Asian elephants 1969: 1948: 1908: 1901: 1900: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1821: 1813: 1812: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1653: 1643: 1642: 1591: 1571: 1548: 1538: 1525: 1501: 1392: 1387: 1374: 1320: 1305: 1300: 1232: 1226: 1203: 1197: 1169: 1153:public aquarium 1138: 1136:Public aquarium 1132: 1075: 1069: 1005: 995: 943: 918: 849:Korkeasaari Zoo 833: 821: 785: 779: 763:fauna of Africa 689: 653: 621:public aquarium 574:natural history 555: 535: 483: 459: 416:Tower of London 368:, four hundred 352:At one time, a 297:Chinese Empress 265: 3500 BCE 264: 242:British Library 234:Tower of London 226: 220: 215: 144: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Zoological park 15: 12: 11: 5: 5614: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5596:Animal welfare 5593: 5588: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5556: 5554:Category: Zoos 5545: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:Animal cruelty 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5430:Nature centers 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5306:Reptile centre 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5154: 5151:Zoos Worldwide 5146: 5145:External links 5143: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5124: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5075: 5061: 5050: 5032: 5025: 5015: 5009: 4991: 4974: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4905: 4889: 4865: 4848: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4811: 4793: 4773: 4747: 4714: 4689: 4665: 4641: 4608: 4579: 4554: 4525: 4523:Jensen, p. 48. 4516: 4487:Annual Reviews 4467: 4404: 4377: 4350: 4341: 4314: 4295: 4262: 4253: 4220: 4207: 4181: 4172: 4143: 4124: 4115: 4085: 4056: 4027: 4006:(4): 648–664. 3986: 3966: 3946: 3933: 3916: 3890: 3860: 3827: 3798: 3776: 3747: 3738: 3687: 3658:(6): 546–555. 3635: 3616: 3597: 3584:Tudge, Colin. 3577: 3570: 3552: 3538: 3523: 3492: 3463: 3436: 3429: 3394: 3376: 3363: 3349: 3326: 3303: 3281: 3262: 3236: 3212: 3189: 3176: 3164: 3151: 3095: 3082: 3059: 3046: 3027: 3014: 3001: 2971: 2941: 2928: 2894: 2871: 2844: 2817: 2786: 2761: 2728: 2702: 2699:on 2013-12-14. 2684: 2623: 2619:French History 2610: 2597: 2564: 2545: 2529: 2523:Lecky, W.E.H. 2516: 2477: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2406: 2374: 2355: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2270:Animals portal 2257: 2254: 2249:European Union 2244: 2241: 2205: 2202: 2192: 2189: 2182: 2181: 2146:of the subject 2144:worldwide view 2139: 2137: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2117:travel company 2078: 2075: 2058: 2055: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 1989: 1986: 1968: 1965: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1871: 1865: 1863:Related topics 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1846:Sentiocentrism 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1762:Animal testing 1759: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631:Primate rights 1628: 1623: 1618: 1616:Animal cruelty 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1596:Animal welfare 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1537: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1500: 1497: 1426:of endangered 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1373: 1370: 1319: 1316: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1264:Tampa, Florida 1236:amusement park 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1199:Main article: 1196: 1193: 1168: 1165: 1131: 1128: 1104:Whipsnade Park 1071:Main article: 1068: 1065: 994: 991: 969:, a Congolese 961:, head of the 917: 916:Human exhibits 914: 876:Brookfield Zoo 868:Gerald Durrell 841:Siberian tiger 832: 829: 820: 817: 778: 775: 732:acrylic tunnel 688: 685: 673:Carl Hagenbeck 652: 649: 582:Whipsnade Park 567:United Kingdom 554: 553:British Empire 551: 534: 533:The modern zoo 531: 458: 455: 342:W. E. H. Lecky 329:Nebuchadnezzar 289:Ashur-bel-kala 260:in 2009, of a 219: 216: 214: 211: 143: 140: 128:Carl Hagenbeck 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5613: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:Animal rights 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5557: 5555: 5546: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Animal rights 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Dolphinariums 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Nature center 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214:Types of zoos 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5073:1-56098-515-1 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4973: 4972:0-88402-278-1 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4877:9780804783576 4874: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860:0-241-89331-3 4857: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4330:on 4 May 2015 4329: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4119: 4105:on 2015-04-02 4104: 4100: 4099:CQ Researcher 4096: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3983:0-8147-5602-6 3980: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3963:1-56098-515-1 3960: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648:Bos javanicus 3642: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3594:1-55963-157-0 3591: 3587: 3581: 3573: 3571:9780814729106 3567: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3301:11 Jan. 1997. 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3252:on 2013-05-09 3251: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148:0-520-21879-5 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136:0-691-05992-6 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124:0-8018-5110-6 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:0-8493-2100-X 3109: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2991:on 2018-07-13 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2918:on 2007-09-06 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:"The New Zoo" 2898: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2526: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204:United States 2197: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2167: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1869:Cultured meat 1867: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1626:Vegetarianism 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1572:Animal rights 1569: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1529: 1523:Roadside zoos 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:North America 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1385:Justification 1382: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1357:contraception 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:Flamingo Land 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:dolphinariums 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:North America 1167:Roadside zoos 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1146:Melbourne Zoo 1142: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1013:São Paulo Zoo 1009: 1004: 1000: 990: 988: 984: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959:Madison Grant 956: 952: 948: 942: 938: 934: 926: 922: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 828: 826: 816: 814: 810: 804: 802: 797: 794: 790: 784: 777:United States 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 706: 702: 698: 693: 684: 682: 678: 674: 666: 662: 657: 648: 646: 645:Melbourne Zoo 641: 638: 634: 630: 628: 624: 622: 618: 614: 613:Regent's Park 610: 606: 605:Regent's Park 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 559: 550: 548: 544: 540: 530: 528: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 509: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 482: 475: 473: 469: 463: 454: 452: 451:Hernán Cortés 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 349: 347: 344:wrote of the 343: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 259: 255: 254:Hierakonpolis 251: 243: 239: 235: 230: 225: 210: 208: 204: 200: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 152: 148: 139: 137: 136:United States 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 100: 90: 86: 82: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 39: 33: 19: 5440:WAZA members 5342:Biodiversity 5335:Conservation 5325: 5291:Penguinarium 5281:Night safari 5251:Dolphinarium 5198: 5136: 5127: 5104: 5092: 5078: 5064: 5053: 5035: 5028: 5017: 4998: 4977: 4961: 4951: 4939: 4930: 4923: 4908: 4892: 4868: 4851: 4845: 4806:the original 4796: 4776: 4764:. Retrieved 4750: 4738:. Retrieved 4729: 4706:. Retrieved 4702: 4692: 4681:. Retrieved 4677: 4668: 4657:. Retrieved 4653: 4644: 4633:. Retrieved 4621: 4611: 4600:. Retrieved 4592:www.eaza.net 4591: 4582: 4571:. Retrieved 4557: 4546:. Retrieved 4537: 4528: 4519: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4423: 4417: 4407: 4395:. Retrieved 4380: 4368:. Retrieved 4353: 4344: 4332:. Retrieved 4328:the original 4317: 4298: 4287:. Retrieved 4275: 4265: 4256: 4244:. Retrieved 4223: 4215: 4210: 4198:. Retrieved 4194:the original 4184: 4175: 4164:. Retrieved 4155: 4146: 4127: 4118: 4107:. Retrieved 4103:the original 4098: 4088: 4077:. Retrieved 4068: 4059: 4048:. Retrieved 4040:www.eaza.net 4039: 4030: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3974: 3969: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3899:"Graureiher" 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3872: 3863: 3851:. Retrieved 3842:PBS NewsHour 3840: 3830: 3819:. Retrieved 3811:www.eaza.net 3810: 3801: 3793:the original 3788: 3779: 3750: 3741: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3619: 3600: 3585: 3580: 3561: 3555: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3516:February 10, 3514:. Retrieved 3505: 3495: 3485:November 21, 3483:. Retrieved 3456:November 21, 3454:. Retrieved 3439: 3414: 3388: 3371: 3366: 3352: 3344:the original 3339: 3329: 3324:8 July 1992. 3322:Times Daily. 3321: 3306: 3298: 3284: 3265: 3254:. Retrieved 3250:the original 3239: 3232:Africultures 3231: 3215: 3207: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3159: 3154: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3098: 3090: 3089:Aso Noriko, 3085: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2993:. Retrieved 2989:the original 2985:Radio Poland 2984: 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2953: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2920:. Retrieved 2916:the original 2907: 2897: 2889:the original 2884: 2874: 2862:. Retrieved 2856:. CBC News. 2847: 2837:19 September 2835:. Retrieved 2820: 2808:. Retrieved 2799: 2789: 2778:. Retrieved 2764: 2752:. Retrieved 2748:the original 2719:. Retrieved 2705: 2697:the original 2687: 2679: 2673:. Retrieved 2643:(1): 17–27. 2640: 2636: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2588:. Retrieved 2567: 2548: 2540: 2524: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2498: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2397:. Retrieved 2386: 2377: 2358: 2347:. Retrieved 2343: 2334: 2295:conservation 2292: 2287:conservation 2284: 2246: 2234: 2232:and others. 2207: 2185: 2170: 2164:January 2022 2161: 2141: 2123:Live feeding 2114: 2110:conservation 2099: 2093: 2087: 2080: 2066:trypanosomes 2062:Tsetse flies 2060: 2057:Epidemiology 2048: 2039: 2023: 2018:Planckendael 1997: 1977: 1970: 1961: 1953: 1886:Deep ecology 1826:Abolitionism 1745:Bullfighting 1708:Wild animals 1687:Animal abuse 1530: 1526: 1513:National Zoo 1502: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1424:conservation 1405: 1375: 1361: 1341: 1326: 1309: 1306: 1233: 1215: 1195:Petting zoos 1185: 1170: 1161:Battery Park 1150: 1101: 1097:Safari parks 1090: 1017: 980: 944: 904:, big cats, 896: 861: 844: 822: 805: 798: 786: 736: 728:pelagic fish 675:founded the 670: 642: 637:Andrew Downs 631: 625: 590: 586:Bedfordshire 571: 564: 536: 517: 506: 484: 465: 447:Tenochtitlan 437: 405: 395: 390:rhinoceroses 351: 321:Ashurbanipal 304: 247: 194:conservation 191: 175:Alfred Vance 156: 115: 80: 78: 74:conservation 61: 57: 53: 49: 47: 5316:Virtual zoo 5311:Safari park 5301:Petting zoo 5261:Insectarium 5256:Herpetarium 4740:January 23, 4730:Faunalytics 4489:: 123–142. 4430:: 793–809. 4246:16 November 4069:www.aza.org 3673:10871/24538 3652:Zoo Biology 2964:October 28, 2881:"Zoo Diary" 2509:19 February 2310:Virtual zoo 2084:Emma Marris 2071:attractants 2004:polar bears 1806:Abandonment 1801:Puppy mills 1789:Oceanariums 1740:Bloodsports 1713:Consumption 1668:Vegetarians 1636:in research 1438:and Animal 1408:Australasia 1201:Petting zoo 1073:Safari park 1067:Safari park 965:—had 892:Detroit Zoo 801:Atlanta Zoo 739:Wrocław Zoo 720:Wrocław Zoo 635:created by 501:as part of 432:Elizabeth I 397:Charlemagne 346:Roman games 327:, and King 269:hippopotami 167:Clifton Zoo 58:animal park 52:(short for 5580:Categories 5483:Frozen zoo 5296:Pheasantry 5286:Oceanarium 4708:2023-09-27 4683:2023-09-27 4659:2023-09-27 4635:2022-10-20 4602:2021-01-22 4573:2021-10-28 4548:2021-01-22 4397:23 January 4370:23 January 4334:24 October 4289:2022-10-20 4200:28 October 4166:2021-01-22 4109:2016-12-16 4079:2021-01-24 4050:2021-01-22 3909:6 December 3883:21 January 3821:2021-01-22 3733:1943858410 3256:2013-05-04 2995:2018-07-13 2922:2007-12-18 2780:2012-12-17 2711:"April 27" 2675:2020-03-26 2349:2022-12-17 2320:Frozen zoo 2216:, and the 2191:Regulation 2051:Alaska Zoo 2028:, such as 1851:Speciesism 1703:Mutilation 1440:Physiology 1345:inbreeding 1248:Marineland 1163:in 1896). 1151:The first 872:Jersey Zoo 781:See also: 759:oceanarium 755:Africarium 716:Afrykarium 627:Dublin Zoo 601:London Zoo 547:Versailles 527:Karl Fuchs 468:Versailles 401:Abul-Abbas 364:... Under 273:hartebeest 185:, and the 159:London Zoo 151:London Zoo 83:refers to 76:purposes. 70:exhibition 5503:Zookeeper 5393:Aquariums 5276:Menagerie 5203:aquariums 4630:0362-4331 4503:0066-4170 4446:0165-7380 4284:1059-1028 4156:nhpbs.org 4022:2673-5636 3873:Birdworld 3389:Zooquaria 2665:0044-5169 2156:talk page 2036:Longevity 1896:Welfarism 1841:Personism 1774:Captivity 1658:Advocates 1445:pathology 1331:found in 1272:Gatorland 1244:Sea World 1055:, birds, 1053:marmosets 1024:Nocturnal 975:orangutan 967:Ota Benga 955:Bronx Zoo 933:Human zoo 925:Ota Benga 902:elephants 880:Bronx Zoo 665:Cleebronn 647:in 1860. 617:John Nash 543:menagerie 539:Louis XIV 520:Kazan Zoo 499:menagerie 495:Francis I 472:Louis XIV 443:Moctezuma 424:Henry III 412:Woodstock 374:Colosseum 333:Babylonia 319:and King 317:Semiramis 277:elephants 250:menagerie 224:Menagerie 163:menagerie 142:Etymology 134:. In the 79:The term 62:menagerie 5321:Vivarium 5241:Bear pit 5231:Aquarium 5207:aviaries 5043:Archived 4985:Archived 4899:Archived 4883:Archived 4825:Archived 4785:Archived 4766:June 24, 4760:Archived 4734:Archived 4596:Archived 4567:Archived 4542:Archived 4511:20731604 4462:23405683 4454:19340600 4428:Springer 4391:Archived 4364:Archived 4307:Archived 4237:Archived 4160:Archived 4136:Archived 4073:Archived 4044:Archived 3942:Dominion 3903:Archived 3877:Archived 3847:Archived 3815:Archived 3789:AquaZoos 3769:Archived 3764:and the 3758:Archived 3729:ProQuest 3725:24619590 3682:27735990 3627:Archived 3608:Archived 3510:Archived 3479:Archived 3450:Archived 3315:Archived 3292:Archived 3273:Archived 3224:Archived 3200:Archived 3075:Archived 3039:Archived 2958:Archived 2864:17 April 2858:Archived 2831:Archived 2804:Archived 2774:Archived 2715:Archived 2669:Archived 2590:9 August 2581:Archived 2556:Archived 2503:Archived 2470:Archived 2393:Archived 2366:Archived 2256:See also 2150:You may 2008:cheetahs 1891:Humanism 1784:Circuses 1767:Cosmetic 1651:Movement 1621:Veganism 1611:Timeline 1590:Overview 1563:a series 1561:Part of 1254:keeping 1242:such as 1124:savannah 1082:Giraffes 1041:reptiles 1020:habitats 987:Expo '58 947:European 906:penguins 853:Helsinki 771:hectares 695:Bear in 441:emperor 362:Caligula 315:, Queen 305:Ling-Yu, 285:wildcats 5601:Zoology 5523:Zoology 5513:Zoo key 5451:Related 5398:largest 5131:excerpt 5097:excerpt 5095:(2013) 5058:excerpt 5040:excerpt 5038:(2001) 4944:excerpt 4942:(2003) 4896:excerpt 4880:excerpt 4389:. NBC. 3845:. PBS. 3705:Bibcode 3374:, 2008. 3072:excerpt 2810:June 9, 2754:5 March 2721:5 March 2645:Bibcode 2293:In-situ 2285:Ex-situ 1879:Radical 1836:Carnism 1755:Fishing 1750:Hunting 1698:Killing 1606:History 1480:in situ 1476:Ex situ 1472:in situ 1468:in situ 1460:ex situ 1456:in situ 1452:extinct 1436:Zoology 1428:species 1266:, both 1181:cruelty 1177:neglect 1130:Aquaria 1084:in the 1061:turtles 1057:lizards 1037:insects 1033:mammals 870:of the 864:ecology 857:Finland 751:Prussia 718:in the 701:Chorzów 681:Hamburg 651:Germany 584:Zoo in 578:zoology 325:Assyria 311:of the 309:Solomon 291:of the 287:. King 281:baboons 238:England 236:housed 213:History 132:Germany 85:zoology 66:animals 5563: 5552: 5236:Aviary 5205:, and 5085: 5071: 5007: 4982:online 4970: 4875: 4863:online 4858: 4628: 4509: 4501: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4282: 4020: 3981: 3961: 3731: 3723: 3680: 3592: 3568: 3427: 3423:–266. 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 2939:(2008) 2663: 2399:7 July 2243:Europe 2228:, the 2224:, the 2212:, the 2030:Prozac 1957:refuge 1733:Cattle 1723:Horses 1675:Groups 1663:Vegans 1505:herons 1418:, and 1416:Europe 1337:Vienna 1286:, and 1256:whales 1157:Europe 1059:, and 1049:lemurs 939:, and 910:rhinos 767:Africa 743:Polish 705:Poland 687:Poland 491:Vienna 420:John I 382:Trajan 370:tigers 356:and a 153:, 1835 111:-logia 105:-λογία 5381:Lists 4960:" in 4485:(1). 4458:S2CID 4426:(7). 4276:Wired 4240:(PDF) 4233:(PDF) 3853:2 May 3721:S2CID 2584:(PDF) 2577:(PDF) 2495:"Zoo" 2327:Notes 1820:Ideas 1093:moats 1029:birds 971:pygmy 862:When 847:) at 819:Japan 439:Aztec 406:King 386:lions 378:Titus 258:Egypt 187:Bronx 89:Greek 5586:Zoos 5388:Zoos 5199:Zoos 5083:ISBN 5069:ISBN 5005:ISBN 4968:ISBN 4873:ISBN 4856:ISBN 4768:2009 4742:2021 4626:ISSN 4507:PMID 4499:ISSN 4450:PMID 4442:ISSN 4399:2016 4372:2016 4336:2012 4280:ISSN 4248:2011 4202:2013 4018:ISSN 3979:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3911:2014 3885:2015 3855:2016 3678:PMID 3590:ISBN 3566:ISBN 3518:2014 3487:2016 3458:2016 3425:ISBN 3144:ISBN 3132:ISBN 3120:ISBN 3108:ISBN 3034:See 2966:2021 2866:2017 2839:2017 2812:2011 2756:2008 2723:2008 2661:ISSN 2592:2017 2511:2019 2401:2016 2247:The 2094:real 1779:Zoos 1728:Cats 1718:Dogs 1544:and 1412:Asia 1353:EAZA 1351:and 1270:and 1246:and 1179:and 1045:fish 1001:and 993:Type 799:The 737:The 591:The 576:and 518:The 466:The 384:... 366:Nero 358:bull 354:bear 283:and 232:The 157:The 99:zoon 93:ζώον 5326:Zoo 4491:doi 4432:doi 4008:doi 3713:doi 3668:hdl 3660:doi 3421:265 2744:ZSL 2653:doi 1515:in 1349:AZA 1290:in 1282:in 1274:in 1262:in 851:in 699:in 603:in 545:at 541:'s 489:in 376:by 331:of 323:of 130:in 126:by 116:zoo 60:or 50:zoo 5582:: 5201:, 4915:, 4814:^ 4728:. 4717:^ 4701:. 4676:. 4652:. 4624:. 4620:. 4594:. 4590:. 4565:. 4540:. 4536:. 4505:. 4497:. 4483:56 4481:. 4456:. 4448:. 4440:. 4424:33 4422:. 4416:. 4278:. 4274:. 4158:. 4154:. 4097:. 4071:. 4067:. 4042:. 4038:. 4016:. 4002:. 3998:. 3875:. 3871:. 3839:. 3813:. 3809:. 3787:. 3727:. 3719:. 3711:. 3701:26 3699:. 3676:. 3666:. 3656:35 3654:. 3638:^ 3508:. 3504:. 3466:^ 3397:^ 3379:^ 3338:. 3230:, 3206:, 3167:^ 2983:. 2910:. 2906:. 2883:. 2802:. 2798:. 2772:. 2742:. 2731:^ 2678:. 2667:. 2659:. 2651:. 2641:83 2639:. 2635:. 2579:. 2532:^ 2497:. 2480:^ 2465:, 2409:^ 2391:. 2385:. 2342:. 1565:on 1414:, 1410:, 1335:, 1294:. 1278:, 1183:. 1126:. 1051:, 1043:, 1039:, 1035:, 1031:, 935:, 855:, 839:A 815:. 773:. 745:: 703:, 623:. 529:. 422:. 279:, 275:, 271:, 262:c. 256:, 244:). 181:, 108:, 96:, 48:A 5191:e 5184:t 5177:v 5060:. 5049:. 5024:. 5013:. 4919:. 4770:. 4744:. 4711:. 4686:. 4662:. 4638:. 4605:. 4576:. 4551:. 4513:. 4493:: 4464:. 4434:: 4401:. 4374:. 4338:. 4292:. 4250:. 4204:. 4169:. 4112:. 4082:. 4053:. 4024:. 4010:: 4004:4 3913:. 3887:. 3857:. 3824:. 3735:. 3715:: 3707:: 3684:. 3670:: 3662:: 3574:. 3520:. 3489:. 3460:. 3433:. 3360:. 3259:. 3234:. 2998:. 2968:. 2925:. 2868:. 2814:. 2783:. 2758:. 2725:. 2655:: 2647:: 2594:. 2513:. 2403:. 2352:. 2177:) 2171:( 2166:) 2162:( 2148:. 1943:e 1936:t 1929:v 882:( 843:( 741:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.